United States presidential elections in Wisconsin: Difference between revisions
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{{Elections in Wisconsin sidebar}} |
{{Elections in Wisconsin sidebar}} |
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Since [[Wisconsin]]'s [[admission to the Union]] in May 1848,<ref>{{cite web |title=Today in History - May 29 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-29/#wisconsin |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref> it has participated in 44 U.S. presidential elections. In |
Since [[Wisconsin]]'s [[admission to the Union]] in May 1848,<ref>{{cite web |title=Today in History - May 29 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-29/#wisconsin |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref> it has participated in 44 U.S. presidential elections. In [[1924 United States presidential election|1924]], [[Robert M. La Follette]] became the only third-party presidential candidate to win in Wisconsin, taking 53.96% of the popular vote. Since [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]], Wisconsin has leaned towards the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in presidential elections, although [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Donald Trump]] won the state by a margin of 0.77 percentage points. Wisconsin is tied with [[Michigan]] and [[Pennsylvania]] for the longest active streak of voting for the winning candidate, last voting for a losing candidate in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]. |
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In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] [[Joe Biden]] |
In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]], Democrat [[Joe Biden]] won Wisconsin, defeating Trump by 0.62 percentage points. During the [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count]], 36 members of the House of Representatives objected to the certification of Wisconsin's electoral votes based on unsupported claims of election fraud, but the objection failed because it was not joined by a senator.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Riley |last=Vetterkind |title=Scott Fitzgerald, Tom Tiffany sole Republicans from Wisconsin to object to Joe Biden certification |url=https://madison.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/scott-fitzgerald-tom-tiffany-sole-republicans-from-wisconsin-to-object-to-joe-biden-certification/article_a6905688-0513-5f89-91a2-84e7c4cbe4a4.html|access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=madison.com |language=en|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108222310/https://madison.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/scott-fitzgerald-tom-tiffany-sole-republicans-from-wisconsin-to-object-to-joe-biden-certification/article_a6905688-0513-5f89-91a2-84e7c4cbe4a4.html |date=January 8, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== |
== Elections == |
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{| class="toccolours" style="width:62em" |
{| class="toccolours" style="width:62em" |
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! Key for parties<!-- Some abbreviations are used as defined by United States Senate [https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Key_Party_Abbreviations.htm here] --> |
! Key for parties<!-- Some abbreviations are used as defined by United States Senate [https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Key_Party_Abbreviations.htm here] --> |
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{{legend|{{party color|Green Party (United States)}}|[[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] – ({{party abbr|Green Party (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
{{legend|{{party color|Green Party (United States)}}|[[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] – ({{party abbr|Green Party (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Greenback Party (United States)}}|[[Greenback Party]] – ({{party abbr|Greenback Party (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
{{legend|{{party color|Greenback Party (United States)}}|[[Greenback Party]] – ({{party abbr|Greenback Party (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Independent (United States)}}|[[Independent candidate]] – ( |
{{legend|{{party color|Independent (United States)}}|[[Independent candidate]] – ({{party abbr|Independent (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Know Nothing}}|[[Know Nothing|Know Nothing Party]] – ({{party abbr|Know Nothing}})|outline=#000000}} |
{{legend|{{party color|Know Nothing}}|[[Know Nothing|Know Nothing Party]] – ({{party abbr|Know Nothing}})|outline=#000000}} |
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{{legend|{{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}}|[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] – ({{party abbr|Libertarian Party (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
{{legend|{{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}}|[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] – ({{party abbr|Libertarian Party (United States)}})|outline=#000000}} |
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| candidate1_first = Harry S. |
| candidate1_first = Harry S. |
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| candidate1_last = Truman |
| candidate1_last = Truman |
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| candidate1_party = |
| candidate1_party = Democratic Party (United States) |
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| candidate1_votes = 647310 |
| candidate1_votes = 647310 |
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| candidate2_first = Thomas E. |
| candidate2_first = Thomas E. |
