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'''Political marriages in India''' have occurred throughout the history. |
'''Political marriages in India''' have occurred throughout the history. |
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According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the [[Seleucid Kingdom|Seleucid Empire]] with its capital at [[Babylon]], brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.<ref name=mookerji>{{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}</ref> Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Appian |title=History of Rome, The Syrian Wars|page=55 }}</ref> |
According to Appian, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the [[Seleucid Kingdom|Seleucid Empire]] with its capital at [[Babylon]], brought Persia and [[Bactria]] under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.<ref name=mookerji>{{cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}</ref> Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Appian |title=History of Rome, The Syrian Wars|page=55 }}</ref> |
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R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Gandhara]]).<ref name=mookerji/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter Eugene | first1 = Clark | year = 1919 | title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology | journal = Classical Philology | volume = 14 | issue = 4| pages = 297–313 | doi = 10.1086/360246 | s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref> According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.<ref>{{citation |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11919 |publisher=Nebraska Press |year=2005 |volume=2 |isbn=9780803240612 |pages= |
R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added [[Arachosia]] ([[Kandahar]]), [[Gedrosia]] ([[Balochistan]]), and [[Paropamisadae]] ([[Gandhara]]).<ref name=mookerji/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walter Eugene | first1 = Clark | year = 1919 | title = The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology | journal = Classical Philology | volume = 14 | issue = 4| pages = 297–313 | doi = 10.1086/360246 | s2cid = 161613588 }}</ref> According to Strabo, [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|title=Strabo 15.2.1(9)|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203225004/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23120|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The details of the engagement treaty are not known.<ref>{{citation |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11919 |publisher=Nebraska Press |year=2005 |volume=2 |isbn=9780803240612 |pages=13–15|quote=via [[Project MUSE]] {{subscription required}} }}</ref> However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the [[Pratisargaparvan|Pratisarga Parva]] of the [[Bhavishya Purana]], described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Chandra |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1992 |page=83}}</ref> [[Mahavamsa|The Mahavamsa]] also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as ''Suvarnnaksi'') in marriage to Chandragupta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paranavithana |first=Senarat |title=The Greeks and the Mauryans |publisher=Lake House Investments |date=January 1971 |isbn=9780842607933 |language=English}}</ref> |
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Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|2003|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarn | first1 = W. W. | year = 1940 | title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita | journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 84–94 | doi = 10.2307/626263 | jstor = 626263 | s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.<ref name=mookerji/> |
Chandragupta sent 500 [[war elephant]]s to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the [[Battle of Ipsus]].<ref>''India, the Ancient Past'', Burjor Avari, p. 106-107</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|2003|p=105}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tarn | first1 = W. W. | year = 1940 | title = Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita | journal = The Journal of Hellenic Studies | volume = 60 | pages = 84–94 | doi = 10.2307/626263 | jstor = 626263 | s2cid = 163980490 }}</ref> In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched [[Megasthenes]] as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochos]] sent [[Deimakos]] to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.<ref name=mookerji/> |
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===Gupta Empire=== |
===Gupta Empire=== |
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Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] is the name of an ancient clan that was headquartered at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in present-day [[Bihar]] during the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. A [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichchhavi kingdom]] existed in the present-day [[Nepal]] in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.<ref name="RC">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}</ref>{{rp|12}} |
Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] is the name of an ancient clan that was headquartered at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in present-day [[Bihar]] during the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. A [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichchhavi kingdom]] existed in the present-day [[Nepal]] in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.<ref name="RC">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India; Volume 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}</ref>{{rp|12}} |
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Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending on him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}</ref>{{rp|125}}); and seeking the use of the [[Garuda]]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 }}</ref>{{rp|168}} These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala". |
Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending on him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens<ref>{{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}</ref>{{rp|125}}); and seeking the use of the [[Garuda]]-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Shankar Goyal |title=Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Book Enclave |isbn=978-81-87036-66-1 }}</ref>{{rp|168}} These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".<ref>{{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA477 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}</ref>{{rp|343}}<ref name="TS">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=249004782 }}</ref>{{rp|77–78}} |
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Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga dynasty]], which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.<ref name="RC"/>{{rp|60}} |
Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga dynasty]], which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.<ref name="RC"/>{{rp|60}} |
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[[Kumaragupta I]] was married to Anantadevi. According to historian [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|R. N. Dandekar]], Anantadevi was a [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] princess. The [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] suggests that the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.<ref name="TS"/>{{rp|174}} |
[[Kumaragupta I]] was married to Anantadevi. According to historian [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|R. N. Dandekar]], Anantadevi was a [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] princess. The [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] suggests that the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.<ref name="TS"/>{{rp|174}} |
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==Medieval period== |
==Medieval period== |
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===Vakataka dynasty=== |
===Vakataka dynasty=== |
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[[Narendrasena]] of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]]" named Ajjhitabhattarika, she is purported to be the daughter of [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Kakusthavarman]], who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000}}</ref>{{rp|106}} |
[[Narendrasena]] of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]]" named Ajjhitabhattarika, she is purported to be the daughter of [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Kakusthavarman]], who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000}}</ref>{{rp|106}} |
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[[Madhava Varma II]] of the [[Vishnukundina dynasty]],married the daughter of [[Prithivishena II]] after subduing him.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Andhra Pradesh Part 1|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|date=1987|url=https://books.google. |
[[Madhava Varma II]] of the [[Vishnukundina dynasty]],married the daughter of [[Prithivishena II]] after subduing him.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Andhra Pradesh Part 1|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxI_AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Maithili Prakashana|page=54}}</ref> |
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===Rashtrakuta dynasty=== |
===Rashtrakuta dynasty=== |
