Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935
The Franco-Italian Agreement (called often Mussolini-Laval accord) of 7 January 1935 was signed in Rome by the French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval and Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.
History
After its victory in World War I, it was agreed that Italy would not l receive territories from the defeated German colonial empire. It was divided between France and Great Britain, but it would be rewarded some bordering areas from the British and French colonial empires. That was felt by lItalians to be very little compensation for their sacrifices in the bloody war, and it was one of the reasons of the rise to power in Italy of Mussolini's fascism. The British ceded Oltre Giuba from Kenya to Italian Somalia in 1925, but the French delayed some years until the mid 1930s. They agreed only in 1935, under Foreign Minister Laval's leadership, to give only a small amount of territory in eastern Africa and a desert area in the French Sahara.
Laval had succeeded Louis Barthou as Foreign Minister after the latter's assassination in Marseilles on October 9, 1934, at the side of Yugoslavian King Alexander I. Laval borrowed from his predecessor the idea of a system of collective security to contain the threat of Hitler in Europe. On January 4, 1935, Laval went to Rome, the capital of Italy, to meet Mussolini. It was the beginning of a diplomatic offensive intended to contain Hitler's Germany by a network of alliances.
He proposed a treaty to Mussolini to define disputed parts of French Somaliland (now Djibouti) as part of Eritrea, redefine the official status of Italians in French Tunisia and give Italy a mainly-free hand to occupy Ethiopia during the Abyssinia Crisis.
Italy was also to receive the Aouzou Strip, which was to be moved from French-ruled Chad to Italian-ruled Libya (that issue would have some implications in World War II and in Toyota War between Libya and Chad).
In exchange for thosr concessions, France hoped for Italian support against German aggression, which did not occur.
The agreements were confirmed by a law of the French parliament on March 26, 1935.[1] However, the Italian parliament failed to do the same, as they were judged as too "minimal" by not including French Tunisia, Corsica and Nice.[2]
Main agreements
The accord had the following main agreements:
- A small territory in French Somaliland south of Eritrean Rahayta was to be given to Italian Eritrea.
- The village of Aozou and the surrounding Aozou strip in French Africa Chad was to be given to Italian Libya.
- Italy was given a free hand by the French government to occupy Ethiopia.
References
Sources
- G. Bruce Strang: Imperial Dreams: The Mussolini-Laval Accords of January 1935. In: The Historical Journal 44, September 2001, 3, ISSN 0018-246X, pp. 799–809.
- R. Festorazzi Laval Mussolini. L'impossibile Asse, Milano: Mursia, ISBN 9788842530817
- Langer, William L. ed., An Encyclopaedia of World History, (1948), Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Pg. 990.