Cheke Holo language: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
m Open access bot: hdl updated in citation with #oabot. |
||
(41 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Solomon Islands}} |
|||
{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
||
|name=Cheke Holo |
|name=Cheke Holo |
||
|states=Central [[Solomon Islands]] |
|states=Central [[Solomon Islands]] |
||
|region=[[Santa Isabel Island]] |
|region=[[Santa Isabel Island]] |
||
|speakers=10, |
|speakers={{sigfig|10,840|3}} |
||
|date=1999 |
|||
|ref=e25 |
|||
|speakers2=1,500 monolinguals<ref name=e25/> |
|||
|familycolor=Austronesian |
|familycolor=Austronesian |
||
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] |
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] |
||
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]] |
|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]] |
||
|fam4=[[ |
|fam4=[[Northwest Solomonic languages|Northwest Solomonic]] |
||
|fam5=New Georgia – Ysabel |
|||
|fam5=[[Meso-Melanesian languages|Meso-Melanesian]] |
|||
|fam6=[[Ysabel languages|Ysabel]] |
|||
|fam7=East Isabel |
|||
|iso3=mrn |
|iso3=mrn |
||
|glotto=chek1238 |
|||
|notice=IPA}} |
|||
|glottorefname=Cheke Holo |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Cheke Holo''' (also called Maringe or |
'''Cheke Holo''' (also called Maringe or Mariŋe, A’ara, Holo, Kubonitu) is an Oceanic language spoken in the [[Solomon Islands]]. Its speakers live on [[Santa Isabel Island]]. |
||
== |
== Phonology == |
||
The [[phonology]] of Cheke Holo shows some peculiarities, shared with other Santa Isabel languages, like the aspirated stops and the voiceless sonorants. The five-vowel system instead conforms to the prototypical system of the Oceanic area {{harvcol|White|Kokhonigita|Pulomana|1988}}. {{harvcoltxt|Boswell|2018|p=16}} has /x/ rather than /ɣʰ/. |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
|||
|+ Consonant phonemes |
|||
!colspan="2"| |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
|||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|m̥}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|m}} |
|||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|n̥}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|n}} |
|||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ̊}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} |
|||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ŋ̊}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|- |
|||
!rowspan="2"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]] |
|||
! {{small|plain}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|b}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|d}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} |
|||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"| |
|||
|- |
|||
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|pʰ||style="border-left: 0;"| |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|tʰ||style="border-left: 0;"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|kʰ||style="border-left: 0;"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|- |
|||
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
|||
! {{small|plain}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|f}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|v}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|z}} |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɣ}} |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|h}}||style="border-left: 0;"| |
|||
|- |
|||
! {{small|aspirated}} |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|ɣʰ |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|- |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|l̥}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|l}} |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|- |
|||
!colspan="2"| [[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|r̥}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|r}} |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|colspan="2"| |
|||
|} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes''' |
|||
! |
|||
! Front |
|||
! Central |
|||
! Back |
|||
|- |
|||
! High |
|||
| align="center"|{{IPA|i}} || || align="center"| {{IPA|u}} |
|||
|- |
|||
! Mid |
|||
| align="center"|{{IPA|e}} || || align="center"|{{IPA|o}} |
|||
|- |
|||
! Low |
|||
| || align="center"|{{IPA|a}} || |
|||
|} |
|||
==Morphosyntax== |
|||
Verbs in Cheke Holo are marked neither for tense nor for person, although they can be prefixed with ''fa-'' (a causative marker) and they take enclitics. Among the possible clitics are the direct object pronouns, the completive aspect markers ''hi'' and ''hila'', and the continuative aspect marker ''u'' {{harvcol|Boswell|2018}}. |
|||
Reduplication is commonly employed with verb roots to express iteration or intensification and as a valency changing device (from intransitive to transitive), although there are attested cases of adjective and (less so) noun reduplication {{harvcol|Boswell|2018}}. Different types of reduplications are possible in Cheke Holo: |
|||
* Full reduplication |
|||
** /vra/ 'jump up' > /vravra/ 'be quick to act' |
|||
* Partial (or White's rule) reduplication |
|||
** /bela/ 'wooden platform' > /beabela/ 'stack up firewood' |
|||
* Syllable reduplication |
|||
** /nolo/ 'to walk' > /nonolo/ 'go walking about' |
|||
** /kmokhu/ 'stop' > /kmokmohu/ 'continue to cease' |
|||
