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Had to rewrite this, but now it has adequate sourcing and stuff
 
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{{Short description|Linux distribution developed by Canonical Ltd.}}
{{short description|Command line web browser}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{lowercase title|title=w3m}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox software
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
| name = w3m
{{Hatnote|For the African philosophy, see [[Ubuntu philosophy]]. For other uses, see [[Ubuntu (disambiguation)]].}}
| logo =
{{Infobox OS
| screenshot = W3m-wikipedia.png
| name = luis non ti spaventare
| caption = w3m running in an [[xterm]] displaying the Wikipedia main page.
| logo = Logo-ubuntu no(r)-black orange-hex.svg
| developer = Akinori Ito et al.
| screenshot = VirtualBox Ubuntu 21.10 15 10 2021 13 19 12 ENG.png
| released = 1995
| caption = Ubuntu 21.10 "Impish Indri"
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|reference|edit|Q306669|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| developer = [[Canonical (company)|Canonical Ltd.]]
| latest release date = {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q306669|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| family = [[Linux]] ([[Unix-like]])
| latest preview version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|reference|edit|Q306669|P348|P548=Q51930650}}
| working_state = Current
| latest preview date = {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q306669|P348|P548=Q51930650|P577}}
| source_model = [[Open-source software|Open-source]]<ref name="Ubuntu kernel sources">{{cite web |title=kernel.ubuntu.com |url=http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git/ |website=kernel.ubuntu.com |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121416/http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ubuntu archive">{{cite web |title=Index of /ubuntu |url=http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ |website=archive.ubuntu.com |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511162437/http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]
| released = [[Ubuntu version history#Ubuntu_4.10_(Warty_Warthog)|Ubuntu 4.10]] (Warty Warthog) / {{Start date and age|2004|10|20|df=yes|paren=yes}}
| operating system = [[OS/2]],<ref>{{cite web|last=TOKORO|first=Kyosuke|title=w3m 0.2.1–3 for OS/2 WARP|url=http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA000199/os2/w3m.html|access-date=16 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="scoug">{{cite web|last=Watson|first=Dave|title=Text-Mode Web Browsers for OS/2|url=http://www.scoug.com/os24u/2001/scoug009.textbrowsers.html|publisher=The Southern California OS/2 User Group|access-date=16 August 2010|date=September 2001}}</ref> [[Unix]] & [[Unix-like]] ([[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[SunOS]], [[HP-UX]], [[Linux]], [[FreeBSD]] and [[EWS-UX]] ([[EWS-4800]]),<ref>w3m manual page</ref> [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] (with [[Cygwin]]), [[macOS]] (with [[Homebrew (package manager)|Homebrew]])
| latest_release_version = [[Ubuntu version history#2110|Ubuntu 21.10]] (Impish Indri) <!-- If you update this, remember to also update [[Comparison of Linux distributions]]. -->
| platform =
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2021|10|14|df=yes|paren=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ubuntu 21.10 has landed |url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-21-10-has-landed |website=Ubuntu |access-date=14 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| language = English and Japanese
<!-- outdated: | latest_preview_version = [[Ubuntu version history#2110|Ubuntu 21.10]] (Impish Indri) Daily Build<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/ |title=Ubuntu 21.10 Daily Build |website=cdimage.ubuntu.com |access-date=2020-11-07 |archive-date=22 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222222806/http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| genre = [[Web browser]], [[Terminal pager]]
| latest_preview_date = {{Start date and age|2020|11|07|df=yes|paren=yes}} and daily builds -->
| license = [[MIT license]]
| marketing target = [[Cloud computing]], [[personal computer]]s, [[Server (computing)|servers]], [[supercomputer]]s, [[Internet of things|IoT]]
| language = More than 55 languages <small>by [[#Local communities (LoCos)|LoCos]]</small>
| updatemodel = [[Software Updater]]
| package_manager = [[GNOME Software]], [[APT (Debian)|APT]], [[dpkg]], [[Snap (package manager)|Snap]], [[flatpak]]
| supported_platforms = {{bulleted list |[[x86-64]], [[ARM64]], [[ARMhf]] ([[ARMv7]] + [[VFPv3-D16]]) |[[ppc64le]] ([[POWER8]] and later) |[[s390x]]<ref name="supported_hardware">{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/18.04/serverguide/preparing-to-install.html |quote=Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Server Edition supports four (4) major architectures: AMD64, ARM, POWER8, LinuxONE and z Systems |title=Preparing to Install |work=Ubuntu Official Documentation |year=2018 |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602173029/https://help.ubuntu.com/18.04/serverguide/preparing-to-install.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| kernel_type = [[monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]])
| userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]]
| ui = [[GNOME]]
| license = [[Free software]] + some [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[device driver]]s<ref name="kernelblobs">{{cite web |url= https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html#Ubuntu |title= Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems |publisher= [[Free Software Foundation]] |access-date= 14 July 2015 |archive-date= 24 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110424061731/http://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html#Ubuntu |url-status= live }}</ref>
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
}}


'''w3m''' is a [[Free and open-source software|free and open source]] [[text-based web browser]] licensed under the [[MIT License|MIT license]]. It differs from other text based browsers by supporting elements such as tables, frames, and images.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rutland |first=David |date=2022-11-02 |title=The 3 Best Terminal-Based Web Browsers for Linux |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/best-terminal-web-browsers-linux/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=MUO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Negus |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDXlYUuIQv8C&pg=PA567 |title=Linux Bible |date=2005-01-28 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-7645-8974-4 |language=en}}</ref>
'''Ubuntu''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-Ubuntu pronunciation.oga|ʊ|ˈ|b|ʊ|n|t|uː}} {{respell|uu|BUUN|too}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/about |title=About the Ubuntu project |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002843/https://www.ubuntu.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref> (Stylized as ubuntu) is a [[Linux distribution]] based on [[Debian]] and composed mostly of [[free and open-source software]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/licensing |title=Licensing |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140026/https://www.ubuntu.com/licensing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/mission |title=Our mission |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502065850/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/mission |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/debian |title=Debian |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502065355/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/debian |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu is officially released in three editions: ''[[Desktop computer|Desktop]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/desktop |title=Ubuntu PC operating system |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916063830/http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Server (computing)|Server]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/server |title=Ubuntu Server - for scale out workloads |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223192409/https://www.ubuntu.com/server |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Core''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/core |title=Ubuntu Core |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002636/https://www.ubuntu.com/core |url-status=live }}</ref> for [[Internet of things]] devices<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/internet-of-things |title=Ubuntu for the Internet of Things |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002640/https://www.ubuntu.com/internet-of-things |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[robot]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/12/19/your-first-robot-a-beginners-guide-to-ros-and-ubuntu-core-1-5 |title=Your first robot: A beginner's guide to ROS and Ubuntu Core [1/5] |website=blog.ubuntu.com |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816162257/https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/12/19/your-first-robot-a-beginners-guide-to-ros-and-ubuntu-core-1-5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/open-source-ubuntu-core-connects-robots-drones-and-smart-homes/ |title=Open source Ubuntu Core connects robots, drones and smart homes |first=Richard |last=Trenholm |publisher=CNET |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194428/https://www.cnet.com/news/open-source-ubuntu-core-connects-robots-drones-and-smart-homes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> All the editions can run on the computer alone, or in a [[virtual machine]].<ref name="WSL2">{{Cite web|title=Canonical announces support for Ubuntu on Windows Subsystem for Linux 2|url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2019/05/06/canonical-announces-support-for-ubuntu-on-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529084731/https://blog.ubuntu.com/2019/05/06/canonical-announces-support-for-ubuntu-on-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2|archive-date=29 May 2019|access-date=2019-06-02|website=blog.ubuntu.com}}</ref> Ubuntu is a popular [[operating system]] for [[cloud computing]], with support for [[OpenStack]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/openstack |title=OpenStack on Ubuntu is your scalable private cloud, by Canonical |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002409/https://www.ubuntu.com/openstack |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu's default desktop has been [[GNOME]], since version 17.10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ubuntu |url=https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu |website=DistroWatch.com |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030013233/https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu |url-status=live }}</ref>


== History ==
Ubuntu is released every six months, with [[long-term support]] (LTS) releases every two years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Release_cadence |title=Releases - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Release_cadence |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS |title=LTS - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805085357/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2021|April|22}}, the most recent long-term support release is [[Ubuntu version history#2004|20.04]] ("Focal Fossa"), which is supported until 2025 under public support and until 2030 as a paid option for companies and free for individuals who register.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ubuntu 16.04 LTS transitions to Extended Security Maintenance (ESM)|url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-16-04-lts-transitions-to-extended-security-maintenance-esm|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Ubuntu|language=en}}</ref> The latest standard release is [[Ubuntu version history#2110|21.10]] ("Impish Indri"), which is supported for nine months.
The name "w3m" stands for "{{nihongo|''WWW wo miru''|WWWを見る}}", which is Japanese for "to see the [[WWW]]" where W3 is a [[numeronym]] of WWW.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3m.sourceforge.net/FAQ |access-date=8 April 2022 |title=W3M FAQ}}</ref> The original project is no longer active, but an active version is being maintained by a different developer, Tatsuya Kinoshita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ankush |date=2020-10-20 |title=Best Terminal-based Web Browsers for Linux Users |url=https://itsfoss.com/terminal-web-browsers/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=It's FOSS |language=en}}</ref>


== Functions ==
Ubuntu is [[software development|developed]] by [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/canonical |title=Canonical and Ubuntu |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502065338/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/canonical |url-status=live }}</ref> and a community of other developers, under a [[Meritocracy|meritocratic]] governance model.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/governance |title=Governance |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430200635/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/governance |url-status=live }}</ref> Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from the release date and until the release reaches its designated [[end-of-life (product)|end-of-life]] (EOL) date.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Support_length |title=Releases - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Support_length |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/info/release-end-of-life |title=Release end of life |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320144709/https://www.ubuntu.com/info/release-end-of-life |url-status=live }}</ref> Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to Ubuntu and donations from those who download the Ubuntu software.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/support |title=Support and management |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002712/https://www.ubuntu.com/support |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/support/plans-and-pricing |title=Plans and pricing |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002726/https://www.ubuntu.com/support/plans-and-pricing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop/thank-you |title=Thank you for your contribution |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817131745/https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop/thank-you |url-status=live }}</ref>
w3m runs in [[terminal emulator]] programs such as [[xterm]] and [[GNOME Terminal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Chris |date=2012-01-23 |title=How to Browse From the Linux Terminal With W3M |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/103574/how-to-browse-from-the-linux-terminal-with-w3m/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=How-To Geek |language=en}}</ref> The browser has tabbed browsing, right click menus, and image support,<ref name=":1" /> along with support for tables and frames. It also functions as a terminal pager.<ref name=":0" /> It can be navigated solely using the keyboard or with the mouse. There are two different display modes, one with colors and one that is monochrome.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-04-17 |title=How to use the W3M text-based web browser on Linux |url=https://www.addictivetips.com/ubuntu-linux-tips/w3m-browser-linux/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=AddictiveTips |language=en-US}}</ref>


w3m can be used within [[Emacs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EmacsWiki: w3m |url=https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/w3m |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.emacswiki.org}}</ref>
Ubuntu is named after the [[Nguni people|Nguni]] philosophy of ''{{lang|xh|[[Ubuntu philosophy|ubuntu]]}}'', which Canonical indicates means "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".<ref name=":0" />


