Zhangjiajie: Difference between revisions
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Origin of the name |
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{{Short description|City in Hunan, China}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Zhangjiajie |
| name = Zhangjiajie |
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| settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city]] |
| settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city]] |
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| other_name = Tayung |
| other_name = Tayung |
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| native_name = {{lang|zh-hans|张家界市}}<br/>{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|tji| |
| native_name = {{lang|zh-hans|张家界市}}<br/>{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|tji|Zanxjiaxgaif}}}}}} |
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| official_name = |
| official_name = |
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| nickname = Dayong |
| nickname = Dayong |
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| Line 55: | Line 56: | ||
| population_urban = 225700 |
| population_urban = 225700 |
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| population_urban_footnotes = (2017)<ref name="CUCSY_2017"/> |
| population_urban_footnotes = (2017)<ref name="CUCSY_2017"/> |
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| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/m/tjsj_1/202211/t20221114_29125379.html|title=2022年湖南省各市州地区生产总值（三季度}}</ref> |
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| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]] |
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| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 44.8 billion<br />[[US$]] 7.2 billion |
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| demographics2_title2 = Per capita |
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| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 29,425<br />US$ 4,724 |
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| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]] |
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]] |
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| utc_offset = +8 |
| utc_offset = +8 |
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| Line 86: | Line 92: | ||
|p=Dàyōng |
|p=Dàyōng |
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|order=st}} |
|order=st}} |
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'''Zhangjiajie''' ({{zh|s=张家界|t=張家界|p=Zhāngjiājiè}} |
'''Zhangjiajie''' ({{zh|s=张家界|t=張家界|p=Zhāngjiājiè}}; [[Tujia language|Tujia]]: {{lang|tji|Zanxjiaxgaif}} /tsán tɕá kǎi/), is a [[prefecture-level city]] in the northwestern part of [[Hunan|Hunan Province]], China. It comprises the district of [[Yongding District, Zhangjiajie|Yongding]], [[Wulingyuan District|Wulingyuan]] and counties of [[Cili County|Cili]] and [[Sangzhi County|Sangzhi]]. It contains the [[Zhangjiajie National Forest Park]], part of the [[Wulingyuan|Wulingyuan Scenic Area]] which was designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cnta.gov.cn/html/2008-11/2008-11-16-10-27-72978.html |date=16 November 2008 |title=AAAAA Scenic Areas |work=[[China National Tourism Administration]] |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043021/http://en.cnta.gov.cn/html/2008-11/2008-11-16-10-27-72978.html |archive-date=April 4, 2014 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The city itself was previously named '''Dayong''' ({{lang|zh|大庸}}) and has a recorded history dating back to 221 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhangjiajie History, Zhangjiajie History Timeline, History of Ancient Zhangjiajie China |url=https://www.zhangjiajietourguide.com/article-p152-zhangjiajie-history-timeline.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.zhangjiajietourguide.com}}</ref> People lived here along both banks of the [[Lishui River]] (the mother river in Zhangjiajie), now within the boundaries of Zhangjiajie City, very early during the [[Stone Age]]. Human settlement in this region dates back 100,000 years, rivaling famous sites such as [[Xi'an]], [[Beijing]] and others. In 1986, the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Academy of Chinese Social Science]] discovered Stone Age relics in [[Cili County]], unearthing 108 articles of stoneware; mostly tapered-form, hacked-tamped and plate-shaped works. Shortly thereafter, in 1988, the Archaeological Institute of the Hunan Province found other relics in Sangzhi County, including three pieces of stoneware that were estimated to have been fashioned over around the same time period.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=History of Zhangjiajie - Zhangjiajie Tour Guide, China |url=https://www.zhangjiajietourguide.com/article-p264-history-of-zhangjiajie.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.zhangjiajietourguide.com}}</ref> |
The city itself was previously named '''Dayong''' ({{lang|zh|大庸}}) and has a recorded history dating back to 221 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhangjiajie History, Zhangjiajie History Timeline, History of Ancient Zhangjiajie China |url=https://www.zhangjiajietourguide.com/article-p152-zhangjiajie-history-timeline.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.zhangjiajietourguide.com}}</ref> People lived here along both banks of the [[Lishui River]] (the mother river in Zhangjiajie), now within the boundaries of Zhangjiajie City, very early during the [[Stone Age]]. Human settlement in this region dates back 100,000 years, rivaling famous sites such as [[Xi'an]], [[Beijing]] and others. In 1986, the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Academy of Chinese Social Science]] discovered Stone Age relics in [[Cili County]], unearthing 108 articles of stoneware; mostly tapered-form, hacked-tamped and plate-shaped works. Shortly thereafter, in 1988, the Archaeological Institute of the Hunan Province found other relics in Sangzhi County, including three pieces of stoneware that were estimated to have been fashioned over around the same time period.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=History of Zhangjiajie - Zhangjiajie Tour Guide, China |url=https://www.zhangjiajietourguide.com/article-p264-history-of-zhangjiajie.html |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.zhangjiajietourguide.com}}</ref> |
