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Total Consumer Power Consumption Forecast

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Anders S.G. Andrae
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This presentation outlines an estimation of the global electricity usage that can be ascribed to Communication Technology (CT) in the coming decade. The scope is two scenarios for use and production of consumer devices, communication networks and data centers. Two different scenarios— best and expected—are set up, which include annual numbers of sold devices, data traffic and electricity intensities/efficiencies. For the first time AR and VR devices will be included in a CT power trend analysis. I will emphasize the potential development of total Global Data Center IP Traffic and data center electric power consumption. The effect of 5G adaption rate on the total CT power consumption will also be addressed. The likely share of CT of the total global electric power consumption will be discussed in the light of CTs potential to reduce consumption.
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Total Consumer Power
Consumption Forecast
by Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae (Huawei) at
the Nordic Digital Business Summit,
Helsinki, Finland, October 5, 2017
•Introduction
•Methodological approach + data trends
•Emerging trends in electricity use of production of
hardware
•Emerging trends in electricity use of consumer devices
•Emerging trends in electricity use of fixed and wireless
networks
•Emerging trends in electricity use of data centers
•Synthesis of the global trend
•Discussion
•Concluding remarks
•Outlook
Contents
Introduction
The are conflicting messages regarding the path to sustainability:
-different ways to measure
-different statistics
-we got to prepare ourselves for a truth about the environment we may not like?
-we might enter the YottaByte (1024 Byte) era in the next decade – if so, can the
effect on power consumption be understood?
Problems with several existing ICT footprint investigations:
-too limited (geographical and temporal) system boundary
-overestimation of power saving potential in the next decade
-assume that historical—low—power use can predict future global power use in
the next decade with—foreseen—unprecedented data traffic growth
-assume that Moore´s law relation to digital circuitry can continue “forever”
-”wrong” slicing of the networks and thereby possible double counting of e.g.
the core network
Can future consumer ICT infrastructure actually slow its overall electricity use
until 2025?
Under which circumstances is the power consumption of ICT slowing?
Under which circumstances is it rising?
Introduction – ICTs share of the big
picture for electricity
Sources: Adaptions of Malmodin, J., & Bergmark, P. (2015). and Andrae&Edler (2015).
Industry
53.3%
Buildings
45.4%
Travel of people
0.5%
Transports of goods
0.8%
Electricity use in the world in 2015, ≈22000 TWh, ICT is ≈1700 TWh spread
in different Sectors
Introduction – ICTs share of the big
picture for GHG
Source: Adaptions of Malmodin, J., & Bergmark, P. (2015).
Industry
37%
Buildings
21%
Travel of people
6%
Transports of goods
11%
Land use
10%
Waste
3%
Greenhouse gas emission in 2015 by Sector, ≈52 Gigatonnes, ICT is 1 Gt
spread in different Sectors
Methodological approach – Global Scope
1.Consumer (“client+TV”) devices: Desktops, Monitors, Laptops,
Smartphones, Tablets, Ordinary Mobile Phones, Phablets, Mobile
Broadband Modems, TVs, TV peripherals (Set Top Boxes and
Game Consoles)+Smarthome devices+Wearable devices+AR/VR
devices
2.Wireless (mobile) Access Networks: radio base stations, mobile
switching
3.Fixed Wired Access Networks: Optical core wired access networks
4. Fixed Wi-Fi Access networks: Customer Premise Equipment+WLAN
5. Data Centers: Entire data centers including cooling
6. Production of all: Production from LCAs for devices, lifecycle ratio
method for Networks and Data Centers
Methodological approach – trends
Trends are more important than ”exact” use patterns and numbers, as we do not
exactly know how and which devices will be used in the future.
Fundamental conflict (for wireless mobile) between cost, bandwidth efficiency and
energy efficiency.
Optimizing for energy efficiency (EE) will be essential going forward.
MAJOR TRENDS:
IoT
Artificial Intelligence
Augumented Reality
Virtual Reality
Fog computing, SDN, Virtualization
Mobile Edge Computing to increase battery life of mobile phones
High-frequency EE antennae, for exampel GAPWAVES
35% annual increase of the average peak data rate from 2G 5G and 6G
(expected in 2030 with at least 80Gb/s), 20 times higher rates for each G.
Global Data trends
9%
10%
12%
15%
18%
22%
25%
28%
31%
34%
37%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
%
Year
Share of mobile communication of daily
communication 2015-2025
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.5
3.1
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
GB/capita/day
Year
Daily communication (GB) per capita
2015-2025, "data center to user=access"
2
3
8
12
17
24
35
50
72
2
3
4
5
5
6
8
10
13
16
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
GB/capita/day
Year
Daily data generation (GB) per capita
2015-2025, "within, between+access"
Emerging trends in global electricity use
of production of hardware
Best case assumptions:
Lowest upstream LCA value for production in
2010,
5% annual improvement of productivity,
lowest value (10%) found for share of
manufacturing electricity, Networks and
Data Centers 10%
Expected case assumptions: 3%
improvement, 15% share of manufacturing
Source: Adaptions of the Supplementary Materials of http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117
Smarthome devices, Wearable devices, and AR/VR
devices increase the electricity use of production by
≈5-10% .
