Diagnose native crashes

The following sections include common types of native crash, an analysis of a sample crash dump, and a discussion of tombstones. Each crash type includes example debuggerd output with key evidence highlighted to help you distinguish the specific kind of crash.

Abort

Aborts are interesting because they are deliberate. There are many different ways to abort (including calling abort(3), failing an assert(3), using one of the Android-specific fatal logging types), but all involve calling abort. A call to abort signals the calling thread with SIGABRT, so a frame showing "abort" in libc.so plus SIGABRT are the things to look for in the debuggerd output to recognize this case.

There may be an explicit "abort message" line. You should also look in the logcat output to see what this thread logged before deliberately killing itself, because unlike assert(3) or high level fatal logging facilities, abort(3) doesn't accept a message.

Current versions of Android inline the tgkill(2) system call, so their stacks are the easiest to read, with the call to abort(3) at the very top:

pid: 4637, tid: 4637, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL), fault addr --------
Abort message: 'some_file.c:123: some_function: assertion "false" failed'
    r0  00000000  r1  0000121d  r2  00000006  r3  00000008
    r4  0000121d  r5  0000121d  r6  ffb44a1c  r7  0000010c
    r8  00000000  r9  00000000  r10 00000000  r11 00000000
    ip  ffb44c20  sp  ffb44a08  lr  eace2b0b  pc  eace2b16
backtrace:
    #00 pc 0001cb16  /system/lib/libc.so (abort+57)
    #01 pc 0001cd8f  /system/lib/libc.so (__assert2+22)
    #02 pc 00001531  /system/bin/crasher (do_action+764)
    #03 pc 00002301  /system/bin/crasher (main+68)
    #04 pc 0008a809  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+48)
    #05 pc 00001097  /system/bin/crasher (_start_main+38)

Older versions of Android followed a convoluted path between the original abort call (frame 4 here) and the actual sending of the signal (frame 0 here). This was especially true on 32-bit ARM, which added __libc_android_abort (frame 3 here) to the other platforms' sequence of raise/pthread_kill/tgkill:

pid: 1656, tid: 1656, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL), fault addr --------
Abort message: 'some_file.c:123: some_function: assertion "false" failed'
    r0 00000000  r1 00000678  r2 00000006  r3 f70b6dc8
    r4 f70b6dd0  r5 f70b6d80  r6 00000002  r7 0000010c
    r8 ffffffed  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp ff96ae1c
    ip 00000006  sp ff96ad18  lr f700ced5  pc f700dc98  cpsr 400b0010
backtrace:
    #00 pc 00042c98  /system/lib/libc.so (tgkill+12)
    #01 pc 00041ed1  /system/lib/libc.so (pthread_kill+32)
    #02 pc 0001bb87  /system/lib/libc.so (raise+10)
    #03 pc 00018cad  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_android_abort+34)
    #04 pc 000168e8  /system/lib/libc.so (abort+4)
    #05 pc 0001a78f  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_fatal+16)
    #06 pc 00018d35  /system/lib/libc.so (__assert2+20)
    #07 pc 00000f21  /system/xbin/crasher
    #08 pc 00016795  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+44)
    #09 pc 00000abc  /system/xbin/crasher

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher abort.

Pure null pointer dereference

This is the classic native crash, and although it's just a special case of the next crash type, it's worth mentioning separately because it usually requires the least thought.

In the example below, even though the crashing function is in libc.so, because the string functions just operate on the pointers they're given, you can infer that strlen(3) was called with a null pointer; and this crash should go straight to the author of the calling code. In this case, frame #01 is the bad caller.

pid: 25326, tid: 25326, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 1 (SEGV_MAPERR), fault addr 0x0
    r0 00000000  r1 00000000  r2 00004c00  r3 00000000
    r4 ab088071  r5 fff92b34  r6 00000002  r7 fff92b40
    r8 00000000  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp fff92b2c
    ip ab08cfc4  sp fff92a08  lr ab087a93  pc efb78988  cpsr 600d0030

backtrace:
    #00 pc 00019988  /system/lib/libc.so (strlen+71)
    #01 pc 00001a8f  /system/xbin/crasher (strlen_null+22)
    #02 pc 000017cd  /system/xbin/crasher (do_action+948)
    #03 pc 000020d5  /system/xbin/crasher (main+100)
    #04 pc 000177a1  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+48)
    #05 pc 000010e4  /system/xbin/crasher (_start+96)

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher strlen-NULL.