Some distributions require the installation of a second package, w3m-img, to render images using w3m.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rankin |first=Kyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaebAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 |title=Linux Multimedia Hacks: Tips & Tools for Taming Images, Audio, and Video |date=2006 |publisher="O'Reilly Media, Inc." |isbn=978-0-596-10076-6 |language=en}}</ref>
== Background ==
{{See also|Ubuntu version history}}

Ubuntu is built on [[Debian]]'s architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions.<ref name="ubuntu-about">{{cite web |title=Ubuntu and Debian |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/ubuntu-and-debian |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222053933/http://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/ubuntu-and-debian |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months,<ref name="about_ubuntu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu |title=About Ubuntu. The Ubuntu Story |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105101448/http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu |url-status=live }}</ref> and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04)<ref name="omgubuntu.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/ubuntu-to-halve-support-window-for-regular-releases |title=Ubuntu To Halve Support Window for 'Regular' Releases |last=Sneddon |first=Joey-Elijah |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |publisher=Ohso Ltd |date=20 March 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121947/https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/ubuntu-to-halve-support-window-for-regular-releases |url-status=live }}</ref> with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes.<ref name="TBR">{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/TimeBasedReleases |title=Time Based Releases |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105074245/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/TimeBasedReleases |url-status=live }}</ref> The first release was in October 2004.

Current [[long-term support]] (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release receives long-term support.<ref name="about_ubuntu" /> Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure).<ref name="Morgan">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/20/ubuntu_server_10_04/ |title=Ubuntu Server primed for the bigtime |last=Morgan |first=Timothy Prickett |work=[[The Register]] |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004104124/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/20/ubuntu_server_10_04/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well.<ref name="Canonical5yearLTS">{{cite news |url=http://fridge.ubuntu.com/2011/10/21/ubuntu-12-04-to-feature-extended-support-period-for-desktop-users/ |title=Ubuntu 12.04 to feature extended support period for desktop users |work=Fridge.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101030551/http://fridge.ubuntu.com/2011/10/21/ubuntu-12-04-to-feature-extended-support-period-for-desktop-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Paul28May12">{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/05/precision-and-purpose-ubuntu-12-04-and-the-unity-hud-reviewed |title=Precision and purpose: Ubuntu 12.04 and the Unity HUD reviewed |access-date=1 November 2013 |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=28 May 2012 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523200126/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/05/precision-and-purpose-ubuntu-12-04-and-the-unity-hud-reviewed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="releases">{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |title=Releases |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |url-status=live }}</ref> LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date.<ref name="PointReleases">{{cite web |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/146 |title=The Art of Release |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=24 October 2013 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184036/http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/146 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch, which are synchronised every six months. Both distributions use Debian's [[deb (file format)|deb]] [[Software package (installation)|package]] format and [[package management]] tools (e.g. [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]] and [[Ubuntu Software]]). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily [[binary compatible]] with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from [[Source code|source]] to be used in Ubuntu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MarkShuttleworth#What_about_binary_compatibility_between_distributions.3F |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |title=FAQs: Why and Whither for Ubuntu? What about binary compatibility between distributions? |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221222056/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MarkShuttleworth#What_about_binary_compatibility_between_distributions.3F |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-website/+bug/154274 |title=Website does not reference Debian visibly |work=Ubuntu Website Bug Tracking [Obsolete] |publisher=[[Canonical Group]] |via=[[Launchpad (website)|Launchpad]] |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114144/https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-website/+bug/154274 |url-status=live }}</ref> although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. [[Ian Murdock]], the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.<ref name="forking">{{cite web |url=http://ianmurdock.com/debian/ubuntu-vs-debian-reprise/ |title=Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise |date=20 April 2005 |access-date=21 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819164015/http://ianmurdock.com/debian/ubuntu-vs-debian-reprise/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> Before release, packages are imported from [[Unstable (Debian)|Debian unstable]] continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. One month before release, imports are [[Feature freeze|frozen]], and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.

Ubuntu is currently funded by [[Canonical (company)|Canonical Ltd]]. On 8 July 2005, [[Mark Shuttleworth]] and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$10&nbsp;million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and [[Software development|development]] for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-July/000025.html |title=Announcing Launch of ($10&nbsp;m) Ubuntu Foundation |first=Benjamin Mako |last=Hill |date=8 July 2005 |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203618/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-July/000025.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party [[Cloud computing|cloud]] management platforms, such as those used at [[Amazon EC2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/news/rightscale-cloud-management |title=RightScale Adds Full Support for Ubuntu Server to Its Cloud Management Platform |date=12 March 2009 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130145702/https://www.ubuntu.com/news/rightscale-cloud-management |archive-date=30 January 2011 }}</ref>

[[32-bit]] [[i386]] processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04. It was decided to support "[[legacy software]]", i.e. select 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts |title=Statement on 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS |website=Ubuntu |language=en |access-date=2019-10-06 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009140102/https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Features ==

A [[Default (computer science)|default]] installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes [[LibreOffice]], [[Mozilla Firefox|Firefox]], [[Mozilla Thunderbird|Thunderbird]], [[Transmission (BitTorrent client)|Transmission]], and several lightweight games such as [[Sudoku]] and [[GNOME Chess|chess]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Games/NativeFreeUbuntuGames |title=Games / Native Free Ubuntu Games |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=25 June 2011 |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231948/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Games/NativeFreeUbuntuGames |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Apps/Games?action=show&redirect=GnomeGames |title=Apps/Games – GNOME Wiki! |work=Wiki.GNOME.org |publisher=[[The GNOME Project]] |date=6 December 2013 |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114307/https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Apps/Games?action=show&redirect=GnomeGames |url-status=live }}</ref> Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in [[GNOME Software|Ubuntu Software]] (previously [[Ubuntu Software Center]]) as well as any other APT-based [[package management]] tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as [[Evolution (software)|Evolution]], [[GIMP]], [[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]], and [[Synaptic (software)|Synaptic]], are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution [[Snappy (package manager)|snap packages]] and [[flatpak]]s are also available,<ref name=ars>{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu 17.04 review: Don't call it abandonware, per se |work=Ars Technica |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/ubuntu-17-04-review-this-is-unitys-true-swan-song/ |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034836/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/ubuntu-17-04-review-this-is-unitys-true-swan-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]]). The default file manager is [[GNOME Files]], formerly called Nautilus.

All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/licensing |title=Licensing |website=ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110346/http://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/licensing |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Security ==

Ubuntu aims to be [[secure by default]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Security |url=https://ubuntu.com/security |website=Ubuntu |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808220950/https://ubuntu.com/security |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Security/Features - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Security/Features |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808220920/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Security/Features |url-status=live }}</ref> User programs run with [[Principle of least privilege|low privileges]] and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the [[sudo]] tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the [[root account]] to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo?highlight=%28sudo%29 |title=Root Sudo |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221162133/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo?highlight=%28sudo%29 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Polkit]] is also being widely implemented into the desktop.

Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DefaultNetworkServices#Service_discovery_processes |title=Default Network Services |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082741/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DefaultNetworkServices#Service_discovery_processes |url-status=live }}</ref> A built-in [[Uncomplicated Firewall|firewall]] allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A [[GUI]] ([[Uncomplicated Firewall#GUIs for Uncomplicated Firewall|GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall]]) is available to configure it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Gufw |title=Gufw |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124182952/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Gufw |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu compiles its packages using [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] features such as [[Position-independent code|PIE]] and [[buffer overflow protection]] to [[Hardening (computing)|harden]] its software.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CompilerFlags |title=Compiler Flags |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=31 January 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226022307/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CompilerFlags |url-status=live }}</ref> These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of <!-- 1% in [[x86|32-bit]] and --> 0.01% in [[x86-64|64-bit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://d-sbd.alioth.debian.org/www/ |title=Debian: Secure by Default |work=D-SbD.Alioth.Debian.org |publisher=Alioth Project |access-date=31 January 2011 |archive-date=3 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103003535/http://d-sbd.alioth.debian.org/www/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FullDiskEncryptionHowto |title=FullDiskEncryptionHowto |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702030350/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FullDiskEncryptionHowto |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as encryption of the home and Private directories.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedHome |title=Encrypted Home |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318012629/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedHome |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Installation ==
<!-- [[File:Nexus S with Ubuntu.jpg|thumb|Ubuntu running on the [[Nexus S]], a [[smartphone]] that ran [[Android (operating system)|Android]] prior to Ubuntu]]
-->
The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 20.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2&nbsp;GHz [[multi-core processor|dual-core]] processor, 4&nbsp;[[gigabyte|GB]] of [[random-access memory|RAM]] and 25&nbsp;[[gigabyte|GB]] of free disk space is recommended.<ref>{{cite web |title=Download Ubuntu Desktop |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614144757/https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://askubuntu.com/questions/146425/how-can-i-install-and-download-drivers-without-internet |title=How can I install and download drivers without internet? |access-date=8 September 2016 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902154006/http://askubuntu.com/questions/146425/how-can-i-install-and-download-drivers-without-internet |url-status=live }}</ref> For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as [[Lubuntu]] and [[Xubuntu]]. Ubuntu also supports the [[ARM architecture]].<ref name="supported_hardware" /><ref name="the_inquirer_ubuntu_arm">{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2115929/ubuntu-1110-support-arm-chips-fight-red-hat |title=Ubuntu 11.10 will support ARM processors to take on Red Hat |work=The Inquirer |date=10 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105121422/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2115929/ubuntu-1110-support-arm-chips-fight-red-hat |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref name="ars_technica_ubuntu_1204">{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/04/precise-pangolin-rolls-out-ubuntu-1204-released-introduces-unity-hud/ |title=Precise Pangolin rolls out: Ubuntu 12.04 released, introduces Unity HUD |date=26 April 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012 |first=Ryan |last=Paul |work=Ars Technica |archive-date=4 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704113915/http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/04/precise-pangolin-rolls-out-ubuntu-1204-released-introduces-unity-hud/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="phoronix_ubuntu_arm">{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NzA |title=Ubuntu's Already Making Plans For ARM in 2014, 2015 |first=Michael |last=Larabel |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012 |work=Phoronix.com |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141649/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NzA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/ubuntu-linux-bets-on-the-arm-server/9445 |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |title=Ubuntu Linux bets on the ARM server |publisher=ZDNet |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> It is also available on [[Power ISA]],<ref name="supported_hardware" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ubuntu for IBM POWER8 |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/power8 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923120709/http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/power8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA3MDc |title=Ubuntu Plans to Drop Non-SMP PowerPC Support |date=14 March 2012 |first=Michael |last=Larabel |access-date=7 July 2012 |work=Phoronix.com |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141552/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA3MDc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-February/000098.html |title=Technical Board Decision |date=February 2007 |access-date=13 June 2008 |work=Lists.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302093120/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-February/000098.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while older [[PowerPC]] architecture was at one point unofficially supported,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ports/releases/lucid/release/ |title=Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx) |work=CDimage.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100710193610/http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ports/releases/lucid/release/ |archive-date=10 July 2010}}</ref> and now newer [[Power ISA]] CPUs ([[POWER8]]) are supported. The [[x86-64]] ("AMD64") architecture is also officially supported.