The share of the Production of Data Center
Hardware and Network Hardware is expected to rise.
400
259
915
42
280
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Electricity usage (TWh) of Production 2015-2025
Production Best
Production Expected
Million produced consumer
electronic devices×100
Others
9%
AR/VR devices
1%
Wearable devices
3%
Smarthome
devices
4%
Phablets
5%
Tablets
5%
Laptops
6%
TV
9%
Networks eq
10%
Smartphones
15%
Data center eq
33%
Share of global ICT production electricity
use by type in 2025
Emerging trends in global electricity use
of consumer devices Model includes:
•Lifetimes
•Units produced/year
• Average electricity
used/unit/year
•Annual reduction of
electricity (%)
The client device power use is dominated by
processing and displays.
Current downward trend is expected to continue.
Power saving (architectures, management,
technologies) will allow improvements.
Smarthome devices, wearables and AR/VR seem
to be ≈1% of total in 2025. TVs&peripherals >60%.
Source: Adaptations of Supplementary Materials of http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117
744
961
801
486
100
600
1 100
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Global Electricity usage (TWh) of Consumer Devices 2015-2025
Consumer devices Use Best
Consumer devices Use Expected
Million devices in use, *100
TV
46.30%
Smarthome devices
0.80%
Wearable devices
0.36%
ARVR devices
0.06%
Laptops
15.17%
TV Set Top Boxes
8.80%
Desktops
7.57%
TV Game Consoles
4.72%
A/V Receiver
4.51%
Monitors
3.74%
Smartphones
3.23%
DVD/Blueray
2.27%
Tablets
1.33%
Phablets
1.14%
Share of consumer device global Electricity use by
type in 2025
Emerging trends in global traffic and
electricity use of fixed wired access
networks
Model includes:
Global electricity usage
in 2011 (178 TWh) and
2012 (196 TWh)
Fixed access wired +
fixed access Wi-Fi data
traffic in 2011 (390 EB/y)
and 2012 (470 EB/y) and
so on…
Annual electricity
intensity improvement
(EI), 22% (best) and 15%
p.a. (expected)
From 2022, for EI only,
5% is assumed possible
for both scenarios as I
expect it will become
more difficult to improve
the EI via Moore’s Law.
The large energy saving improvements from phasing out copper
are already included Future improvement rate will eventually not
mitigate traffic growth. Still, the average EI could be improved ≈5
times between 2015 and 2025.
Source: Adaptations of http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117
226
167
339
81
633
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Global Electricity usage (TWh) of Fixed access wired networks 2015-2025
Fixed access wired Best
Fixed access wired
Expected
Average traffic
(ExaBytes/year)×10
Emerging trends in global traffic and electricity
use of fixed Wi-Fi access networks
Model includes:
Global electricity usage
of CPE (46 TWh) in 2011
and 2012 (51 TWh)
Fixed access Wi-Fi data
traffic in 2011 (154 EB/y)
and 2012 (200 EB/y) and
so on..
Annual electricity
intensity improvement (EI)
22.5% p.a. (best) and 15%
p.a. (expected)
From 2022, for EI only,
5% is assumed possible for
both scenarios.
CPEs (modems, gateways, ONTs) are improving their energy efficiency,
but the numbers are growing assumingly along the traffic. The Wi-Fi
backhaul infrastructure (included here) is also expected to keep
growing.
Source: http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117
77
279
47
492
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Global Electricity usage (TWh) of Fixed access Wi-Fi networks 2015-2025
Fixed access WiFi Best
Fixed access WiFi
Expected
Average Wi-Fi traffic
(ExaBytes/year) ×10
Emerging trends in global traffic and electricity
use of wireless (mobile) networks
I currently expect a
reduction until around
2021 in global WAN due
to replacements
(”swapping”).
After 2022 I foresee an
increase of the electricity
use.
22% p.a. 2015-2021,
5% p.a. from 2022-2025
Should the
breakthrough of the
energy efficienct ”5G” be
delayed five years (1%
2025 instead of 1%
2020), an extra 47 TWh
could be used by WAN
globally.
KPN, between 2010 and 2015:
decreased their Network power consumption by 12%
improved their energy efficiency [GWh/Gbps] by 30% per
year for wireless and fixed networks.
I expect >50 times improvement of average EI globally.
