Imleria badia: Difference between revisions

*Imleria badia*
Mycological characteristics
Imleria badia Mycological characteristics
	Pores on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnate
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is olive to olive-brown
	Ecology is mycorrhizal
	Edibility is choice

Imleria badia
	I. badia under beech and oak
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Boletales
Family:	Boletaceae
Genus:	Imleria
Species:	I. badia
Binomial name
	Imleria badia; (Fr.) Vizzini (2014)
Synonyms
	Boletus castaneus ß badius Fr. (1818); Boletus castaneus var. badius (Fr.) Fr. (1828); Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. (1832); Rostkovites badia (Fr.) P.Karst. (1881); Viscipellis badia (Fr.) Quél. (1886); Ixocomus badius (Fr.) Quél. (1888); Suillus badius (Fr.) Kuntze (1898); Xerocomus badius (Fr.) E.-J.Gilbert (1931);

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Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay- or chestnut-coloured cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to 15 cm (6 in). On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical stipe, measuring 4–9 cm (1+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) long by 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some varieties have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic morphology.

First described scientifically by Elias Fries in 1818, the bay bolete was reclassified as Xerocomus badius in 1931, and it is still listed thus in several sources. Modern molecular phylogenetic studies show Xerocomus to be polyphyletic (not descended from the same common ancestor), and the bay bolete is not particularly closely related to species in that genus. Often considered a poor relation of the cep (Boletus edulis), I. badia is nevertheless regarded as a choice edible mushroom by some authors, such as food expert Antonio Carluccio, and is sold in markets in Europe and central Mexico. Its mushrooms are less often infested by maggots than other boletes. Several European studies have demonstrated that the mushroom can bioaccumulate some trace metals from the soil, such as mercury, cobalt, and nickel. Additionally, the mushroom contains a pigment that concentrates radioactive caesium; specimens collected in Europe following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster contained several times more caesium-137 than those collected before the incident.

Taxonomy[edit]

The bay bolete was first named as Boletus castaneus ß badius (i.e. a subspecies of Boletus castaneus) by Elias Magnus Fries in 1818.^{[nb 1]} Fries later renamed it as a variety of Boletus castaneus in 1828,^[3] before assigning it distinct species status in his 1832 work Elenchus Fungorum.^[4] The fungus has been transferred to several genera in its taxonomic history: Rostkovites by Petter Karsten in 1881;^[5] Viscipellis and Ixocomus by Lucien Quélet in 1886 and 1888, respectively;^[6]^[7] and Suillus by Otto Kuntze in 1898.^[8] In 1931, Edouard-Jean Gilbert reclassified it in the genus Xerocomus,^[9] and many sources still list it thus.^[10] Review of Xerocomus strongly suggested it was polyphyletic, and the genus was not accepted by some mycologists. The stickiness of its wet cap distinguishes the species from others classified in Xerocomus, and hence it was left in Boletus until Alfredo Vizzini placed it in its own genus in 2014.^[11]^[12] Genetic analysis published in 2013 shows that Imleria badia is related to B. pallidus and B. glabellus; the three species form a clade known informally as the badius clade within a larger group (informally called anaxoboletus) in the suborder Boletineae. Other clades within the group include the Tylopilus, porcini (= Boletus sensu stricto) and Strobilomyces clades, as well as two other groups composed of members of various genera including Xerocomus (the taxa designated as Xerocomus species in this clade are not Xerocomus species and require new taxonomic designations) and Xerocomellus.^[13]

Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay cap colour.

