Security Blog
The latest news and insights from Google on security and safety on the Internet
Detecting and eliminating Chamois, a fraud botnet on Android
March 13, 2017
Posted by Security Software Engineers—Bernhard Grill, Megan Ruthven, and Xin Zhao
Google works hard to protect users across a variety of devices and environments. Part of this work involves defending users against
Potentially Harmful Applications
(PHAs), an effort that gives us the opportunity to observe various types of threats targeting our ecosystem. For example, our security teams recently discovered and defended users of our ads and Android systems against a new PHA family we've named Chamois.
Chamois is an Android PHA family capable of:
Generating invalid traffic
through ad pop ups having deceptive graphics inside the ad
Performing
artificial app promotion
by automatically installing apps in the background
Performing
telephony fraud
by sending
premium text messages
Downloading and executing additional plugins
Interference with the ads ecosystem
We detected Chamois during a routine ad traffic quality evaluation. We analyzed malicious apps based on Chamois, and found that they employed several methods to avoid detection and tried to trick users into clicking ads by displaying deceptive graphics. This sometimes resulted in downloading of other apps that commit SMS fraud. So we blocked the Chamois app family using
Verify Apps
and also kicked out bad actors who were trying to game our ad systems.
Our previous experience with ad fraud apps like this one enabled our teams to swiftly take action to protect both our advertisers and Android users. Because the malicious app didn't appear in the device's app list, most users wouldn't have seen or known to uninstall the unwanted app. This is why Google's
Verify Apps
is so valuable, as it helps users discover PHAs and delete them.
Under Chamois's hood
Chamois was one of the largest PHA families seen on Android to date and distributed through multiple channels. To the best of our knowledge Google is the first to publicly identify and track Chamois.
Chamois had a number of features that made it unusual, including:
Multi-staged payload
: Its code is executed in 4 distinct stages using different file formats, as outlined in this diagram.
This multi-stage process makes it more complicated to immediately identify apps in this family as a PHA because the layers have to be peeled first to reach the malicious part. However, Google's pipelines weren't tricked as they are designed to tackle these scenarios properly.
Self-protection
: Chamois tried to evade detection using obfuscation and anti-analysis techniques, but our systems were able to counter them and detect the apps accordingly.
Custom encrypted storage
: The family uses a custom, encrypted file storage for its configuration files and additional code that required deeper analysis to understand the PHA.
Size
: Our security teams sifted through more than 100K lines of sophisticated code written by seemingly professional developers. Due to the sheer size of the APK, it took some time to understand Chamois in detail.
Google's approach to fighting PHAs
Verify Apps protects users from known PHAs by warning them when they are downloading an app that is determined to be a PHA, and it also enables users to uninstall the app if it has already been installed. Additionally, Verify Apps monitors the state of the Android ecosystem for anomalies and investigates the ones that it finds. It also helps finding unknown PHAs through behavior analysis on devices. For example, many apps downloaded by Chamois were highly ranked by the
DOI scorer
. We have implemented rules in Verify Apps to protect users against Chamois.
Google continues to significantly invest in its counter-abuse technologies for Android and its ad systems, and we're proud of the work that many teams do behind the scenes to fight PHAs like Chamois.
We hope this summary provides insight into the growing complexity of Android botnets. To learn more about Google's anti-PHA efforts and further ameliorate the risks they pose to users, devices, and ad systems, keep an eye open for the upcoming "Android Security 2016 Year In Review" report.
VRP news from Nullcon
March 2, 2017
Posted by Josh Armour, Security Program Manager
We’re thrilled to be joining the security research community at
Nullcon
this week in Goa, India. This is a hugely important event for the
Google Vulnerability Rewards Program
and for our work with the security research community, more broadly. To mark the occasion, we wanted to share a few updates about the VRP.
Tougher bugs, bigger rewards
Since the launch of our program in 2010, Google has offered a range of rewards: from $100 USD for low severity issues, up to $20,000 USD for critical vulnerabilities in our web properties (see
Android
and
Chrome
rewards). But, because high severity vulnerabilities have become harder to identify over the years, researchers have needed more time to find them. We want to demonstrate our appreciation for the significant time researchers dedicate to our program, and so we’re making some changes to our VRP.
Starting today we will be increasing the reward for “Remote Code Execution” on the Google VRP from $20,000 USD to $31,337 USD. We are increasing the reward for “Unrestricted file system or database access” from $10,000 USD to $13,337 USD as well. Please check out the
VRP site
for more details and specifics.
