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{{Short description|1954 treaty between the United States and the Republic of China}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox treaty
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty
| name = Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China
| long_name = Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China<BR>(中華民國與美利堅合眾國間共同防禦條約)
| long_name = Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China<br>{{nobold|{{lang|zh-tw|中華民國與美利堅合眾國間共同防禦條約}}}}
| rep = [[File:U.S. President Eisenhower visited TAIWAN 美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|300px|alt=While visiting [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] in June 1960, U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] waves to crowds Taiwanese people from an open car next to Chiang Kai-shek.]]
| rep = [[File:U.S. President Eisenhower visited TAIWAN 美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|300px|alt=While visiting [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] in June 1960, U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] waves to crowds Taiwanese people from an open car next to Chiang Kai-shek.]]
| image = <!-- Example.png -->
| image = <!-- Example.png -->
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| parties =
| parties =
*{{flag|United States|1960}}
*{{flag|United States|1960}}
*{{flag|Republic of China|name=China}} (Republic of)
*{{flag|Republic of China}}
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
| depositor = <!-- OR: -->
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}}
}}
{{Chinese|name=Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty|t=中美共同防禦條約|s=中美共同防御条约|p=Zhōng Měi Gòngtóng Fángyù Tiáoyuē}}
{{Chinese|name=Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty|t=中美共同防禦條約|s=中美共同防御条约|p=Zhōng Měi Gòngtóng Fángyù Tiáoyuē}}
The '''Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty''', formally '''Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China''' was a [[defense pact]] signed between the [[United States]] and the Republic of China (Taiwan) effective from 1955 to 1980. It essentially prevented the People's Republic of China from taking over the [[island of Taiwan]]. Some of its content was carried over to the [[Taiwan Relations Act]] of 1979.
The '''Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China''' (formally known as '''Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China'''), was a [[defense pact]] signed between the [[United States]] and the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (Taiwan) effective from 1955 to 1980. It was intended to defend the [[island of Taiwan]] from invasion by the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. Some of its content was carried over to the [[Taiwan Relations Act]] of 1979 after the failure of the ''[[Goldwater v. Carter]]'' lawsuit.


==Background==
==Background==
In the context of [[Cold War]] confrontation between [[capitalism|capitalist countries]] and [[communism|communist countries]] worldwide, the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty between the [[United States|United States of America]] and the [[Republic of China]] was intended to secure the [[island of Taiwan]] from potential invasion by the People's Republic of China in the aftermath of the [[Chinese Civil War]] on [[Mainland China]].
In the context of [[Cold War]] confrontation between [[capitalism|capitalist countries]] and [[communism|communist countries]] worldwide, the mutual defense treaty between the [[United States|United States of America]] and the [[Republic of China]] was intended to secure the [[island of Taiwan]] from potential invasion by the People's Republic of China in the aftermath of the [[Chinese Civil War]] on [[mainland China]].


Rather than taking a [[Multilateralism|multilateral approach]] to alliances and treaties in East Asia, as had been done in Europe with [[NATO]], the U.S. decided on a bilateral approach with its Asian allies (Japan, South Korea and Taiwan), known as the [[San Francisco System]] or hubs-and-spokes system. Because the politics in Asia ranged from [[Democracy|democratic]] to [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], it would be difficult to find a base for multilateral relations stemming from shared values. Furthermore, the countries in Asia were not perceived to face a single threat, unlike western Europe from the Soviet Union. It was therefore considered more beneficial to pursue [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cha|first=Victor D.|date=2010|title=Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance in Asia|doi=10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158|journal=International Security|volume=34|issue=3 (Winter 2009/10)|pages=161–162|s2cid=57566528}}</ref>
Rather than taking a [[Multilateralism|multilateral approach]] to alliances and treaties in East Asia, as had been done in Europe with [[NATO]], the U.S. decided on a bilateral approach with its Asian allies (Philippines, [[China (Republic of)]], Japan and South Korea), known as the [[San Francisco System]] or hubs-and-spokes system. Because the politics in Asia ranged from [[Democracy|democratic]] to [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], it would be difficult to find a base for multilateral relations stemming from shared values. Furthermore, Asian countries were not perceived to face a single threat, unlike Western Europe from the Soviet Union. It was therefore considered more beneficial to pursue [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cha|first=Victor D.|date=2010|title=Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance in Asia|doi=10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158|journal=International Security|volume=34|issue=3 (Winter 2009/10)|pages=161–162|s2cid=57566528}}</ref>