The species Boletus limatulus, originally published by Charles Christopher Frost in 1874,^[14] was later redescribed, "with a slight tinge of irritation at the time, energy and gasoline spent", as a variety of I. badia by Wally Snell in 1945 (as Xerocomus badius var. limatulus).^[15] The taxon name comes from the Latin limatulus, "rather polished" or "refined".^[16] Varieties glaber and macrostipitatus were described from Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1976.^[17]

The starting date of fungal taxonomy had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries, the "father of mycology". Rolf Singer argued that setting the starting date earlier to Christiaan Persoon's 1801 publication of Synopsis would make a name change necessary, as he had originally given what is now known as Royoporus badius the combination Boletus badius Pers. and if the bay bolete was classified in the genus Boletus, the name would be unavailable and the names Boletus glutinosus Krombh. or B. spadiceus Krombh. (non Fr.) would have to be used instead.^[18]

The species name is the Latin adjective badia, meaning "chestnut brown".^[19] The common name is likewise derived from the colour of the cap, likened to the coat of a bay horse. Alternate common names of a similar derivation include bay-brown bolete and bay-capped bolete,^[20] and it is known as bolet bai in French.^[21] It is also known as the false cep.^[20] Variety glaber was named for its smooth (Latin: glaber, "without hairs") stipe, and macrostipitatus for its large (Latin: macro, "large") stipe.^[17]

Description[edit]

The pore surface stains bluish-grey when injured.

Imleria badia fruit bodies have a chestnut to dark brown cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter of up to 15 cm (6 in). The cap margin is acute, and cap surface velvety when young and slightly sticky when wet or old.^[21] The cap cuticle is difficult to separate from the flesh underneath.^[22] On the cap undersurface, the pores are initially cream to pale yellow, but become greenish yellow or olive with age. They stain dull blue to bluish-grey when bruised or cut, and are easily removed from the flesh.^[21] The pores are initially circular, becoming more angular with age,^[23] and number about one or two per millimetre. The tubes are 0.8–1.5 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long,^[24] and are adnate to depressed around the area of attachment to the stipe.^[25]

The flesh is mostly whitish or yellowish in some places; underneath the cap cuticle, it is brownish-pink or reddish brown.^[26] Initially firm, it begins to soften under the cap in older mushrooms.^[20] In some parts of the cap, such as the junction of the cap and the stipe,^[22] the flesh stains pale blue when injured or exposed to air, particularly in damp weather.^[20] This change is sometimes faint,^[21] and not persistent, as it eventually reverts to its original colour.^[22] The stipe is 4–9 cm (1+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) long by 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) thick, and is similar in colour to the cap but paler, and sometimes with a rose-coloured tinge.^[24] Its surface has faint longitudinal ridges, a fine powdering,^[17] and fine reticulations (a net-like pattern of ridges) at the apex.^[25] It often has a whitish region at the base^[24] and the top,^[22] and white mycelium at the base.^[17] Unlike the bulbous stipe of many other boletes, the stipe of B. badius remains relatively slim and cylindrical.^[27] The flesh of the stipe gets tougher with age.^[20] Its smell has been described as fruity.^[21]

The spore print is olive to olive-brown.^[25] The smooth spores are somewhat oblong to slightly ventricose (fattened in the middle), and measure 10–14 by 4–5 μm.^[24] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 25–35 by 8–10 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the faces of the tubes) are fuse-shaped and ventricose, with dimensions of 50–60 by 10–14 μm.^[23]

Variety B. b. macrostipitatus differs from the main form by its grey-orange cap, shorter stipe measuring 5–7 cm (2–3 in), longer spores (15–18 by 4–5 μm), and longer pleurocystidia (30–55 by 10–14 μm).^[24] The variety B. b. glaber has a smooth (glabrous) stipe, and smaller pleurocystidia (35–40 by 10–15 μm) and cheilocystidia (25–30 by 9–12 μm).^[17]

Several chemical tests can be used to help identify the mushroom. A drop of ammonium hydroxide solution turns the cap cuticle a greenish to bluish colour. Application of iron(II) sulphate solution causes the flesh to stain a dull bluish-green, while the pores turn golden brown with a drop of dilute potassium hydroxide.^[24]

Similar species[edit]