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Ten thousand years ago, those who lived within the boundaries of what is now Zhangjiajie City employed fire to bake pottery.<ref name="auto"/> Archaeologists have found more than 20 relics of this kind in the [[Cili County]]. While in [[Sangzhi County]], a black clay pot adorned with a unique design was unearthed dating back ten thousand years. During that period, this [[Pottery firing|pottery-firing]] technique was the most advanced in China. These technological advancements in the fashioning of stone tools and pottery would seem to indicate a highly developed culture in this region. However, the society which developed only endured briefly before waning and being superseded by other regional powers. This seems understandable in view of Zhangjiajie's remote geographical position, its undeveloped land and river transportation and its mountainous terrain making cultivation difficult. For these reasons, Zhangjiajie has been labeled "the Land of the Savage Southern Minority" since the earliest recorded history. Additional name descriptors have been the "Wuling Rude People" and "Tujia Rude People", indicative of [[Discrimination|discriminatory views]] held against the regional culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cn-zhangjiajie.com/ |
Ten thousand years ago, those who lived within the boundaries of what is now Zhangjiajie City employed fire to bake pottery.<ref name="auto"/> Archaeologists have found more than 20 relics of this kind in the [[Cili County]]. While in [[Sangzhi County]], a black clay pot adorned with a unique design was unearthed dating back ten thousand years. During that period, this [[Pottery firing|pottery-firing]] technique was the most advanced in China. These technological advancements in the fashioning of stone tools and pottery would seem to indicate a highly developed culture in this region. However, the society which developed only endured briefly before waning and being superseded by other regional powers. This seems understandable in view of Zhangjiajie's remote geographical position, its undeveloped land and river transportation and its mountainous terrain making cultivation difficult. For these reasons, Zhangjiajie has been labeled "the Land of the Savage Southern Minority" since the earliest recorded history. Additional name descriptors have been the "Wuling Rude People" and "Tujia Rude People", indicative of [[Discrimination|discriminatory views]] held against the regional culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cn-zhangjiajie.com/view-1-48.html|date=23 November 2010|title=Tujia language|work=Zhangjiajie Municipal Government|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> |
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==Origin of the name== |
==Origin of the name== |
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[[File:Wulingyuan 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wulingyuan]]]] |
[[File:Wulingyuan 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wulingyuan]]]] |
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[[File:Tianmen Mountain temple I (30000795430).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Tianmenshan Temple]] at [[Tianmen Mountain]]]] |
[[File:Tianmen Mountain temple I (30000795430).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Tianmenshan Temple]] at [[Tianmen Mountain]]]] |
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The new name of Zhangjiajie City was adopted in 1994, after the National Forest Park in the [[Wulingyuan|Wulingyuan Scenic Area]] in order to give it more prominence and after this site had been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. The National Forest Park had been given the name of Zhangjiajie after the name of a small village located within its bounds and now a popular tourist attraction within the park. The three-character name ({{zh|labels=no|s=张家界}}) can be interpreted as follows: "[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]" ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|张}}) is a common surname in China; "jia" ({{linktext|lang=zh|家}}) can be translated as "family" and "jie" ({{linktext|lang=zh|界}}) can be translated as "homeland", giving the completed translation of "Zhang family homeland." It has been reported that at least one tourist guide has said that the name may have been chosen to convey the idea or impression of "Open the family door to welcome the world" ({{zh|labels=no|s={{uline|张}}开{{uline|家}}门引进世{{uline|界}}}}), but this is not the locally accepted and directly-translated meaning of the name. The official version of its name is linked to a Han general and advisor, [[Zhang Liang (Western Han)|Zhang Liang]], who resettled in the area after a suspicious [[Liu Bang]], the founder of Han dynasty, started to persecute his staffs and generals who had contributed to his becoming emperor. It was so named to signify that the Zhang family had set up home there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cn-zhangjiajie.com/ |
The new name of Zhangjiajie City was adopted in 1994, after the National Forest Park in the [[Wulingyuan|Wulingyuan Scenic Area]] in order to give it more prominence and after this site had been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. The National Forest Park had been given the name of Zhangjiajie after the name of a small village located within its bounds and now a popular tourist attraction within the park. The three-character name ({{zh|labels=no|s=张家界}}) can be interpreted as follows: "[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]" ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|张}}) is a common surname in China; "jia" ({{linktext|lang=zh|家}}) can be translated as "family" and "jie" ({{linktext|lang=zh|界}}) can be translated as "homeland", giving the completed translation of "Zhang family homeland." It has been reported that at least one tourist guide has said that the name may have been chosen to convey the idea or impression of "Open the family door to welcome the world" ({{zh|labels=no|s={{uline|张}}开{{uline|家}}门引进世{{uline|界}}}}), but this is not the locally accepted and directly-translated meaning of the name. The official version of its name is linked to a Han general and advisor, [[Zhang Liang (Western Han)|Zhang Liang]], who resettled in the area after a suspicious [[Liu Bang]], the founder of Han dynasty, started to persecute his staffs and generals who had contributed to his becoming emperor. It was so named to signify that the Zhang family had set up home there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cn-zhangjiajie.com/view-1-3375.html|date=20 November 2013|title=The Origin of Zhangjiajie Name|work=Zhangjiajie Municipal Government|access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> |