Also, we are now donating rewards attributed to reports generated from our internal web security scanner; we have donated over $8000 to
rescue.org
this year so far.
Cloud Security Scanner
allows App Engine customers to utilize a version of the same tool.
Growing the security research community in India
In
2016’s VRP Year in Review
, we featured Jasminder Pal Singh, a longtime contributor who uses rewards to fund his startup, Jasminder Web Services Point. He’s emblematic of the vibrant and fast-growing computer security research community in India. We saw that new momentum reflected in last year’s VRP data: India was surpassed only by two other locations in terms of total individual researchers paid. We received reports from ~40% more Indian researchers (as compared to 2015) and gave out 30% more rewards which almost tripled the total, and doubled the average payout (both per researcher and per reward). We are excited to see this growth as all users of Google’s products benefit.
Globally, we’ve noticed other
interesting trends
. Russia has consistently occupied a position in the top 10 every year the last 7 years. We have noticed a 3X increase in reports from Asia, making up 70% of the Android Security Rewards for 2016. We have seen increases in the number of researchers reporting valid bugs from Germany (27%), and France (44%). France broke into our top 5 countries in 2016 for the first time.
In 2016, we delivered technical talks along with educational trainings to an audience of enthusiastic security professionals in Goa at the Nullcon security conference. This year, we continue our investment at Nullcon to deliver
content
focused on the growing group of bug hunters we see in India. If you are attending Nullcon please stop by and say “Hello”!
Expanding protection for Chrome users on macOS
March 1, 2017
Posted by Kylie McRoberts and Ryan Rasti
Safe Browsing
is broadening its protection of macOS devices, enabling safer browsing experiences by improving defenses against unwanted software and malware targeting macOS. As a result, macOS users may start seeing more warnings when they navigate to dangerous sites or download dangerous files (example warning below).
As part of this next step towards reducing macOS-specific malware and unwanted software, Safe Browsing is focusing on two common abuses of browsing experiences: unwanted ad injection, and manipulation of Chrome user settings, specifically the start page, home page, and default search engine. Users deserve full control of their browsing experience and
Unwanted Software Policy
violations hurt that experience.
The recently released
Chrome Settings API for Mac
gives developers the tools to make sure users stay in control of their Chrome settings. From here on, the Settings Overrides API will be the only approved path for making changes to Chrome settings on Mac OSX, like it currently is on Windows. Also, developers should know that only extensions hosted in the Chrome Web Store are allowed to make changes to Chrome settings.
Starting March 31 2017, Chrome and Safe Browsing will warn users about software that attempts to modify Chrome settings without using the API.
For more information about the criteria we use to guide our efforts to protect Safe Browsing’s users, please visit our
malware and unwanted software help center
.
E2EMail research project has left the nest
February 24, 2017
Posted by KB Sriram, Eduardo Vela Nava, and Stephan Somogyi, Security and Privacy Engineering
Whether they’re concerned about insider risks, compelled data disclosure demands, or other perceived dangers, some people prudently use end-to-end email encryption to limit the scope of systems they have to trust. The best-known method, PGP, has long been available in command-line form, as a plug-in for IMAP-based email clients, and it clumsily interoperates with Gmail by cut-and-paste. All these scenarios have demonstrated over 25 years that it’s too hard to use. Chromebook users also have never had a good solution; choosing between strong crypto and a strong endpoint device is unsatisfactory.
These are some of the reasons we’ve continued working on the
End-To-End research effort
. One of the things we’ve done over the past year is add the resulting
E2EMail
code to GitHub: E2EMail is not a Google product, it’s now a fully community-driven open source project, to which passionate security engineers from across the industry have already contributed.
E2EMail offers one approach to integrating OpenPGP into Gmail via a Chrome Extension, with improved usability, and while carefully keeping all cleartext of the message body exclusively on the client. E2EMail is built on a proven, open source
Javascript crypto
library developed at Google.
E2EMail in its current incarnation uses a bare-bones central keyserver for testing, but the recent
Key Transparency announcement
is crucial to its further evolution. Key discovery and distribution lie at the heart of the usability challenges that OpenPGP implementations have faced. Key Transparency delivers a solid, scalable, and thus practical solution, replacing the problematic
web-of-trust
model traditionally used with PGP.