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| candidate2_last = Dewey |
| candidate2_last = Dewey |
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| candidate2_party = |
| candidate2_party = Republican Party (United States) |
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| candidate2_votes = 590959 |
| candidate2_votes = 590959 |
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| candidate3_first = Henry A. |
| candidate3_first = Henry A. |
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| candidate2_first = Barry |
| candidate2_first = Barry |
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| candidate2_last = Goldwater |
| candidate2_last = Goldwater |
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| candidate2_party = |
| candidate2_party = Republican Party (United States) |
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| candidate2_votes = 638495 |
| candidate2_votes = 638495 |
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| candidate3_first = Clifton |
| candidate3_first = Clifton |
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| candidate1_party = Republican Party (United States) |
| candidate1_party = Republican Party (United States) |
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| candidate1_votes = 989430 |
| candidate1_votes = 989430 |
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| candidate2_first = |
| candidate2_first = George |
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| candidate2_last = |
| candidate2_last = McGovern |
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| candidate2_party = Democratic Party (United States) |
| candidate2_party = Democratic Party (United States) |
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| candidate2_votes = 810174 |
| candidate2_votes = 810174 |
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| national_winner = 2 |
| national_winner = 2 |
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| ev = 10 |
| ev = 10 |
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| ref = {{Sfn|''Guide to U.S. Elections''|2010|p=800}}<ref>{{cite report|year=2004 |title=Federal Elections 2004 |url=https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2004.pdf |publisher=Federal Election Commission |pages=6,39 |access-date = March 31, 2023}}</ref> |
| ref = {{Sfn|''Guide to U.S. Elections''|2010|p=800}}<ref>{{cite report|year=2004 |title=Federal Elections 2004 |url=https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2004.pdf |publisher=Federal Election Commission |pages=6, 39 |access-date = March 31, 2023}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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{{US election list row |
{{US election list row |
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| yGrid= |
| yGrid= |
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| xAxisTitle=Year |
| xAxisTitle=Year |
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| yAxisTitle=Party percentage vote margin (D+, |
| yAxisTitle=Party percentage vote margin (D+, R−) |
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| showSymbols= |
| showSymbols= |
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|hannotatonslabel= |
|hannotatonslabel= |
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* {{Cite book|title=Guide to U.S. Elections|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60426-536-1|ref={{sfnRef|Guide to U.S. Elections|2010}}}} |
* {{Cite book|title=Guide to U.S. Elections|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60426-536-1|ref={{sfnRef|Guide to U.S. Elections|2010}}}} |
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*{{Cite book|title=1997{{endash}}1998 Wisconsin Blue Book|publisher=Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau|year=1997|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AV57G6QVOUSNPG8T|ref={{sfnRef|''Wisconsin Blue Book''|1997}}}} |
*{{Cite book|title=1997{{endash}}1998 Wisconsin Blue Book|publisher=Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau|year=1997|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AV57G6QVOUSNPG8T|ref={{sfnRef|''Wisconsin Blue Book''|1997}}}} |
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*{{Cite book|title=Presidential elections, 1789{{endash}}1996|publisher=[[Congressional Quarterly]]|year=1997|isbn=9781568020655|lccn=97019084|ol=673017M|ref={{sfnRef|Presidential elections, 1789{{endash}}1996}}}} |
*{{Cite book|title=Presidential elections, 1789{{endash}}1996|publisher=[[Congressional Quarterly]]|year=1997|isbn=9781568020655|lccn=97019084|ol=673017M|ref={{sfnRef|Presidential elections, 1789{{endash}}1996}}}} {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFPresidential elections, 1789–1996}} |
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{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
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Latest revision as of 15:45, 21 March 2024
Number of elections | 44 |
---|---|
Voted Democratic | 19 |
Voted Republican | 25 |
Voted other | 1[a] |
Voted for winning candidate | 34 |
Voted for losing candidate | 10 |
Elections in Wisconsin |
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Since Wisconsin's admission to the Union in May 1848,[1] it has participated in 44 U.S. presidential elections. In 1924, Robert M. La Follette became the only third-party presidential candidate to win in Wisconsin, taking 53.96% of the popular vote. Since 1988, Wisconsin has leaned towards the Democratic Party in presidential elections, although Republican Donald Trump won the state by a margin of 0.77 percentage points. Wisconsin is tied with Michigan and Pennsylvania for the longest active streak of voting for the winning candidate, last voting for a losing candidate in 2004.