Low-address null pointer dereference

In many cases the fault address won't be 0, but some other low number. Two- or three-digit addresses in particular are very common, whereas a six-digit address is almost certainly not a null pointer dereference—that would require a 1MiB offset. This usually occurs when you have code that dereferences a null pointer as if it was a valid struct. Common functions are fprintf(3) (or any other function taking a FILE*) and readdir(3), because code often fails to check that the fopen(3) or opendir(3) call actually succeeded first.

Here's an example of readdir:

pid: 25405, tid: 25405, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 1 (SEGV_MAPERR), fault addr 0xc
    r0 0000000c  r1 00000000  r2 00000000  r3 3d5f0000
    r4 00000000  r5 0000000c  r6 00000002  r7 ff8618f0
    r8 00000000  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp ff8618dc
    ip edaa6834  sp ff8617a8  lr eda34a1f  pc eda618f6  cpsr 600d0030

backtrace:
    #00 pc 000478f6  /system/lib/libc.so (pthread_mutex_lock+1)
    #01 pc 0001aa1b  /system/lib/libc.so (readdir+10)
    #02 pc 00001b35  /system/xbin/crasher (readdir_null+20)
    #03 pc 00001815  /system/xbin/crasher (do_action+976)
    #04 pc 000021e5  /system/xbin/crasher (main+100)
    #05 pc 000177a1  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+48)
    #06 pc 00001110  /system/xbin/crasher (_start+96)

Here the direct cause of the crash is that pthread_mutex_lock(3) has tried to access address 0xc (frame 0). But the first thing pthread_mutex_lock does is dereference the state element of the pthread_mutex_t* it was given. If you look at the source, you can see that element is at offset 0 in the struct, which tells you that pthread_mutex_lock was given the invalid pointer 0xc. From frame 1 you can see that it was given that pointer by readdir, which extracts the mutex_ field from the DIR* it's given. Looking at that structure, you can see that mutex_ is at offset sizeof(int) + sizeof(size_t) + sizeof(dirent*) into struct DIR, which on a 32-bit device is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = 0xc, so you found the bug: readdir was passed a null pointer by the caller. At this point you can paste the stack into the stack tool to find out where in logcat this happened.

  struct DIR {
    int fd_;
    size_t available_bytes_;
    dirent* next_;
    pthread_mutex_t mutex_;
    dirent buff_[15];
    long current_pos_;
  };

In most cases you can actually skip this analysis. A sufficiently low fault address usually means you can just skip any libc.so frames in the stack and directly accuse the calling code. But not always, and this is how you would present a compelling case.

You can reproduce instances of this kind of crash using crasher fprintf-NULL or crasher readdir-NULL.

FORTIFY failure

A FORTIFY failure is a special case of an abort that occurs when the C library detects a problem that might lead to a security vulnerability. Many C library functions are fortified; they take an extra argument that tells them how large a buffer actually is and check at run time whether the operation you're trying to perform actually fits. Here's an example where the code tries to read(fd, buf, 32) into a buffer that's actually only 10 bytes long...

pid: 25579, tid: 25579, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL), fault addr --------
Abort message: 'FORTIFY: read: prevented 32-byte write into 10-byte buffer'
    r0 00000000  r1 000063eb  r2 00000006  r3 00000008
    r4 ff96f350  r5 000063eb  r6 000063eb  r7 0000010c
    r8 00000000  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp ff96f49c
    ip 00000000  sp ff96f340  lr ee83ece3  pc ee86ef0c  cpsr 000d0010

backtrace:
    #00 pc 00049f0c  /system/lib/libc.so (tgkill+12)
    #01 pc 00019cdf  /system/lib/libc.so (abort+50)
    #02 pc 0001e197  /system/lib/libc.so (__fortify_fatal+30)
    #03 pc 0001baf9  /system/lib/libc.so (__read_chk+48)
    #04 pc 0000165b  /system/xbin/crasher (do_action+534)
    #05 pc 000021e5  /system/xbin/crasher (main+100)
    #06 pc 000177a1  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+48)
    #07 pc 00001110  /system/xbin/crasher (_start+96)

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher fortify.

