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[[Steven G. Kellman]] was among the first scholars to use the term translingualism in his 1996 collection ''Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft.'' This work presented that '''translingual writers''' are authors who write in more than one language or in a language other than their primary one in a way that emphasized freedom from cultural and monolingual restraint.<ref name=":1" /> The translingual writer is an author who has the ability to cross over into a new linguistic identity.<ref name=JSTOR>Cutter, Martha J. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/25115278 Book Review on the book Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft written by Steven G. Kellman (2003)]</ref> While Kellman is simply among the first to use the term, the phenomena of translingualism may have emerged as a response to the Sapir-Whorf thesis of [[Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Kellman|first=Steven|title=J. M. Coetzee and Samuel Beckett: The Translingual Link|journal=Comparative Literature Studies|year=1996|volume=33|issue=2|pages=161–172}}</ref>
[[Steven G. Kellman]] was among the first scholars to use the term translingualism in his 1996 collection ''Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft.'' This work presented that '''translingual writers''' are authors who write in more than one language or in a language other than their primary one in a way that emphasized freedom from cultural and monolingual restraint.<ref name=":1" /> The translingual writer is an author who has the ability to cross over into a new linguistic identity.<ref name=JSTOR>Cutter, Martha J. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/25115278 Book Review on the book Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft written by Steven G. Kellman (2003)]</ref> While Kellman is simply among the first to use the term, the phenomena of translingualism may have emerged as a response to the Sapir-Whorf thesis of [[Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Kellman|first=Steven|title=J. M. Coetzee and Samuel Beckett: The Translingual Link|journal=Comparative Literature Studies|year=1996|volume=33|issue=2|pages=161–172}}</ref>


In the early 21st century [[TESL]] (Teaching English as a Second Language) began to use translingualism as a method of teaching an second language that focuses on unifying language use in defiance of monolingual approaches that treat languages as separate avenues of thought.<ref name="CCSE">Huang, Tung-Chiou. [http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/view/5038/4177 The Application of Translingualism to Language Revitalisation in Taiwan (2010)]</ref> Supporters of this use of translingualism focus on the liminiality of language systems over concepts such as "Standard Written English" and unaccented speech.<ref name="College">Horner, B., Lu, M. Z., Royster, J. J., & Trimbur J. (2011) Opinion: Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. College English, 73(3), 303-321.</ref> The past decade, in fact, has seen a gradual increase in the number of second language scholars theorizing about translingualism.<ref>Jain, R. (2014). Global Englishes, Translinguistic Identities, and Translingual Practices in a Community College ESL Classroom: A Practitioner Researcher Reports. TESOL Journal, 5(3), 490-522.</ref><ref>Canagarajah, S. (2012). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge.</ref><ref>Canagarajah, A. S. (2012). Toward a rhetoric of translingual writing. The Working Papers Series on Negotiating Differences in Language and Literacy. University of Louisville.</ref><ref>Horner, B., NeCamp, S., & Donahue, C. (2011). Toward a multilingual composition scholarship: From English only to a translingual Norm. [Article]. College Composition and Communication, 63(2), 269-300.</ref><ref>Motha, S., Jain, R., & Tecle, T. (2012). Translinguistic identity-as-pedagogy: Implications for teachertducation. International Journal of Innovation in English Language Teaching and Research, 1(1)</ref><ref>Pennycook, A. (2007). Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. New York: Routldege</ref><ref>Pennycook, A. (2008). English as a language always in translation. [Article]. European Journal of English Studies, 12(1), 33-47. doi: 10.1080/13825570801900521</ref> This suggests that a paradigm shift may be occurring in the way we think about language study, language teaching, and language use.
In the early 21st century [[TESL]] (Teaching English as a Second Language) began to use translingualism as a method of teaching an second language that focuses on unifying language use in defiance of monolingual approaches that treat languages as separate avenues of thought.<ref name="CCSE">Huang, Tung-Chiou. [http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/view/5038/4177 The Application of Translingualism to Language Revitalisation in Taiwan (2010)]</ref> Supporters of this use of translingualism focus on the liminiality of language systems over concepts such as "Standard Written English" and unaccented speech.<ref name="College">Horner, B., Lu, M. Z., Royster, J. J., & Trimbur J. (2011) Opinion: Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. College English, 73(3), 303-321.</ref> The past decade, in fact, has seen a gradual increase in the number of second language scholars theorizing about translingualism.<ref>Jain, R. (2014). Global Englishes, Translinguistic Identities, and Translingual Practices in a Community College ESL Classroom: A Practitioner Researcher Reports. TESOL Journal, 5(3), 490-522.</ref> This suggests that a paradigm shift may be occurring in the way we think about language study, language teaching, and language use.


== Critical Debates ==
== Critical Debates ==

Revision as of 20:49, 13 February 2019

For the medical sense of the word ("across or through the tongue"), see Glossary of dentistry.

Translingual phenomena are words and other aspects of language that are relevant in more than one language. Thus "translingual" may mean "existing in multiple languages" or "having the same meaning in many languages"; and sometimes "containing words of multiple languages" or "operating between different languages". Translingualism is the phenomenon of translingually relevant aspects of language; a translingualism is an instance thereof. The word comes from trans-, meaning "across", and lingual, meaning "having to do with languages (tongues)"; thus, it means "across tongues", that is, "across languages". Internationalisms provide many of the examples of translingual vocabulary. For example, international scientific vocabulary comprises thousands of translingual words and combining forms.

