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{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Solomon Islands}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Cheke Holo
|name=Cheke Holo
|states=Central [[Solomon Islands]]
|states=Central [[Solomon Islands]]
|region=[[Santa Isabel Island]]
|region=[[Santa Isabel Island]]
|speakers=10,000 (1999)
|speakers={{sigfig|10,840|3}}
|date=1999
|ref=e25
|speakers2=1,500 monolinguals<ref name=e25/>
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
|fam4=[[Western Oceanic languages|Western Oceanic]]
|fam4=[[Northwest Solomonic languages|Northwest Solomonic]]
|fam5=New Georgia – Ysabel
|fam5=[[Meso-Melanesian languages|Meso-Melanesian]]
|fam6=[[Ysabel languages|Ysabel]]
|fam7=East Isabel
|iso3=mrn
|iso3=mrn
|glotto=chek1238
|notice=IPA}}
|glottorefname=Cheke Holo
}}


'''Cheke Holo''' (also called Maringe or Mari''n''e, A’ara, Holo, Kubonitu) is an Oceanic language spoken in the [[Solomon Islands]]. Its speakers live on [[Santa Isabel Island]].
'''Cheke Holo''' (also called Maringe or Mariŋe, A’ara, Holo, Kubonitu) is an Oceanic language spoken in the [[Solomon Islands]]. Its speakers live on [[Santa Isabel Island]].


==External link==
== Phonology ==
The [[phonology]] of Cheke Holo shows some peculiarities, shared with other Santa Isabel languages, like the aspirated stops and the voiceless sonorants. The five-vowel system instead conforms to the prototypical system of the Oceanic area {{harvcol|White|Kokhonigita|Pulomana|1988}}. {{harvcoltxt|Boswell|2018|p=16}} has /x/ rather than /ɣʰ/.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Consonant phonemes
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="2"| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan="2"| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|m̥}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|m}}
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|n̥}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|n}}
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ̊}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ŋ̊}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|colspan="2"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|plain}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|d}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|pʰ||style="border-left: 0;"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|tʰ||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan="2"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|kʰ||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|plain}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|f}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|v}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|z}}
|colspan="2"|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|h}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|ɣʰ
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|l̥}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|l}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|colspan="2"|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|r̥}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|r}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| align="center"|{{IPA|i}} || || align="center"| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Mid
| align="center"|{{IPA|e}} || || align="center"|{{IPA|o}}
|-
! Low
| || align="center"|{{IPA|a}} ||
|}

==Morphosyntax==
Verbs in Cheke Holo are marked neither for tense nor for person, although they can be prefixed with ''fa-'' (a causative marker) and they take enclitics. Among the possible clitics are the direct object pronouns, the completive aspect markers ''hi'' and ''hila'', and the continuative aspect marker ''u'' {{harvcol|Boswell|2018}}.

Reduplication is commonly employed with verb roots to express iteration or intensification and as a valency changing device (from intransitive to transitive), although there are attested cases of adjective and (less so) noun reduplication {{harvcol|Boswell|2018}}. Different types of reduplications are possible in Cheke Holo:

* Full reduplication
** /vra/ 'jump up' > /vravra/ 'be quick to act'
* Partial (or White's rule) reduplication
** /bela/ 'wooden platform' > /beabela/ 'stack up firewood'
* Syllable reduplication
** /nolo/ 'to walk' > /nonolo/ 'go walking about'
** /kmokhu/ 'stop' > /kmokmohu/ 'continue to cease'
** /fruni/ 'cover' > /fufruni/ 'cover completely' (when the second consonant of a cluster is /r/, this is dropped in the reduplicated syllable)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Boswell |first=Fredrick Alvin |title=A Grammar of Cheke Holo |date=2018 |degree=Doctoral |publisher=LOT Publications (Leiden University) |isbn=978-94-6093-301-1 |hdl=1887/67082 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=White |first=Geoffrey |title=Cheke Holo (Maringe/Hograno) Dictionary |last2=Kokhonigita |first2=Francis |last3=Pulomana |first3=Hugh |date=1988 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0-85883-368-9 |series=Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 97 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c97 |hdl=1885/145429 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Bill |date=2009 |title=Clause Order and Information Structure in Cheke Holo |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=213–249 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0038 |s2cid=145092013|hdl=1959.13/916448 |hdl-access=free }}