The treaty was signed on December 2, 1954, in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{citation |oclc=575035791 |title=American foreign policy. 1950–1955 basic documents. |author=United States Department of State. Historical Office. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. |publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off. |location=Washington| year=1957 |page=945 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015017671572?urlappend=%3Bseq=1011 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015017671572?urlappend=%3Bseq=1011 |quote=DONE in duplicate, in the English and Chinese languages, at Washington on this second day of December of the Year One Thousand Nine Hundred and Fifty-four, corresponding to the second day of the twelfth month of the Forty-third year of the Republic of China.}}</ref> and [[Coming into force|came into force]] on March 3, 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp|title=Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954|website=avalon.law.yale.edu|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055449/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp|archive-date=March 10, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
The treaty was signed on December 2, 1954, in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>{{citation |oclc=575035791 |title=American foreign policy. 1950–1955 basic documents. |author=United States Department of State. Historical Office. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. |publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off. |location=Washington| year=1957 |page=945 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015017671572?urlappend=%3Bseq=1011 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015017671572?urlappend=%3Bseq=1011 |quote=DONE in duplicate, in the English and Chinese languages, at Washington on this second day of December of the Year One Thousand Nine Hundred and Fifty-four, corresponding to the second day of the twelfth month of the Forty-third year of the Republic of China.}}</ref> and [[Coming into force|came into force]] on March 3, 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp|title=Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954|website=avalon.law.yale.edu|access-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055449/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp|archive-date=March 10, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>


The treaty prolonged and assisted the Republic of China in asserting legitimacy as the sole government of the whole of mainland China until the early 1970s. During the Cold War, the treaty also helped US policymakers to shape the [[containment|policy of containment]] in East Asia together with South Korea and Japan against the potential spread of communism.
The treaty supported the Republic of China in asserting legitimacy as the sole government of the whole of mainland China until the early 1970s. During the Cold War, the treaty also helped US policymakers to shape the [[containment|policy of containment]] in East Asia together with South Korea and Japan against the potential spread of communism.


==Obligations==
==Obligations==
[[File:Badge of the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC, 1955-1979).svg|thumb|The Badge of the [[United States Taiwan Defense Command]] (USTDC, 1955-1979)]]
[[File:Badge of the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC, 1955-1979).svg|thumb|The Badge of the [[United States Taiwan Defense Command]] (USTDC, 1955–1979)]]
[[File:US MAAG Taiwan Badge.svg|thumb|The Badge of [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|MAAG,Taiwan]] (1951-1979)]]
[[File:US MAAG Taiwan Badge.svg|thumb|The Badge of [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|MAAG, Taiwan]] (1951–1979)]]
The treaty consists of ten main articles. The content of the treaty included the provision that if one country came under attack, the other would aid and provide military support.
The treaty consisted of ten main articles. The content of the treaty included the provision that if one country came under attack, the other would aid and provide military support.


The treaty was limited in application to the defense of the [[island of Taiwan]] and the [[Pescadores]] only. [[Kinmen]] and [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] were not protected by this treaty. Therefore, the US stood aside during the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]. The treaty also discouraged the Republic of China from initiating any military action against mainland China, since only Taiwan and Pescadores were included and unilateral military actions not supported.
The treaty was limited in application to the defense of the [[island of Taiwan]] and the [[Pescadores]] only. [[Kinmen]] and [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] were not protected by this treaty. Therefore, the US stood aside during the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]. The treaty also discouraged the Republic of China from initiating any military action against mainland China, since only Taiwan and Pescadores were included, and unilateral military actions were not supported.