Stack corruption detected by -fstack-protector

The compiler's -fstack-protector option inserts checks into functions with on-stack buffers to guard against buffer overruns. This option is on by default for platform code but not for apps. When this option is enabled, the compiler adds instructions to the function prologue to write a random value just past the last local on the stack and to the function epilogue to read it back and check that it's not changed. If that value changed, it was overwritten by a buffer overrun, so the epilogue calls __stack_chk_fail to log a message and abort.

pid: 26717, tid: 26717, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL), fault addr --------
Abort message: 'stack corruption detected'
    r0 00000000  r1 0000685d  r2 00000006  r3 00000008
    r4 ffd516d8  r5 0000685d  r6 0000685d  r7 0000010c
    r8 00000000  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp ffd518bc
    ip 00000000  sp ffd516c8  lr ee63ece3  pc ee66ef0c  cpsr 000e0010

backtrace:
    #00 pc 00049f0c  /system/lib/libc.so (tgkill+12)
    #01 pc 00019cdf  /system/lib/libc.so (abort+50)
    #02 pc 0001e07d  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_fatal+24)
    #03 pc 0004863f  /system/lib/libc.so (__stack_chk_fail+6)
    #04 pc 000013ed  /system/xbin/crasher (smash_stack+76)
    #05 pc 00001591  /system/xbin/crasher (do_action+280)
    #06 pc 00002219  /system/xbin/crasher (main+100)
    #07 pc 000177a1  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+48)
    #08 pc 00001144  /system/xbin/crasher (_start+96)

You can distinguish this from other kinds of abort by the presence of __stack_chk_fail in the backtrace and the specific abort message.

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher smash-stack.

Seccomp SIGSYS from a disallowed system call

The seccomp system (specifically seccomp-bpf) restricts access to system calls. For more information about seccomp for platform developers, see the blog post Seccomp filter in Android O. A thread that calls a restricted system call will receive a SIGSYS signal with code SYS_SECCOMP. The system call number will be shown in the cause line, along with the architecture. It is important to note that system call numbers vary between architectures. For example, the readlinkat(2) system call is number 305 on x86 but 267 on x86-64. The call number is different again on both arm and arm64. Because system call numbers vary between architectures, it's usually easier to use the stack trace to find out which system call was disallowed rather than looking for the system call number in the headers.

pid: 11046, tid: 11046, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 31 (SIGSYS), code 1 (SYS_SECCOMP), fault addr --------
Cause: seccomp prevented call to disallowed arm system call 99999
    r0 cfda0444  r1 00000014  r2 40000000  r3 00000000
    r4 00000000  r5 00000000  r6 00000000  r7 0001869f
    r8 00000000  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp fffefa58
    ip fffef898  sp fffef888  lr 00401997  pc f74f3658  cpsr 600f0010

backtrace:
    #00 pc 00019658  /system/lib/libc.so (syscall+32)
    #01 pc 00001993  /system/bin/crasher (do_action+1474)
    #02 pc 00002699  /system/bin/crasher (main+68)
    #03 pc 0007c60d  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+48)
    #04 pc 000011b0  /system/bin/crasher (_start_main+72)

You can distinguish disallowed system calls from other crashes by the presence of SYS_SECCOMP on the signal line and the description on the cause line.

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher seccomp.

Execute-only memory violation (Android 10 only)

For arm64 in Android 10 only, executable segments of binaries and libraries were mapped into memory execute-only (non-readable) as a hardening technique against code-reuse attacks. This mitigation interacted badly with other mitigations and was later removed.

Making code unreadable causes intentional and unintentional reads into memory segments marked execute-only to throw a SIGSEGV with code SEGV_ACCERR. This might occur as a result of a bug, vulnerability, data mixed with code (such as a literal pool), or intentional memory introspection.

