Surfing Since 1991: The Evolution of Web Browsers
Mosaic 1.0
First Released: 1993
Erwise may be credited as the first graphical point-and-click browser, but Mosaic earns its spot in history as the first popular graphical browser, which helped push the world wide web into the mainstream.
Image Credit: wired.com
Developed at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA), Mosaic was yet another browser for X-Windows on Unix computers. The browser spread initially through newsgroups, which one of the developers would continually monitor and offer support where necessary.
Because the HTML 2.0 specification didn't exist at the time Mosaic 1.0 was released, the browser was lacking many capabilities that would later be part of the specification.
Image Credit: smartcomputing.com
Development began on the second major version of Mosaic in January 1994, almost two years before a final version would be released in October 1995. Mosaic 2.x became the first major browser to support HTML forms, HTML 3 tables, and several HTML 3 Character style elements. It also added support for Internet Explorer's BGSound element. But compared to other browsers, Mosaic was knocked for being "inexcusably slow."
Another version of Mosaic would later be released, but only for the Mac platform.
Arena
First Released: 1993
Dave Raggett, whose involvement in the Web began by developing experimental web browsers and servers in 1992, designed the Arena browser a year later to demonstrate the ideas in the HTML+ specification. Arena was the first browser to support background images, tables, text flow around images, and inline mathematical expressions, according to Raggett, and it was very powerful (for its time) at doing so.
Image Credit: w3.org
Arena would serve as a standards testbed by the W3C for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) up until the organization later switched to Amaya.
Cello
First Released: 1994
Intended to be a multi-purpose browser, Cello brought native support for the WorldWideWeb, Gopher, FTP, CSO/ph/qi, and Usenet News retrieval, as well as a bunch of other protocols. It was developed by Thomas R. Bruce of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School, who recognized that most lawyers were running Microsoft Windows while the majority of browsers had been written for Unix or DOS. As such, Cello goes down in history as the first web browser for Windows.
Image Credit: agocg.ac.uk
IBM WebExplorer
First Released: 1994
In 1987, IBM introduced its OS/2 operating system for PCs. Seven years later, IBM would serve up its own web browser, WebExplorer, a no- charge download for users of OS/2 Warp 3. In April 1995, IBM would begin bundling WebExplorer in the OS/2 Bonus Pack, a collection of applications stuffed onto a CD and included with Warp.
Image Credit: pages.prodigy.net
In addition to support for HTML 3, WebExplorer also implemented mail and news integration, and users could view their browsing history through an option called WebMap. A "Links" menu would display all of the links on a viewed webpage and organize them in a pull-down menu, which was used in conjunction with IBM's VoiceType voice navigation.