History

Steven G. Kellman was among the first scholars to use the term translingualism in his 1996 collection Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft. This work presented that translingual writers are authors who write in more than one language or in a language other than their primary one in a way that emphasized freedom from cultural and monolingual restraint.[1] The translingual writer is an author who has the ability to cross over into a new linguistic identity.[2] While Kellman is simply among the first to use the term, the phenomena of translingualism may have emerged as a response to the Sapir-Whorf thesis of linguistic relativity.[1]

In the early 21st century TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) began to use translingualism as a method of teaching an second language that focuses on unifying language use in defiance of monolingual approaches that treat languages as separate avenues of thought.[3] Supporters of this use of translingualism focus on the liminiality of language systems over concepts such as "Standard Written English" and unaccented speech.[4] The past decade, in fact, has seen a gradual increase in the number of second language scholars theorizing about translingualism.[5] This suggests that a paradigm shift may be occurring in the way we think about language study, language teaching, and language use.

Critical Debates

The term translingualism presents the notion of fluidity between languages, rather than adhering to the static categorizations of bilingualism, multilingualism, ambilingualism, and plurilingualism. According to Tung-Chiou Huang, "Translingualism is a term from Steven G. Kellman (2000) and David Schwarzer et al. (2006), who see teaching an L2 as bridge building between languages that allow one to retain a unified mind and not be cloven into two for the sake of being multilingual."[3] Supporters of this use of translingualism focus on the fluidity of language systems, thoroughly eschewing concepts such as "Standard Written English" and unaccented speech.[4] The past decade, in fact, has seen a gradual increase in the number of second language scholars theorizing about translingualism.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The paradigm of translingualism utilized in a classroom setting has mostly gone unnoticed due to its recent immergence into the SLA/ESL community.

Dichotomy Between Native and Non-Native Speakers

It is common for translinguals scholars to criticize a monolingual orientation to communication since it assumes that speakers should use a common language with shared norms in order to communicate effectively and successfully.[13] These standards originate from the native speaker's utilization of the language. proponents of monolingual orientation believe that interlocutors should avoid mixing their own languages with other languages.[13] Recently, researchers have also begun to explore the idea of translingualism as a communicative competence citing the fact that "In multilingual scenarios, mastering the language for the exchange is not as relevant as achieving effective communication by means of strategies that go beyond communicative competence in any given language." In today's global context, most scenarios involve speakers of various languages communicating primarily in English. These speakers will all have different cultural values which will affect their production and interpretation of speech and therefore the speakers will not adjust to any one language or culture but rather to the "common communicative arena".[14] Canagarajah (2013),[13] for instance, identifies translinguals as speakers who demonstrate the ability to use their language(s) successfully across diverse norms and codes in response to specific contexts purposes.[13]

The "translingual fluency" of a writer is determined by their literary works' ability to engage and stimulate a geographically and demographically varied audience.[4] Readers, on the other hand, demonstrate their translingual fluency by being attuned and perceptive to a work's linguistic heterogeneity.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kellman, Steven (1996). "J. M. Coetzee and Samuel Beckett: The Translingual Link". Comparative Literature Studies. 33 (2): 161–172.
  2. ^ Cutter, Martha J. Book Review on the book Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft written by Steven G. Kellman (2003)
  3. ^ a b Huang, Tung-Chiou. The Application of Translingualism to Language Revitalisation in Taiwan (2010)
  4. ^ a b c d Horner, B., Lu, M. Z., Royster, J. J., & Trimbur J. (2011) Opinion: Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. College English, 73(3), 303-321.
  5. ^ Jain, R. (2014). Global Englishes, Translinguistic Identities, and Translingual Practices in a Community College ESL Classroom: A Practitioner Researcher Reports. TESOL Journal, 5(3), 490-522.
  6. ^ Jain, R. (2014). Global Englishes, Translinguistic Identities, and Translingual Practices in a Community College ESL Classroom: A Practitioner Researcher Reports. TESOL Journal, 5(3), 490-522.
  7. ^ Canagarajah, S. (2012). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge.
  8. ^ Canagarajah, A. S. (2012). Toward a rhetoric of translingual writing. The Working Papers Series on Negotiating Differences in Language and Literacy. University of Louisville.
  9. ^ Horner, B., NeCamp, S., & Donahue, C. (2011). Toward a multilingual composition scholarship: From English only to a translingual Norm. [Article]. College Composition and Communication, 63(2), 269-300.
  10. ^ Motha, S., Jain, R., & Tecle, T. (2012). Translinguistic identity-as-pedagogy: Implications for teachertducation. International Journal of Innovation in English Language Teaching and Research, 1(1)
  11. ^ Pennycook, A. (2007). Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. New York: Routldege
  12. ^ Pennycook, A. (2008). English as a language always in translation. [Article]. European Journal of English Studies, 12(1), 33-47. doi: 10.1080/13825570801900521
  13. ^ a b c d Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge.
  14. ^ Molina, Clara. Curricular Insights into Translingualism as a Communicative Competence. Journal of Language Teaching & Research. November 2011;2(6):1244-1251.
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