The compiler assumes code and data are not intermixed, but issues can arise from hand-written assembly. In many cases these can be fixed by simply moving the constants to a .data section. If code introspection is absolutely necessary on executable code sections, mprotect(2) should be called first to mark the code readable, and then again to mark it unreadable after the operation is completed.

pid: 2938, tid: 2940, name: crasher64  >>> crasher64 <<<
signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 2 (SEGV_ACCERR), fault addr 0x5f2ced24a8
Cause: execute-only (no-read) memory access error; likely due to data in .text.
    x0  0000000000000000  x1  0000005f2cecf21f  x2  0000000000000078  x3  0000000000000053
    x4  0000000000000074  x5  8000000000000000  x6  ff71646772607162  x7  00000020dcf0d16c
    x8  0000005f2ced24a8  x9  000000781251c55e  x10 0000000000000000  x11 0000000000000000
    x12 0000000000000014  x13 ffffffffffffffff  x14 0000000000000002  x15 ffffffffffffffff
    x16 0000005f2ced52f0  x17 00000078125c0ed8  x18 0000007810e8e000  x19 00000078119fbd50
    x20 00000078125d6020  x21 00000078119fbd50  x22 00000b7a00000b7a  x23 00000078119fbdd8
    x24 00000078119fbd50  x25 00000078119fbd50  x26 00000078119fc018  x27 00000078128ea020
    x28 00000078119fc020  x29 00000078119fbcb0
    sp  00000078119fba40  lr  0000005f2ced1b94  pc  0000005f2ced1ba4

backtrace:
      #00 pc 0000000000003ba4  /system/bin/crasher64 (do_action+2348)
      #01 pc 0000000000003234  /system/bin/crasher64 (thread_callback+44)
      #02 pc 00000000000e2044  /apex/com.android.runtime/lib64/bionic/libc.so (__pthread_start(void*)+36)
      #03 pc 0000000000083de0  /apex/com.android.runtime/lib64/bionic/libc.so (__start_thread+64)

You can distinguish execute-only memory violations from other crashes by the cause line.

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher xom.

Error detected by fdsan

Android's fdsan file descriptor sanitizer helps catch common mistakes with file descriptors such as use-after-close and double-close. See the fdsan documentation for more details about debugging (and avoiding) this class of errors.

pid: 32315, tid: 32315, name: crasher64  >>> crasher64 <<<
signal 35 (), code -1 (SI_QUEUE), fault addr --------
Abort message: 'attempted to close file descriptor 3, expected to be unowned, actually owned by FILE* 0x7d8e413018'
    x0  0000000000000000  x1  0000000000007e3b  x2  0000000000000023  x3  0000007fe7300bb0
    x4  3033313465386437  x5  3033313465386437  x6  3033313465386437  x7  3831303331346538
    x8  00000000000000f0  x9  0000000000000000  x10 0000000000000059  x11 0000000000000034
    x12 0000007d8ebc3a49  x13 0000007fe730077a  x14 0000007fe730077a  x15 0000000000000000
    x16 0000007d8ec9a7b8  x17 0000007d8ec779f0  x18 0000007d8f29c000  x19 0000000000007e3b
    x20 0000000000007e3b  x21 0000007d8f023020  x22 0000007d8f3b58dc  x23 0000000000000001
    x24 0000007fe73009a0  x25 0000007fe73008e0  x26 0000007fe7300ca0  x27 0000000000000000
    x28 0000000000000000  x29 0000007fe7300c90
    sp  0000007fe7300860  lr  0000007d8ec2f22c  pc  0000007d8ec2f250

backtrace:
      #00 pc 0000000000088250  /bionic/lib64/libc.so (fdsan_error(char const*, ...)+384)
      #01 pc 0000000000088060  /bionic/lib64/libc.so (android_fdsan_close_with_tag+632)
      #02 pc 00000000000887e8  /bionic/lib64/libc.so (close+16)
      #03 pc 000000000000379c  /system/bin/crasher64 (do_action+1316)
      #04 pc 00000000000049c8  /system/bin/crasher64 (main+96)
      #05 pc 000000000008021c  /bionic/lib64/libc.so (_start_main)

You can distinguish this from other kinds of abort by the presence of fdsan_error in the backtrace and the specific abort message.

You can reproduce an instance of this type of crash using crasher fdsan_file or crasher fdsan_dir.