The similar colouration may cause confusion with Boletus projectellus, but the latter species is usually more robust, and has a reticulated stipe. Additionally, B. projectellus has the largest spores in the Boletaceae, up to about 30 μm in diameter. Another lookalike is Austroboletus gracilis, but this species does not have a blue bruising reaction, and its pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish.^[28] Compared to I. badia, B. subtomentosus fruit bodies have narrower stipes, paler brown, dry caps,^[29] and wider pores that do not stain blue on bruising. This latter species is not as good to eat.^[20] In western North America, I. badia is replaced by the similar B. zelleri, which also grows both on the ground and on rotten wood.^[30] The European species Xerocomus bubalinus can be mistaken for I. badia, but it has a paler yellow-brown cap flushed with pinkish-red, and is not sticky when wet.^[31]

Ecology, distribution and habitat[edit]

The mushrooms often appear in huge numbers, allowing for large collections.

Although the bay bolete is predominantly a mycorrhizal species, it does have some saprophytic tendencies and may be able to use this lifestyle in certain circumstances.^[22] The ectomycorrhizae formed between I. badia and spruce (Picea abies) have active hyphal sheaths and a higher potential to store nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc than other mycorrhizal types, indicating the fungus is well adapted to acidic stands and its mycorrhizae are very efficient in uptake and storage of macronutrients.^[32] Mycorrhizae with Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) have also been described.^[33]

The bay bolete is common in coniferous and less commonly mixed woodlands in Europe, from the British Isles, where it is abundant throughout from August to November,^[34] east to the Black Sea Region in Turkey.^[35] In Asia, the species has been recorded from Jordan^[36] mainland China,^[37] and Taiwan.^[23] The North American distribution extends from eastern Canada west to Minnesota and south to North Carolina, where the mushroom fruits from July to November.^[38] It also grows in central Mexico.^[39] The variety B. b. macrostipitatus is found from eastern Canada south to Maine and New York state,^[24] while variety B. b. glaber is known from the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone of eastern Canada.^[40] Fruit bodies appear singly or scattered on the ground, or on decaying tree stumps, and can be well hidden by pine needles and ferns. Fruiting tends to peak three or four days after rain during warm weather.^[41] They can be prolific, especially in highland areas that are humid and shady.^[22] It is commonly found under white pine, spruce, and hemlock,^[26] and also occurs under deciduous trees, especially beech.^[22] It can also occur in grassy or mossy areas at or near forest margins;^[21] Italian restaurateur and cook Antonio Carluccio recalled picking them in the grounds of Blenheim Palace.^[41] It does not occur on calcareous (chalky) soils.^[27]

I. badia fruit bodies are less affected by insects than other boletes.^[28] Orbatid mites such as Carabodes femoralis, Nothrus silvestris and Oribatula tibialis eat them,^[42] as do squirrels.^[41] Several microbial pathogens can damage the fruit bodies, and have had an effect on populations in China, including soft rot caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and black mould caused by Mucor, Sepedonium, Paecilomyces, and Diasporangium species.^[37]

Uses[edit]

Often considered a poor relation of the cep (Boletus edulis), the bay bolete is nevertheless highly regarded as a choice edible mushroom by some authors such as Carluccio. In central Mexico, it is collected from Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park and sold in neighbouring markets.^[39] It may cause an allergic reaction in some people,^[43] and the blue discolouration upon bruising can be offputting,^[41] although the staining disappears from white flesh when it is cooked.^[44] The flavour is milder than its better-known relative. Younger specimens are best for eating, though more mature ones can be suitable for cutting up and drying. The tendency for the pores to absorb water means that wiping rather than washing is recommended before use in the kitchen.^[41] Unlike most boletes, I. badia can be eaten raw (though only young mushrooms should be used). Otherwise it can be fried in butter, or used with meat or fish recipes. Mushrooms can also be frozen, dried,^[41] or pickled in cider vinegar, wine, or extra virgin olive oil,^[45] and later used in sauces or soups.^[41]

The fruit bodies can be used to make mushroom dyes. Depending on the mordant used, colours ranging from yellow, orange, gold, and green-brown can be obtained. Without mordant, a yellow colour is produced.^[46]

Research[edit]