[[Live image]]s are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image ([[ISO image|.iso]]) and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted. Other methods include running the live version via [[UNetbootin]], or Startup Disk Creator (a pre-installed tool on Ubuntu, available on machines already running the OS) directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a [[live DVD]] or [[live USB]] medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a [[hard drive]], but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use an installer called [[Ubiquity (software)|Ubiquity]] to install Ubuntu once booted into the live environment.<ref name="livecdinstall">{{cite web |url=http://www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-installation-606-2.html |title=Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD |work=Easy-Ubuntu-Linux.com |publisher=Integrity Enterprises |access-date=19 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930141030/http://www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-installation-606-2.html |archive-date=30 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Disk image]]s of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.<ref name="Ubuntu Releases">{{cite web |url=http://releases.ubuntu.com/ |title=Releases.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708181732/http://releases.ubuntu.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Additionally, [[USB flash drive]] installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and [[Kubuntu]] in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the computers' [[BIOS]] must support booting from USB).<ref name="pendriveinstall">{{cite web |url=http://www.pendrivelinux.com/ubuntu-810-persistent-flash-drive-install-from-live-cd/ |title=Ubuntu 8.10 Persistent Flash Drive Installation |work=PenDriveLinux.com |date=16 October 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193642/https://www.pendrivelinux.com/ubuntu-810-persistent-flash-drive-install-from-live-cd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In newer versions of Ubuntu, the [[Ubuntu Live USB creator]] can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with [[persistence (computer science)|persistence]] is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs [[casper (persistency)|casper]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/casper-friendly-and-persistent-ghost |title=Casper, the Friendly (and Persistent) Ghost |work=[[Linux Journal]] |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510145627/http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/casper-friendly-and-persistent-ghost |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man7/casper.7.html |title=casper – a hook for initramfs-tools to boot live systems |work=Manpages.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328035250/http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man7/casper.7.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 }}</ref>

== Package classification and support ==

Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.<ref name="Ubuntu Licensing">{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/licensing |title=About Ubuntu: Licensing |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722001347/http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/licensing |url-status=live }}</ref> Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical Ltd.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!!! Free software
! Non-free software
|-
! style="text-align:right;"| Canonical supported software domains
| Main || Restricted
|-
! style="text-align:right;"| Unsupported
| Universe || Multiverse
|}

Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,<ref name="Ubuntu Licensing" /> which roughly correspond to the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]]. Exceptions, however, include [[firmware]], in the Main category, because although [[Binary blob|some firmware is not allowed to be modified]], its distribution is still permitted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Firmware#Where_Do_You_Get_Firmware.3F |title=Kernel/Firmware - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821120807/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Firmware#Where_Do_You_Get_Firmware.3F |url-status=live }}</ref>

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only [[graphics card]] [[Device driver|drivers]]. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the [[source code]]. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.<ref name="Ubuntu Licensing" /> Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.

In addition to the above, in which the software [[Feature freeze|does not receive new features]] after an initial release, ''Ubuntu Backports'' is an officially recognized repository for [[backport]]ing newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBackports |title=Ubuntu Backports |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 September 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051547/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBackports |url-status=live }}</ref> The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.

The ''-updates'' repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the ''-proposed'' repository before being made available to the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |title=Stable Release Updates |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 April 2009 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420195957/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |url-status=live }}</ref> Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.

In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable ''-proposed'' repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of [[Software regression|regression]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |title=SRU Verification |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 April 2009 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420195957/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |url-status=live }}</ref> Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.

Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.<ref name="partner packaging">{{cite web |url=http://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |title=Application packaging |work=Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830233620/http://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |url-status=dead }}</ref> The software in the partner repository is officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu<ref name="partner_packaging">{{cite web |url=http://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |title=Application packaging |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830233620/http://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=723804 |title=Partner Repository Forum FAQ |first=Brian |last=Thomason |access-date=15 August 2010 |via=Ubuntu Forums |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185630/https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=723804 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canonical.com/support/services/support-features |title=Desktop support features |work=Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829103851/http://www.canonical.com/support/services/support-features |archive-date=29 August 2010 }}</ref> and provides guidance to vendors.<ref name="partner packaging" /> The partner repository is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding_Canonical_Partner_Repositories |title=Repositories/Ubuntu: Adding Canonical Partner Repositories |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515081707/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding_Canonical_Partner_Repositories |url-status=live }}</ref> Some popular products distributed via the partner repository {{as of|2013|4|28|lc=y}} are [[Adobe Flash Player]], [[Adobe Acrobat|Adobe Reader]] and [[Skype]]. The free software [[Wine (software)|Wine]] compatibility layer can be installed to allow users to run Windows software.

=== Package Archives ===

A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a [[software repository]] for uploading source packages to be built and published as an [[APT (Package Manager)|Advanced Packaging Tool]] (APT) repository by [[Launchpad (website)|Launchpad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.launchpad.net/Packaging/PPA |title=Packaging/PPA - Launchpad Help |website=help.launchpad.net |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819050104/https://help.launchpad.net/Packaging/PPA |url-status=live }}</ref> While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]], envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.launchpad.net/ppa/personal-package-archives-for-everyone |title=Launchpad Blog |website=blog.launchpad.net |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903095729/http://blog.launchpad.net/ppa/personal-package-archives-for-everyone |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Third-party software ===

Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ''[[ubuntu-restricted-extras]]'' additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for [[MP3]] and [[DVD-Video|DVD]] playback, [[mscorefonts|Microsoft TrueType core fonts]], [[Sun Microsystems|Sun's]] [[Java Virtual Machine|Java runtime environment]], [[Adobe Systems|Adobe's]] [[Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player]] plugin, many common audio/video [[codec]]s, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the [[RAR (file format)|RAR file format]].

Additionally, third-party application suites are available for purchase through Ubuntu Software,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shop.canonical.com/index.php?cPath=19 |title=Ubuntu Software Center |work=Shop.Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811212235/http://shop.canonical.com/index.php?cPath=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> including many games such as [[Braid (video game)|Braid]] and [[Oil Rush]],<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Planella |url=http://developer.ubuntu.com/2011/12/top-10-ubuntu-software-centre-app-downloads-for-november/ |title=Top 10 Ubuntu Software Centre app downloads for November |work=Developer.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108174052/http://developer.ubuntu.com/2011/12/top-10-ubuntu-software-centre-app-downloads-for-november/ |archive-date=8 January 2012 }}</ref> software for DVD playback and media codecs.

== Releases ==
{{For|further information on all Ubuntu releases including older ones not covered here|Ubuntu version history}}

<!-- Keep the table short and tidy. If you want more info go to the main article for releases. Otherwise the table will get deleted again. -->
<!-- Template:Version is for version and release history. Documentation and examples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Version. -->
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="float:left; text-align:center; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0"
|-
|+Currently supported releases
|-
! scope="col" | Version
! scope="col" | Code name
! scope="col" | Release date
! scope="col" | General support until
! scope="col" | Security support (ESM) until
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#1404|14.04 LTS]]
| Trusty Tahr
| 2014-04-17<ref name="Kerner"/>
| {{Version|o|2019-04}}<ref name="Kerner"/>
| {{Version|co|2024-04}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#1604|16.04 LTS]]
| Xenial Xerus<ref>{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |title=X marks the spot |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1479 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com |access-date=22 October 2015 |date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023012652/http://markshuttleworth.com/archives/1479 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2016-04-21<ref name="ubuntu_insights_2016_04_21">{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/04/20/canonical-unveils-6th-lts-release-of-ubuntu-with-16-04 |title=Canonical unveils 6th LTS release of Ubuntu with 16.04 |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=21 April 2016 |website=Ubuntu Insights |publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical Ltd.]] |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422073003/https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/04/20/canonical-unveils-6th-lts-release-of-ubuntu-with-16-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Version|o|2021-04}}<ref name="Kerner"/>
| {{Version|co|2026-04}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#1804|18.04 LTS]]
| Bionic Beaver
| 2018-04-26<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseSchedule |title=Bionic Release Schedule |publisher=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072006/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseSchedule |url-status=live }}</ref>
| colspan="1" {{Version|co|2023-04}}<ref name="Kerner">{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |title=List of Releases |publisher=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |url-status=live }}</ref>
| colspan="1" {{Version|co|2028-04|show=}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2004|20.04 LTS]]
| Focal Fossa
| 2020-04-23<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2019/10/ubuntu-20-04-release-features |title=Ubuntu 20.04 Release Date & Planned Features (Updated) |date=2019-10-18 |website=OMG! Ubuntu! |language=en-US |access-date=2020-01-17 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120102637/https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2019/10/ubuntu-20-04-release-features |url-status=live }}</ref>
| colspan="1" {{Version|co|2025-04}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ubuntu lifecycle and release cadence |url=https://ubuntu.com/about/release-cycle |website=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009222201/https://ubuntu.com/about/release-cycle |url-status=live }}</ref>
| colspan="1" {{Version|c|2030-04}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2104|21.04]]
| Hirsute Hippo<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Sarvottam |title=After Ubuntu 20.10 Release, Ubuntu 21.04 Is Codenamed 'Hirsute Hippo' |url=https://fossbytes.com/after-ubuntu-20-10-release-ubuntu-21-04-is-codenamed-hirsute-hippo/ |website=Fossbytes |access-date=31 October 2020 |date=October 29, 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101023933/https://fossbytes.com/after-ubuntu-20-10-release-ubuntu-21-04-is-codenamed-hirsute-hippo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2021-04-22<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-24|title=Hirsute Hippo Release Schedule|url=https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/hirsute-hippo-release-schedule/18539|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Ubuntu Community Hub|language=en-US}}</ref>
| colspan="1" {{Version|co|2022-01}}
| colspan="1" | N/A
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2110|21.10]]
| Impish Indri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://salsa.debian.org/debian/distro-info-data/-/commit/386e4d20d484e4730603e000aa56669b0e1c7297|title = Add Ubuntu 21.04, Impish Indri. (386e4d20) · Commits · Debian / Distro-info-data}}</ref>
| 2021-10-14
| colspan="1" {{Version|c|2022-07}}
| colspan="1" | N/A
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2204|22.04 LTS]]
| Jammy Jellyfish<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/distro-info-data/0.43ubuntu1.9/+index|title=0.43ubuntu1.9 : distro-info-data package : Ubuntu|website=Launchpad}}</ref>
| 2022-04-21<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Releases - Ubuntu Wiki|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Future|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507013814/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Future|archive-date=2021-05-07|access-date=2021-07-24|website=wiki.ubuntu.com}}</ref>
| colspan="1" {{Version|p|2027-04}}
| colspan="1" | N/A
|-
| colspan="5" | <small>{{Version|l|show=111111}}</small>
|}
{{clear}}