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The [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] ruler, [[Amoghavarsha I]] got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga dynasty]] prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas. |
The [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] ruler, [[Amoghavarsha I]] got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga dynasty]] prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}</ref>{{rp|119}} |
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[[Amoghavarsha III]] was married to a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi married to [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]] King [[Butuga II]]. |
[[Amoghavarsha III]] was married to a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi married to [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]] King [[Butuga II]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|origyear=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5|page=82}}</ref><ref name="Kamath">{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|44}} |
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===Satavahana dynasty=== |
===Satavahana dynasty=== |
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[[Simuka]] in order to overthrow the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanvas]], forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son Satakarni to Tranakayira's daughter [[Nayanika]], this paved the way for the foundation of [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana rule]] over most of Southern India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|author= Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|date=1974|url=https://books.google. |
[[Simuka]] in order to overthrow the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanvas]], forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son Satakarni to Tranakayira's daughter [[Nayanika]], this paved the way for the foundation of [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana rule]] over most of Southern India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|author= Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|date=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=37|isbn= 978-81-208-2941-1}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]], the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni married the daughter of [[Rudradaman I]]. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]] as [[dowry]]. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship.<ref name="UP">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131716779 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=Dineschandra |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120806900 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA228 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}</ref>{{rp|172–176}} |
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| ⚫ | In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]], the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni married the daughter of [[Rudradaman I]]. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]] as [[dowry]]. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship. |
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===Chalukya dynasty=== |
===Chalukya dynasty=== |
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Chalukya ruler [[Kirtivarman II]] was married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirttivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.<ref name="DP" >{{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}</ref>{{rp|41}} |
Chalukya ruler [[Kirtivarman II]] was married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirttivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.<ref name="DP" >{{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}</ref>{{rp|41}} |
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Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]], |
Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]],<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|76}} she became the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}} In return [[Shilabhattarika]], a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a grandson of Durvinita.<ref name="DP"/>{{rp|77}}<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/99893306 | title=Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters | journal=Tarun Bharat, Mumbai | date=January 2023 | last1=Bapat | first1=Shreenand }}</ref> Pulakeshin II also married an [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa]] princess named Kadamba Devi after subduing them.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies Volumes 38-40|date=1998|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TLc6RgQPbIC}}</ref> {{rp|112}} |
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===Chalukyas of Vatapi=== |
===Chalukyas of Vatapi=== |
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The Chalukya ruler [[Vikramaditya I]], entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi. |
The Chalukya ruler [[Vikramaditya I]], entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZYwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|242}} |
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[[Vijayaditya|Vijayaditya I]]'s son [[Vishnuvardhana IV]] was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter Silamahadevi to the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International|date=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}</ref>{{rp|395}} |
[[Vijayaditya|Vijayaditya I]]'s son [[Vishnuvardhana IV]] was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter Silamahadevi to the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International|date=1999|isbn=9788122411980}}</ref>{{rp|395}} |
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===Western Chalukyas=== |
===Western Chalukyas=== |
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Ayyana I, was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna II]]. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status. |
Ayyana I, was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna II]]. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇa |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |pages=74 }}</ref> Ayyana I's descendant Vikramaditya IV, married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=B. R. |title=Bādāmiya cālukyaru |date=1971 |publisher=Aibiec Prakāśana |location=Bangalore |pages=49–54 |edition=1 |language=Kannada |oclc=500113397}}</ref> [[Tailapa II]] married Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position.<ref name="altekar">{{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |chapter=The Rāshtrakūtas |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=1 (Parts I-IV) |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lllDAAAAYAAJ |oclc=59001459 }}</ref>{{rp|229}}<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|100–101}} |
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| ⚫ | Bhillama III, a vassal king of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] of Devagiri rebelled against [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 c. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II as an act of peace.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}</ref>{{rp|383}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}</ref>{{rp|102}} |
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| ⚫ | [[Vikramaditya VI]] married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters , establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref>{{rp| 171–172}} He also dealt with revolting Kadamba feudatory by marrying off his daughter Maila Devi to the Kadamba King Jayakeshi II.<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|105}} |
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| ⚫ | Bhillama III, a vassal king of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] of Devagiri rebelled against [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 c. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II as an act of peace. |
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| ⚫ | [[Vikramaditya VI]] married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters , establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref>{{rp| |
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===Seuna dynasty=== |
===Seuna dynasty=== |
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Seuna ruler Vaddiga I was married to Vaddiyavve or Vohivayya, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa who was a younger brother of the Rashtrakuta emperor [[Krishna III]]. His descendant [[Bhillama II]] married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were [[Chalukya]] princesess. |
Seuna ruler Vaddiga I was married to Vaddiyavve or Vohivayya, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa who was a younger brother of the Rashtrakuta emperor [[Krishna III]]. His descendant [[Bhillama II]] married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were [[Chalukya]] princesess.<ref name="Kamath"/>{{rp|136–137}}<ref name="altekar"/>{{rp|517}} |
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After [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|Alauddin's conquest of Devagiri]], [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] got his daughter Jhatyapali married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor [[Shihab-ud-din Omar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}</ref>{{rp| |
After [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri|Alauddin's conquest of Devagiri]], [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] got his daughter Jhatyapali married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor [[Shihab-ud-din Omar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}</ref>{{rp|56–57}} |