** /fruni/ 'cover' > /fufruni/ 'cover completely' (when the second consonant of a cluster is /r/, this is dropped in the reduplicated syllable) |
|||
==Notes== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
==References== |
|||
* {{Cite thesis |last=Boswell |first=Fredrick Alvin |title=A Grammar of Cheke Holo |date=2018 |degree=Doctoral |publisher=LOT Publications (Leiden University) |isbn=978-94-6093-301-1 |hdl=1887/67082 |hdl-access=free}} |
|||
* {{Cite book |last=White |first=Geoffrey |title=Cheke Holo (Maringe/Hograno) Dictionary |last2=Kokhonigita |first2=Francis |last3=Pulomana |first3=Hugh |date=1988 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0-85883-368-9 |series=Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 97 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c97 |hdl=1885/145429 |hdl-access=free}} |
|||
* {{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Bill |date=2009 |title=Clause Order and Information Structure in Cheke Holo |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=213–249 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0038 |s2cid=145092013|hdl=1959.13/916448 |hdl-access=free }} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/keha_tarai1934.html Keha Tarai Mala Lao Legu Narone] Anglican devotional material in Cheke Holo (1934) |
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/keha_tarai1934.html Keha Tarai Mala Lao Legu Narone] Anglican devotional material in Cheke Holo (1934) |
||
*[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Melanesia/cheke_holo_intro_MP.html Buka Tharai Ka Cheke Mari''n''e] Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cheke Holo (1973) digitized by Richard Mammana |
|||
{{Languages of the Solomon Islands}} |
|||
{{Meso-Melanesian languages}} |
|||
{{Austronesian languages}} |
|||
[[Category:Southeast Solomonic languages| ]] |
|||
[[Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands]] |
[[Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands]] |
||
[[Category:Ysabel languages]] |
|||
{{ |
{{MesoMelanesian-lang-stub}} |
||
{{Solomons-stub}} |
{{Solomons-stub}} |
||
[[fr:Cheke holo]] |
Latest revision as of 04:21, 22 January 2024
Cheke Holo | |
---|---|
Native to | Central Solomon Islands |
Region | Santa Isabel Island |
Native speakers | (10,800 cited 1999)[1] 1,500 monolinguals[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mrn |
Glottolog | chek1238 |
Cheke Holo (also called Maringe or Mariŋe, A’ara, Holo, Kubonitu) is an Oceanic language spoken in the Solomon Islands. Its speakers live on Santa Isabel Island.
Phonology[edit]
The phonology of Cheke Holo shows some peculiarities, shared with other Santa Isabel languages, like the aspirated stops and the voiceless sonorants. The five-vowel system instead conforms to the prototypical system of the Oceanic area (White, Kokhonigita & Pulomana 1988). Boswell (2018:16) has /x/ rather than /ɣʰ/.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m̥ | m | n̥ | n | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | |||
Stop | plain | p | b | t | d | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | k | ɡ | ʔ | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||||
Fricative | plain | f | v | s | z | ɣ | h | ||||
aspirated | ɣʰ | ||||||||||
Lateral | l̥ | l | |||||||||
Trill | r̥ | r |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Low | a |
Morphosyntax[edit]
Verbs in Cheke Holo are marked neither for tense nor for person, although they can be prefixed with fa- (a causative marker) and they take enclitics. Among the possible clitics are the direct object pronouns, the completive aspect markers hi and hila, and the continuative aspect marker u (Boswell 2018).
Reduplication is commonly employed with verb roots to express iteration or intensification and as a valency changing device (from intransitive to transitive), although there are attested cases of adjective and (less so) noun reduplication (Boswell 2018). Different types of reduplications are possible in Cheke Holo:
- Full reduplication
- /vra/ 'jump up' > /vravra/ 'be quick to act'
- Partial (or White's rule) reduplication
- /bela/ 'wooden platform' > /beabela/ 'stack up firewood'
- Syllable reduplication
- /nolo/ 'to walk' > /nonolo/ 'go walking about'
- /kmokhu/ 'stop' > /kmokmohu/ 'continue to cease'
- /fruni/ 'cover' > /fufruni/ 'cover completely' (when the second consonant of a cluster is /r/, this is dropped in the reduplicated syllable)
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Cheke Holo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
References[edit]
- Boswell, Fredrick Alvin (2018). A Grammar of Cheke Holo (Doctoral thesis). LOT Publications (Leiden University). hdl:1887/67082. ISBN 978-94-6093-301-1.
- White, Geoffrey; Kokhonigita, Francis; Pulomana, Hugh (1988). Cheke Holo (Maringe/Hograno) Dictionary. Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 97. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-c97. hdl:1885/145429. ISBN 0-85883-368-9.
- Palmer, Bill (2009). "Clause Order and Information Structure in Cheke Holo". Oceanic Linguistics. 48 (1): 213–249. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0038. hdl:1959.13/916448. S2CID 145092013.
External links[edit]
- Keha Tarai Mala Lao Legu Narone Anglican devotional material in Cheke Holo (1934)
- Buka Tharai Ka Cheke Marine Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cheke Holo (1973) digitized by Richard Mammana