Gravity from the Ground Up: An Introductory Guide to Gravity and General Relativity

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Cambridge University Press, Dec 4, 2003 - Science - 462 pages
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This book invites the reader to understand our Universe, not just marvel at it. From the clock-like motions of the planets to the catastrophic collapse of a star into a black hole, gravity controls the Universe. Gravity is central to modern physics, helping to answer the deepest questions about the nature of time, the origin of the Universe and the unification of the forces of nature. Linking key experiments and observations through careful physical reasoning, the author builds the reader's insight step-by-step from simple but profound facts about gravity on Earth to the frontiers of research. Topics covered include the nature of stars and galaxies, the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, black holes, gravitational waves, inflation and the Big Bang. Suitable for general readers and for undergraduate courses, the treatment uses only high-school level mathematics, supplemented by optional computer programs, to explain the laws of physics governing gravity.
 

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2013 gravity/evolution updates:
אבולוציה היא תולדת כח המשיכה
כל כמות החומר ביקום קבועה מאז החל היקום להשתחזר בפעם האחרונה, מאז ה"אחדיות"האחרונה שלו, מאז גרעין הלידה האחרון של היקום טרום המפץ הגדול האחרון.
כל תחומי המדע ("דיסציפלינות") נובעים מן, מתחילים ונגמרים, מתפתחים ונמשכים בהכוונת ובמסגרת כח המשיכה. הכל בכל מכל כל ביקום הוא עקב כח המשיכה.
כל תצורת חומר ביקום קיימת, בגלל וכמו היקום עצמו, בשני מצבים: במצב אינרטי כגון החומר (כנראה הגרוויטונים, החלקיקים היסודיים של היקום) המאוחסן בחורים השחורים ו/או במצב אנרגטי, בתנועה,המסוגל לכן לבצע עבודה. בגלל שניות זו של חומר-אנרגיה קבועה ביקום גם כל כמות האנרגיה.
מאז המפץ הגדול האחרון מתחולל בכל תצורות החומר ביקום אותו תהליך החוזר ונשנה אשר מתחולל במכלול היקום עצמו : לידה-התפתחות-הישרדות-שיחזור עצמי . על מנת לשרוד ולעבור את כל התהליך חייבת כל תצורת חומר להישמר במתכונת אנרגטית. היות וכמות החומר/אנרגיה ביקום קבועה מתחרות ביניהן כל תצורות החומר על השגת חומר/אנרגיה כי כל תצורת חומר שורדת, פעילה, רק אם הצליחה "לבלוע" אנרגיה. אם אינה "מצליחה" להשיג אנרגיה היא נבלעת ע"י תצורת חומר אחרת ומשמשת לה אנרגיה. אכול או היאכל.
Evolution Derives From Gravity
The quantity of mass in the universe is constant since the universe started its last self-replication, since its last singularity, its last pre-big bang re-birth conception.
All Science Disciplines derive from, start and end, evolve and survive in the direction and manner set by the framework of gravity, the monotheism of the universe. All things, everything in the universe, derive from the gravity of the universe. Every mass format exists, like the universe itself, in one of two states: in an inert state like the material (most probably the gravitons, the elementary particles of the universe) stored in black holes, and in an energetic state, in motion therefore capable of performing work. Due to this mass-energy dualism also the quantity of energy in the universe is constant.
Since the last big-bang all mass formats undergo the same cyclic sequence like the universe itself i.e. birth – evolution – survival – replication. In order to survive and to repeat this sequence every mass format must remain in an energetic state. And since the universe mass/energy quantity is constant there is a melee for it by all mass formats, and the unlucky formats are swallowed and digested by the luckier mass formats.
It’s indeed, in fact, an eat or be eaten universe…
Dov Henis (comments from 22nd century)
http://universe-life.com/
http://universe-life.com/2011/07/13/greed-cancer-cells-follow-laws-of-evolution/
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THE GREAT science feat in 2013 על מהות ומקור היקום
The 2013 gravity comprehension/definition is the greatest science feat since the early 1920s.
Learn what, scientifically, natural gravity is and what evolution is.
Think of the consequences re classical science of this comprehension of gravity…
איך נברא היקום יש מאין
Origin And Nature of the Universe, the greatest science feat since the early 1920s.
New Science 2013 versus classical science.
Classical Science Is Anticipated/Replaced By The 2013 Gravity Comprehension
 