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===Guhila dynasty=== |
===Guhila dynasty=== |
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[[Rawal Bharttripatta II]] married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] .<ref name="Somani" >{{cite book|first=Ram Vallabh |last=Somani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976|oclc=2929852}}</ref>{{rp|50}} His son, [[Rawal Allata]] entered into a matrimonial alliance with [[Huns|Hunas]] by marrying a Huna princess Hariyadevi.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|52}} |
[[Rawal Bharttripatta II]] married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] .<ref name="Somani" >{{cite book|first=Ram Vallabh |last=Somani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976|oclc=2929852}}</ref>{{rp|50}} His son, [[Rawal Allata]] entered into a matrimonial alliance with [[Huns|Hunas]] by marrying a Huna princess Hariyadevi.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|52}} |
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Naravāhana , the son of Allata was married to princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family. |
Naravāhana , the son of Allata was married to princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family.<ref name="Somani"/>{{rp|55}} |
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Vijayasimha got his daughter Syamaladevi married to the Parmara ruler [[Udayaditya]], which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses. |
Vijayasimha got his daughter Syamaladevi married to the Parmara ruler [[Udayaditya]], which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India A.D. 985-1206|publisher= Indian History Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94YL686RG8IC|date=1992}}</ref>{{rp|528}} Vijayasimha's daughter Alhaṇadevi later married the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna]].<ref>{{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}</ref>{{rp|495}} |
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| ⚫ | [[Tejasimha]] was married to a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess being married to a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.<ref name="Sabita" >{{cite book|title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|first=Sabita|last=Singh|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=9780199098286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|63}} |
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| ⚫ | [[Tejasimha]] was married to a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess being married to a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.<ref name="Sabita" >{{cite book|title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|first=Sabita|last=Singh|date=2019|publisher=OUP India|isbn=9780199098286|url=https:// |
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===Sisodias=== |
===Sisodias=== |
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According to bardic legends, [[Hammir Singh]] (1302–1364) is also said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore. |
According to bardic legends, [[Hammir Singh]] (1302–1364) is also said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}} |
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[[Mandalika III|Rao Mandalika III]](1451 CE to 1472 CE) of [[Junagadh]] was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati ,who was [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]’s daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp| |
[[Mandalika III|Rao Mandalika III]](1451 CE to 1472 CE) of [[Junagadh]] was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati ,who was [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]’s daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63–64}} |
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Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and got one of his nieces married to him.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|513}} |
Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and got one of his nieces married to him.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|513}} |
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===Rathores=== |
===Rathores=== |
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According to [[Kanhadade Prabandha]] written in the 15th century by [[Padmanābha]], Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.<ref>{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}</ref>{{rp| |
According to [[Kanhadade Prabandha]] written in the 15th century by [[Padmanābha]], Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.<ref>{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}</ref>{{rp|124–125}} |
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In 1395, [[Chunda of Mandore| |
In 1395, [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]] was approached by the [[Pratihar]]s of [[Mandore]], who proposed an alliance against the [[Tughlaq Empire]]. Chunda agreed and was married to a Pratihar princess. It was common practice to include villages and land in a Rajput princess's dowry,<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|154}} as exemplified by Rao Chunda who received the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages in dowry.<ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref><ref name="rima"/>{{rp|379–80}} his daughter, Hansa-bai, was later married to Rana Lakha of Mewar.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|335}} |
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[[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]] married multiple times, as was common among the [[Rajput]] elite.<ref name="rima" />{{rp|380}} He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of [[Pugal]] ,Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of [[Kshetra Singh]], Rana of Mewar<ref name="rima" />{{rp|337}} and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of [[Nadol]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |year=1992 | |
[[Ranmal|Rao Ranmal]] married multiple times, as was common among the [[Rajput]] elite.<ref name="rima" />{{rp|380}} He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of [[Pugal]] ,Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of [[Kshetra Singh]], Rana of Mewar<ref name="rima" />{{rp|337}} and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of [[Nadol]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |year=1992 |pages=145–175 }}</ref> |
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In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, this led to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually , peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter Shringar Devi and Rana Kumbha’s son, Raimal.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|382}} |
In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, this led to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually , peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter Shringar Devi and Rana Kumbha’s son, Raimal.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|382}} |
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[[Rao Bika]], the eponymous founder of the [[Bikaner State|kingdom of Bikaner]] was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of [[Shekha of Amarsar|Rao Shekha]], the [[Bhati]] ruler of [[Pugal]].<ref name=SaranZieglerP194>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Biographical notes with introduction, glossary of kinship terms and indexes |publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |page=194 |isbn=9780891480853 }}</ref> |
[[Rao Bika]], the eponymous founder of the [[Bikaner State|kingdom of Bikaner]] was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of [[Shekha of Amarsar|Rao Shekha]], the [[Bhati]] ruler of [[Pugal]].<ref name=SaranZieglerP194>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Richard |last2=Ziegler |first2=Norman P. |title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Biographical notes with introduction, glossary of kinship terms and indexes |publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |page=194 |isbn=9780891480853 }}</ref> |
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In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63}} In 1537, [[Maldeo Rathore]] besieged [[Jaisalmer]] . Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter [[Umade Bhattiyani]] to Rathore. |
In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|63}} In 1537, [[Maldeo Rathore]] besieged [[Jaisalmer]] . Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter [[Umade Bhattiyani]] to Rathore.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Mobility+and+Identity+in+the+Great+Indian+Desert.|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|year=2016|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert.|publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=85, 87|isbn=9781107080317}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|24}} |
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In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of [[Merta City|Merta]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=366–367}}</ref> On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh got his daughter , Raj Kanwar married |