In laboratory experiments, extracts of I. badia fruit bodies have been shown to have significant antioxidative properties in vitro.^[47] Fruit bodies contain the compound theanine,^[48] an amino acid and a glutamic acid analogue found in green tea.^[49] Efforts have been made to establish a protocol for producing theanine by growing the fungus mycelium using submerged fermentation.^[50] Several indole compounds have been detected in fruit bodies. Unprocessed mushrooms contain tryptophan (0.68 mg per 100 g dry weight), tryptamine (0.47), serotonin (0.52), kynurenine sulphate (1.96), and kynurenic acid (1.57). Due to their temperature sensitivity, cooking significantly changes the contents and composition of indole compounds: cooked mushrooms contained tryptophan (1.74 mg/100 g dw), 5-methyltryptophan (6.55), melatonin (0.71), and indoleacetonitrile (2.07).^[51] Fruit body extracts have been shown to slow the growth of certain tumour cell lines in cell culture.^[49]^[52]

Polish studies found that although the mushroom bioaccumulates mercury and cobalt from the soil, occasional consumption of mushrooms should not cause maximum allowable intake doses to be exceeded.^[53]^[54] Similar conclusions about safety were made in a Polish study of the mushroom's ability to accumulate organochlorine compounds.^[55] Different methods of preparation for consumption affect the leaching rate of cadmium, lead, and mercury.^[56] After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, several studies showed I. badia bioaccumulates radioactive caesium, ¹³⁷Cs.^[57] ¹³⁷Cs is produced in nuclear power plants following the chain decay of ²³⁵U to ¹³⁷Te, and has a half-life of thirty years. A German study showed that mushrooms collected from 1986 to 1988 had radiocaesium contents that were 8.3 to 13.6 times greater than mushrooms collected before the accident in 1985.^[58] This caesium-sequestering effect is caused by a brown pigment, the polyphenol compound norbadione A, which is related to a family of mushroom pigments known as pulvinic acids.^[59] Norbadione A has been investigated for its ability to provide a protective effect against the damaging effects of ionizing radiation. Tests with cell cultures and mice show that although it has some protective effect, it is toxic to cells in higher doses.^[60] A new series of alkali chelators based on the structure of norbadione A has been reported.^[61] The mushroom may have potential as a bioremediation agent to clean up contaminated sites.^[62]

Notes[edit]

^ Though he wrote, "forte distincta species; sed ex unico a me viso specimine distinguere potui, neque debui" (Perhaps a distinct species, but I could not state it definitely from the only specimen I have seen, nor should I.)

References[edit]

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^ Svoboda L, Kalac P, Spicka J, Janouskova D (2002). "Leaching of cadmium, lead and mercury from fresh and differently preserved edible mushroom, Xerocomus badius, during soaking and boiling". Food Chemistry. 79 (1): 41–45. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00175-9.
^ Elstner EF, Fink R, Höll W, Lengfelder E, Ziegler H (1987). "Natural and Chernobyl-caused radioactivity in mushrooms, mosses and soil-samples of defined biotops in SW Bavaria". Oecologia. 73 (1): 553–58. Bibcode:1987Oecol..73..553E. doi:10.1007/bf00379415. JSTOR 4218406. PMID 28311973. S2CID 6354011.
^ Paulus W, Reisinger A (1990). "Die Auswirkungen des Reaktorunfalls von Tschernobyl auf den Gehalt an radioaktivem Cäsium in den Fruchtkörpern der Mykorrhizapilzarten Lactarius rufus und Xerocomus badius im Fichtelgebirge" [The influence of the Chernobyl accident on radiocesium content in fruitbodies of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Lactarius rufus and Xerocomus badius collected in the Fichtelgebirge, East Germany] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 56 (2): 279–84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
^ Aumann DC, Clooth G, Steffan B, Steglich W (1989). "Complexation of cesium-137 by the cap pigments of the bay boletus (Xerocomus badius)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28 (4): 453–54. doi:10.1002/anie.198904531.
^ Le Roux A, Josset E, Benzina S, Nadal B, Desage-El Murr M, Heurtaux B, Taran F, Denis J-M, Le Gall T, Meunier S, Bischoff P (2012). "Evaluation of the radioprotective potential of the polyphenol norbadione A". Letters in Drug Design & Discovery. 9 (1): 48–53. doi:10.2174/157018012798192900.
^ Korovitch A, Le Roux A, Barbault F, Hémadi M, Ha-Duong N-T, Lion C, Wagner A, El Hage Chahine J-M (2013). "A new series of Cs⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ chelators: Synthesis, kinetics, thermodynamics and modeling". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 394: 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2012.08.009.
^ Stamets P. (2011). Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-60774-124-4.