From the viewpoint of US Senate, in conjunction with the ratification of the MDT, a report issued Feb. 8, 1955, by the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] specified: "It is the view of the committee that the coming into force of the present treaty will not modify or affect the existing legal status of Formosa and the Pescadores."
From the viewpoint of the US Senate, in conjunction with the ratification of the MDT, a report issued Feb. 8, 1955, by the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] specified: "It is the view of the committee that the coming into force of the present treaty will not modify or affect the existing legal status of Formosa and the Pescadores."


To avoid any possibility of misunderstanding on this aspect of the treaty, the committee decided it would be useful to include in this report the following statement:
To avoid any possibility of misunderstanding on this aspect of the treaty, the committee decided it would be useful to include in this report the following statement:


''It is the understanding of the Senate that nothing in the treaty shall be construed as affecting or modifying the legal status or sovereignty of the territories to which it applies.''<ref>Appendix 17—Report on Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China, U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations (1955) [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112311/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores |date=October 18, 2017 }}</ref>
''It is the understanding of the Senate that nothing in the treaty shall be construed as affecting or modifying the legal status or sovereignty of the territories to which it applies.''<ref>Appendix 17—Report on Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China, U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations (1955) [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112311/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores|date=October 18, 2017}}</ref>


==Impact==
==Impact==
# The relationship between the US and the Soviet Union has eased, and the US does not support a "counterattack on the mainland." The Republic of China Armed Forces continued to counterattack on a small scale, with more defeats and less victory. As a result, the national army missed three major opportunities (the Great Leap Forward in 1958, the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962, and the Cultural Revolution in 1966), which completely stifled the hope of the Republic of China government to counterattack the mainland.
The relationship between the US and the Soviet Union had eased, and the US did not support a "counterattack on the mainland." The Republic of China Armed Forces continued to counterattack on a small scale, with more defeats and fewer victories. As a result, the national army missed three major opportunities (the Great Leap Forward in 1958, the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962, and the Cultural Revolution in 1966), which completely stifled the hope of the Republic of China's government to counterattack the mainland.
# The benefits of this treaty are not limited to Taiwan and the United States, but extend to the entire Western Pacific, which is slightly different from the [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan|US-Japan Cooperation and Security Treaty]] and the [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)|US–Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty]].
# The basic spirit of this treaty is anti-Communist. It not only assists in defense of Taiwan in military force, but also prevents communism from infiltrating Taiwan.
⚫
# The treaty stipulates that, in addition to self-defense, military actions taken by the Republic of China on Taiwan against mainland China should also comply with restrictions agreed by the United States. Truman restored the policy of neutrality across the Taiwan Strait to a certain extent.
⚫
# Prevent the CCP from attacking Taiwan and establish the situation of long-term division of both sides of the Taiwan Strait. U.S. troops stationed in Taiwan to establish military security to ensure Taiwan’s development and turn Taiwan’s crisis into peace.
# The nature of this treaty includes political, military, economic and social welfare, and it is a multi-purpose treaty.


⚫
The benefits of this treaty were not limited to Taiwan and the United States. Still, they extended to the entire Western Pacific, which is slightly different from the US-Japan Cooperation and Security Treaty and the US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty.   The treaty stipulated that, in addition to self-defense, military actions taken by the Republic of China on Taiwan against mainland China should also comply with restrictions agreed by the United States. Truman restored the policy of neutrality across the Taiwan Strait to a certain extent.  
⚫
==Termination==
⚫
Although the treaty had no time limit, Article 10 of the treaty stipulated that either party can terminate the treaty one year after notifying the other party. Accordingly, the treaty came to an end on January 1st, 1980, one year after the United States established [[Sino-American relations|diplomatic relations]] with the [[People's Republic of China]] on January 1st, 1979.


⚫
The treaty prevented the CCP from attacking Taiwan and established the situation of long-term division of both sides of the Taiwan Strait. U.S. troops were stationed in Taiwan to establish military security to ensure Taiwan’s development and turn Taiwan’s crisis into peace.  
⚫
The authority for President [[Jimmy Carter]] to unilaterally annul a treaty, in this case the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, was the topic of the Supreme Court case ''[[Goldwater v. Carter]]'' in which the court declined to rule on the legality of this action on jurisdictional grounds, thereby allowing it to proceed.