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"jie" in the city has two meanings: one refers to the boundary of ownership, the other refers to high mountains. The Daoguang edition of the Qing Dynasty "Annals of Yongding County" contained: "Wudong Stream originated in Zhangjiajie." Republic of China edition of "Cili County records" contained: "Suoxi from Zhangjiajie." Here Zhangjiajie, refers to the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park area. Zhangjiajie's name, the earliest in the Ming Chongzhen four years (1631) "Zhang Genealogy" preface. The preface was written by Zhang Zaichang, the sixth grandson of Zhang Wancong, commander of Yongding Wei Dayong Office. During the reign of Hongzhi of the Ming Dynasty ( |
"jie" in the city has two meanings: one refers to the boundary of ownership, the other refers to high mountains. The Daoguang edition of the Qing Dynasty "Annals of Yongding County" contained: "Wudong Stream originated in Zhangjiajie." Republic of China edition of "Cili County records" contained: "Suoxi from Zhangjiajie." Here Zhangjiajie, refers to the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park area. Zhangjiajie's name, the earliest in the Ming Chongzhen four years (1631) "Zhang Genealogy" preface. The preface was written by Zhang Zaichang, the sixth grandson of Zhang Wancong, commander of Yongding Wei Dayong Office. During the reign of Hongzhi of the Ming Dynasty (1488–1506), the imperial court, seeing Zhang Wancong's meritorious service in guarding the town, awarded him the "mountain land" around the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park as a fief. He then moved his family up the mountain to maintain the business. Ming Chongzhen three years (1630), the sixth generation of Zhang Wancong's grandson Zhang Zaihong was given a regiment officer, and set up a government office here. This area became the hereditary territory of the Zhang family, called "Zhangjiajie". |
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==Administrative subdivisions== |
==Administrative subdivisions== |
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{{Image label|x=1230|y=840|scale=600/2700|text=[[Wulingyuan District|'''Wulingyuan''']]}} |
{{Image label|x=1230|y=840|scale=600/2700|text=[[Wulingyuan District|'''Wulingyuan''']]}} |
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{{Image label|x=1980|y=760|scale=600/2700|text=[[Cili County|'''Cili<br>County''']]}} |
{{Image label|x=1980|y=760|scale=600/2700|text=[[Cili County|'''Cili<br>County''']]}} |
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{{Image label|x=770|y=470|scale=600/2700|text=[[Sangzhi County|'''Sangzhi<br>County''']]}} |
{{Image label|x=770|y=470|scale=600/2700|text=[[Sangzhi County|'''Sangzhi<br>County''']]}} |
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{{Image label end}} |
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</div> |
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==Climate== |
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{{Weather box|width=auto |
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|metric first=y |
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|single line=y |
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|collapsed = Y |
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|location = Zhangjiajie (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) |
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|Jan high C = 9.5 |
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|Feb high C = 12.2 |
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|Mar high C = 17.0 |
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|Apr high C = 23.4 |
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|May high C = 27.4 |
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|Jun high C = 30.5 |
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|Jul high C = 33.5 |
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|Aug high C = 33.6 |
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|Sep high C = 29.4 |
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|Oct high C = 23.3 |
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|Nov high C = 17.9 |
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|Dec high C = 12.2 |
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|Jan mean C = 5.6 |
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|Feb mean C = 7.9 |
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|Mar mean C = 12.0 |
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|Apr mean C = 17.7 |
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|May mean C = 22.0 |
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|Jun mean C = 25.5 |
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|Jul mean C = 28.2 |
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|Aug mean C = 28.0 |
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|Sep mean C = 24.0 |
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|Oct mean C = 18.4 |
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|Nov mean C = 13.0 |
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|Dec mean C = 7.9 |
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|Jan low C = 2.9 |
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|Feb low C = 4.9 |
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|Mar low C = 8.5 |
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|Apr low C = 13.8 |
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|May low C = 18.2 |
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|Jun low C = 21.9 |
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|Jul low C = 24.4 |
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|Aug low C = 24.2 |
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|Sep low C = 20.4 |
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|Oct low C = 15.1 |
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|Nov low C = 9.7 |
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|Dec low C = 4.9 |
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|Jan record high C = 21.8 |Jan record low C = −4.5 |
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|Feb record high C = 29.4 |Feb record low C = −3.4 |
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|Mar record high C = 33.9 |Mar record low C = −1.3 |
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|Apr record high C = 38.2 |Apr record low C = 3.1 |
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|May record high C = 37.0 |May record low C = 8.7 |