Each Ubuntu release has a [[Software versioning|version number]] that consists of the year and month number of the release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommonQuestions#Ubuntu%20Releases%20and%20Version%20Numbers |title=Common Questions: Ubuntu Releases and Version Numbers |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 November 2010 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517180549/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommonQuestions#Ubuntu%20Releases%20and%20Version%20Numbers |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004.

Ubuntu releases are also given [[alliteration|alliterative]] [[code name]]s, using an adjective and an animal (e.g. "Xenial [[Xerus]]"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of ''Artful Aardvark'' in October 2017.<ref name="development">{{cite web |title=Development Code Names |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DevelopmentCodeNames |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=8 April 2011 |archive-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704080821/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DevelopmentCodeNames |url-status=live }}</ref> Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 18.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Bionic". Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases.

Upgrades from one [[Long Term Support|LTS]] release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and then to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS) are supported,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes |title=Upgrade Notes: General Upgrade Information |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522072522/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes |url-status=live }}</ref> while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS). However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating.

LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including 14.04 "Trusty"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/12.04/ |title=Ubuntu 12.04.5 LTS (Precise Pangolin) |website=releases.ubuntu.com |access-date=2019-05-11 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402044055/http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/12.04/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2022,<ref name="Kerner"/> that was later extended to a total of 10 years (and for 16.04 LTS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ubuntu 14.04 and 16.04 lifecycle extended to ten years|url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-14-04-and-16-04-lifecycle-extended-to-ten-years|access-date=2021-10-09|website=Ubuntu|language=en}}</ref>

[[Ubuntu version history#1010|Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)]], was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/336 |title=Shooting for the Perfect 10.10 with Maverick Meerkat |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |date=2 April 2010 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com |access-date=8 June 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410150834/https://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/336 |url-status=live }}</ref> and makes a playful reference to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' books, since, in [[Binary numeral system|binary]], 101010 equals [[Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything|decimal 42]], the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-marketing/2010-May/003987.html |title=ubuntu-marketing: 10.10.10 |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |date=11 May 2010 |work=Ubuntu Mailing Lists |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823100915/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-marketing/2010-May/003987.html |archive-date=23 August 2016}}</ref>

Ubuntu (16.04.5 and later) requires a 2&nbsp;GB or larger installation medium.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/16.04.5/ |title=Index of /releases/16.04.5 |website=releases.ubuntu.com |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012557/http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/16.04.5/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/14.04.5/ |title=Index of /releases/14.04.5 |website=releases.ubuntu.com |access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170222065656/http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/14.04.5/|archive-date= 22 February 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref> However, there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD |title=Installation/MinimalCD |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010053413/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Variants ==
{{See also|List_of_Linux_distributions#Ubuntu-based|l1=List of Linux distributions § Ubuntu-based}}
[[File:UbuntuFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|Ubuntu family tree{{dubious|date=December 2018}}<!-- This image seems to fail to note the demise of some of the variants; e.g. Satanic Ubuntu was apparently last released in 2011. -->]]

Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu) is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment.<ref name="Ubuntu Releases" /> [[LXQt]] and [[Xfce]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/329244:alternative-desktop-xfce4 |title=Lightweight Linux Desktop Alternative: Xfce |last=Wallen |first=Jack |work=Linux.com – The Source for Linux Information |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626164401/https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/329244:alternative-desktop-xfce4 |url-status=live }}</ref> are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.

=== Official distributions ===

Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ubuntu flavours |url=https://ubuntu.com/download/flavours |website=Ubuntu |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522151037/http://www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/derivatives |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UbuntuFlavors - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuFlavors |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415224252/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuFlavors |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu Core is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the [[Snap_(package_manager)|Snap]] Store.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Salter |first1=Jim |title=Containerize all the things with Ubuntu Core 20 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/02/ubuntu-core-20-adds-secure-boot-with-hardware-backed-encryption/ |website=Ars Technica |publisher=Ars Technica |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=en-us |date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202232308/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/02/ubuntu-core-20-adds-secure-boot-with-hardware-backed-encryption/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Distribution
!Description
|-
|[[File:Kubuntu Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Kubuntu]]
|An Ubuntu flavour using the [[KDE]] interface instead of the [[GNOME]] and Unity interfaces used by Ubuntu Desktop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kubuntu.org/ |title=Kubuntu - Friendly Computing |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224134055/https://kubuntu.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Lubuntu Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Lubuntu]]
|Lubuntu is an Ubuntu flavour that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the [[LXQt]] [[desktop environment]] (used [[LXDE]] before 18.10).<ref name="Distrowatch11May09">{{cite web |url=http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20090511#news |title=Another day, another Ubuntu derivative. |last=Smart |first=Chris |date=May 2009 |access-date=21 May 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66uYjNntu?url=http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20090511#news |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LXDEBlog">{{cite web |url=http://blog.lxde.org/?p=208 |title=Lubuntu? LXDE Meet up with Mark Shuttleworth in Berlin |last=[[LXDE]] |date=February 2009 |access-date=21 May 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66uYk70WI?url=http://blog.lxde.org/?p=208 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lubuntu.net/ |title=lubuntu |website=lubuntu |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221225231/https://lubuntu.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|Ubuntu Core
|An Ubuntu edition focussed on IoT and embedded systems. Unlike other variants, it does not use the traditional apt package manager but relies entirely on [[Snap_(package_manager)|Snap]] packages.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|[[File:Ubuntu Budgie Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Ubuntu Budgie]]
|An Ubuntu flavour using [[Budgie (desktop environment)|Budgie]].
|-
|[[File:Ubuntu Kylin Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Ubuntu Kylin]]
|An Ubuntu flavour aimed at the Chinese market.
|-
|[[File:Ubuntu MATE Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Ubuntu MATE]]
|An Ubuntu flavour using [[MATE (software)|MATE]], a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the [[desktop metaphor]].<ref name="Sneddon01Mar15">{{cite news |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/ubuntu-15-04-beta-downloads-now-live-ubuntu-mate-made-an-official-flavor |title=Ubuntu 15.04 Beta Available to Download, Ubuntu MATE Is Now An Official Flavor |last=Sneddon |first=Joey |date=1 March 2015 |work=OMG Ubuntu |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317051604/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/ubuntu-15-04-beta-downloads-now-live-ubuntu-mate-made-an-official-flavor |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ubuntu and Ubuntu Server Icon.png|48x48px]]
|Ubuntu Server
|Ubuntu has a [[Server (computing)|server]] edition<ref name="ubuntu-server">{{cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/server |title=Ubuntu Server - for scaleout workloads |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522065522/https://www.ubuntu.com/server |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes?_ga=2.208102746.998804565.1572421923-262180758.1561889001 |title=BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes |website=Ubuntu Wiki |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817191955/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes?_ga=2.208102746.998804565.1572421923-262180758.1561889001 |url-status=live }}</ref> that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu Desktop Edition. The differences between them are the absence of an [[X Window System|X Window environment]] in a default installation of the server edition (although one can easily be installed, including Unity, GNOME, KDE or Xfce), and some alterations to the installation process.<ref name="PrepInstall">{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/16.04/serverguide/preparing-to-install.html |title=Preparing to Install |work=Ubuntu Official Documentation |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114248/https://help.ubuntu.com/16.04/serverguide/preparing-to-install.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The server edition uses a screen-mode, [[Text-based user interface|character-based interface]] for the installation, instead of a graphical installation process. This enables installation on machines with a serial or "dumb terminal" interface without graphics support.

The server edition (like the desktop version) supports [[hardware virtualization]] and can be run in a [[virtual machine]], either inside a host operating system or in a [[hypervisor]], such as [[VMware]] [[ESXi]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Citrix Systems|Citrix]] [[XenServer]], [[Microsoft]] [[Hyper-V]], [[QEMU]], a [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine]], or any other [[IBM PC compatible]] emulator or virtualizer. [[AppArmor]] security module for the [[Linux kernel]] is used by default on key software packages, and the [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]] is extended to common services used by the operating system.