In the 2020 presidential election, Democrat Joe Biden won Wisconsin, defeating Trump by 0.62 percentage points. During the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count, 36 members of the House of Representatives objected to the certification of Wisconsin's electoral votes based on unsupported claims of election fraud, but the objection failed because it was not joined by a senator.[2]
Elections[edit]
Key for parties |
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American Independent Party – (AI)
American Party (1969) – (A)
Constitution Party – (C)
Constitutional Union Party – (CU)
Democratic Party – (D)
Free Soil Party – (FS)
Green Party – (G)
Greenback Party – (GB)
Independent candidate – (I)
Know Nothing Party – (KN)
Libertarian Party – (LI)
Progressive Party (1912) – (PR-1912)
Progressive Party (1924) – (PR-1924)
Progressive Party (1948) – (PR-1948)
Prohibition Party – (PRO)
Reform Party – (RE)
Republican Party – (R)
Southern Democratic Party – (SD)
Straight-Out Democratic Party – (SOD)
Whig Party – (W)
Union Party – (U)
|
1848 to 1856[edit]
Year | Winner | Runner-up | Other candidate[b] | EV | Ref. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | ||||||
1848 | Lewis Cass (D) | 15,001 | 38.30% | Zachary Taylor (W) ‡ | 13,747 | 35.10% | Martin Van Buren (FS) | 10,418 | 26.60% | 4 | [3][4][5] | |||
1852 | Franklin Pierce (D) ‡ | 33,658 | 51.99% | Winfield Scott (W) | 22,240 | 34.35% | John P. Hale (FS) | 8,842 | 13.66% | 5 | [6][4][7] | |||
1856 | John C. Frémont (R) | 67,090 | 55.67% | James Buchanan (D) ‡ | 52,843 | 43.85% | Millard Fillmore (KN) | 580 | 0.48% | 5 | [4][8] |
Election of 1860[edit]
The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country. The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.
Year | Winner | Runner-up | Other candidate | Other candidate | EV | Ref. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes (%) |
Candidate | Votes (%) |
Candidate | Votes (%) |
Candidate | Votes (%) | |||||||
1860 | Abraham Lincoln (R) ‡ | 86,110 (56.58%) |
Stephen A. Douglas (D) | 65,021 (42.73%) |
John C. Breckinridge (SD) | 887 (0.58%) |
John Bell (CU) | 161 (0.11%) |
5 | [9][10] |
1864 to present[edit]
Year | Winner | Runner-up | Other candidate[b] | EV | Ref. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | ||||||
1864 | Abraham Lincoln (R) ‡ | 83,458 | 55.88% | George B. McClellan (D) | 65,884 | 44.12% | – | – | – | 8 | [11][12] | |||
1868 | Ulysses S. Grant (R) ‡ | 108,920 | 56.25% | Horatio Seymour (D) | 84,708 | 43.75% | – | – | – | 8 | [13][14] | |||
1872 | Ulysses S. Grant (R) ‡ | 105,012 | 54.62% | Horace Greeley (D) | 86,390 | 44.94% | Charles O'Conor (SOD) | 853 | 0.44% | 10 | [15][16] | |||
1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes (R) ‡ | 130,668 | 50.69% | Samuel Tilden (D) | 123,927 | 48.07% | Peter Cooper (GB) | 1,509 | 0.59% | 10 | [17] | |||
1880 | James A. Garfield (R) ‡ | 144,406 | 54.04% | Winfield S. Hancock (D) | 114,650 | 42.91% | James B. Weaver (GB) | 7,986 | 2.99% | 10 | [18][19] | |||
1884 | James G. Blaine (R) | 161,155 | 50.39% | Grover Cleveland (D) ‡ | 146,447 | 45.79% | John P. St. John (PRO) | 7,651 | 2.39% | 11 | [20][21] | |||
1888 | Benjamin Harrison (R) ‡ | 176,553 | 49.79% | Grover Cleveland (D) | 155,232 | 43.77% | Clinton B. Fisk (PRO) | 14,277 | 4.03% | 11 | [22][23] | |||
1892 | Grover Cleveland (D) ‡ | 177,325 | 47.73% | Benjamin Harrison (R) | 171,101 | 46.06% | John Bidwell (PRO) | 13,136 | 3.54% | 12 | [24][25] | |||
1896 | William McKinley (R) ‡ | 268,135 | 59.93% | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 165,523 | 37.00% | Joshua Levering (PRO) | 7,507 | 1.68% | 12 | [26][27] | |||
1900 | William McKinley (R) ‡ | 265,760 | 60.06% | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 159,163 | 35.97% | John G. Woolley (PRO) | 10,027 | 2.27% | 12 | [28][29] | |||
1904 | Theodore Roosevelt (R) ‡ | 280,314 | 63.21% | Alton B. Parker (D) | 124,205 | 28.01% | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 28,240 | 6.37% | 13 | [30][31] | |||
1908 | William Howard Taft (R) ‡ | 247,744 | 54.52% | William Jennings Bryan (D) | 166,662 | 36.67% | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 28,147 | 6.19% | 13 | [32][33] | |||
1912 | Woodrow Wilson (D) ‡ | 164,230 | 41.06% | William Howard Taft (R) | 130,596 | 32.65% | Theodore Roosevelt (PR-1912) | 62,448 | 15.61% | 13 | [34][35] | |||
1916 | Charles E. Hughes (R) | 220,822 | 49.39% | Woodrow Wilson (D) ‡ | 191,363 | 42.80% | Allan L. Benson (S) | 27,631 | 6.18% | 13 | [36][37] | |||
1920 | Warren G. Harding (R) ‡ | 498,576 | 71.10% | James M. Cox (D) | 113,422 | 16.17% | Eugene V. Debs (S) | 80,635 | 11.50% | 13 | [38][39] | |||
1924 | Robert LaFollette (PR-1924) | 453,678 | 53.96% | Calvin Coolidge (R) ‡ | 311,614 | 37.06% | John W. Davis (D) | 68,115 | 8.10% | 13 | [40][41] | |||