External links[edit]

Media related to Imleria badia at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Imleria badia at Wikispecies
Imleria badia in Index Fungorum

[3] Though he wrote, "forte distincta species; sed ex unico a me viso specimine distinguere potui, neque debui" (Perhaps a distinct species, but I could not state it definitely from the only specimen I have seen, nor should I.)

[iucn-1] Dahlberg, A. (2022) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Imleria badia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T138329440A222969127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T138329440A222969127.en. Retrieved 2 July 2024.

[Fungorum_synonymy:_Boletus_badius-2] "Synonymy: Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr., Syst. mycol., Index alphab. (Lundae): 56 (1832)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-07-12.

[Fries_1828-4] Fries EM (1828). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Greifswald: Ernestus Mauritius. p. 126.

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[Svoboda_2002-57] Svoboda L, Kalac P, Spicka J, Janouskova D (2002). "Leaching of cadmium, lead and mercury from fresh and differently preserved edible mushroom, Xerocomus badius, during soaking and boiling". Food Chemistry. 79 (1): 41–45. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00175-9.

[Elstner_1987-58] Elstner EF, Fink R, Höll W, Lengfelder E, Ziegler H (1987). "Natural and Chernobyl-caused radioactivity in mushrooms, mosses and soil-samples of defined biotops in SW Bavaria". Oecologia. 73 (1): 553–58. Bibcode:1987Oecol..73..553E. doi:10.1007/bf00379415. JSTOR 4218406. PMID 28311973. S2CID 6354011.

[Paulus_1990-59] Paulus W, Reisinger A (1990). "Die Auswirkungen des Reaktorunfalls von Tschernobyl auf den Gehalt an radioaktivem Cäsium in den Fruchtkörpern der Mykorrhizapilzarten Lactarius rufus und Xerocomus badius im Fichtelgebirge" [The influence of the Chernobyl accident on radiocesium content in fruitbodies of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Lactarius rufus and Xerocomus badius collected in the Fichtelgebirge, East Germany] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 56 (2): 279–84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-07-07.

[Aumann_1989-60] Aumann DC, Clooth G, Steffan B, Steglich W (1989). "Complexation of cesium-137 by the cap pigments of the bay boletus (Xerocomus badius)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28 (4): 453–54. doi:10.1002/anie.198904531.

[Le_Roux_2012-61] Le Roux A, Josset E, Benzina S, Nadal B, Desage-El Murr M, Heurtaux B, Taran F, Denis J-M, Le Gall T, Meunier S, Bischoff P (2012). "Evaluation of the radioprotective potential of the polyphenol norbadione A". Letters in Drug Design & Discovery. 9 (1): 48–53. doi:10.2174/157018012798192900.

[Korovitch_2013-62] Korovitch A, Le Roux A, Barbault F, Hémadi M, Ha-Duong N-T, Lion C, Wagner A, El Hage Chahine J-M (2013). "A new series of Cs⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ chelators: Synthesis, kinetics, thermodynamics and modeling". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 394: 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2012.08.009.

[Stamets_2011-63] Stamets P. (2011). Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-60774-124-4.