⚫
== Termination ==
⚫
Although the treaty had no time limit, Article 10 of the treaty stipulated that either party could terminate the treaty one year after notifying the other party. Accordingly, the treaty came to an end on January 1, 1980, one year after the United States established [[Sino-American relations|diplomatic relations]] with the [[People's Republic of China]] on January 1, 1979.

⚫
The authority for President [[Jimmy Carter]] to unilaterally annul a treaty, in this case, America's treaty with the Republic of China, was the topic of the Supreme Court case ''[[Goldwater v. Carter]]'' in which the court declined to rule on the legality of this action on jurisdictional grounds, thereby allowing it to proceed.


==Taiwan Relations Act==
==Taiwan Relations Act==
{{Main|Taiwan Relations Act}}
{{Main|Taiwan Relations Act}}
Shortly after the United States' recognition of the People's Republic of China, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Taiwan Relations Act]]. Some of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty's content survives in the Act; for example the definition of "Taiwan". It falls short of promising Taiwan direct military assistance in case of an invasion, however.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html |title=American Institute in Taiwan – Taiwan Relations Act |access-date=August 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815173437/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html |archive-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Shortly after the United States recognized the People's Republic of China, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Taiwan Relations Act]]. Some of the treaty's content survives in the Act; for example, the definition of "Taiwan". However, it falls short of promising Taiwan direct military assistance in case of an invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html |title=American Institute in Taiwan – Taiwan Relations Act |access-date=August 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815173437/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html |archive-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

* [[Battle of Kuningtou]]
* [[Political Status of Taiwan]]
* [[Battle of Guningtou]]
* [[Political status of Taiwan]]
* [[Sino-American Cooperative Organization]], during World War II
* [[United States Taiwan Defense Command]]
* [[Taiwan Relations Act]]
* [[Taiwan Relations Act]]
* [[Taiwan Travel Act]] of 2018
* [[Taiwan Travel Act]] of 2018
Line 88: Line 91:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikisource|Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China}}
*[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp#art1 Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States of America and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954]
*[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp#art1 Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States of America and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954]


Line 94: Line 98:


[[Category:Cold War treaties]]
[[Category:Cold War treaties]]
[[Category:Cold War alliances and military strategy]]
[[Category:Taiwan–United States military relations]]
[[Category:Taiwan–United States military relations]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1954]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1954]]

Latest revision as of 14:58, 3 June 2024

Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China
中華民國與美利堅合眾國間共同防禦條約
While visiting Taipei, Taiwan in June 1960, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower waves to crowds Taiwanese people from an open car next to Chiang Kai-shek.
Five years after the agreement is signed, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower greets crowds in Taipei while on parade with Republic of China leader Chiang Kai-shek.
TypeDefense Treaty
Signed2 December 1954
LocationWashington, D.C.
Effective3 March 1955
Expiry31 December 1979
Parties
Citations6 U.S.T. 433; T.I.A.S. No. 3178
Languages
Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China
Traditional Chinese中美共同防禦條約
Simplified Chinese中美共同防御条约

The Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China (formally known as Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China), was a defense pact signed between the United States and the Republic of China (Taiwan) effective from 1955 to 1980. It was intended to defend the island of Taiwan from invasion by the People's Republic of China. Some of its content was carried over to the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 after the failure of the Goldwater v. Carter lawsuit.

Background[edit]

In the context of Cold War confrontation between capitalist countries and communist countries worldwide, the mutual defense treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China was intended to secure the island of Taiwan from potential invasion by the People's Republic of China in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War on mainland China.

Rather than taking a multilateral approach to alliances and treaties in East Asia, as had been done in Europe with NATO, the U.S. decided on a bilateral approach with its Asian allies (Philippines, China (Republic of), Japan and South Korea), known as the San Francisco System or hubs-and-spokes system. Because the politics in Asia ranged from democratic to authoritarian, it would be difficult to find a base for multilateral relations stemming from shared values. Furthermore, Asian countries were not perceived to face a single threat, unlike Western Europe from the Soviet Union. It was therefore considered more beneficial to pursue bilateral relations.[1]

The treaty was signed on December 2, 1954, in Washington, D.C.,[2] and came into force on March 3, 1955.[3]

The treaty supported the Republic of China in asserting legitimacy as the sole government of the whole of mainland China until the early 1970s. During the Cold War, the treaty also helped US policymakers to shape the policy of containment in East Asia together with South Korea and Japan against the potential spread of communism.