* Runs on all major ([[64-bit computing|64-bit]]) architectures{{snd}} [[x86-64]], [[ARM v7]]<!--is actually (mistakenly?) listed in official server info on 20.04. Only version 8 is 64-bit, but it can run 32-bit ARMv7 code, probably what's meant here-->, [[ARM64]], [[POWER8]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/arm |title=Ubuntu Server for ARM |quote=Ubuntu 20.04 LTS includes support for the very latest ARM-based server systems powered by certified 64-bit processors. [...] <!--
Develop and test using over 50,000 software packages and runtimes — including Go, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python and Ruby — and deploy at scale using our complete scale-out management suite including MAAS and Juju.--> Ubuntu delivers server-grade performance on ARM |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011233553/https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/arm |url-status=live }}</ref> and later, <!-- official docs only says POWER9, likely to emphasize runs on too? -->[[IBM System z]] mainframes via [[LinuxONE]],<ref name="server">{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/server |title=What's new in 16.04 LTS |year=2016 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223192409/https://www.ubuntu.com/server |url-status=live }}</ref> and has initial support for [[RISC-V]]. [[SPARC]] is no longer commercially supported nor are Ubuntu (Server) versions for 32-bit [[x86]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ubuntu Extended Security Maintenance {{!}} Security|url=https://ubuntu.com/security/esm|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Ubuntu|language=en}}</ref>
* Supports [[ZFS]], a file system with snapshot capabilities, since Ubuntu 16.04&nbsp;LTS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2016-April/000207.html |title=Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus) released |author=Adam Conrad |date=21 April 2016 |work=lists.ubuntu.com |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603235252/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2016-April/000207.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="phoronix-Ubuntu16.04-ZFS">{{cite web |url=http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=ubuntu-xenial-zfs&num=1 |title=Taking ZFS for a Test Drive on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS |last=Larabel |first=Michael |work=Phoronix.com |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425064534/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=ubuntu-xenial-zfs&num=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs |title=zfs: ZFS on Linux - the official OpenZFS implementation for Linux |date=6 June 2017 |via=GitHub |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314065738/https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Has LXD, a hypervisor to manage [[LXC]] Linux [[Operating-system-level virtualization|containers]].
* Includes the first production release of [[DPDK]] for line-speed kernel networking.
* Uses the latest long-term release Linux kernel and [[systemd]] service manager.
* Is certified as a guest on [[Amazon Web Services|AWS]], [[Microsoft Azure]], [[Joyent]], [[IBM cloud computing|IBM]] and [[HP Cloud]].<ref name="server" />
* [[Netplan]] support<ref name="ubuntu-server"/> (available since Ubuntu 16.04 LTS)
* [[Snappy (package manager)|snap]] package manager
* [[Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|LVM]] encryption support

It has <!--up-to-date--> versions of key server software pre-installed, including: Tomcat<!-- (v8)-->, PostgreSQL (v12.2), Docker<!--v(1.10)-->, Puppet<!-- (v3.8.5)-->, Python (v3.9), PHP (v8.0), <!--Qemu (v4.2), Libvirt (v6.0), LXC (v2.0),--> NGINX (v1.17), and MySQL (v8.0).

|-
|[[File:Ubuntu Studio Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Ubuntu Studio]]
|Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ubuntustudio.org/ |title=Ubuntu Studio |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307102013/http://ubuntustudio.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Xubuntu Icon.png|48x48px]]
|[[Xubuntu]]
|An Ubuntu flavour using [[Xfce]]. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly [[GTK]] applications.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://xubuntu.org/ |title=Xubuntu |website=xubuntu.org |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122072947/http://www.xubuntu.org/get |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as [[Edubuntu]]; including some previously supported by Canonical, like [[Ubuntu Touch]], that is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community).

=== Cloud computing ===
[[File:Ubuntu Orange Box-Fossetcon 12.09.2014.jpg|thumb|Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box|alt=]]Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as [[Amazon EC2]], [[OpenStack]], [[Microsoft Azure]] and [[LXC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ |title=Ubuntu Cloud Images |work=Cloud-images.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=6 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217202610/http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu is also prevalent on [[Virtual private server|VPS]] platforms such as [[DigitalOcean]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalocean.com/blog_posts/where-do-droplets-form |title=Where ''Do'' Droplets Form? |work=DigitalOcean Company Blog |publisher=[[DigitalOcean]] |date=2 January 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002531/https://www.digitalocean.com/blog_posts/where-do-droplets-form |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/canonical-switches-to-openstack-for-ubuntu-linux-cloud/8875 |title=Canonical switches to OpenStack for Ubuntu Linux cloud |publisher=ZDNet |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012224524/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/canonical-switches-to-openstack-for-ubuntu-linux-cloud/8875 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Prickett |first=Timothy |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/10/canonical_ubuntu_openstack/ |title=Ubuntu eats OpenStack for clouds |work=[[The Register]] |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009040603/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/10/canonical_ubuntu_openstack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ubuntu version history#1110|Ubuntu 11.10]] added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred [[IaaS]] offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is [[Juju (software)|Canonical Juju]] for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.<ref>{{cite interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUv5vwHMPk0 |title=Dustin Kirkland of Canonical |first=Dustin |last=Kirkland |interviewer=Barton George |publisher=[[Dell Inc.]] |via=YouTube |date=7 June 2011 |location=Cloud Expo, New York City |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUv5vwHMPk0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ServerTeam/Orchestra |title=ServerTeam: Orchestra |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=4 January 2012 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416204350/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ServerTeam/Orchestra |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Eucalyptus full.jpg|thumb|Eucalyptus interface|alt=|none]]

== Adoption and reception ==
=== Installed base ===

As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional<ref>{{Cite web|title=WikiGuide/Registration - Community Help Wiki|url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WikiGuide/Registration|access-date=2020-11-17|website=help.ubuntu.com|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922102737/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WikiGuide/Registration|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=software installation - Why does Ubuntu require us to register an account on Ubuntu website to be able to install a Snap package?|url=https://askubuntu.com/questions/773609/why-does-ubuntu-require-us-to-register-an-account-on-ubuntu-website-to-be-able-t|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Ask Ubuntu|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319110136/http://askubuntu.com/questions/773609/why-does-ubuntu-require-us-to-register-an-account-on-ubuntu-website-to-be-able-t|url-status=live}}</ref>), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated.<ref name="Michael Kerner">{{cite web |url=http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/7032/1/ |title=Ubuntu Claims 12 Million Users as Lucid Linux Desktop Nears |first=Sean Michael |last=Kerner |date=7 April 2010 |work=LinuxPlanet.com |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410164921/http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/7032/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/about/ |title=About Ubuntu Insights |work=Insights.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185403/http://insights.ubuntu.com/about/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>

W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that:
* Ubuntu is by far the most popular [[Linux distribution]] for running [[web server]]s; of the websites they analyze it's "used by 47.3% of all the websites who use Linux",<ref name="Q-Success">{{Cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Linux for Websites, November 2020|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux|access-date=2020-11-17|website=w3techs.com}}</ref> and Ubuntu alone powers more websites than [[Microsoft Windows]], which powers 28.2% of all websites, or 39% of the share Unix has (which includes Linux and thus Ubuntu). All Linux/Unix distributions in total power well over twice the number of hosts as Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers. Ubuntu and Debian only (which Ubuntu is based on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way) make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such [[Server (computing)|server]] use) in May 2016.
* Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_ubuntu_extend_the_dominance_in_the_linux_web_server_market_at_the_expense_of_red_hat_centos |title=Debian/Ubuntu extend the[ir] dominance in the Linux web server market at the expense of Red Hat/CentOS |work=W3Techs |publisher=Q-Success |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><!--"Ubuntu" is not strictly in source, just "Debian/Ubuntu", but is an old one?!-->
<!--
This number they quote, is only a lower bound, as more than half of Unix-like is unknown, all numbers could be more than double those, and only that number is true if none of the unknown is Ubuntu:
* Ubuntu is used by 12.8% of all websites analyzed, growing from less than 7% in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-ubuntu/all/all |title=Usage statistics and market share of Ubuntu for websites |work=W3Techs |publisher=Q-Success |date=April 2020 }}</ref>
-->

W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://w3techs.com/technologies |title=Web Technologies Statistics and Trends |work=W3Techs |publisher=Q-Success |access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> <!-- It considers Linux a subcategory of [[Unix]] and estimated in the same month that 66.7% of the analyzed websites use Unix, under that broad definition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-unix/all/all |title=Usage statistics and market share of Unix for websites |work=W3Techs |publisher=Q-Success |date=September 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref> -->

[[Wikimedia Foundation]] data (based on [[user agent]]) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.<ref name="wikimedia-stats">{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/archive/squid_reports/2013-09/SquidReportOperatingSystems.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Operating Systems |last=Zachte |first=Eric |work=Wikimedia Statistics |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |date=September 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=28 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028025246/http://stats.wikimedia.org/archive/squid_reports/2013-09/SquidReportOperatingSystems.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tale_two_distros">{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/a-tale-of-two-distros-ubuntu-and-linux-mint-3040095012/ |title=A tale of two distros: Ubuntu and Linux Mint |date=10 February 2012 |access-date=25 October 2013 |first=Terry |last=Relph-Knight |publisher=ZDNet |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016223722/http://www.zdnet.com/a-tale-of-two-distros-ubuntu-and-linux-mint-3040095012/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|November 2020}}, Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS is used in a [[supercomputer]] on the [[TOP500]] list, currently the fifth fastest one in the world<ref>{{Cite web|title=Selene - NVIDIA DGX A100, AMD EPYC 7742 64C 2.25GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband {{!}} TOP500|url=https://www.top500.org/system/179842/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.top500.org|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113053132/https://www.top500.org/system/179842/|url-status=live}}</ref> after an upgrade from 7th place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the [[Green500]] list (and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based), a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=November 2020 {{!}} TOP500|url=https://www.top500.org/lists/green500/2020/11/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.top500.org|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223035/https://www.top500.org/lists/green500/2020/11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer is ranked 172nd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD - NVIDIA DGX A100, AMD EPYC 7742 64C 2.25GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband {{!}} TOP500|url=https://www.top500.org/system/179910/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.top500.org|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117140346/https://www.top500.org/system/179910/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Large-scale deployments ===