Source: http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117
118
137
220
176
31%
67%
5%
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
2015 2020 2025
TWh, EB/year, %
Year
Wireless access electricity consumption from 2015 to 2025
Wireless (TWh) access
Expected
Average 4G data traffic
(EB/year)×10
Average 5G data traffic
(EB/year)×10
Share 4G of Wireless TWh, %
Share 5G of Wireless TWh, %
Source: KPN Integrated Annual Report 2015 Tables 2 and 6 in
Appendix
Emerging trends in global traffic and
electricity use of data centers
Model includes:
Global electricity
usage in Data Centers in
2010 (≈189 TWh) and
2011 (≈193 TWh).
Global Data Center IP
traffic in 2010 (≈1.4ZB)
and 2011 (≈1.8ZB).
Annual electricity
intensity improvement
(EI), 22.5% p.a. (best),
15% p.a. (expected).
From 2022, for EI
only, 5% is assumed
possible for all
scenarios.
Source: KPN Integrated Annual Report 2015 Table 2 in Appendix
1 204
203
3 390
5
10
29 (Cisco 15)
178
-500
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Electricity usage (TWh) of Data Centers 2015-2025
Data Centers Best
Data Centers Expected
Average Global Data Center IP
Traffic (ZettaBytes/year)
Between 2010 and 2015, KPNs data centers increased their
power consumption by 9%.
Synthesis: The global power trend for
ICT 2015 to 2025
2 788
1 757
5 860
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
4 500
5 000
5 500
6 000
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Global Electricity footprint (TWh) of Communication Technology
2015-2025
Best Case
Expected Case
Increasing energy efficiency including
enabling effect of SMART ICT Solutions
1756
4620
26475 (in line with
International Energy
Agency)
8524
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Global electricity use (TWh) 2015-2025
ICT Sector own Electricity use, Best Case
ICT Sector Electricity use, Expected Case
Electricity use reduction by Smart ICT and
other measures
Total global electricity use, Best Case
Total global electricity use, Expected Case
Renewable electricity use
The share of ICT of global electricity usage: 2015 to
2025 with and without high global energy efficiency
gains
7.7%
6.6%
9.0%
10.5%
17.8%
8.2%
20.7%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
Year
Communication Technology share of global electricity usage
Best Case "without"
considerable general energy
efficiency gains
Best case "with" EE, 420
TWhrs saved in 2015, 840 in
2016..and 4620 TWh in 2025
Expected Case "without" EE
Expected Case "with" EE
The global trends for ICT electricity
intensities 2015 to 2025
0.16
0.003
0.21
0.04
0.02
0.038
0.007, Data Centers
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
kWh/GigaByte
Year
Development of global electricity intensities in ICT networks
from 2015 to 2025
Electricity intensity wireless access
(kWh/GB)×10, Expected case
Electricity intensity fixed wired access
(kWh/GB), Best case
Electricity intensity fixed access Wi-Fi
(kWh/GB), Best case
Electricity intensity data centers
(kWh/GB), Best case
The global power repartition trends for
ICT between 2015 and 2025
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
TWh/year
Best case scenario
Production
Data centers use
Wireless networks access use
Fixed access WiFi use
Fixed access wired use
Consumer devices use
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
TWh/year
Expected case scenario
Production
Data centers use
Wireless networks access
use
Fixed access WiFi use
Fixed access wired use
Consumer devices use
The share of different sections of ICT of
global electricity use in 2015 and 2025
4.3%
0.7%
0.2%
0.5%
0.9%
1.2%
2.8%
0.9%
0.3%
0.5%
4.5%
1.5%
Consumer devices use
Fixed access wired use
Fixed access WiFi use
Wireless networks
access use
Data centers use
Production
Share of different ICT Sectors of global electricity 2015-2025,
Best case
Share of global electricity
usage in 2015
Share of global
electricity usage in 2025
How does this study compare to 1st global study
by Prof. Peter Corcoran in 2013?
725
40
502
403
375
2045
925
93
195
223
265
1701
Consumer
devices use
Wireless
Networks
Use
Fixed
Networks
Use
Data Centers
Use
Production
TOTAL
Comparison to earlier study for 2017
-Best case (TWh)
2017 Corcoran (2013) Best
Andrae (2017) Best
1115
59.6
671
541
408
2794
945
93
228
313
293
1872
Consumer
devices use
Wireless
Networks
Use
Fixed
Networks
Use
Data Centers
Use
Production
TOTAL
Comparison to earlier study for 2017
- Expected case
2017 Corcoran (2013) Expected
Andrae (2017) Expected
Other studies expected trends: Fixed and wireless
electricity use in Japan
Increasing electricity use is expected in
Japans telecom networks from now until
2030. Data centers, CPEs, production and
client devices are not seemingly included.
Sources: Ishii, K.; Kurumida, J.; Sato, K.-i.; Kudoh, T.; Namiki, S. Unifying Top-Down and Bottom-Up
Approaches to Evaluate Network Energy Consumption. Journal of Lightwave Technology 2015, 33, 4395.