We look forward to working alongside the community to integrate E2EMail with the Key Transparency server, and beyond. If you’re interested in delving deeper, check out the
e2email-org/e2email
repository on GitHub.
Announcing the first SHA1 collision
February 23, 2017
Posted by Marc Stevens (CWI Amsterdam), Elie Bursztein (Google), Pierre Karpman (CWI Amsterdam), Ange Albertini (Google), Yarik Markov (Google), Alex Petit Bianco (Google), Clement Baisse (Google)
Cryptographic hash functions like SHA-1 are a cryptographer’s swiss army knife. You’ll find that hashes play a role in browser security, managing code repositories, or even just detecting duplicate files in storage. Hash functions compress large amounts of data into a small message digest. As a cryptographic requirement for wide-spread use, finding two messages that lead to the same digest should be computationally infeasible. Over time however, this requirement can fail due to
attacks on the mathematical underpinnings
of hash functions or to increases in computational power.
Today, more than 20 years after of SHA-1 was first introduced, we are announcing the first practical technique for generating a collision. This represents the culmination of two years of research that sprung from a collaboration between the
CWI Institute in Amsterdam
and Google. We’ve summarized how we went about generating a collision below. As a proof of the attack, we are
releasing two PDFs
that have identical SHA-1 hashes but different content.
For the tech community, our findings emphasize the necessity of sunsetting SHA-1 usage. Google has advocated the deprecation of SHA-1 for many years, particularly when it comes to signing TLS certificates. As early as 2014, the Chrome team
announced
that they would gradually phase out using SHA-1. We hope our practical attack on SHA-1 will cement that the protocol should no longer be considered secure.
We hope that our practical attack against SHA-1 will finally convince the industry that it is urgent to move to safer alternatives such as SHA-256.
What is a cryptographic hash collision?
A collision occurs when two distinct pieces of data—a document, a binary, or a website’s certificate—hash to the same digest as shown above. In practice, collisions should never occur for secure hash functions. However if the hash algorithm has some flaws, as SHA-1 does, a well-funded attacker can craft a collision. The attacker could then use this collision to deceive systems that rely on hashes into accepting a malicious file in place of its benign counterpart. For example, two insurance contracts with drastically different terms.
Finding the SHA-1 collision
In 2013,
Marc Stevens
published a paper that outlined a theoretical approach to create a SHA-1 collision. We started by creating a
PDF prefix
specifically crafted to allow us to generate two documents with arbitrary distinct visual contents, but that would hash to the same SHA-1 digest. In building this theoretical attack in practice we had to overcome some new challenges. We then leveraged Google’s technical expertise and cloud infrastructure to compute the collision which is one of the largest computations ever completed.
Here are some numbers that give a sense of how large scale this computation was:
Nine quintillion (9,223,372,036,854,775,808) SHA1 computations in total
6,500 years of CPU computation to complete the attack first phase
110 years of GPU computation to complete the second phase
While those numbers seem very large, the SHA-1 shattered attack is still more than 100,000 times faster than a brute force attack which remains impractical.
Mitigating the risk of SHA-1 collision attacks
Moving forward, it’s more urgent than ever for security practitioners to migrate to safer cryptographic hashes such as SHA-256 and SHA-3. Following
Google’s vulnerability disclosure policy
, we will wait 90 days before releasing code that allows anyone to create a pair of PDFs that hash to the same SHA-1 sum given two distinct images with some pre-conditions. In order to prevent this attack from active use, we’ve added protections for Gmail and GSuite users that detects our PDF collision technique. Furthermore, we are providing a
free detection system
to the public.
You can find more details about the SHA-1 attack and detailed research outlining our techniques
here
.
About the team
This result is the product of a long-term collaboration between the CWI institute and Google’s Research security, privacy and anti-abuse group.
Marc Stevens
and
Elie Bursztein
started collaborating on making Marc’s cryptanalytic attacks against SHA-1 practical using Google infrastructure.
Ange Albertini
developed the PDF attack,
Pierre Karpman
worked on the cryptanalysis and the GPU implementation,
Yarik Markov
took care of the distributed GPU code,
Alex Petit Bianco
implemented the collision detector to protect Google users and Clement Baisse oversaw the reliability of the computations.
Another option for file sharing
February 21, 2017
Posted by Andrew Gerrand, Eric Grosse, Rob Pike, Eduardo Pinheiro and Dave Presotto, Google Software Engineers
Existing mechanisms for file sharing are so fragmented that people waste time on multi-step copying and repackaging. With the new project
Upspin
, we aim to improve the situation by providing a global name space to name all your files. Given an Upspin name, a file can be shared securely, copied efficiently without "download" and "upload", and accessed by anyone with permission from anywhere with a network connection.