The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. {{As of|2009|January}}, the Ministry of Education and Science of the [[Republic of Macedonia]] deployed more than 180,000<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |title=A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows |first=Ashlee |last=Vance |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 January 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/11ubuntu.html?_r=2&th&emc=th |access-date=22 February 2009 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512232859/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/11ubuntu.html?_r=2&th&emc=th |url-status=live }}</ref> Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers |title=Every Student in the Republic of Macedonia to Use Ubuntu-powered Computer Workstations |date=20 November 2007 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403200908/https://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers |archive-date=3 April 2009 }}</ref> the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops.<ref name="nytimes" /> The French police, having already started using [[open-source software]] in 2005 by replacing [[Microsoft Office]] with [[OpenOffice.org]], decided to transition to Ubuntu from [[Windows XP]] after the release of [[Windows Vista]] in 2006.<ref name="FrPol">{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/03/french-police-saves-millions-of-euros-by-adopting-ubuntu.ars |title=French police: We saved millions of euros by adopting Ubuntu |first=Ryan |last=Paul |date=11 March 2009 |work=Ars Technica |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313044240/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/03/french-police-saves-millions-of-euros-by-adopting-ubuntu.ars |url-status=live }}</ref> By March 2009, the [[National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Nationale]] had already switched 5000 workstations to Ubuntu.<ref name="FrPol" /> Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 [[GendBuntu|(GendBuntu project)]].<ref name="FrPol" /> Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.<ref name="FrPol" /> In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian justice system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/India-s-Justice-Sytem-Switches-to-Ubuntu-10-04-228451.shtml |title=India's Justice {{sic|Sy|tem|nolink=y}} Switches to Ubuntu 10.04 |work=News.Softpedia.com |publisher=SoftNews Net SRL |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219232124/http://news.softpedia.com/news/India-s-Justice-Sytem-Switches-to-Ubuntu-10-04-228451.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The Government of Kerala adopted Ubuntu for the legislators in Kerala and the government schools of Kerala began to use customized [[IT@School Project]] Ubuntu 10.04 which contains specially created software for students. Previously, Windows was used in the schools. Textbooks were also remade with an Ubuntu syllabus and was used in schools as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/2011/02/17/legislators-in-kerala-india-work-better-with-ubuntu-laptops/ |title=Kerala Schools switches to Ubuntu 10.04 |work=Insights.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=17 February 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134723/https://insights.ubuntu.com/2011/02/17/legislators-in-kerala-india-work-better-with-ubuntu-laptops/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city of [[Munich]], Germany, forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS and created [[LiMux]] for use on the city's computers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Direktorium/LiMux.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904212323/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Direktorium/LiMux.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Landeshauptstadt München&nbsp;– Das Projekt LiMux |access-date=9 July 2012 |language=de |trans-title=City of Munich&nbsp;– The Project LiMux |work=Muenchen.de: Das offizielle Stadtportal |publisher=Portal München Betriebs GmbH / Landeshauptstadt München / Stadtwerke München GmbH. }}</ref> After originally planning to migrate 12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500 desktop computers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cio.co.uk/news/change-management/munich-open-source-completed-successfully/ |title=Munich open-source switch 'completed successfully' |first=Loek |last=Essers |date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013085745/http://www.cio.co.uk/news/change-management/munich-open-source-completed-successfully/ |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> but still keeping about 5000 Windows clients for unported applications. In February 2017 the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/LiMux-Aus-in-Muenchen-Opposition-wettert-gegen-katastrophale-Fehlentscheidung-3622848.html |title=LiMux-Aus in München: Opposition wettert gegen "katastrophale Fehlentscheidung" |last=iX |website=iX |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602074626/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/LiMux-Aus-in-Muenchen-Opposition-wettert-gegen-katastrophale-Fehlentscheidung-3622848.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to evaluate the migration back to Windows,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/ix/meldung/Von-Linux-zurueck-zu-Microsoft-Schwarz-Rot-in-Muenchen-will-LiMux-rauswerfen-3621178.html |title=Von Linux zurück zu Microsoft: Schwarz-Rot in München will LiMux rauswerfen |last=iX |website=iX |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421025726/https://www.heise.de/ix/meldung/Von-Linux-zurueck-zu-Microsoft-Schwarz-Rot-in-Muenchen-will-LiMux-rauswerfen-3621178.html |url-status=live }}</ref> after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Buero-der-Zukunft-Microsoft-zieht-nach-Muenchen-Schwabing-2042386.html |title="Büro der Zukunft": Microsoft zieht nach München-Schwabing |last=iX |website=iX |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602074626/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Buero-der-Zukunft-Microsoft-zieht-nach-Muenchen-Schwabing-2042386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Governing Mayor [[Dieter Reiter]] cited lack of compatibility with systems outside of the administrative sector, such as requiring a governmental [[mail server]] to send e-mails to his personal [[smartphone]], as reasons for the return, but has been criticised for evaluating administrative IT based on private and business standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung |title="Bin Microsoft-Fan": Münchner Bürgermeister kritisiert Linux - derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung |last=iX |website=iX |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602074626/https://derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids [[vendor lock-in]]. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-03/23/iceland-open-source-software |title=Icelandic government makes a push for open-source software |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012 |first=Mark |last=Brown |work=Wired UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055602/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-03/23/iceland-open-source-software |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}</ref> US president [[Barack Obama]]'s successful [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|campaign]] for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/how-team-obamas-tech-efficiency-left-romney-it-in-dust/ |title=How Team Obama's tech efficiency left Romney IT in dust |work=Ars Technica |date=20 November 2012 |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |access-date=6 March 2018 |quote=Key in maximizing the value of the Obama campaign's IT spending was its use of open source tools and open architectures. Linux—particularly Ubuntu—was used as the server operating system of choice. |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101190642/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/how-team-obamas-tech-efficiency-left-romney-it-in-dust/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2014, the city of [[Turin]], Italy, announced its migration from [[Windows XP]] to Ubuntu for the 8,300 desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Turin-to-Be-First-Italian-City-to-Adopt-Ubuntu-Unshackle-from-the-quot-Tyranny-of-Proprietary-Software-quot-454152.shtml |title=Turin to Be First Italian City to Adopt Ubuntu, Unshackle from the 'Tyranny of Proprietary Software' |work=News.Softpedia.com |publisher=SoftNews Net SRL |date=8 August 2014 |last=Stahie |first=Silviu |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075109/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Turin-to-Be-First-Italian-City-to-Adopt-Ubuntu-Unshackle-from-the-quot-Tyranny-of-Proprietary-Software-quot-454152.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/08/03/news/il_comune_rinnova_i_pc_e_d_laddio_a_microsoft_risparmiamo_6_milioni-93067980/ |title=Il Comune di Torino rinnova i pc e dà l'addio a Microsoft: "Risparmiamo 6 milioni" |work=la Repubblica |publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L′Espresso |date=4 August 2014 |last=Guccione |first=Gabriele |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103402/http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/08/03/news/il_comune_rinnova_i_pc_e_d_laddio_a_microsoft_risparmiamo_6_milioni-93067980/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting in 2008, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind [[Wikipedia]], switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Todd R.|date=October 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor|newspaper=[[Computerworld]]|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&pageNumber=1&taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|url-status=live|access-date=November 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005181633/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&pageNumber=1&taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|archive-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Paul|first=Ryan|date=October 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure|newspaper=[[Ars Technica]]|url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars|url-status=live|access-date=November 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130021503/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars|archive-date=January 30, 2009}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 [[LinuxWorld Conference and Expo]] in London,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/61/Linuxworld_London_UK_2005.pdf |title=LinuxWorld Expo UK 2005 |first=John |last=Masters |date=June 2005 |work=Linux Magazine |publisher=Linux New Media |access-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626133319/http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/61/Linuxworld_London_UK_2005.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2008 }}</ref> received favorable reviews in online and print publications,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8253 |title=Linux in Government: Linux Desktop Reviews, Part 6&nbsp;– Ubuntu |first=Tom |last=Adelstein |date=19 April 2005 |work=Linux Journal |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502075038/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8253 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=Neil |last=McAllister |title=Gutsy Gibbon: Desktop Linux OS Made Easy |volume=26 |date=January 2008 |journal=PC World |page=84}}</ref> and has won [[InfoWorld]]'s 2007 Bossie Award for ''Best Open Source Client OS''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/best-open-source-in-platforms-and-middleware-129 |title=Best of open source in platforms and middleware |first=Paul |last=Venenzia |date=10 September 2007 |work=InfoWorld |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608205855/http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/best-open-source-in-platforms-and-middleware-129 |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2008, ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'' named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/146400/desktop_linux_faceoff_ubuntu_804_vs_fedora_9.html |title=Desktop Linux Face-Off: Ubuntu 8.04 vs. Fedora 9 |first=Robert |last=Strohmeyer |date=2 June 2008 |work=PC World |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813223405/http://www.pcworld.com/article/146400/desktop_linux_faceoff_ubuntu_804_vs_fedora_9.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". {{As of|2009|January}}, almost half of Google's 20,000 employees used [[Goobuntu]], a slightly modified version of Ubuntu.<ref name="nytimes" /> In 2012, ''[[ZDNet]]'' reported that Ubuntu was still Google's desktop of choice.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-truth-about-goobuntu-googles-in-house-desktop-ubuntu-linux/ |title=The truth about Goobuntu: Google's in-house desktop Ubuntu Linux |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=17 April 2016 |last=Vaughan-Nichols |first=Steven J. |publisher=ZDNet |quote="Goobuntu use is encouraged and 'All our development tools are for Ubuntu.{{'"}} |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410030319/http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-truth-about-goobuntu-googles-in-house-desktop-ubuntu-linux/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for [[Datamation]]; he chose Ubuntu as number one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.datamation.com/open-source/best-linux-distro-linux-experts-rate-distros-1.html |title=Best Linux Distro: Linux Experts Rate Distros |date=15 March 2016 |access-date=17 April 2016 |last1=Hartley |first1=Matt |last2=Byfield |first2=Bruce |website=[[Datamation]] |quote=Obviously, Ubuntu was going to be at the top of the list.[...] Ubuntu has done more to put desktop Linux into the hands of the common man than any other distribution out there. |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420085807/http://www.datamation.com/open-source/best-linux-distro-linux-experts-rate-distros-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, [[Jamie Hyneman]], co-host of the American television series ''[[MythBusters]]'', advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to [[software bloat]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/upgrade/4243994.html?page=3 |title=MythBusters: 7 Tech Headaches—and How to Fix Them |first=Jamie |last=Hyneman |date=18 February 2008 |work=Popular Mechanics |access-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324070017/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/upgrade/4243994.html?page=3 |archive-date=24 March 2010 }}</ref> Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer [[Cory Doctorow]]<ref name="Thomas">{{Cite book |publisher=Apress |isbn=978-1-4302-1999-6 |last1=Thomas |first1=K. |last2=Channelle |first2=A. |last3=Sicam |first3=J. |title=Beginning Ubuntu Linux |year=2009 |page=xxxii}}</ref> and actor [[Stephen Fry]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sneddon |first=Joey |title=Stephen Fry: 'I Use Ubuntu' |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/08/stephen-fry-i-use-ubuntu |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |date=27 August 2012 |publisher=Ohso Ltd |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830041606/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/08/stephen-fry-i-use-ubuntu |url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--In March 2013, Canonical announced that it had decided to develop [[Mir (display server)|Mir]],<ref name="The H">{{cite web |url= http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Canonical-reveals-plans-to-launch-Mir-display-server-Update-1815982.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130307074544/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Canonical-reveals-plans-to-launch-Mir-display-server-Update-1815982.html |archive-date=7 March 2013 |title=Canonical reveals plans to launch Mir display server&nbsp;– Update |work=The H Open |publisher=Heise Media UK |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=6 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> reversing an earlier plan to move to [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]] as the primary Ubuntu display server<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/551 |title=Unity on Wayland |last=Shuttleworth |first=Mark |quote=The next major transition for Unity will be to deliver it on Wayland... |date=4 November 2010 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com}}</ref> and causing [[Mir (software)#Controversy|widespread objection from the open source desktop community]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTMxODA |title=A Note to Canonical: 'Don't Piss on Wayland' |author-link=Michael Larabel |first=Michael |last=Larabel |date=5 March 2013 |work=Phoronix.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.martin-graesslin.com/blog/2013/03/war-is-peace/ |title=War Is Peace |first=Martin |last=Gräßlin |date=8 March 2013 |quote=Will KWin support Mir? No! |postscript=. Gräßlin is maintainer of [[KWin]], the [[KDE]] window manager.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sharpley.org.uk/blog/lightdm-mir-wayland |title=KDE, LightDM and the Mir Kerfuffle |first=David |last=Edmundson |date=12 March 2013 |work=Sharpley.org.uk |quote=If you know for 6 months that you're not going to do something you said you would it's rude not to tell people |postscript=. Edmundson is author of KDE greeter library used by [[LightDM]], used by Ubuntu. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518151403/http://www.sharpley.org.uk/blog/lightdm-mir-wayland |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTMyNjQ |title=GNOME Will Move Full-Speed With Wayland Support |author-link=Michael Larabel |first=Michael |last=Larabel |date=13 March 2013 |quote=What's GNOME doing about Mir? They're laying out plans right now to move hard and fast with Wayland support! |work=Phoronix.com }}</ref> X.Org contributor Daniel Stone opined: "I'm just irritated that this means more work for us, more work for upstream developers, more work for toolkits, more work for hardware vendors....".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTMxNzY |title=Upstream X/Wayland Developers Bash Canonical, Mir |first=Michael |last=Larabel |date=4 March 2013 |work=Phoronix.com }}</ref> In September 2013, an Intel developer removed XMir support from their video driver and wrote "We do not condone or support Canonical in the course of action they have chosen, and will not carry XMir patches upstream".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/driver/xf86-video-intel/commit/?id=58a7611 |title=xf86-video-intel 2.99.902 snapshot |first=Chris |last=Wilson |work=cgit.FreeDesktop.org |publisher=X Desktop Group |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Larabel |url= https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTQ1NjY |title=Intel Reverts Plans, Will Not Support Ubuntu's XMir |work=Phoronix.com |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/09/intel-rejection-of-ubuntus-mir-patch-forces-canonical-to-go-own-way/ |title=Intel rejection of Ubuntu's Mir patch forces Canonical to go own way |website=Ars Technica |first=Jon |last=Brodkin |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 }}</ref>
-->
In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, [[Communications-Electronics Security Group#CESG|CESG]], reported that [[Ubuntu version history#1204|Ubuntu 12.04 LTS]] was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks", though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/ubuntu-highest-score-uk-gov-security-test |title=Ubuntu 'highest score' in UK gov security test |last1=Hillenius |first1=Gijs |date=20 January 2014 |website=JoinUp from the European Commission |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219174736/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/ubuntu-highest-score-uk-gov-security-test |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 32-bit "deprecation" controversy ===
In June 2019, Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for 32-bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu 19.10.