[1]

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[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

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[47]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Edible species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe and North America}}
-{{pp-pc|small= yes}}
-{{short descrfugus is crazt it grows every where iption|Edible species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe and North America}}
 {{featured article}}
 {{use British English|date=March 2013}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 5: @@
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Boletus badius JPG1.jpg
-| image_width = 234px
 | image_caption = ''I. badia'' under beech and oak
+| status = LC
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
+| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Dahlberg, A. |year=2019 |errata=2022 |title=''Imleria badia'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T138329440A222969127 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T138329440A222969127.en |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
 | genus = Imleria
 | species = badia
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 * ''Viscipellis badia'' <small>(Fr.) [[Quél.]] (1886)</small>
 * ''Ixocomus badius'' <small>(Fr.) Quél. (1888)</small>
-* ''Suillus badius'' <small>(Fr.) [[Kuntze]] (1898)</small>
+* ''Suillus badius'' <small>(Fr.) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]] (1898)</small>
 * ''Xerocomus badius'' <small>(Fr.) [[E.-J.Gilbert]] (1931)</small>
  }}
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 | sporePrintColor = olive
 | sporePrintColor2 = olive-brown
-| howEdible = edible
+| howEdible = choice
 }}
 {{stack end}}
-'''''Imleria badia''''', [[common name|commonly]] known as the '''bay bolete''', is an [[edible mushroom|edible]], [[pored mushroom]] found in Europe and North America, where it grows in [[Temperate coniferous forest|coniferous]] or [[mixed wood]]s on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the [[bay (color)|bay]]- or [[chestnut (color)|chestnut]]-coloured [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]], which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]], measuring {{convert|4|–|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some [[variety (botany)|varieties]] have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic [[morphology (biology)|morphology]].
+'''''Imleria badia''''', [[common name|commonly]] known as the '''bay bolete''', is an [[edible mushroom|edible]], [[pored mushroom]] found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in [[Temperate coniferous forest|coniferous]] or [[mixed wood]]s on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the [[bay (color)|bay]]- or [[chestnut (color)|chestnut]]-coloured [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]], which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]], measuring {{convert|4|–|9|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some [[variety (botany)|varieties]] have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic [[morphology (biology)|morphology]].
-First described scientifically by [[Elias Fries]] in 1818, the bay bolete was reclassified as '''''Xerocomus badius''''' in 1931, and it is still listed thus in several sources. Modern [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies show ''[[Xerocomus]]'' to be [[polyphyletic]] (not descended from a [[common ancestor]]), and the bay bolete is not particularly closely related to species in that genus. Often considered a poor relation of the cep (''[[Boletus edulis]]''), ''I.&nbsp;badia'' is nevertheless regarded as a choice edible mushroom by some authors, such as food expert [[Antonio Carluccio]], and is sold in markets in Europe and central Mexico. Its mushrooms are less often infested by maggots than other boletes. Several European studies have demonstrated that the mushroom can [[bioaccumulate]] some [[trace metal]]s from the soil, such as [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[cobalt]], and [[nickel]]. Additionally, the mushroom contains a [[pigment]] that concentrates radioactive [[caesium]]; specimens collected in Europe following the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] contained several times more [[caesium-137]] than those collected before the incident.
+First described scientifically by [[Elias Fries]] in 1818, the bay bolete was reclassified as '''''Xerocomus badius''''' in 1931, and it is still listed thus in several sources. Modern [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies show ''[[Xerocomus]]'' to be [[polyphyletic]] (not descended from the same [[common ancestor]]), and the bay bolete is not particularly closely related to species in that genus. Often considered a poor relation of the cep (''[[Boletus edulis]]''), ''I.&nbsp;badia'' is nevertheless regarded as a choice edible mushroom by some authors, such as food expert [[Antonio Carluccio]], and is sold in markets in Europe and central Mexico. Its mushrooms are less often infested by maggots than other boletes. Several European studies have demonstrated that the mushroom can [[bioaccumulate]] some [[trace metal]]s from the soil, such as [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[cobalt]], and [[nickel]]. Additionally, the mushroom contains a [[pigment]] that concentrates radioactive [[caesium]]; specimens collected in Europe following the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] contained several times more [[caesium-137]] than those collected before the incident.