Our target audience is personal users, families, or groups of friends. Although Upspin might have application in enterprise environments, we think that focusing on the consumer case enables easy-to-understand and easy-to-use sharing.
File names begin with the user's email address followed by a slash-separated Unix-like path name:
ann@example.com/dir/file.
Any user with appropriate permission can access the contents of this file by using Upspin services to evaluate the full path name, typically via a FUSE filesystem so that unmodified applications just work. Upspin names usually identify regular static files and directories, but may point to dynamic content generated by devices such as sensors or services.
If the user wishes to share a directory (the unit at which sharing privileges are granted), she adds a file called Access to that directory. In that file she describes the rights she wishes to grant and the users she wishes to grant them to. For instance,
read: joe@here.com, mae@there.com
allows Joe and Mae to read any of the files in the directory holding the Access file, and also in its subdirectories. As well as limiting who can fetch bytes from the server, this access is enforced end-to-end cryptographically, so cleartext only resides on Upspin clients, and use of cloud storage does not extend the trust boundary.
Upspin looks a bit like a global file system, but its real contribution is a set of interfaces, protocols, and components from which an information management system can be built, with properties such as security and access control suited to a modern, networked world. Upspin is not an "app" or a web service, but rather a suite of software components, intended to run in the network and on devices connected to it, that together provide a secure, modern information storage and sharing network. Upspin is a layer of infrastructure that other software and services can build on to facilitate secure access and sharing. This is an open source contribution, not a Google product. We have not yet integrated with the
Key Transparency
server, though we expect to eventually, and for now use a similar technique of securely publishing all key updates. File storage is inherently an archival medium without forward secrecy; loss of the user's encryption keys implies loss of content, though we do provide for key rotation.
It’s early days, but we’re encouraged by the progress and look forward to feedback and contributions. To learn more, see the GitHub repository at
upspin
.
Understanding differences between corporate and consumer Gmail threats
February 16, 2017
Posted by Ali Zand and Vijay Eranti, Anti-Abuse Research and Gmail Abuse
We are constantly working to protect our users, and quickly adapt to new online threats. This work never stops: every minute, we prevent over 10 million unsafe or unwanted emails from reaching Gmail users and threatening them with malicious attachments that infect a user’s machine if opened,
phishing messages
asking for banking or account details, and omnipresent
spam
. A cornerstone of our defense is understanding the pulse of the email threat landscape. This awareness helps us to anticipate and react faster to emerging attacks.
Today at RSA, we are sharing key insights about the diversity of threats to corporate Gmail inboxes. We’ve highlighted some of our key findings below; you can see our full presentation
here
. We’ve already incorporated these insights to help keep our G Suite users safe, and we hope that by exposing these nuances, security and abuse professionals everywhere can better understand their risk profile and customize their defenses accordingly.
How threats to corporate and consumer inboxes differ
While spam may be the most common attack across all inboxes, did you know that malware and phishing are far more likely to target corporate users? Here’s a breakdown of how attacks stack up for corporate vs. personal inboxes:
Different threats to different types of organizations
Attackers appear to choose targets based on multiple dimensions, such as the size and the type of the organization, its country of operation, and the organization’s sector of activity. Let’s look at an example of corporate users across businesses, nonprofits, government-related industries, and education services. If we consider business inboxes as a baseline, we find attackers are far more likely to target nonprofits with malware, while attackers are more likely to target businesses with phishing and spam.
These nuances go all the way down to the granularity of country and industry type. This shows how security and abuse professionals must tailor defenses based on their personalized threat model, where no single corporate user faces the same attacks.
Constant improvements to corporate Gmail protections
Research like this enables us to better protect our users. We are constantly innovating to better protect our users, and we've already implemented these findings into our G Suite protections. Additionally, we have implemented and rolled out several features that help our users stay safe against these ever-evolving threats.
The forefront of our defenses is a state-of-the-art email classifier that detects abusive
messages with 99.9% accuracy
.
To protect yourself from unsafe websites, make sure to heed
interstitial warnings
that alert you of potential phishing and malware attacks.
Use many layers of defense: we recommend using a
security key enforcement
(2-step verification) to thwart attackers from accessing your account in the event of a stolen password.