Because [[Steam (service)|Steam's]] Linux client depends on these 32-bit libraries, [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu. After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32-bit libraries. As a result, Valve will support Ubuntu 19.10 again.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/canonical-returning-32-bit-ubuntu-linux-support-after-gaming-uproar/ |title=Canonical returns 32 bit Ubuntu Linux support after uproar. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |first=Stephen J. |date=24 June 2019 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703082015/https://www.zdnet.com/article/canonical-returning-32-bit-ubuntu-linux-support-after-gaming-uproar/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/24/canonical-ubuntu-linux-32-bit-support/?guccounter=1 |title=Canonical backtracks on pulling 32-bit support from Ubuntu Linux |last=Fisher |first=Christine |date=24 June 2019 |website=[[Engadget]] |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref>

[[Wine (software)|Wine]] needs most of the same 32-bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of [[WoW64]] to run 32-bit Windows applications. The parts of Wine that would continue to function without 32-bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a 64-bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility. In Canonical's statement<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement on 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS|url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Ubuntu|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808111807/https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts|url-status=live}}</ref> on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function.

=== Conformity with European data privacy law ===
Soon after being introduced, doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens{{what|date=September 2021}} with the European [[Data Protection Directive]].<ref name="softpedia_2016-02-10">{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Shopping-Lens-Might-Be-Illegal-In-Europe-298143.shtml |title=Ubuntu's Shopping Lens Might Be Illegal in Europe |date=9 October 2012 |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=Softpedia.com |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132800/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Shopping-Lens-Might-Be-Illegal-In-Europe-298143.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="omgubuntu_2016-02-10">{{cite web |url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/10/does-ubuntus-amazon-lens-break-eu-law |title=Blogger Claims Ubuntu's New Shopping Lens Breaks EU Law |date=10 October 2012 |access-date=24 February 2016 |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |publisher=Ohso Ltd |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051130/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/10/does-ubuntus-amazon-lens-break-eu-law |url-status=live }}</ref> A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law. Canonical did not reply.

In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO), the UK data privacy office. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the [[Data Protection Directive]].<ref name="ateot_2_2016-02-10">{{cite web|last=Sneddon|first=Joey|date=10 August 2014|title=Unity Shopping Lens Is Legal, Says UK Data Protection Body|url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/unity-shopping-lens-is-legal-says-ioc-uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041000/https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/unity-shopping-lens-is-legal-says-ioc-uk|archive-date=12 November 2020|access-date=8 February 2021|website=OMG! Ubuntu!}}</ref> According to European rules, this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement.

== Local communities (LoCos) ==
{{Distinguish|Linux User Group}}

In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeams |title=Ubuntu Local Community Teams |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225062242/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeams |url-status=live }}</ref> better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ubuntu LoCo Team Portal |url=http://loco.ubuntu.com/teams/ |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106205449/http://loco.ubuntu.com/teams/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Local Community (LoCo) Teams |url=http://loco.ubuntu.com/about-loco/ |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=LoCo.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031050427/http://loco.ubuntu.com/about-loco/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Hardware vendor support ==

Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices.<ref name="Ubuntu Certified Hardware">{{cite web |url=https://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd?~srd=true&sk=Ubuntu&scat=prod |title=XPS 13 Developer Edition |work=Dell.com |publisher=Dell Inc. |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133232/http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd?~srd=true&sk=Ubuntu&scat=prod |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including [[Dell]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/partners/dell |title=Dell and Ubuntu |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141402/http://www.ubuntu.com/partners/dell |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hasee]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Nachrichten/Guenstiges-Netbook-aus-China |title=Günstiges Netbook aus China |first=Marcel |last=Hilzinger |work=LinuxCommunity |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910011554/http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Nachrichten/Guenstiges-Netbook-aus-China |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sharp Corporation]], and Cirrus7.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiny PCs can be beautiful, the Cirrus7 Nimbini is one of those PCs |url=https://www.geek.com/chips/tiny-pcs-can-be-beautiful-the-cirrus7-nimbini-is-one-of-those-pcs-1620484/ |work=Geek.com |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320150738/http://www.geek.com/chips/tiny-pcs-can-be-beautiful-the-cirrus7-nimbini-is-one-of-those-pcs-1620484/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cirrus7 Nimbini – The Most Stylish Ubuntu PC Ever Made? |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/04/cirrus7-nimbini-ubuntu-pc-announced |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Ohso Ltd |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311040145/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/04/cirrus7-nimbini-ubuntu-pc-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> Specifically, [[Dell]] offers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-installed.<ref name="XPS 13">{{cite web |url=https://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd? |title=XPS 13 Laptop, Developer Edition |work=Dell.com |publisher=Dell Inc. |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015072247/http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd |url-status=live }}</ref> Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://certification.ubuntu.com/desktop/ |title=Ubuntu Desktop certified hardware {{!}} Ubuntu |last=Canonical |website=certification.ubuntu.com |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526035334/https://certification.ubuntu.com/desktop/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[System76]] computers are also sold with Ubuntu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://system76.com/cart/configure/bonw13 |title=Bonobo WS |website=system76.com |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901111753/https://system76.com/cart/configure/bonw13 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/news/system76-certified-servers |title=System76 announces servers with Ubuntu 7.10 and Canonical support services |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=5 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301153610/https://www.ubuntu.com/news/system76-certified-servers |archive-date=1 March 2008 }}</ref> Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for [[ATI Technologies|ATI]]/[[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, [[Fingerprint Readers]], [[HDMI]], [[Bluetooth]], [[DVD-Video|DVD]] playback (using [[LinDVD]]), and [[MP3]]/[[Windows Media Audio|WMA]]/[[Windows Media Video|WMV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yourblog.dell.com/2008/07/18/dell-upgrades-consumer-linux-pcs-to-ubuntu-804/ |title=Dell Upgrades Consumer Linux PCs to Ubuntu 8.04 |work=YourBlog.Dell.com |publisher=Dell Inc. |access-date=13 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080802002510/http://yourblog.dell.com/2008/07/18/dell-upgrades-consumer-linux-pcs-to-ubuntu-804/ |archive-date=2 August 2008 }}</ref> [[Asus]] is also selling some [[Asus Eee PC|Eee PCs]] with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu for 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2075819/asus-preload-ubuntu-linux-eee-pcs |title=Asus will preload Ubuntu Linux on three Eee PCs |work=[[The Inquirer]] |date=2 June 2011 |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609231450/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2075819/asus-preload-ubuntu-linux-eee-pcs |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Woods |first=Ben |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/tech-tech-boom-10017860/asus-preloads-eee-pc-models-with-ubuntu-10022619/ |title=Asus preloads Eee PC models with Ubuntu |work=[[ZDNet]] UK |publisher=CBS Interactive |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040203/http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/tech-tech-boom-10017860/asus-preloads-eee-pc-models-with-ubuntu-10022619/ |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tomshardware.com/news/Ubuntu-Eee-PC-Seashell-Netbooks-Canonical,12878.html |title=Asus Launching Eee PC Netbooks with Ubuntu |work=TomsHardware.com |first=Kevin |last=Parrish |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> [[Vodafone]] has made available a notebook for the South-African market called "Webbook".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/19/vodafone-brings-arm-and-ubuntu-together-for-south-african-webboo/ |title=Vodafone brings ARM and Ubuntu together for South African Webbook |work=Engadget |publisher=[[AOL]] |first=Terrence |last=O'Brien |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020054912/http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/19/vodafone-brings-arm-and-ubuntu-together-for-south-african-webboo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/the-ubuntu-powered-vodafone-webbook-launches-tomorrow/ |title=The Ubuntu Powered 'Vodafone Webbook' Launched |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |publisher=Ohso Ltd |date=18 October 2011 |first=Joey-Elijah |last=Sneddon |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020120524/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/the-ubuntu-powered-vodafone-webbook-launches-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-11-10-Powered-Webbook-Sells-at-190-229168.shtml |title=Ubuntu 11.10 Powered Webbook Sells at $190 |work=News.Softpedia.com |publisher=SoftNews Net SRL |date=21 October 2011 |first=Marius |last=Nestor |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024071037/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-11-10-Powered-Webbook-Sells-at-190-229168.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Dell launch with Ubuntu at retail in India |url=https://www.canonical.com/content/canonical-and-dell-announce-today-dell-laptops-pre-loaded-ubuntu-will-be-sold-850-retail-out |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=18 June 2012 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621024844/https://www.canonical.com/content/canonical-and-dell-announce-today-dell-laptops-pre-loaded-ubuntu-will-be-sold-850-retail-out |archive-date=21 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.canonical.com/2012/06/18/dell-extends-ubuntu-retail-into-india/ |title=Dell Extends Ubuntu Retail into India |first=Mark |last=Murphy |date=18 June 2012 |work=Blog.Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619001513/http://blog.canonical.com/2012/06/18/dell-extends-ubuntu-retail-into-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/04/05/alienware-x51-ubuntu/ |title=Alienware X51 gaming PC now available with Ubuntu, starts at $600 |work=Engadget |publisher=AOL |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008221801/http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/05/alienware-x51-ubuntu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While Linux already works on IBM's mainframe system ([[Linux on IBM Z]]), IBM in collaboration with Canonical (and [[SUSE]]; "[[Linux Foundation]] will form a new Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their [[z/Architecture]] for the first time (IBM claimed their system, [[IBM zEnterprise System]], version z13, the most powerful computer in the world in 2015;<ref>{{Cite press |title=IBM Launches z13 -- Most Powerful & Secure System Ever Built |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45808.wss |date=2015-01-13 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190835/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45808.wss |url-status=live }}</ref> it was then the largest computer by transistor count; again claimed fastest in 2017 with [[IBM z14 (microprocessor)|IBM z14]]<ref>{{Cite press |title=IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52805.wss |date=2017-07-17 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901132125/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52805.wss |url-status=live }}</ref>), at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2422249/ibm-makes-biggest-code-drop-as-canonical-and-suse-tie-up-brings-linux-to-mainframes |title=IBM makes 'biggest code drop' as Canonical and Suse tie-up brings better Linux to mainframes: UbuntuOne brings industry standard tools to a mainframe environment |first=Chris |last=Merriman |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818050302/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2422249/ibm-makes-biggest-code-drop-as-canonical-and-suse-tie-up-brings-linux-to-mainframes |url-status=unfit }}</ref>