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|Jun record high C = 38.8 |Jun record low C = 11.9 |
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|Jul record high C = 40.8 |Jul record low C = 18.3 |
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|Aug record high C = 41.2 |Aug record low C = 15.8 |
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|Sep record high C = 38.6 |Sep record low C = 12.5 |
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|Oct record high C = 35.5 |Oct record low C = 4.1 |
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|Nov record high C = 30.0 |Nov record low C = −0.9 |
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|Dec record high C = 23.9 |Dec record low C = −3.6 |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 46.2 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 58.3 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 88.4 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 125.5 |
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|May precipitation mm = 192.7 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 219.8 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 226.9 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 114.9 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 100.6 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 94.5 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 64.2 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 26.9 |
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|Jan humidity = 74 |
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|Feb humidity = 73 |
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|Mar humidity = 74 |
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|Apr humidity = 74 |
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|May humidity = 76 |
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|Jun humidity = 78 |
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|Jul humidity = 76 |
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|Aug humidity = 73 |
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|Sep humidity = 72 |
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|Oct humidity = 75 |
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|Nov humidity = 76 |
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|Dec humidity = 72 |
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|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |
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|Jan precipitation days = 11.1 |
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|Feb precipitation days = 11.2 |
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|Mar precipitation days = 13.9 |
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|Apr precipitation days = 14.4 |
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|May precipitation days = 16.3 |
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|Jun precipitation days = 15.2 |
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|Jul precipitation days = 13.8 |
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|Aug precipitation days = 11.0 |
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|Sep precipitation days = 9.1 |
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|Oct precipitation days = 12.6 |
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|Nov precipitation days = 10.4 |
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|Dec precipitation days = 8.6 |
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|year precipitation days = |
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|Jan sun = 57.7 |
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|Feb sun = 57.9 |
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|Mar sun = 84.0 |
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|Apr sun = 110.2 |
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|May sun = 123.0 |
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|Jun sun = 124.9 |
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|Jul sun = 180.4 |
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|Aug sun = 189.4 |
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|Sep sun = 132.6 |
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|Oct sun = 104.2 |
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|Nov sun = 91.1 |
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|Dec sun = 74.6 |
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|year sun = |
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| Jan percentsun = 18 |
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| Feb percentsun = 18 |
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| Mar percentsun = 22 |
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| Apr percentsun = 28 |
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| May percentsun = 29 |
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| Jun percentsun = 30 |
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| Jul percentsun = 42 |
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| Aug percentsun = 47 |
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| Sep percentsun = 36 |
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| Oct percentsun = 30 |
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| Nov percentsun = 29 |
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| Dec percentsun = 23 |
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| year percentsun = |
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|Jan snow days = 5.0 |
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|Feb snow days = 2.6 |
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|Mar snow days = 0.8 |
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|Apr snow days = 0 |
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|May snow days = 0 |
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|Jun snow days = 0 |
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|Jul snow days = 0 |
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|Aug snow days = 0 |
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|Sep snow days = 0 |
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|Oct snow days = 0 |
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|Nov snow days = 0.1 |
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|Dec snow days = 1.7 |
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|year snow days = |
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|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =28 May 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Government== |
==Government== |