To ensure your email contents’ stays safe and secure in transit, use our
hosted S/MIME
feature.
Use our
TLS encryption indicator
, to ensure only the intended recipient can read your email.
We will never stop working to keep our users and their inboxes secure. To learn more about how we protect Gmail, check out this YouTube video that summarizes the lessons we learned while protecting Gmail users through the years.
802.11s Security and Google Wifi
February 7, 2017
Posted by Paul Devitt, Security Engineer
Making sure your home network and information stay secure is our top priority. So when we launched the Google OnHub home router in 2015, we made sure
security was baked into its core
. In 2016 we took all we learned from OnHub and made it even better by adding mesh support with the introduction of
Google Wifi
.
Secure to the core - Always
The primary mechanism to making sure your Wifi points stay safe is our verified boot mechanism. The operating system and code that your OnHub and Google Wifi run are guaranteed to have been signed by Google. Both OnHub and Google Wifi use
Coreboot and Depthcharge
from ChromeOS and ensure system integrity by implementing
DM-Verity
from Android. To secure Userspace, we use process isolation with
Seccomp-BPF
and a strict set of policies.
On the software side, Google Wifi and OnHub are subject to
expansive fuzz testing
of major components and functions. The continual improvements found by fuzzing are fed into Google Wifi and OnHub, and are made available through the regular automatic updates, secured by Google’s cloud.
802.11s Security for WiFi
In 2016 with the launch of Google Wifi, we introduced
802.11s mesh technology
to the home router space. The result is a system where multiple Wifi Points work together to create blanket coverage. The specification for 802.11s recommends that appropriate security steps be taken, but doesn’t strictly define them for people to use. We spent significant time in building a security model into our implementation of 802.11s that Google WiFi and OnHub could use so that your network is always comprised of exactly the devices you expect.
As each mesh node within the network will need to speak securely to its neighboring nodes, it's imperative that a secure method, which is isolated from the user, is established to form those links. Each Wifi node establishes a separate encrypted channel with its neighbors and the primary node. On any major network topology change (such as a node being factory reset, a node added, or an event where an unexpected node joins the network), the mesh will undergo a complete cycling of the encryption keys. Each node will establish and test a new set of keys with its respective neighbors, verify that it has network connectivity and then the network as a whole will transition to the new keys.
These mesh encryption keys are generated locally on your devices and are never transmitted outside of your local network. In the event that a key has been discovered outside of your local network, a rekeying operation will be triggered. The rekeying operations allow for the mesh network to be fully flexible to the user’s desire and maintain a high level of security for devices communicating across it.
Committed to security
We have an ongoing commitment to the security of Google Wifi and OnHub. Both devices participate in the
Google Vulnerability Rewards Program (VRP)
and eligible bugs can be rewarded up to $20,000 (U.S). We’re always looking to raise the bar to help our users be secure online.
Hosted S/MIME by Google provides enhanced security for Gmail in the enterprise
February 2, 2017
Posted by Nicolas Kardas, Gmail Product Management and Nicolas Lidzborski, G Suite Security Engineering Lead
We are constantly working to meet the needs of our enterprise customers, including enhanced security for their communications. Our aim is to offer a secure method to transport sensitive information despite
insecure channels with email today
and without compromising Gmail extensive protections for spam, phishing and malware.
Why hosted S/MIME?
Client-side
S/MIME
has been around for many years. However, its adoption has been limited because it is difficult to deploy (end users have to manually install certificates to their email applications) and the underlying email service cannot efficiently protect against spam, malware and phishing because client-side S/MIME makes the email content opaque.
With Google’s new hosted S/MIME solution, once an incoming encrypted email with S/MIME is received, it is stored using
Google's encryption
. This means that all normal processing of the email can happen, including extensive protections for spam/phishing/malware, admin services (such as vault retention, auditing and email routing rules), and high value end user features such as mail categorization, advanced search and
Smart Reply
. For the vast majority of emails, this is the safest solution - giving the benefit of strong authentication and encryption in transit - without losing the safety and features of Google's processing.
Using hosted S/MIME provides an added layer of security compared to using SMTP over TLS to send emails. TLS only guarantees to the sender’s service that the first hop transmission is encrypted and to the recipient that the last hop was encrypted. But in practice, emails often take many hops (through forwarders, mailing lists, relays, appliances, etc). With hosted S/MIME, the message itself is encrypted. This facilitates secure transit all the way down to the recipient’s mailbox.