1928 | Herbert Hoover (R) ‡ | 544,205 | 53.52% | Alfred E. Smith (D) | 450,259 | 44.28% | Norman M. Thomas (S) | 18,213 | 1.79% | 13 | [42][43] | |||
1932 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) ‡ | 707,410 | 63.46% | Herbert Hoover (R) | 347,741 | 31.19% | Norman M. Thomas (S) | 53,379 | 4.79% | 12 | [44][45] | |||
1936 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) ‡ | 802,984 | 63.80% | Herbert Hoover (R) | 380,828 | 30.26% | William Lemke (Union) | 60,297 | 4.79% | 12 | [46][47] | |||
1940 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) ‡ | 704,821 | 50.15% | Wendell L. Willkie (R) | 679,206 | 48.32% | Norman M. Thomas (S) | 15,071 | 1.07% | 12 | [48][49] | |||
1944 | Thomas E. Dewey (R) | 674,532 | 50.37% | Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) ‡ | 650,413 | 48.57% | Norman M. Thomas (S) | 13,205 | 0.99% | 12 | [50][51] | |||
1948 | Harry S. Truman (D) ‡ | 647,310 | 50.70% | Thomas E. Dewey (R) | 590,959 | 46.28% | Henry A. Wallace (PR-1948) | 25,282 | 1.98% | 12 | [52][53] | |||
1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) ‡ | 979,744 | 60.95% | Adlai Stevenson (D) | 622,175 | 38.71% | Vincent Hallinan (PR-1948) | 2,174 | 0.14% | 12 | [54][55] | |||
1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) ‡ | 954,844 | 61.58% | Adlai Stevenson (D) | 586,768 | 37.84% | T. Coleman Andrews (C) | 6,918 | 0.45% | 12 | [56][57] | |||
1960 | Richard M. Nixon (R) | 895,175 | 51.77% | John F. Kennedy (D) ‡ | 830,805 | 48.05% | Farrell Dobbs (SWP) | 1,792 | 0.10% | 12 | [58][59] | |||
1964 | Lyndon B. Johnson (D) ‡ | 1,050,424 | 62.09% | Barry Goldwater (R) | 638,495 | 37.74% | Clifton DeBerry (SWP) | 1,692 | 0.10% | 12 | [60][61] | |||
1968 | Richard M. Nixon (R) ‡ | 809,997 | 47.89% | Hubert Humphrey (D) | 748,804 | 44.27% | George Wallace (AI) | 127,835 | 7.56% | 12 | [62][63] | |||
1972 | Richard M. Nixon (R) ‡ | 989,430 | 53.40% | George McGovern (D) | 810,174 | 43.72% | John G. Schmitz (A) | 47,525 | 2.56% | 11 | [64][65] | |||
1976 | Jimmy Carter (D) ‡ | 1,040,232 | 49.44% | Gerald R. Ford (R) | 1,004,987 | 47.76% | Eugene J. McCarthy (I) | 34,943 | 1.66% | 11 | [66][67] | |||
1980 | Ronald Reagan (R) ‡ | 1,088,845 | 47.90% | Jimmy Carter (D) | 981,584 | 43.18% | John B. Anderson (I) | 160,657 | 7.07% | 11 | [68][69] | |||
1984 | Ronald Reagan (R) ‡ | 1,198,584 | 54.19% | Walter Mondale (D) | 995,740 | 45.02% | David Bergland (LI) | 4,883 | 0.22% | 11 | [70][71] | |||
1988 | Michael Dukakis (D) | 1,126,794 | 51.41% | George H. W. Bush (R) ‡ | 1,047,499 | 47.80% | Ron Paul (LI) | 5,157 | 0.24% | 11 | [72][73] | |||
1992 | Bill Clinton (D) ‡ | 1,041,066 | 41.13% | George H. W. Bush (R) | 930,855 | 36.78% | Ross Perot (I) | 544,479 | 21.51% | 11 | [74][75] | |||
1996 | Bill Clinton (D) ‡ | 1,071,971 | 48.81% | Bob Dole (R) | 845,029 | 38.48% | Ross Perot (RE) | 227,339 | 10.35% | 11 | [76][77] | |||
2000 | Al Gore (D) | 1,242,987 | 47.83% | George W. Bush (R) ‡ | 1,237,279 | 47.61% | Ralph Nader (G) | 94,070 | 3.62% | 11 | [78][79] | |||
2004 | John Kerry (D) | 1,489,504 | 49.70% | George W. Bush (R) ‡ | 1,478,120 | 49.32% | Ralph Nader (RE) | 16,390 | 0.55% | 10 | [80][81] | |||
2008 | Barack Obama (D) ‡ | 1,677,211 | 56.22% | John McCain (R) | 1,262,393 | 42.31% | Ralph Nader (I) | 17,605 | 0.59% | 10 | [82][83] | |||
2012 | Barack Obama (D) ‡ | 1,620,985 | 52.83% | Mitt Romney (R) | 1,407,966 | 45.89% | Gary Johnson (I) | 20,439 | 0.67% | 10 | [84] | |||
2016 | Donald Trump (R) ‡ | 1,405,284 | 47.22% | Hillary Clinton (D) | 1,382,536 | 46.45% | Gary Johnson (LI) | 106,674 | 3.58% | 10 | [85] | |||
2020 | Joe Biden (D) ‡ | 1,630,866 | 49.45% | Donald Trump (R) | 1,610,184 | 48.82% | Jo Jorgensen (LI) | 38,491 | 1.17% | 10 | [86] |
Graph[edit]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See also[edit]
Note[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Today in History - May 29". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Vetterkind, Riley (January 8, 2021). "Scott Fitzgerald, Tom Tiffany sole Republicans from Wisconsin to object to Joe Biden certification". madison.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 761.
- ^ a b c Wisconsin Blue Book 1997, p. 677.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 90.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 762.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 91.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 92.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 764.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 93.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 765.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 94.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 766.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 95.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 767, 803.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 96.
- ^ Wisconsin Blue Book (1997, p. 677) cited in Guide to U.S. Elections (2010, pp. 768, 804)