==External links==
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/keha_tarai1934.html Keha Tarai Mala Lao Legu Narone] Anglican devotional material in Cheke Holo (1934)
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/keha_tarai1934.html Keha Tarai Mala Lao Legu Narone] Anglican devotional material in Cheke Holo (1934)
*[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Melanesia/cheke_holo_intro_MP.html Buka Tharai Ka Cheke Mari''n''e] Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cheke Holo (1973) digitized by Richard Mammana

{{Languages of the Solomon Islands}}
{{Meso-Melanesian languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}


[[Category:Southeast Solomonic languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Ysabel languages]]



{{au-lang-stub}}
{{MesoMelanesian-lang-stub}}
{{Solomons-stub}}
{{Solomons-stub}}
[[fr:Cheke holo]]

Latest revision as of 04:21, 22 January 2024

Cheke Holo
Native toCentral Solomon Islands
RegionSanta Isabel Island
Native speakers
(10,800 cited 1999)[1]
1,500 monolinguals[1]
Austronesian
Language codes
ISO 639-3mrn
Glottologchek1238

Cheke Holo (also called Maringe or Mariŋe, A’ara, Holo, Kubonitu) is an Oceanic language spoken in the Solomon Islands. Its speakers live on Santa Isabel Island.

Phonology[edit]

The phonology of Cheke Holo shows some peculiarities, shared with other Santa Isabel languages, like the aspirated stops and the voiceless sonorants. The five-vowel system instead conforms to the prototypical system of the Oceanic area (White, Kokhonigita & Pulomana 1988). Boswell (2018:16) has /x/ rather than /ɣʰ/.

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m̥ m n̥ n ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ
Stop plain p b t d t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k ɡ ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative plain f v s z ɣ h
aspirated ɣʰ
Lateral l̥ l
Trill r̥ r
Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Morphosyntax[edit]

Verbs in Cheke Holo are marked neither for tense nor for person, although they can be prefixed with fa- (a causative marker) and they take enclitics. Among the possible clitics are the direct object pronouns, the completive aspect markers hi and hila, and the continuative aspect marker u (Boswell 2018).

Reduplication is commonly employed with verb roots to express iteration or intensification and as a valency changing device (from intransitive to transitive), although there are attested cases of adjective and (less so) noun reduplication (Boswell 2018). Different types of reduplications are possible in Cheke Holo:

  • Full reduplication
    • /vra/ 'jump up' > /vravra/ 'be quick to act'
  • Partial (or White's rule) reduplication
    • /bela/ 'wooden platform' > /beabela/ 'stack up firewood'
  • Syllable reduplication
    • /nolo/ 'to walk' > /nonolo/ 'go walking about'
    • /kmokhu/ 'stop' > /kmokmohu/ 'continue to cease'
    • /fruni/ 'cover' > /fufruni/ 'cover completely' (when the second consonant of a cluster is /r/, this is dropped in the reduplicated syllable)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Cheke Holo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon

References[edit]

  • Boswell, Fredrick Alvin (2018). A Grammar of Cheke Holo (Doctoral thesis). LOT Publications (Leiden University). hdl:1887/67082. ISBN 978-94-6093-301-1.
  • White, Geoffrey; Kokhonigita, Francis; Pulomana, Hugh (1988). Cheke Holo (Maringe/Hograno) Dictionary. Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 97. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-c97. hdl:1885/145429. ISBN 0-85883-368-9.
  • Palmer, Bill (2009). "Clause Order and Information Structure in Cheke Holo". Oceanic Linguistics. 48 (1): 213–249. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0038. hdl:1959.13/916448. S2CID 145092013.

External links[edit]


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