In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of [[Merta City|Merta]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=366–367}}</ref> On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh got his daughter , Raj Kanwar married to Akbar.<ref name=":R">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|title=A Persian historiography in India|year=2003|pages=78–79|isbn=9788173915376|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Raj+kanwari%22+|url-status=live |last1=Waseem |first1=Shah Mohammad |publisher=Kanishka Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abu'l|title=Akbarnama|volume=II|pages=518}}</ref> In 1570, Akbar married Bhanumati, another niece of Rai Kalyan Singh of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]<ref name=":R"/> In 1570, Puram Bai, a great-granddaughter of Rao Viramdev was married to Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=I|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=362}}</ref> Akbar also married Rukmavati, daughter of [[Maldev Rathore|Rao Maldeo]] through one of his concubines.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|553}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119462/page/n24/mode/1up|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-7069-6385-4|pages=17–18}}</ref> On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim ([[Jahangir]]) to Princess [[Manavati Bai]], the daughter of Mota Raja [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collier |first=Dirk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ |title=The Great Mughals and their India |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0 |language=en |quote=If Babur and his son Humayun were still full-blooded Central Asian Turks, Akbar through his mother (Hamida Banu Begum) was half Persian and Akbar's son Jahangir (through his mother, the princess of Amber) was therefore 25 per cent Turk, 25 per cent Persian and 50 per cent Rajput. Shah Jahan (the Mughal par excellence), '''Jahangir's son''', was 75 per cent Rajput: both his mother (Rajkumari Shri '''Manavati Bai''' Lall Sahiba alias Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani) and his paternal grandmother were Rajput princesses.}}</ref> Prince Salim married Karamsi, daughter of Kesho Das. ([[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]-[[Bikaner State|Bikaner]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II|pages=361}}</ref> |
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In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Gaj Singh]] [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]] took place.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard Davis|last1=Saran|first2=Norman Paul|last2=Ziegler|title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes|publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|pages=18|isbn=978-0-891-48085-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan; Volume II|pages=51}}</ref> Prince Khurram ([[Shah Jahan]]) married Lilavati Bai, daughter of Sakat Singh of |Marwar <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=45}}</ref> In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shahjahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|54}} |
In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Gaj Singh]] [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]] took place.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard Davis|last1=Saran|first2=Norman Paul|last2=Ziegler|title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes|publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|pages=18|isbn=978-0-891-48085-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan; Volume II|pages=51}}</ref> Prince Khurram ([[Shah Jahan]]) married Lilavati Bai, daughter of Sakat Singh of |Marwar <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=45}}</ref> In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shahjahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|54}} |
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In 1654, the marriage of the daughter of [[Amar Singh Rathore|Rao Amar Singh]] to Prince [[Sulaiman Shikoh|Suleiman Shikoh]] |
In 1654, the marriage of the daughter of [[Amar Singh Rathore|Rao Amar Singh]] to Prince [[Sulaiman Shikoh|Suleiman Shikoh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Kobita |title=Shah Jahan and His Paradise on Earth |pages=164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=The Mughal Harem: Women and the Culture of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |location=New York |pages=197–201 |language=en}}</ref> In 1671, marriage between Mohammaduazzam ([[Bahadur Shah I]]) to Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] took place .<ref name="irv">{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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On 27 September 1715, [[Farrukhsiyar]] married the daughter of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]], Princess [[Indira Kanwar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Towheed |first=Shafquat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2EZBQAAQBAJ |title=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780-1947 |date=2007-10-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3-89821-673-9 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> |
On 27 September 1715, [[Farrukhsiyar]] married the daughter of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]], Princess [[Indira Kanwar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Towheed |first=Shafquat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2EZBQAAQBAJ |title=New Readings in the Literature of British India, c. 1780-1947 |date=2007-10-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3-89821-673-9 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref> |
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In 1718, [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] got his daughter married to the Raja of Jaipur, [[Sawai Jai Singh]] to garner his support in favour of [[Sayyid brothers]] in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar 's court got his daughter married to the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Abhai Singh. |
In 1718, [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] got his daughter married to the Raja of Jaipur, [[Sawai Jai Singh]] to garner his support in favour of [[Sayyid brothers]] in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar 's court got his daughter married to the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Abhai Singh.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}} In 1729 Abhai Singh, the Rana of Marwar, subjugated various local chiefs. The prince of Sirohi chose to offer his daughter in marriage instead of resisting Abhai Singh. The practice of offering a daughter to resolve hostility was intended to secure peace and protect against potential attacks.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|51}} |
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===Kachwahas=== |
===Kachwahas=== |
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In February 1562, Raja [[Bharmal]], of [[Amer, India|Amer]], and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] to him. |
In February 1562, Raja [[Bharmal]], of [[Amer, India|Amer]], and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] to him.<ref name="Chandra 243">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |year=2007 |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}</ref>{{rp|243}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Kalpas Publisher |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115751/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=jodha+bai&pg=PA128 |url-status=live }}</ref> During Akbar's reign, the incentive of marriage came from the Mughal side, Surjan Hada is known to have joined the alliance on the condition that Akbar would not marry any of his daughters, as such no marriage took place.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> However, not all Rajputs accepted the offer to enter an alliance with Akbar. Both Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur and Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar refused to bow down to the emperor. Their resistance is attributed to their desire to remain independent, and in Rana Pratap's case, to his refusal to suffer the humiliation of sending a daughter to the imperial harem.<ref name="Chandra 243" /> The scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign. However, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81–83}} |
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According to a legend, [[Tansen]], the court musician and one of Akbar's [[Navaratnas]] married Mehrunissa, one of Akbar's daughters.<ref name="Dhar1989">{{cite book|last=Dhar|first=Sunita|title=Senia Gharana, Its Contribution to Indian Classical Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbgHAQAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Reliance Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85047-49-2|page=24}}</ref> |
According to a legend, [[Tansen]], the court musician and one of Akbar's [[Navaratnas]] married Mehrunissa, one of Akbar's daughters.<ref name="Dhar1989">{{cite book|last=Dhar|first=Sunita|title=Senia Gharana, Its Contribution to Indian Classical Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbgHAQAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Reliance Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85047-49-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name=dawn>{{cite news |title=Profile: Tansen – the mesmerizing maestro |author=Maryam Juzer Kherulla |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |date=12 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121000709/http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm |archive-date=21 November 2007 |access-date=2 October 2007}}</ref> |
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[[Man Singh I]]'s brother Chandrabhan Kachwaha was married to the daughter of Raja Puranmal of [[Gidhaur]] whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2=Bakshi|date= 2008|url=https://books.google. |