Investigate crash dumps

If you don't have a specific crash that you're investigating right now, the platform source includes a tool for testing debuggerd called crasher. If you mm in system/core/debuggerd/ you'll get both a crasher and a crasher64 on your path (the latter allowing you to test 64-bit crashes). Crasher can crash in a large number of interesting ways based on the command line arguments you provide. Use crasher --help to see the currently supported selection.

To introduce the different pieces in a crash dump, let's work through this example crash dump:

*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Build fingerprint: 'Android/aosp_flounder/flounder:5.1.51/AOSP/enh08201009:eng/test-keys'
Revision: '0'
ABI: 'arm'
pid: 1656, tid: 1656, name: crasher  >>> crasher <<<
signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL), fault addr --------
Abort message: 'some_file.c:123: some_function: assertion "false" failed'
    r0 00000000  r1 00000678  r2 00000006  r3 f70b6dc8
    r4 f70b6dd0  r5 f70b6d80  r6 00000002  r7 0000010c
    r8 ffffffed  r9 00000000  sl 00000000  fp ff96ae1c
    ip 00000006  sp ff96ad18  lr f700ced5  pc f700dc98  cpsr 400b0010
backtrace:
    #00 pc 00042c98  /system/lib/libc.so (tgkill+12)
    #01 pc 00041ed1  /system/lib/libc.so (pthread_kill+32)
    #02 pc 0001bb87  /system/lib/libc.so (raise+10)
    #03 pc 00018cad  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_android_abort+34)
    #04 pc 000168e8  /system/lib/libc.so (abort+4)
    #05 pc 0001a78f  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_fatal+16)
    #06 pc 00018d35  /system/lib/libc.so (__assert2+20)
    #07 pc 00000f21  /system/xbin/crasher
    #08 pc 00016795  /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+44)
    #09 pc 00000abc  /system/xbin/crasher
Tombstone written to: /data/tombstones/tombstone_06
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

The line of asterisks with spaces is helpful if you're searching a log for native crashes. The string "*** ***" rarely shows up in logs other than at the beginning of a native crash.

Build fingerprint:
'Android/aosp_flounder/flounder:5.1.51/AOSP/enh08201009:eng/test-keys'

The fingerprint lets you identify exactly which build the crash occurred on. This is exactly the same as the ro.build.fingerprint system property.

Revision: '0'

The revision refers to the hardware rather than the software. This is usually unused but can be useful to help you automatically ignore bugs known to be caused by bad hardware. This is exactly the same as the ro.revision system property.

ABI: 'arm'

The ABI is one of arm, arm64, x86, or x86-64. This is mostly useful for the stack script mentioned above, so that it knows what toolchain to use.

pid: 1656, tid: 1656, name: crasher >>> crasher <<<

This line identifies the specific thread in the process that crashed. In this case, it was the process' main thread, so the process ID and thread ID match. The first name is the thread name, and the name surrounded by >>> and <<< is the process name. For an app, the process name is typically the fully-qualified package name (such as com.facebook.katana), which is useful when filing bugs or trying to find the app in Google Play. The pid and tid can also be useful in finding the relevant log lines preceding the crash.

signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL), fault addr --------

This line tells you which signal (SIGABRT) was received, and more about how it was received (SI_TKILL). The signals reported by debuggerd are SIGABRT, SIGBUS, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGSEGV, and SIGTRAP. The signal-specific codes vary based on the specific signal.

Abort message: 'some_file.c:123: some_function: assertion "false" failed'

Not all crashes will have an abort message line, but aborts will. This is automatically gathered from the last line of fatal logcat output for this pid/tid, and in the case of a deliberate abort is likely to give an explanation of why the program killed itself.

r0 00000000 r1 00000678 r2 00000006 r3 f70b6dc8
r4 f70b6dd0 r5 f70b6d80 r6 00000002 r7 0000010c
r8 ffffffed r9 00000000 sl 00000000 fp ff96ae1c
ip 00000006 sp ff96ad18 lr f700ced5 pc f700dc98 cpsr 400b0010

The register dump shows the content of the CPU registers at the time the signal was received. (This section varies wildly between ABIs.) How useful these are will depend on the exact crash.