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| Line 146: | Line 291: | ||
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Naruto, Tokushima]], Japan (2011) |
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Naruto, Tokushima]], Japan (2011) |
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* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Arouca, Portugal|Arouca]], [[Metropolitan Area of Porto]], Portugal (2017) |
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Arouca, Portugal|Arouca]], [[Metropolitan Area of Porto]], Portugal (2017) |
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==Climate== |
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{{Weather box|width=auto |
|||
|metric first=y |
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|single line=y |
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|collapsed = Y |
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|location = Zhangjiajie (1981−2010) |
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|Jan high C = 9.4 |
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|Feb high C = 11.5 |
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|Mar high C = 15.9 |
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|Apr high C = 22.7 |
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|May high C = 27.2 |
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|Jun high C = 30.2 |
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|Jul high C = 33.1 |
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|Aug high C = 33.1 |
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|Sep high C = 29.1 |
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|Oct high C = 23.0 |
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|Nov high C = 17.8 |
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|Dec high C = 12.3 |
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|Jan mean C = 5.4 |
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|Feb mean C = 7.4 |
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|Mar mean C = 11.2 |
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|Apr mean C = 17.3 |
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|May mean C = 21.8 |
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|Jun mean C = 25.2 |
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|Jul mean C = 28.0 |
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|Aug mean C = 27.7 |
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|Sep mean C = 23.8 |
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|Oct mean C = 18.1 |
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|Nov mean C = 12.8 |
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|Dec mean C = 7.7 |
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|Jan low C = 2.6 |
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|Feb low C = 4.5 |
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|Mar low C = 7.8 |
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|Apr low C = 13.4 |
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|May low C = 18.0 |
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|Jun low C = 21.6 |
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|Jul low C = 24.2 |
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|Aug low C = 23.8 |
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|Sep low C = 20.0 |
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|Oct low C = 14.8 |
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|Nov low C = 9.4 |
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|Dec low C = 4.4 |
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|Jan record high C = 21.8 |Jan record low C = −4.5 |
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|Feb record high C = 29.4 |Feb record low C = −3.4 |
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|Mar record high C = 33.9 |Mar record low C = −1.3 |
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|Apr record high C = 38.2 |Apr record low C = 3.1 |
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|May record high C = 37.0 |May record low C = 8.7 |
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|Jun record high C = 38.8 |Jun record low C = 11.9 |
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|Jul record high C = 40.8 |Jul record low C = 18.3 |
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|Aug record high C = 41.2 |Aug record low C = 15.8 |
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|Sep record high C = 38.6 |Sep record low C = 12.5 |
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|Oct record high C = 35.5 |Oct record low C = 4.1 |
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|Nov record high C = 30.0 |Nov record low C = −0.9 |
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|Dec record high C = 23.9 |Dec record low C = −3.6 |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 42.6 |
|||
|Feb precipitation mm = 59.8 |
|||
|Mar precipitation mm = 88.9 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 133.1 |
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|May precipitation mm = 177.8 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 209.2 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 233.3 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 120.9 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 91.9 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 93.7 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 65.7 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 28.7 |
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|Jan humidity = 75 |
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|Feb humidity = 74 |
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|Mar humidity = 75 |
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|Apr humidity = 76 |
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|May humidity = 77 |
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|Jun humidity = 79 |
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|Jul humidity = 78 |
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|Aug humidity = 76 |
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|Sep humidity = 74 |
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|Oct humidity = 77 |
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|Nov humidity = 76 |
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|Dec humidity = 73 |
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|source 1 = China Meteorological Data Service Center<ref name=IBST>{{cite web |url = http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国地面气候标准值月值(1981-2010) |publisher = China Meteorological Data Service Center |language = zh-hans |access-date = 20 October 2018}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 14:14, 8 May 2024