[[Man Singh I]]'s brother Chandrabhan Kachwaha was married to the daughter of Raja Puranmal of [[Gidhaur]] whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2=Bakshi|date= 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC}}</ref>{{rp|77}} |
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Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the [[Kachwaha]] [[Rajput]] princess, daughter of [[Raja Bhagwant Das]] of the [[Kingdom of Amber]] Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji entitled [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]], to whom he was betrothed in 16th year of his life. |
Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the [[Kachwaha]] [[Rajput]] princess, daughter of [[Raja Bhagwant Das]] of the [[Kingdom of Amber]] Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji entitled [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]], to whom he was betrothed in 16th year of his life.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rahman |first=Munibur |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l'Islam |title=Salīm, Muḥammad Ḳulī |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_6549}}</ref><ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|81}} <ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Mohammad Akram Lari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxluAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century |date=1990 |publisher=Criterion Publications |pages=46 |language=en |quote=There had been marriages between '''Rajput princess''' and '''Muslim rulers''' before this , but these were forced and unwilling ... ambitions of Emperor. On 13th February 1585 in marriage of Salim with Man Bai daughter of Bhagwant Das of Amber ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicoll |first=Fergus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfkCTTcvKGwC&dq=Salim+was+married+to+Princess+Man+Bai%2C+the+daughter+of+Bhagwant+Das+%28Kachwaha-Amber%29&pg=PA26 |title=Shah Jahan |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08303-9 |pages=26 |language=en |quote='''Salim's''' first wife was Rajakumari Man Bai, the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Das '''Kachwaha of Amber''', a prominent Rajput prince who had done sterling service for Akbar. They had been married in February 1585 and the dowry alone, ...}}</ref> |
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On 5 July 1678, [[Azim-ush-Shan]] was married to Bai Jas Kaur, Kirat Singh's daughter, the son of Raja [[Jai Singh II|Jai Singh]] |
On 5 July 1678, [[Azim-ush-Shan]] was married to Bai Jas Kaur, Kirat Singh's daughter, the son of Raja [[Jai Singh II|Jai Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1921|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=2022-07-15|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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On 30 July 1681, [[Aurangzeb]]'s son Kaam Baksh was married to Amarchand's daughter Kalyan Kumari of [[Monoharpur|Manoharpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagatanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ajmer and the Mughal Emperors (Page_121) |date=1999 |publisher=Neha Vikas Prakashan |pages=121 |language=en |quote=On Saturday , the 30th July , 1681 A.D. , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari , daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh , Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .}}</ref> |
On 30 July 1681, [[Aurangzeb]]'s son Kaam Baksh was married to Amarchand's daughter Kalyan Kumari of [[Monoharpur|Manoharpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagatanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ajmer and the Mughal Emperors (Page_121) |date=1999 |publisher=Neha Vikas Prakashan |pages=121 |language=en |quote=On Saturday , the 30th July , 1681 A.D. , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari , daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh , Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | During the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput rebellion of 1708]], Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after a period of 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharaja Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim their lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|67}}{{rp|83}} |
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===Bhatis=== |
===Bhatis=== |
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[[Udai Singh II]] was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani , a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|462}}According to an inscription from 1324 AD, Kshemasimha had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|372}} |
[[Udai Singh II]] was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani , a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|462}}According to an inscription from 1324 AD, Kshemasimha had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.<ref name="rima"/>{{rp|372}} |
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Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time, however their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between muslim and hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan , the ruler of Sind to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi deo's ( |
Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time, however their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between muslim and hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan , the ruler of Sind to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi deo's (1448–62) marriage to the granddaughter of Shoomar Khan.<ref name="Sabita"/>{{rp|77–78}} |
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Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of Bhati Kingdom of Pugal by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as a part of the peace settlement. |
Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of Bhati Kingdom of Pugal by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as a part of the peace settlement.<ref name="Sabita" />{{rp|77}} |
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In 1570 |
In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh got his daughter Princess Nathi Bai married to Akbar |
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<ref>{{cite book |first=Rajvi Amar |last=Singh |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh, 1992 |page=1166 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115746/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rima" >{{cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company, 2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=548–552 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115745/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History, Volume 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History, 1968 |page=32 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115748/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1587, Prince Salim married, [[Malika Jahan]], daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QRwAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-070-8 |pages=59 |language=en |quote=Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me , when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.}}</ref> |
<ref>{{cite book |first=Rajvi Amar |last=Singh |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh, 1992 |page=1166 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115746/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rima" >{{cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company, 2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=548–552 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115745/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History, Volume 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History, 1968 |page=32 |access-date=2022-04-15 |archive-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115748/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Nathi+Bai |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1587, Prince Salim married, [[Malika Jahan]], daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QRwAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-070-8 |pages=59 |language=en |quote=Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me , when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | During the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput rebellion of 1708]], Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after a period of 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharaja Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim their lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah. |
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===Jats=== |
===Jats=== |
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Jat leader [[Gokula]] daughter |
[[Jat]] leader [[Gokula]]'s son was made to convert to Islam by [[Aurangzeb]] and was given a new name Fadil. Gokula's daughter was converted and married to the Mughal nawab [[Shah Quli Khan (governor)|Shah Quli]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/TheStateReligionInMughalIndia|title=The State Religion In Mughal India|last=Roy Choudhry|first=M L|date=1951|publisher=Indian Publicity Society, Calcutta|pages=223|language=English|quote=Son of Gokül, the Jat leader, was converted; he became a Hafiz and was named Fadil. Gokül's daughter was converted and married to Shāh Qūli.}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]] |
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]] |
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Political marriages in India have occurred throughout the history.