Contents

logic and experiment in relativity
195
finding out what is not relative
211
Einstein climbs onto Newtons shoulders
225
fashioning the geometry of gravity
239
laboratories of strong gravity
261
gravitys oneway street
285
gravity speaks
309
bringing the Universe into focus
331

the emptiness of outer space
103
why they are black bodies
109
factories for the Universe
121
the life cycle of the stars
135
tidal forces on a huge scale
153
atoms in the Universe
163
Einstein stands on Galileos shoulders
179
the study of everything
345
the seed from which we grew
367
the geometry of cosmology
383
cosmic questions at the frontiers of gravity
391
values of useful constants
419
Index
443
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Page 13 - Thus he proposed his law of universal gravitation, which we can state as follows: Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Page xxv - Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
Page 33 - Law says, essentially, that (A) force equals mass times acceleration. (B) the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis.
Page 32 - The radius vector drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
Page 80 - Boyle's law states that, at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure: 1 1 VOL — P or V = constant x— or PV = constant.
Page 114 - Solar irradiation curve outside atmosphere - Solar irradiation curve at sea level Curve for blackbody at 5900°K H2O, CO2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 Wavelength (/urn) FIGURE 5-2.
Page 43 - Find the external radius of the single bowl (the volume of a sphere is proportional to the cube of its radius).
Page 46 - It would, of course, follow from such conditions that the planet always presents approximately the same face to the sun, as the moon does to the earth...

About the author (2003)

Bernard Schutz has done research and teaching in general relativity and especially its applications in astronomy since 1970. He is the author of more than 200 publications, including Geometrical Methods of Mathematical Physics and A First Course in General Relativity (both published by Cambridge University Press). Schutz currently specialises in gravitational wave research, studying the theory of potential sources and designing new methods for analysing the data from current and planned detectors. He is a member of most of the current large-scale gravitational wave projects: GEO600 (of which he is a PI), the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and LISA. Schutz is a Director of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, also known as the Albert Einstein Institute (AEI), in Potsdam, Germany. He holds a part-time chair in Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University, Wales, as well as honorary professorships at Potsdam and Hanover universities in Germany. Educated in the USA, he taught physics and astronomy for twenty years at Cardiff before moving to Germany in 1995 to the newly-founded AEI. In 1998 he founded the open-access online journal Living Reviews in Relativity. The Living Reviews family now includes six journals. In 2006 he was awarded the Amaldi Gold Medal of the Italian Society for Gravitation (SIGRAV), and in 2011 he received an honorary DSc from the University of Glasgow. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Physics, an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a member of the Learned Society of Wales, the German Academy of Natural Sciences Leopoldina and the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, Uppsala.

Bernard Schutz has done research and teaching in general relativity and especially its applications in astronomy since 1970. He is the author of more than 200 publications, including Geometrical Methods of Mathematical Physics and A First Course in General Relativity (both published by Cambridge University Press). Schutz currently specialises in gravitational wave research, studying the theory of potential sources and designing new methods for analysing the data from current and planned detectors. He is a member of most of the current large-scale gravitational wave projects: GEO600 (of which he is a PI), the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and LISA. Schutz is a Director of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, also known as the Albert Einstein Institute (AEI), in Potsdam, Germany. He holds a part-time chair in Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University, Wales, as well as honorary professorships at Potsdam and Hanover universities in Germany. Educated in the USA, he taught physics and astronomy for twenty years at Cardiff before moving to Germany in 1995 to the newly-founded AEI. In 1998 he founded the open-access online journal Living Reviews in Relativity. The Living Reviews family now includes six journals. In 2006 he was awarded the Amaldi Gold Medal of the Italian Society for Gravitation (SIGRAV), and in 2011 he received an honorary DSc from the University of Glasgow. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Physics, an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a member of the Learned Society of Wales, the German Academy of Natural Sciences Leopoldina and the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, Uppsala.

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