Zhangjiajie
张家界市 Zanxjiaxgaif Tayung | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Nickname: Dayong | |
 Location of Zhangjiajie City jurisdiction in Hunan | |
  Zhangjiajie Location of Zhangjiajie City centre in Hunan  Zhangjiajie Location of Zhangjiajie City centre in China | |
| Coordinates (Zhangjiajie municipal government): 29°07′01″N 110°28′44″E / 29.117°N 110.479°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Area | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 9,518 km2 (3,675 sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[1] | 55.20 km2 (21.31 sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 2,571.3 km2 (992.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 1,476,521 |
| • Density | 160/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[1] | 225,700 |
| • Districts[1] | 584,000 |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 44.8 billion US$ 7.2 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 29,425 US$ 4,724 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HN-08 |
| Website | www |
| Zhangjiajie | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Zhangjiajie" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 张家界 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 張家界 | ||||||||||
| Postal | Changkiakai Tayung (until 1994) | ||||||||||
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| Dayong | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 大庸 | ||||||||
| Postal | Tayung | ||||||||
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Zhangjiajie (simplified Chinese: 张家界; traditional Chinese: 張家界; pinyin: Zhāngjiājiè; Tujia: Zanxjiaxgaif /tsán tɕá kǎi/), is a prefecture-level city in the northwestern part of Hunan Province, China. It comprises the district of Yongding, Wulingyuan and counties of Cili and Sangzhi. It contains the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, part of the Wulingyuan Scenic Area which was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992.[3]
History[edit]
The city itself was previously named Dayong (大庸) and has a recorded history dating back to 221 BC.[4] People lived here along both banks of the Lishui River (the mother river in Zhangjiajie), now within the boundaries of Zhangjiajie City, very early during the Stone Age. Human settlement in this region dates back 100,000 years, rivaling famous sites such as Xi'an, Beijing and others. In 1986, the Academy of Chinese Social Science discovered Stone Age relics in Cili County, unearthing 108 articles of stoneware; mostly tapered-form, hacked-tamped and plate-shaped works. Shortly thereafter, in 1988, the Archaeological Institute of the Hunan Province found other relics in Sangzhi County, including three pieces of stoneware that were estimated to have been fashioned over around the same time period.[5]
Ten thousand years ago, those who lived within the boundaries of what is now Zhangjiajie City employed fire to bake pottery.[5] Archaeologists have found more than 20 relics of this kind in the Cili County. While in Sangzhi County, a black clay pot adorned with a unique design was unearthed dating back ten thousand years. During that period, this pottery-firing technique was the most advanced in China. These technological advancements in the fashioning of stone tools and pottery would seem to indicate a highly developed culture in this region. However, the society which developed only endured briefly before waning and being superseded by other regional powers. This seems understandable in view of Zhangjiajie's remote geographical position, its undeveloped land and river transportation and its mountainous terrain making cultivation difficult. For these reasons, Zhangjiajie has been labeled "the Land of the Savage Southern Minority" since the earliest recorded history. Additional name descriptors have been the "Wuling Rude People" and "Tujia Rude People", indicative of discriminatory views held against the regional culture.[6]
Origin of the name[edit]
The new name of Zhangjiajie City was adopted in 1994, after the National Forest Park in the Wulingyuan Scenic Area in order to give it more prominence and after this site had been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. The National Forest Park had been given the name of Zhangjiajie after the name of a small village located within its bounds and now a popular tourist attraction within the park. The three-character name (张家界) can be interpreted as follows: "Zhang" (张) is a common surname in China; "jia" (家) can be translated as "family" and "jie" (界) can be translated as "homeland", giving the completed translation of "Zhang family homeland." It has been reported that at least one tourist guide has said that the name may have been chosen to convey the idea or impression of "Open the family door to welcome the world" (张开家门引进世界), but this is not the locally accepted and directly-translated meaning of the name. The official version of its name is linked to a Han general and advisor, Zhang Liang, who resettled in the area after a suspicious Liu Bang, the founder of Han dynasty, started to persecute his staffs and generals who had contributed to his becoming emperor. It was so named to signify that the Zhang family had set up home there.[7]
"jie" in the city has two meanings: one refers to the boundary of ownership, the other refers to high mountains. The Daoguang edition of the Qing Dynasty "Annals of Yongding County" contained: "Wudong Stream originated in Zhangjiajie." Republic of China edition of "Cili County records" contained: "Suoxi from Zhangjiajie." Here Zhangjiajie, refers to the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park area. Zhangjiajie's name, the earliest in the Ming Chongzhen four years (1631) "Zhang Genealogy" preface. The preface was written by Zhang Zaichang, the sixth grandson of Zhang Wancong, commander of Yongding Wei Dayong Office. During the reign of Hongzhi of the Ming Dynasty (1488–1506), the imperial court, seeing Zhang Wancong's meritorious service in guarding the town, awarded him the "mountain land" around the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park as a fief. He then moved his family up the mountain to maintain the business. Ming Chongzhen three years (1630), the sixth generation of Zhang Wancong's grandson Zhang Zaihong was given a regiment officer, and set up a government office here. This area became the hereditary territory of the Zhang family, called "Zhangjiajie".