backtrace:
    #00 pc 00042c98 /system/lib/libc.so (tgkill+12)
    #01 pc 00041ed1 /system/lib/libc.so (pthread_kill+32)
    #02 pc 0001bb87 /system/lib/libc.so (raise+10)
    #03 pc 00018cad /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_android_abort+34)
    #04 pc 000168e8 /system/lib/libc.so (abort+4)
    #05 pc 0001a78f /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_fatal+16)
    #06 pc 00018d35 /system/lib/libc.so (__assert2+20)
    #07 pc 00000f21 /system/xbin/crasher
    #08 pc 00016795 /system/lib/libc.so (__libc_init+44)
    #09 pc 00000abc /system/xbin/crasher

The backtrace shows you where in the code we were at the time of crash. The first column is the frame number (matching gdb's style where the deepest frame is 0). The PC values are relative to the location of the shared library rather than absolute addresses. The next column is the name of the mapped region (which is usually a shared library or executable, but might not be for, say, JIT-compiled code). Finally, if symbols are available, the symbol that the PC value corresponds to is shown, along with the offset into that symbol in bytes. You can use this in conjunction with objdump(1) to find the corresponding assembler instruction.

Read tombstones

Tombstone written to: /data/tombstones/tombstone_06

This tells you where debuggerd wrote extra information. debuggerd will keep up to 10 tombstones, cycling through the numbers 00 to 09 and overwriting existing tombstones as necessary.

The tombstone contains the same information as the crash dump, plus a few extras. For example, it includes backtraces for all threads (not just the crashing thread), the floating point registers, raw stack dumps, and memory dumps around the addresses in registers. Most usefully it also includes a full memory map (similar to /proc/pid/maps). Here's an annotated example from a 32-bit ARM process crash:

memory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)
--->ab15f000-ab162fff r-x 0 4000 /system/xbin/crasher (BuildId:
b9527db01b5cf8f5402f899f64b9b121)

There are two things to note here. The first is that this line is prefixed with "--->". The maps are most useful when your crash isn't just a null pointer dereference. If the fault address is small, it's probably some variant of a null pointer dereference. Otherwise looking at the maps around the fault address can often give you a clue as to what happened. Some possible issues that can be recognized by looking at the maps include:

  • Reads/writes past the end of a block of memory.
  • Reads/writes before the beginning of a block of memory.
  • Attempts to execute non-code.
  • Running off the end of a stack.
  • Attempts to write to code (as in the example above).

The second thing to note is that executables and shared libraries files will show the BuildId (if present) in Android 6.0 and higher, so you can see exactly which version of your code crashed. Platform binaries include a BuildId by default since Android 6.0; NDK r12 and higher automatically pass -Wl,--build-id to the linker too.

ab163000-ab163fff r--      3000      1000  /system/xbin/crasher
ab164000-ab164fff rw-         0      1000
f6c80000-f6d7ffff rw-         0    100000  [anon:libc_malloc]

On Android the heap isn't necessarily a single region. Heap regions will be labeled [anon:libc_malloc].

f6d82000-f6da1fff r--         0     20000  /dev/__properties__/u:object_r:logd_prop:s0
f6da2000-f6dc1fff r--         0     20000  /dev/__properties__/u:object_r:default_prop:s0
f6dc2000-f6de1fff r--         0     20000  /dev/__properties__/u:object_r:logd_prop:s0
f6de2000-f6de5fff r-x         0      4000  /system/lib/libnetd_client.so (BuildId: 08020aa06ed48cf9f6971861abf06c9d)
f6de6000-f6de6fff r--      3000      1000  /system/lib/libnetd_client.so
f6de7000-f6de7fff rw-      4000      1000  /system/lib/libnetd_client.so
f6dec000-f6e74fff r-x         0     89000  /system/lib/libc++.so (BuildId: 8f1f2be4b37d7067d366543fafececa2) (load base 0x2000)
f6e75000-f6e75fff ---         0      1000
f6e76000-f6e79fff r--     89000      4000  /system/lib/libc++.so
f6e7a000-f6e7afff rw-     8d000      1000  /system/lib/libc++.so
f6e7b000-f6e7bfff rw-         0      1000  [anon:.bss]
f6e7c000-f6efdfff r-x         0     82000  /system/lib/libc.so (BuildId: d189b369d1aafe11feb7014d411bb9c3)
f6efe000-f6f01fff r--     81000      4000  /system/lib/libc.so
f6f02000-f6f03fff rw-     85000      2000  /system/lib/libc.so
f6f04000-f6f04fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:.bss]
f6f05000-f6f05fff r--         0      1000  [anon:.bss]
f6f06000-f6f0bfff rw-         0      6000  [anon:.bss]
f6f0c000-f6f21fff r-x         0     16000  /system/lib/libcutils.so (BuildId: d6d68a419dadd645ca852cd339f89741)
f6f22000-f6f22fff r--     15000      1000  /system/lib/libcutils.so
f6f23000-f6f23fff rw-     16000      1000  /system/lib/libcutils.so
f6f24000-f6f31fff r-x         0      e000  /system/lib/liblog.so (BuildId: e4d30918d1b1028a1ba23d2ab72536fc)
f6f32000-f6f32fff r--      d000      1000  /system/lib/liblog.so
f6f33000-f6f33fff rw-      e000      1000  /system/lib/liblog.so