In early 2015, Intel launched the [[Intel Compute Stick]] small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-briefs/compute-stick-product-brief.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223155/https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-briefs/compute-stick-product-brief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2016 |title=Intel Compute Stick Product Brief |access-date=25 September 2015 |website=Intel.com |publisher=[[Intel]] }}</ref>

== Windows interoperability ==
In March 2016, [[Microsoft]] announced that it would support the Ubuntu [[user space|userland]] on top of the [[Windows 10]] [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] by implementing the Linux [[system call]]s as [[Windows Subsystem for Linux|a subsystem]]. At the time, it was focused on [[command-line tool]]s like [[Bash (Unix shell)|Bash]] and was aimed at [[software developers]].<ref name="M&C">{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-and-canonical-partner-to-bring-ubuntu-to-windows-10/ |title=Microsoft and Canonical partner to bring Ubuntu to Windows 10 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608062402/http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-and-canonical-partner-to-bring-ubuntu-to-windows-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MSDN-bash">{{cite web |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about |title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows |work=MSDN |date=3 March 2017 |first=Jack |last=Hammons |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130090401/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UonW">{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ |title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers |last=Kirkland |first=Dustin |work=Ubuntu Insights |date=30 March 2016 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611182351/http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers |url-status=live }}</ref> WSL was made available with Windows 10, version 1709.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-subsystem-for-linux-graduates-in-windows-10-fall-creators-update/ |title=Windows Subsystem for Linux graduates in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |date=15 October 2017 |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218061357/http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-subsystem-for-linux-graduates-in-windows-10-fall-creators-update/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2019, other Linux variants are also supported.

In 2019, Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a [[Linux kernel]], that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu".<ref name="WSL2" /> By this time, it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Chris|date=1 March 2018|title=How to Run Graphical Linux Desktop Applications from Windows 10's Bash Shell|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/261575/how-to-run-graphical-linux-desktop-applications-from-windows-10s-bash-shell/|website=How-To Geek|publisher=Lifesavvy Media}}</ref> In 2021, Microsoft went on to add out-of-the-box support for graphical Linux apps, through the {{Not a typo|WSL|g}} project.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=21 April 2021|title=Microsoft enables Linux GUI apps on Windows 10 for developers|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/21/22396018/microsoft-windows-10-linux-gui-apps-task-manager-app-throttling-features|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Loewen|first=Craig|date=21 April 2021|title=The Initial Preview of GUI app support is now available for the Windows Subsystem for Linux|url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/the-initial-preview-of-gui-app-support-is-now-available-for-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2/|website=Windows Command Line Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

In May 2021, Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution, which was a Windows-only solution thus far, to support Ubuntu, RHEL, and CentOS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jawad|first=Usama|date=12 May 2021|title=Microsoft Threat and Vulnerability Management now supports Linux|url=https://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-threat-and-vulnerability-management-now-supports-linux/|website=Neowin}}</ref> Besides, starting with version 6, [[PowerShell]] runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms.


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Comparison of Linux distributions]]
* [[Eww (web browser)]]
{{Portal bar|Free and open-source software|Linux}}
* [[Emacs/W3]]
* [[Lynx (web browser)]]


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
*{{official website}}
{{Sister project links|auto=1|d=y}}
*[http://pub.ks-and-ks.ne.jp/prog/w3mmee/ w3mmee official website]
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Ubuntu (Linux distribution).ogg|date=2006-08-03}}
*{{GitHub|tats/w3m}} currently (as of 2018–03) maintained version repository

* {{Official website}}
* {{DistroWatch|ubuntu|NAME=Ubuntu}}

{{Ubuntu}}
{{Linux distributions}}


{{Authority control}}
{{gopher clients}}
{{Lightweight web browsers}}
{{Web browsers|desktop}}


[[Category:Ubuntu| ]]
[[Category:Gopher clients]]
[[Category:2004 software]]
[[Category:Windows web browsers]]
[[Category:ARM Linux distributions]]
[[Category:POSIX web browsers]]
[[Category:Debian-based distributions]]
[[Category:Free web browsers]]
[[Category:Enterprise Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Text-based web browsers]]
[[Category:Free software operating systems]]
[[Category:Emacs]]
[[Category:Emacs modes]]
[[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]]
[[Category:Power ISA Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Termcap]]
[[Category:PowerPC Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Software using the MIT license]]
[[Category:PowerPC operating systems]]
[[Category:1995 software]]
[[Category:x86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Terminal pagers]]
[[Category:ARM operating systems]]
[[Category:Linux distributions]]

Latest revision as of 18:40, 3 May 2024

w3m
Developer(s)Akinori Ito et al.
Initial release1995
Stable release
0.5.3[1] Edit this on Wikidata / 15 January 2011
Preview release
v0.5.3+git20230121[2] Edit this on Wikidata / 21 January 2023
Repository
Written inC
Operating systemOS/2,[3][4] Unix & Unix-like (Solaris, SunOS, HP-UX, Linux, FreeBSD and EWS-UX (EWS-4800),[5] Windows (with Cygwin), macOS (with Homebrew)
Available inEnglish and Japanese
TypeWeb browser, Terminal pager
LicenseMIT license
Websitew3m.sourceforge.net Edit this on Wikidata

w3m is a free and open source text-based web browser licensed under the MIT license. It differs from other text based browsers by supporting elements such as tables, frames, and images.[6][7]

History[edit]

The name "w3m" stands for "WWW wo miru (WWWを見る)", which is Japanese for "to see the WWW" where W3 is a numeronym of WWW.[8] The original project is no longer active, but an active version is being maintained by a different developer, Tatsuya Kinoshita.[9]

Functions[edit]

w3m runs in terminal emulator programs such as xterm and GNOME Terminal.[10] The browser has tabbed browsing, right click menus, and image support,[10] along with support for tables and frames. It also functions as a terminal pager.[6] It can be navigated solely using the keyboard or with the mouse. There are two different display modes, one with colors and one that is monochrome.[11]

w3m can be used within Emacs.[12]

Some distributions require the installation of a second package, w3m-img, to render images using w3m.[13]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "w3m Files".
  2. ^ "v0.5.3+git20230121".
  3. ^ TOKORO, Kyosuke. "w3m 0.2.1–3 for OS/2 WARP". Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  4. ^ Watson, Dave (September 2001). "Text-Mode Web Browsers for OS/2". The Southern California OS/2 User Group. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  5. ^ w3m manual page
  6. ^ a b Rutland, David (2 November 2022). "The 3 Best Terminal-Based Web Browsers for Linux". MUO. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  7. ^ Negus, Christopher (28 January 2005). Linux Bible. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7645-8974-4.
  8. ^ "W3M FAQ". Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  9. ^ Das, Ankush (20 October 2020). "Best Terminal-based Web Browsers for Linux Users". It's FOSS. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  10. ^ a b Hoffman, Chris (23 January 2012). "How to Browse From the Linux Terminal With W3M". How-To Geek. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  11. ^ "How to use the W3M text-based web browser on Linux". AddictiveTips. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  12. ^ "EmacsWiki: w3m". www.emacswiki.org. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  13. ^ Rankin, Kyle (2006). Linux Multimedia Hacks: Tips & Tools for Taming Images, Audio, and Video. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 978-0-596-10076-6.

External links[edit]

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