Ancient times[edit]
Mauryan Empire[edit]
According to Appian, Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the Seleucid Empire with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and Bactria under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.[1] Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.[2]
R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added Arachosia (Kandahar), Gedrosia (Balochistan), and Paropamisadae (Gandhara).[1][3] According to Strabo, Seleucus Nicator gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants.[4] The details of the engagement treaty are not known.[5] However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian Puranic source, the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("Yavana") princess, daughter of Seleucus.[6] The Mahavamsa also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as Suvarnnaksi) in marriage to Chandragupta.[7]
Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the Battle of Ipsus.[8][9][10] In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched Megasthenes as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later Antiochos sent Deimakos to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.[1]
Gupta Empire[edit]
Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi. Licchavi is the name of an ancient clan that was headquartered at Vaishali in present-day Bihar during the time of Gautama Buddha. A Lichchhavi kingdom existed in the present-day Nepal in the first millennium CE. However, the identity of Kumaradevi's Lichchhavi kingdom is not certain.[11]: 12
Samudragupta's inscription mentions that several kings tried to please him by attending on him personally; offering him their daughters in marriage (or, according to another interpretation, gifting him maidens[12]: 125 ); and seeking the use of the Garuda-depicting Gupta seal for administering their own territories.[13]: 168 These kings included "Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi, Shaka-Murundas, and the rulers of the island countries such as Simhala".[14]: 343 [15]: 77–78
Chandragupta II married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the Naga dynasty, which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.[11]: 60
Kumaragupta I was married to Anantadevi. According to historian R. N. Dandekar, Anantadevi was a Kadamba princess. The Talagunda pillar inscription suggests that the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.[15]: 174
Medieval period[edit]
Vakataka dynasty[edit]
Rudrasena II the ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the Vakataka dynasty married Prabhavatigupta, the daughter of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II[16]: 91
Narendrasena of the Vakataka dynasty was married to a "daughter of a king of Kuntala" named Ajjhitabhattarika, she is purported to be the daughter of Kadamba king Kakusthavarman, who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families.[17][18]: 106
Madhava Varma II of the Vishnukundina dynasty,married the daughter of Prithivishena II after subduing him.[19]
Rashtrakuta dynasty[edit]
The Rashtrakuta ruler, Amoghavarsha I got his daughter Chandrabbalabbe married to Ganga dynasty prince Butuga I. This marriage sealed the alliance between the Ganga dynasty and the Rashtrakutas.[20]: 119
Amoghavarsha III was married to a Kalachuri princess named Kundakadevi. He also had a daughter named Revakanimmadi married to Western Ganga King Butuga II.[21][22]: 44
Satavahana dynasty[edit]
Simuka in order to overthrow the Kanvas, forged an alliance with Ambhiya chief Tranakayiro Kalalaya, by marrying his son Satakarni to Tranakayira's daughter Nayanika, this paved the way for the foundation of Satavahana rule over most of Southern India.[23]
In an effort to end the hostilities with the Western Satraps, Vashishtiputra Satakarni, the younger son of Gautamiputra Satakarni married the daughter of Rudradaman I. The region of Aparanta was conceded by Rudradaman to Vashishtiputra Satakarni as dowry. Despite their marital ties, at least two wars occurred between them, during which the Satavahanas were defeated. Rudradaman, however spared the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni, primarily because of their familial relationship.[24][25][26]: 172–176
Chalukya dynasty[edit]
Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman II was married to a sister of the Sendraka king Shri-vallabha Senanada, who swore allegiance to the Chalukyas after Kirttivarman's conquest of the Kadamba kingdom.[27]: 41
Pulakeshin married the daughter of the Ganga ruler Durvinita,[27]: 76 she became the mother of Pulakeshin's son Vikramaditya I.[27]: 77 In return Shilabhattarika, a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a grandson of Durvinita.[27]: 77 [28] Pulakeshin II also married an Alupa princess named Kadamba Devi after subduing them.[29] : 112
Chalukyas of Vatapi[edit]
The Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya I, entered into a marital alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty by marrying Gangamahadevi.[30]: 242
Vijayaditya I's son Vishnuvardhana IV was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter Silamahadevi to the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha.[31]: 395
Western Chalukyas[edit]
Ayyana I, was married to the daughter of Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna II. This marriage raised the Chalukya family's political status.[32] Ayyana I's descendant Vikramaditya IV, married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja[33] Tailapa II married Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position.[34]: 229 [22]: 100–101
Bhillama III, a vassal king of the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri rebelled against Jayasimha II, Jayasimha successfully dealt with the rebellion and managed to recover all of his lost territories by 1024 c. Bhillama III later married Avalladevi, the daughter of Jayasimha II as an act of peace.[35]: 383 [36]: 102