Administrative subdivisions[edit]
Zhangjiajie administers two districts and two counties.
- Yongding District (永定区) (which contains the central, built-up area of Zhangjiajie city)
- Wulingyuan District (武陵源区)
- Cili County (慈利县)
- Sangzhi County (桑植县)
| Map |
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Climate[edit]
| Climate data for Zhangjiajie (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.9 (93.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.8 (101.8) |
40.8 (105.4) |
41.2 (106.2) |
38.6 (101.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
41.2 (106.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.6 (92.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.0 (82.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
14.1 (57.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −4.5 (23.9) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.2 (1.82) |
58.3 (2.30) |
88.4 (3.48) |
125.5 (4.94) |
192.7 (7.59) |
219.8 (8.65) |
226.9 (8.93) |
114.9 (4.52) |
100.6 (3.96) |
94.5 (3.72) |
64.2 (2.53) |
26.9 (1.06) |
1,358.9 (53.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11.1 | 11.2 | 13.9 | 14.4 | 16.3 | 15.2 | 13.8 | 11.0 | 9.1 | 12.6 | 10.4 | 8.6 | 147.6 |
| Average snowy days | 5.0 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 10.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 72 | 75 | 76 | 72 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 57.7 | 57.9 | 84.0 | 110.2 | 123.0 | 124.9 | 180.4 | 189.4 | 132.6 | 104.2 | 91.1 | 74.6 | 1,330 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 18 | 18 | 22 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 42 | 47 | 36 | 30 | 29 | 23 | 29 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[8][9] | |||||||||||||
Government[edit]
The current CPC Party Secretary (chief) of Zhangjiajie is Guo Zhenggui and the current Mayor is Liu Ge'an.
Transportation[edit]
The Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport services scheduled service to major airports in China. It is about 5 km (3.1 mi) away from the downtown and 30 km (19 mi) away from Wulingyuan Scenic Area. There are domestic flights available between Zhangjiajie and other cities, such as Changsha, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc. Flights between Zhangjiajie and Seoul and Busan are also available.[10]
Rail[edit]
Zhangjaijie is served by two railway stations. Zhangjiajie railway station is on the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway. Zhangjiajie West railway station opened in 2019 on the Qianjiang–Changde railway.
Roads[edit]
Due to tourism, the G5513 Changsha–Zhangjiajie Expressway links provincial capital Changsha and Zhangjiajie.
International relations[edit]
Twin towns — Sister cities[edit]
Zhangjiajie is twinned with:
Hadong County, South Gyeongsang, South Korea (2006)
Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States (2009)
Naruto, Tokushima, Japan (2011)
Arouca, Metropolitan Area of Porto, Portugal (2017)
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 68. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "2022年湖南省各市州地区生产总值（三季度".
- ^ "AAAAA Scenic Areas". China National Tourism Administration. 16 November 2008. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "Zhangjiajie History, Zhangjiajie History Timeline, History of Ancient Zhangjiajie China". www.zhangjiajietourguide.com. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ a b "History of Zhangjiajie - Zhangjiajie Tour Guide, China". www.zhangjiajietourguide.com. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ "Tujia language". Zhangjiajie Municipal Government. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ "The Origin of Zhangjiajie Name". Zhangjiajie Municipal Government. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Zhangjiajie Travel Guide" ChinaTour.Net Accessed 2015-1-21
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhangjiajie.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Zhangjiajie.
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