Typically, a shared library has three adjacent entries. One is readable and executable (code), one is read-only (read-only data), and one is read-write (mutable data). The first column shows the address ranges for the mapping, the second column the permissions (in the usual Unix ls(1) style), the third column the offset into the file (in hex), the fourth column the size of the region (in hex), and the fifth column the file (or other region name).

f6f34000-f6f53fff r-x         0     20000  /system/lib/libm.so (BuildId: 76ba45dcd9247e60227200976a02c69b)
f6f54000-f6f54fff ---         0      1000
f6f55000-f6f55fff r--     20000      1000  /system/lib/libm.so
f6f56000-f6f56fff rw-     21000      1000  /system/lib/libm.so
f6f58000-f6f58fff rw-         0      1000
f6f59000-f6f78fff r--         0     20000  /dev/__properties__/u:object_r:default_prop:s0
f6f79000-f6f98fff r--         0     20000  /dev/__properties__/properties_serial
f6f99000-f6f99fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_vector]
f6f9a000-f6f9afff r--         0      1000  [anon:atexit handlers]
f6f9b000-f6fbafff r--         0     20000  /dev/__properties__/properties_serial
f6fbb000-f6fbbfff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_vector]
f6fbc000-f6fbcfff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_small_objects]
f6fbd000-f6fbdfff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_vector]
f6fbe000-f6fbffff rw-         0      2000  [anon:linker_alloc]
f6fc0000-f6fc0fff r--         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc]
f6fc1000-f6fc1fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_lob]
f6fc2000-f6fc2fff r--         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc]
f6fc3000-f6fc3fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_vector]
f6fc4000-f6fc4fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_small_objects]
f6fc5000-f6fc5fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_vector]
f6fc6000-f6fc6fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:linker_alloc_small_objects]
f6fc7000-f6fc7fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:arc4random _rsx structure]
f6fc8000-f6fc8fff rw-         0      1000  [anon:arc4random _rs structure]
f6fc9000-f6fc9fff r--         0      1000  [anon:atexit handlers]
f6fca000-f6fcafff ---         0      1000  [anon:thread signal stack guard page]

As of Android 5.0, the C library names most of its anonymous mapped regions so there are fewer mystery regions.

f6fcb000-f6fccfff rw- 0 2000 [stack:5081]

Regions named [stack:tid] are the stacks for the given threads.

f6fcd000-f702afff r-x         0     5e000  /system/bin/linker (BuildId: 84f1316198deee0591c8ac7f158f28b7)
f702b000-f702cfff r--     5d000      2000  /system/bin/linker
f702d000-f702dfff rw-     5f000      1000  /system/bin/linker
f702e000-f702ffff rw-         0      2000
f7030000-f7030fff r--         0      1000
f7031000-f7032fff rw-         0      2000
ffcd7000-ffcf7fff rw-         0     21000
ffff0000-ffff0fff r-x         0      1000  [vectors]

Whether you see [vector] or [vdso] depends on the architecture. ARM uses [vector], while all other architectures use [vdso].