Vikramaditya VI married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters , establishing a temporary truce between the two kingdoms.[37]: 171–172 He also dealt with revolting Kadamba feudatory by marrying off his daughter Maila Devi to the Kadamba King Jayakeshi II.[22]: 105
Seuna dynasty[edit]
Seuna ruler Vaddiga I was married to Vaddiyavve or Vohivayya, daughter of Rashtrakuta chieftain Dhorappa who was a younger brother of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III. His descendant Bhillama II married Lachchiyavve, a Rashtrakuta princess. The wives of Vesugi and Bhillama III were Chalukya princesess.[22]: 136–137 [34]: 517
After Alauddin's conquest of Devagiri, Ramachandra got his daughter Jhatyapali married to Alauddin Khalji. She later became the mother of Alauddin's son and successor Shihab-ud-din Omar.[38]: 56–57
Guhila dynasty[edit]
Rawal Bharttripatta II married a Rashtrakuta princess named Mahalakshmi to forge an alliance against the Pratiharas .[39]: 50 His son, Rawal Allata entered into a matrimonial alliance with Hunas by marrying a Huna princess Hariyadevi.[39]: 52 Naravāhana , the son of Allata was married to princess Jejaya of the Chahamana family.[39]: 55
Vijayasimha got his daughter Syamaladevi married to the Parmara ruler Udayaditya, which ended the traditional animosity between the two houses.[40]: 528 Vijayasimha's daughter Alhaṇadevi later married the Kalachuri king Gayakarna.[41]: 495
Tejasimha was married to a Songira princess named Rupadevi. Songira records also maintain an account of Subali, a Guhila princess being married to a Songira chief named Rao Samantsimha. This was in contravention to the rigid clan hierarchy and the concept of hypergamy among the Rajputs.[42]: 63
Sisodias[edit]
According to bardic legends, Hammir Singh (1302–1364) is also said to have married a Songira princess named Songari Devi of Jalore.[42]: 63–64
Rao Mandalika III(1451 CE to 1472 CE) of Junagadh was married to Sisodia princess Ramavati ,who was Rana Kumbha’s daughter. The Guhilas maintained and reinforced their social ties with the Rajput rulers of Gujarat until the end of the fifteenth century.[42]: 63–64
Narain Das, the Raja of Bundi fought alongside Rana Raimal during his campaign against the sultan of Malwa. Raimal was impressed by Das's valour and got one of his nieces married to him.[43]: 513
The Decline of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century was marked by the onset of Rajput rebellions across the empire. In this struggle for dominance, the Ranas of Mewar were able to take advantage of Mewar’s history of resistance against the Mughals, exemplified by their refusal to enter any matrimonial alliance with them. Ranas of Mewar were also able to highlight their role as the defender of Rajput honor.[42] : 83
Rathores[edit]
According to Kanhadade Prabandha written in the 15th century by Padmanābha, Piroja, the daughter of Alauddin Khalji, fell in love with Viramadeva Songira of Jalore. Alauddin proposed to marry her to Viramadeva, but Viramadeva rejected the offer, triggering Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.[44]: 124–125
In 1395, Rao Chunda was approached by the Pratihars of Mandore, who proposed an alliance against the Tughlaq Empire. Chunda agreed and was married to a Pratihar princess. It was common practice to include villages and land in a Rajput princess's dowry,[42]: 154 as exemplified by Rao Chunda who received the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages in dowry.[45][43]: 379–80 his daughter, Hansa-bai, was later married to Rana Lakha of Mewar.[43]: 335
Rao Ranmal married multiple times, as was common among the Rajput elite.[43]: 380 He is known to have married Kodamde Bhatiyani, daughter of Ranigde, Rao of Pugal ,Bharmali, daughter of Chacha, son of Kshetra Singh, Rana of Mewar[43]: 337 and Rami Bai, daughter of Lalaji Songira of Nadol[46]
In 1438, Ranmal was assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha, this led to a period of hostility between the two houses. Eventually , peace was established after a marriage between Rao Jodha's daughter Shringar Devi and Rana Kumbha’s son, Raimal.[43]: 382
Rao Bika, the eponymous founder of the kingdom of Bikaner was married to Bhatiyani Rani Rang Kanwar, the daughter of Rao Shekha, the Bhati ruler of Pugal.[47]
In 1496, Maharana Rinmala married one of his daughters to the crown prince of Merta, Viramdev, who was a son of Rao Duda.[42]: 63 In 1537, Maldeo Rathore besieged Jaisalmer . Rawal Lunkaran was forced to sue for peace by marrying his daughter Umade Bhattiyani to Rathore.[48][42]: 24
In 1562, Akbar married the granddaughter of Rao Viramdev of Merta[49] On 15 November 1570, Rai Kalyan Singh got his daughter , Raj Kanwar married to Akbar.[50][51] In 1570, Akbar married Bhanumati, another niece of Rai Kalyan Singh of Bikaner[50] In 1570, Puram Bai, a great-granddaughter of Rao Viramdev was married to Akbar.[52][53] Akbar also married Rukmavati, daughter of Rao Maldeo through one of his concubines.[43]: 553 [54] On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim (Jahangir) to Princess Manavati Bai, the daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh took place.[55] Prince Salim married Karamsi, daughter of Kesho Das. (Rathore-Bikaner)[56]
In April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of Maharaja Gaj Singh Rathore of Marwar took place.[57][58] Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) married Lilavati Bai, daughter of Sakat Singh of |Marwar [59] In 1649, Mughal Emperor Shahjahan resolved the enmity between Rao Amar Singh and Maharaja Jaswant Singh by ordering the marriage of Jasiangde to Maharaja Jaswant Singh.[42]: 54