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 769.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 98.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 770.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 99.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 771.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 100.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 772.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 101.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 773.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 102.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 774.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 103.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 775.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 104.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 776.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 105.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 777.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 106.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 778.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 107.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 779.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 108.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 780.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 109.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 781.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 110.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 782.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 111.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 783.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 112.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 784.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 113.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 785.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 114.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 786.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 115.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 787.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 116.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 788.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 117.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, pp. 789, 808.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 118.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 790.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 119.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 791.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 120.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 792.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 121.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 793.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 122.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 794.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 123.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, pp. 795, 810–811.
- ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 124.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, pp. 796, 811–812.
- ^ Federal Elections 1988 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 1988. p. 14. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 797.
- ^ Federal Elections 1992 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 1992. pp. 10, 32. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 798.
- ^ Federal Elections 1996 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 1996. pp. 12, 28. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 799.
- ^ Federal Elections 2000 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 2000. pp. 12, 30. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 800.
- ^ Federal Elections 2004 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 2004. pp. 6, 39. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 801.
- ^ Federal Elections 2008 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 2008. pp. 6, 39. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Federal Elections 2012 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 2012. pp. 6, 40. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ Federal Elections 2016 (PDF) (Report). Federal Election Commission. 2016. pp. 6, 44. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ "Official 2020 Presidential General Election Result" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. pp. 2–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
Works cited[edit]
- Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
- 1997–1998 Wisconsin Blue Book. Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. 1997.
- Presidential elections, 1789–1996. Congressional Quarterly. 1997. ISBN 9781568020655. LCCN 97019084. OL 673017M.