Table 1 Data characteristics of the development set, tuning set, internal validation set and the two external validation sets
From: Artificial intelligence for diagnosis and Gleason grading of prostate cancer: the PANDA challenge
EU development set | EU development set | EU tuning set | EU tuning set | EU internal validation set | EU internal validation set | US external validation set | EU external validation set | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Radboud University Medical Center Netherlands | Karolinska Institutet Sweden | Radboud University Medical Center Netherlands | Karolinska Institutet Sweden | Radboud University Medical Center Netherlands | Karolinska Institutet Sweden | Medical Laboratories, CA/UT, USA; tertiary teaching hospital, CA, USA | Karolinska University Hospital Sweden | – |
No. of sites | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
No. of cases | 1,028 | 1,085 | 72 | 33 | 129 | 82 | 741 | 330 | 3,500 |
No. of biopsies | 5,160 | 5,456 | 195 | 198 | 333 | 212 | 741 | 330 | 12,625 |
Nontumor | 967 (19) | 1,925 (35) | 95 (49) | 58 (29) | 155 (47) | 66 (31) | 254 (34) | 108 (33) | 3,628 (29) |
Tumor-containing (ISUP GG breakdown below) | 4,193 (81) | 3,531 (65) | 100 (51) | 140 (71) | 178 (53) | 146 (69) | 487 (66) | 222 (67) | 8,997 (71) |
GG 1 | 852 (17) | 1,814 (33) | 24 (12) | 48 (24) | 48 (14) | 53 (25) | 247 (33) | 65 (20) | 3,151 (25) |
GG 2 | 675 (13) | 668 (12) | 15 (8) | 32 (16) | 35 (11) | 34 (16) | 122 (16) | 63 (19) | 1,644 (13) |
GG 3 | 925 (18) | 317 (6) | 15 (8) | 14 (7) | 38 (11) | 16 (8) | 70 (9) | 49 (15) | 1,444 (11) |
GG 4 | 768 (15) | 481 (9) | 19 (10) | 30 (15) | 16 (5) | 22 (10) | 21 (3) | 19 (6) | 1,376 (11) |
GG 5 | 973 (19) | 251 (5) | 27 (14) | 16 (8) | 41 (12) | 21 (10) | 27 (4) | 26 (8) | 1,382 (11) |
No. of cases with general pathologist reviews | – | – | – | – | 70 | – | 237 | – | 307 |
No. of pathologist reviews | – | – | – | – | 910 | – | 4,740 | – | 5,650 |