S/MIME also adds verifiable account-level signatures authentication (versus only domain-based signature with DKIM). This means that email receivers can ensure that incoming email is actually from the sending account, not just a matching domain, and that the message has not been tampered with after it was sent.
How to use hosted S/MIME?
S/MIME requires every email address to have a suitable certificate attached to it. By default, Gmail requires the certificate to be from a publicly trusted root Certificate Authority (CA) which meets
strong cryptographic standards
. System administrators will have the option to lower these requirements for their domains.
To use hosted S/MIME, companies need to upload their own certificates (with private keys) to Gmail, which can be done by end users via Gmail settings or by admins in bulk via the Gmail API.
From there, using hosted S/MIME is a seamless experience for end users. When receiving a digitally signed message, Gmail automatically associates the public key with the contact of the sender. By default, Gmail automatically signs and encrypts outbound messages if there is a public S/MIME key available for the recipient. Although users have the option to manually remove encryption, admins can set up rules that override their action.
Hosted S/MIME is supported on Gmail web/iOS/Android, on Inbox and on clients connected to the Gmail service via IMAP. Users can exchange signed and encrypted emails with recipients using hosted S/MIME or client-side S/MIME.
Which companies should consider using hosted S/MIME?
Hosted S/MIME provides a solution that is easy to manage for administrators and seamless for end users. Companies that want security in transit and digital signature/non-repudiation at the account level should consider using hosted S/MIME. This is a need for many companies working with sensitive/confidential information.
Hosted S/MIME is available for
G Suite Enterprise edition
users.
Better and more usable protection from phishing
February 1, 2017
Posted by Christiaan Brand and Guemmy Kim, Product Managers, Google Account Security
Despite constant advancements in online safety, phishing — one of the web’s oldest and simplest attacks — remains a tough challenge for the security community. Subtle tricks and good old-fashioned con-games can cause even the most security-conscious users to reveal their passwords or other personal information to fraudsters.
New advancements in phishing protection
This is why we’re excited about the
news for G Suite customers
: the launch of Security Key enforcement. Now, G Suite administrators can better protect their employees by enabling Two-Step Verification (2SV) using
only
Security Keys as the second factor, making this protection the norm rather than just an option. 2SV with only a Security Key offers the highest level of protection from phishing. Instead of entering a unique code as a second factor at sign-in, Security Keys send us cryptographic proof that users are on a legitimate Google site and that they have their Security Keys with them. Since most hijackers are remote, their efforts are thwarted because they cannot get physical possession of the Security Key.
Users can also take advantage of new
Bluetooth low energy (BLE) Security Key support
, which makes using 2SV Security Key protection easier on mobile devices. BLE Security Keys, which work on both Android and iOS, improve upon the usability of other form factors.
A long history of phishing protections
We’ve helped protect users from phishing for many years. We rolled out 2SV back in 2011, and later strengthened it in 2014 with the
addition of Security Keys
. These launches complement our many layers of phishing protections —
Safe Browsing warnings
,
Gmail spam filters
, and
account sign-in challenges
— as well as our work with industry groups like the
FIDO Alliance
and
M3AAWG
to develop standards and combat phishing across the industry. In the coming months, we’ll build on these protections and offer users the opportunity to further protect their personal Google Accounts.
Labels
#sharethemicincyber
#supplychain #security #opensource
android
android security
android tr
app security
big data
biometrics
blackhat
C++
chrome
chrome enterprise
chrome security
connected devices
CTF
diversity
encryption
federated learning
fuzzing
Gboard
google play
google play protect
hacking
interoperability
iot security
kubernetes
linux kernel
memory safety
Open Source
pha family highlights
pixel
privacy
private compute core
Rowhammer
rust
Security
security rewards program
sigstore
spyware
supply chain
targeted spyware
tensor
Titan M2
VDP
vulnerabilities
workshop
Archive
2024
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2023
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2022
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2021
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2020
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2019
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2018
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2017
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2016
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2015
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2014
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2013
Dec
Nov
Oct
Aug
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2012
Dec
Sep
Aug
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
2011
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
2010
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
May
Apr
Mar
2009
Nov
Oct
Aug
Jul
Jun
Mar
2008
Dec
Nov
Oct
Aug
Jul
May
Feb
2007
Nov
Oct
Sep
Jul
Jun
May
Feed
Follow @google
Follow
Give us feedback in our
Product Forums
.