 ==Taxonomy==
@@ Line 52: / Line 53: @@
 ==Description==
-[[File:Kastanjeboleet.JPG|right|thumb|Center|With wet and sticky cap]]
+[[File:Kastanjeboleet.JPG|right|thumb|With wet and sticky cap]]
-[[File:2007-07-14 Boletus badius 2.jpg|right|thumb|The pore surface stains bluish-grey when injured.]]
+[[File:2007-07-14 Imleria badia 2.jpg|right|thumb|The pore surface stains bluish-grey when injured.]]
-''Imleria badia'' fruit bodies have a [[chestnut (color)|chestnut]] to dark brown [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]], which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter of up to {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The cap margin is acute, and cap surface velvety when young and slightly sticky when wet or old.<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> The [[cap cuticle]] is difficult to separate from the [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] underneath.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> On the cap undersurface, the pores are initially cream to pale yellow, but become greenish yellow or olive with age. They stain dull blue to bluish-grey when bruised or cut, and are easily removed from the flesh.<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> The pores are initially circular, becoming more angular with age,<ref name="Yeh 1981"/> and number about one or two per millimetre. The tubes are {{convert|0.8|–|1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long,<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> and are [[adnation|adnate]] to depressed around the area of attachment to the [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]].<ref name="Miller 2006"/>
+''Imleria badia'' fruit bodies have a [[chestnut (color)|chestnut]] to dark brown [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]], which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter of up to {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The cap margin is acute, and cap surface velvety when young and slightly sticky when wet or old.<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> The [[cap cuticle]] is difficult to separate from the [[trama (mycology)|flesh]] underneath.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> On the cap undersurface, the pores are initially cream to pale yellow, but become greenish yellow or olive with age. They stain dull blue to bluish-grey when bruised or cut, and are easily removed from the flesh.<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> The pores are initially circular, becoming more angular with age,<ref name="Yeh 1981"/> and number about one or two per millimetre. The tubes are {{convert|0.8|–|1.5|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long,<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> and are [[adnation|adnate]] to depressed around the area of attachment to the [[Stipe (mycology)|stipe]].<ref name="Miller 2006"/>
-The flesh is mostly whitish or yellowish in some places; underneath the cap cuticle, it is brownish-pink or reddish brown.<ref name="Snell 1970"/> Initially firm, it begins to soften under the cap in older mushrooms.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> In some parts of the cap, such as the junction of the cap and the stipe,<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> the flesh stains pale blue when injured or exposed to air, particularly in damp weather.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> This change is sometimes faint,<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> and not persistent, as it eventually reverts to its original colour.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> The stipe is {{convert|4|–|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick, and is similar in colour to the cap but paler, and sometimes with a rose-coloured tinge.<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> Its surface has faint longitudinal ridges, a fine powdering,<ref name="Grund 1976"/> and fine reticulations (a net-like pattern of ridges) at the apex.<ref name="Miller 2006"/> It often has a whitish region at the base<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> and the top,<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> and white [[mycelium]] at the base.<ref name="Grund 1976"/> Unlike the bulbous stipe of many other boletes, the stipe of ''B. badius'' remains relatively slim and cylindrical.<ref name="Haas 1969"/> The flesh of the stipe gets tougher with age.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> Its smell has been described as fruity.<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/>