In 1654, the marriage of the daughter of Rao Amar Singh to Prince Suleiman Shikoh[60][61] In 1671, marriage between Mohammaduazzam (Bahadur Shah I) to Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of Kishangarh took place .[62]
On 27 September 1715, Farrukhsiyar married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Princess Indira Kanwar[63] In 1718, Ajit Singh of Marwar got his daughter married to the Raja of Jaipur, Sawai Jai Singh to garner his support in favour of Sayyid brothers in the Mughal court. Also in that same year, Sawai Jai Singh seeking to increase his influence in the Marwar 's court got his daughter married to the son of Maharaja Ajit Singh, Abhai Singh.[42]: 67 In 1729 Abhai Singh, the Rana of Marwar, subjugated various local chiefs. The prince of Sirohi chose to offer his daughter in marriage instead of resisting Abhai Singh. The practice of offering a daughter to resolve hostility was intended to secure peace and protect against potential attacks.[42]: 51
Kachwahas[edit]
In February 1562, Raja Bharmal, of Amer, and an early member of Akbar's court, allied with Akbar by marrying his daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani to him.[64]: 243 [65] During Akbar's reign, the incentive of marriage came from the Mughal side, Surjan Hada is known to have joined the alliance on the condition that Akbar would not marry any of his daughters, as such no marriage took place.[64] However, not all Rajputs accepted the offer to enter an alliance with Akbar. Both Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur and Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar refused to bow down to the emperor. Their resistance is attributed to their desire to remain independent, and in Rana Pratap's case, to his refusal to suffer the humiliation of sending a daughter to the imperial harem.[64] The scale of Rajput-Mughal marriages peaked during Akbar's reign. However, Akbar's successors abandoned the use of extensive matrimonial alliances, diminishing its political significance.[42]: 81–83
According to a legend, Tansen, the court musician and one of Akbar's Navaratnas married Mehrunissa, one of Akbar's daughters.[66][67]
Man Singh I's brother Chandrabhan Kachwaha was married to the daughter of Raja Puranmal of Gidhaur whose fort was easily conquered by the Kachwaha army.[68]: 77
Prince Salim's first and chief consort was the Kachwaha Rajput princess, daughter of Raja Bhagwant Das of the Kingdom of Amber Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji entitled Shah Begum, to whom he was betrothed in 16th year of his life.[69][42]: 81 [70][71]
On 5 July 1678, Azim-ush-Shan was married to Bai Jas Kaur, Kirat Singh's daughter, the son of Raja Jai Singh[72]
On 30 July 1681, Aurangzeb's son Kaam Baksh was married to Amarchand's daughter Kalyan Kumari of Manoharpur.[73]
During the Rajput rebellion of 1708, Sawai Jai Singh II re-established marital alliances with the state of Mewar after a period of 150 years by marrying the daughter of Maharaja Amar Singh II. He also married the daughter of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur in an effort to reclaim their lost territories and forge a unified coalition against Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah.[42]: 67 : 83
Bhatis[edit]
Udai Singh II was married to Dheer Bai Bhattiyani , a sister of Umade Bhattiyani.[43]: 462 According to an inscription from 1324 AD, Kshemasimha had his daughter Dulha Devi married to King Karna Deva of Jaisalmer.[43]: 372
Many Rajput clans converted to Islam over time, however their lifestyle did not differ greatly from their hindu counterparts. There have been many instances of intermarriages between muslim and hindu Rajputs for political reasons. For example, the marriage of the daughter of Ismail Khan , the ruler of Sind to Rao Kalan of Jaisalmer for consolidating his kingdom. Another instance can be seen in Chachi deo's (1448–62) marriage to the granddaughter of Shoomar Khan.[42]: 77–78
Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan submitted to Kelana, the ruler of Bhati Kingdom of Pugal by marrying off his daughter Zubeida as a part of the peace settlement.[42]: 77
In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh got his daughter Princess Nathi Bai married to Akbar [74][43][75] In 1587, Prince Salim married, Malika Jahan, daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh of Jaisalmer[76]
Jats[edit]
Jat leader Gokula's son was made to convert to Islam by Aurangzeb and was given a new name Fadil. Gokula's daughter was converted and married to the Mughal nawab Shah Quli.[77]
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There had been marriages between Rajput princess and Muslim rulers before this , but these were forced and unwilling ... ambitions of Emperor. On 13th February 1585 in marriage of Salim with Man Bai daughter of Bhagwant Das of Amber ...
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Salim's first wife was Rajakumari Man Bai, the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Das Kachwaha of Amber, a prominent Rajput prince who had done sterling service for Akbar. They had been married in February 1585 and the dowry alone, ...
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On Saturday , the 30th July , 1681 A.D. , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari , daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh , Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .
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Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me , when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.
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Son of Gokül, the Jat leader, was converted; he became a Hafiz and was named Fadil. Gokül's daughter was converted and married to Shāh Qūli.