Obligations[edit]

The Badge of the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC, 1955–1979)
The Badge of MAAG, Taiwan (1951–1979)

The treaty consisted of ten main articles. The content of the treaty included the provision that if one country came under attack, the other would aid and provide military support.

The treaty was limited in application to the defense of the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores only. Kinmen and Matsu were not protected by this treaty. Therefore, the US stood aside during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. The treaty also discouraged the Republic of China from initiating any military action against mainland China, since only Taiwan and Pescadores were included, and unilateral military actions were not supported.

From the viewpoint of the US Senate, in conjunction with the ratification of the MDT, a report issued Feb. 8, 1955, by the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations specified: "It is the view of the committee that the coming into force of the present treaty will not modify or affect the existing legal status of Formosa and the Pescadores."

To avoid any possibility of misunderstanding on this aspect of the treaty, the committee decided it would be useful to include in this report the following statement:

It is the understanding of the Senate that nothing in the treaty shall be construed as affecting or modifying the legal status or sovereignty of the territories to which it applies.[4]

Impact[edit]

The relationship between the US and the Soviet Union had eased, and the US did not support a "counterattack on the mainland." The Republic of China Armed Forces continued to counterattack on a small scale, with more defeats and fewer victories. As a result, the national army missed three major opportunities (the Great Leap Forward in 1958, the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962, and the Cultural Revolution in 1966), which completely stifled the hope of the Republic of China's government to counterattack the mainland.

The benefits of this treaty were not limited to Taiwan and the United States. Still, they extended to the entire Western Pacific, which is slightly different from the US-Japan Cooperation and Security Treaty and the US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty.   The treaty stipulated that, in addition to self-defense, military actions taken by the Republic of China on Taiwan against mainland China should also comply with restrictions agreed by the United States. Truman restored the policy of neutrality across the Taiwan Strait to a certain extent.  

The treaty prevented the CCP from attacking Taiwan and established the situation of long-term division of both sides of the Taiwan Strait. U.S. troops were stationed in Taiwan to establish military security to ensure Taiwan’s development and turn Taiwan’s crisis into peace.  

Termination[edit]

Although the treaty had no time limit, Article 10 of the treaty stipulated that either party could terminate the treaty one year after notifying the other party. Accordingly, the treaty came to an end on January 1, 1980, one year after the United States established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on January 1, 1979.

The authority for President Jimmy Carter to unilaterally annul a treaty, in this case, America's treaty with the Republic of China, was the topic of the Supreme Court case Goldwater v. Carter in which the court declined to rule on the legality of this action on jurisdictional grounds, thereby allowing it to proceed.

Taiwan Relations Act[edit]

Main article: Taiwan Relations Act

Shortly after the United States recognized the People's Republic of China, the U.S. Congress passed the Taiwan Relations Act. Some of the treaty's content survives in the Act; for example, the definition of "Taiwan". However, it falls short of promising Taiwan direct military assistance in case of an invasion.[5]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Cha, Victor D. (2010). "Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance in Asia". International Security. 34 (3 (Winter 2009/10)): 161–162. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158. S2CID 57566528.
  2. ^ United States Department of State. Historical Office. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. (1957), American foreign policy. 1950–1955 basic documents., Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., p. 945, hdl:2027/mdp.39015017671572, OCLC 575035791, DONE in duplicate, in the English and Chinese languages, at Washington on this second day of December of the Year One Thousand Nine Hundred and Fifty-four, corresponding to the second day of the twelfth month of the Forty-third year of the Republic of China.
  3. ^ "Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954". avalon.law.yale.edu. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
  4. ^ Appendix 17—Report on Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China, U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations (1955) [1] Archived October 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "American Institute in Taiwan – Taiwan Relations Act". Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012.

External links[edit]

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