Table 2 Adjusted analysis for validation set A

From: Detection of signs of disease in external photographs of the eyes via deep learning

Prediction target

Number of visits

Odds ratio (95% CI), P value

Total

Positive (%)

Age (per decade)

Male

Whitea

Blacka

Asian/Pacific islandera

Years with diabetes (per five years)

DLS (external eye image)

HbA1c ≥7%

21,183

13,544 (63.9%)

0.891

1.106

0.962

0.976

1.077

1.451

1.720

   

(0.866–0.918)

(1.042–1.175)

(0.892–1.038)

(0.892–1.067)

(0.976–1.188)

(1.408–1.496)

(1.660–1.782)

   

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.314

P = 0.593

P = 0.140

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

HbA1c ≥8%

21,183

9,347 (44.1%)

0.916

1.073

0.907

0.925

1.029

1.326

1.955

   

(0.889–0.944)

(1.011–1.138)

(0.843–0.977)

(0.847–1.010)

(0.932–1.135)

(1.290–1.363)

(1.883–2.030)

   

P < 0.001

P = 0.019

P = 0.010

P = 0.083

P = 0.572

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

HbA1c ≥9%b

21,183

6,537 (30.9%)

0.934

1.072

0.911

0.965

0.944

1.210

1.971

   

(0.904–0.965)

(1.007–1.142)

(0.842–0.986)

(0.878–1.060)

(0.847–1.051)

(1.176–1.245)

(1.895–2.051)

   

P < 0.001

P = 0.030

P = 0.021

P = 0.459

P = 0.290

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Tch ≥200 mg dl−1

9,318

2,913 (31.3%)

0.966

0.921

0.963

0.878

0.833

0.915

1.251

   

(0.925–1.009)

(0.841–1.010)

(0.861–1.078)

(0.781–0.987)

(0.696–0.996)

(0.879–0.954)

(1.188–1.318)

   

P = 0.122

P = 0.079

P = 0.517

P = 0.030

P = 0.045

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Tch ≥240 mg dl−1

9,318

984 (10.6%)

0.981

0.946

1.065

0.858

0.808

0.916

1.328

   

(0.921–1.046)

(0.827–1.083)

(0.901–1.259)

(0.717–1.028)

(0.606–1.079)

(0.861–0.975)

(1.241–1.420)

   

P = 0.564

P = 0.423

P = 0.459

P = 0.096

P = 0.149

P = 0.006

P < 0.001

Tg ≥150 mg dl−1

9,104

4,674 (51.3%)

0.989

1.053

1.056

0.809

0.803

0.914

1.503

   

(0.952–1.028)

(0.967–1.147)

(0.946–1.180)

(0.705–0.928)

(0.684–0.941)

(0.879–0.950)

(1.416–1.595)

   

P = 0.589

P = 0.233

P = 0.330

P = 0.003

P = 0.007

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Tg ≥200 mg dl−1

9,104

2,894 (31.8%)

0.939

1.144

1.028

0.717

0.773

0.935

1.433

   

(0.900–0.980)

(1.044–1.254)

(0.915–1.155)

(0.620–0.830)

(0.646–0.926)

(0.897–0.975)

(1.348–1.522)

   

P = 0.004

P = 0.004

P = 0.641

P < 0.001

P = 0.005

P = 0.002

P < 0.001

Tg ≥500 mg dl−1

9,104

323 (3.5%)

0.859

1.782

1.123

0.593

0.713

0.907

1.212

   

(0.765–0.963)

(1.392–2.281)

(0.855–1.475)

(0.412–0.855)

(0.436–1.169)

(0.814–1.012)

(1.088–1.351)

   

P = 0.009

P < 0.001

P = 0.405

P = 0.005

P = 0.180

P = 0.080

P < 0.001

Mild+ DR

26,950

5,144 (19.1%)

0.901

1.160

0.781

1.047

1.301

1.641

1.796

   

(0.876–0.928)

(1.086–1.240)

(0.718–0.850)

(0.952–1.152)

(1.165–1.454)

(1.595–1.688)

(1.741–1.853)

   

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.342

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Moderate+ DRb

26,950

3,247 (12.0%)

0.904

1.205

0.785

0.833

1.141

1.680

1.881

   

(0.873–0.936)

(1.111–1.306)

(0.709–0.870)

(0.739–0.938)

(0.997–1.305)

(1.625–1.737)

(1.819–1.944)

   

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.003

P = 0.056

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Severe+ DR

26,950

404 (1.5%)

0.870

1.516

0.803

1.084

2.216

1.840

1.444

   

(0.798–0.949)

(1.234–1.863)

(0.612–1.052)

(0.795–1.477)

(1.651–2.975)

(1.695–1.999)

(1.384–1.507)

   

P = 0.002

P < 0.001

P = 0.111

P = 0.611

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

DMEb

26,950

797 (3.0%)

0.899

1.241

0.633

0.989

1.206

1.664

1.475

   

(0.843–0.958)

(1.072–1.438)

(0.519–0.772)

(0.807–1.211)

(0.947–1.534)

(1.569–1.765)

(1.416–1.536)

   

P < 0.001

P = 0.004

P < 0.001

P = 0.913

P = 0.128

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

VTDRb

26,950

1,042 (3.9%)

0.901

1.244

0.691

1.037

1.419

1.729

1.574

   

(0.852–0.953)

(1.091–1.418)

(0.581–0.823)

(0.862–1.247)

(1.152–1.747)

(1.640–1.823)

(1.517–1.633)

   

P < 0.001

P = 0.001

P < 0.001

P = 0.703

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Cataract

27,415

639 (2.3%)

1.704

0.845

1.617

1.399

3.746

1.080

1.608

   

(1.568–1.852)

(0.709–1.006)

(1.273–2.055)

(1.053–1.859)

(2.948–4.760)

(1.006–1.158)

(1.547–1.671)

   

P < 0.001

P = 0.059

P < 0.001

P = 0.021

P < 0.001

P = 0.033

P < 0.001

  1. aReference category: Hispanic (the most prevalent race/ethnicity in this cohort). bPre-specified primary prediction tasks. Bold font indicates P < 0.05.
Back to article page