Kishita, Y.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Umeda, Y.; Shimoda, Y.; Hara, M.; Sakurai, A.; Oka, H.; Tanaka, Y. Describing
Long-Term Electricity Demand Scenarios in the Telecommunications Industry: A Case Study of
Japan. Sustainability 2016, 8, 52.
Discussion
The speed of electricity intensity reduction vs. the speed of data traffic
increase.
Highly variable outlooks for the future power consumptions depending on
”starting values” and percentual estimations of electricity intensity reductions
and data traffic increase.
Rebound effects – new consumption of goods and services
“Ultra-efficient” Hong Kong's annual electricity consumption—and GHG
emissions from electricity consumption—is predicted to increase by 2030
Concluding Remarks
Future consumer ICT infrastructure cannot slow its overall electricity use until
2025.
The electric power consumption of the present ICT scope will be very significant
unless great efforts are put into power saving features.
It seems though that planned power saving measures and innovation will be able
to keep the electricity consumption of ICT and the World under control.
Outlook Different ”slicing” of the framework—
Production of Networks hardware —
number of servers, routers, base stations,
modems,
Production of consumer devices.
Consumer devices use power,
Core network use power,
Access network use power,
Private data center use power,
Shared data center use power
—might lead to different absolute values
and trends than my approach?
Widening the scope:
EXIOBASE: Resource extractions and
emissions related to the ICT industry.
Sustainability risk estimations: EPS2015
for expressing the sustainability costs and
savings.
Land use change
Biodiversity
Source: http://www.exiobase.eu/
Thanks for your attention!
[email protected]om
The global power repartition trends for
ICT between 2015 and 2025 (II)
Consumer devices use
55%
Networks Use
19%
Data Centers Use
11%
Production 20%
Best&Expected Case Scenario 2015
Consumer devices use
Networks Use
Data Centers Use
Production
Consumer
devices use
27%
Networks Use
16%
Data Centers Use
43%
Production 14%
Best Case Scenario 2025
Consumer devices use
Networks Use
Data Centers Use
Production
Consumer devices
use
14%
Networks Use
13%
Data Centers Use
58%
Production
15%
Expected Case Scenario 2025
Consumer devices use
Networks Use
Data Centers Use
Production
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Chapter
  • May 2023
As large energy prosumers in district energy systems, on the one hand, data centers consume a large amount of electricity to ensure the Information Technologies (IT) facilities, ancillary power supply, and cooling systems’ work properly; on the other hand, data centers produce a large quantity of waste heat due to the high heat dissipation rates of the IT facilities. To date, a systematic review of data centers from the perspective of energy prosumers, which considers both integration of the upstream green energy supply and downstream waste heat reuse, is still lacking. As a result, the potentials for improving data centers’ performances are limited due to a lack of global optimization of the upstream renewable energy integration and downstream waste heat utilization. This chapter is intended to fill in this gap and provides such a review. In this regard, the advancements in different cooling techniques, integration of renewable energy and advanced controls, waste heat utilization and connections for district heating, real projects, performance metrics and economic, energy, and environmental analyses are reviewed. Based on the enormous amount of research on data centers in district energy systems, it has been found that: (1) global controls, which can manage the upstream renewable production, data centers’ operation, and waste heat generation and downstream waste heat utilization are still lacking; (2) regional climate studies represent an effective way to find the optimal integration of renewable energy and waste heat recovery technologies for improving the data centers’ energy efficiency; (3) the development of global energy metrics will help to appropriately quantify the data center performances.KeywordsData centerDistrict energy systemRenewable energyWaste heat recoveryEnergy efficiency
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Unifying Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Evaluate Network Energy Consumption
Article
  • Nov 2015
A novel method for estimating energy consumption of networks at the national scale is presented. Accurate estimations of network energy consumption are increasingly important because of continuously increasing network traffic and the need to assess emerging energy technologies to achieve overall energy efficiency. However, direct estimations are not practical because of the complex, widely diverse, and undisclosed configurations of actual networks. The impact of each network's energy overhead, which is the energy consumed above that required to accommodate network traffic, on the energy consumption associated with these complex configurations must be inferred. In the proposed method, the energy overhead is quantitatively evaluated and introduced as overhead factors by comparing the energy consumption estimated from network configuration models (bottom-up methods) with reports of actual energy consumption (top-down methods). This proposed 'unified' method is capable of long-term predictions of future technology trends, including network architecture changes. In this paper, we consider different overhead factors that serve as fitting parameters for different network areas, and demonstrate the procedure for determining each of these parameters through an estimation of the fixed broadband Internet in Japan. This unified method consistently estimates the long-term evolution of energy consumption from 2000 to 2030.
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