+The flesh is mostly whitish or yellowish in some places; underneath the cap cuticle, it is brownish-pink or reddish brown.<ref name="Snell 1970"/> Initially firm, it begins to soften under the cap in older mushrooms.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> In some parts of the cap, such as the junction of the cap and the stipe,<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> the flesh stains pale blue when injured or exposed to air, particularly in damp weather.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> This change is sometimes faint,<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> and not persistent, as it eventually reverts to its original colour.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> The stipe is {{convert|4|–|9|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} thick, and is similar in colour to the cap but paler, and sometimes with a rose-coloured tinge.<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> Its surface has faint longitudinal ridges, a fine powdering,<ref name="Grund 1976"/> and fine reticulations (a net-like pattern of ridges) at the apex.<ref name="Miller 2006"/> It often has a whitish region at the base<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> and the top,<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> and white [[mycelium]] at the base.<ref name="Grund 1976"/> Unlike the bulbous stipe of many other boletes, the stipe of ''B. badius'' remains relatively slim and cylindrical.<ref name="Haas 1969"/> The flesh of the stipe gets tougher with age.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> Its smell has been described as fruity.<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/>
-The [[spore print]] is olive to olive-brown.<ref name="Miller 2006"/> The smooth [[spore]]s are somewhat oblong to slightly ventricose (fattened in the middle), and measure 10–14 by 4–5&nbsp;µm.<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> The [[basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 25–35 by 8–10&nbsp;µm. Pleurocystidia ([[cystidia]] found on the faces of the tubes) are fuse-shaped and [[ventricose]], with dimensions of 50–60 by 10–14&nbsp;µm.<ref name="Yeh 1981"/>
+The [[spore print]] is olive to olive-brown.<ref name="Miller 2006"/> The smooth [[spore]]s are somewhat oblong to slightly ventricose (fattened in the middle), and measure 10–14 by 4–5&nbsp;μm.<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> The [[basidia]] (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored and measure 25–35 by 8–10&nbsp;μm. Pleurocystidia ([[cystidia]] found on the faces of the tubes) are fuse-shaped and [[ventricose]], with dimensions of 50–60 by 10–14&nbsp;μm.<ref name="Yeh 1981"/>
-Variety ''B. b. macrostipitatus'' differs from the main form by its grey-orange cap, shorter stipe measuring {{convert|5|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}}, longer spores (15–18 by 4–5&nbsp;µm), and longer pleurocystidia (30–55 by 10–14&nbsp;µm).<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> The variety ''B. b. glaber'' has a smooth ([[wikt:glabrous|glabrous]]) stipe, and smaller pleurocystidia (35–40 by 10–15&nbsp;µm) and [[cystidium|cheilocystidia]] (25–30 by 9–12&nbsp;µm).<ref name="Grund 1976"/>
+Variety ''B. b. macrostipitatus'' differs from the main form by its grey-orange cap, shorter stipe measuring {{convert|5|–|7|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, longer spores (15–18 by 4–5&nbsp;μm), and longer pleurocystidia (30–55 by 10–14&nbsp;μm).<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> The variety ''B. b. glaber'' has a smooth ([[wikt:glabrous|glabrous]]) stipe, and smaller pleurocystidia (35–40 by 10–15&nbsp;μm) and [[cystidium|cheilocystidia]] (25–30 by 9–12&nbsp;μm).<ref name="Grund 1976"/>
 Several [[Chemical tests in mushroom identification|chemical tests]] can be used to help identify the mushroom. A drop of [[ammonium hydroxide]] solution turns the cap cuticle a greenish to bluish colour. Application of [[iron(II) sulfate|iron(II) sulphate]] solution causes the flesh to stain a dull bluish-green, while the pores turn golden brown with a drop of dilute [[potassium hydroxide]].<ref name="Bessette 2000"/>
 ===Similar species===
-The similar colouration may cause confusion with ''[[Boletus projectellus]]'', but the latter species is usually more robust, and has a reticulated stipe. Additionally, ''B.&nbsp;projectellus'' has the largest spores in the Boletaceae, up to about 30&nbsp;µm in diameter. Another lookalike is ''[[Austroboletus gracilis]]'', but this species does not have a blue bruising reaction, and its pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> Compared to ''I.&nbsp;badia'', ''[[Boletus subtomentosus|B.&nbsp;subtomentosus]]'' fruit bodies have narrower stipes, paler brown, dry caps,<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> and wider pores that do not stain blue on bruising. This latter species is not as good to eat.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> In western North America, ''I.&nbsp;badia'' is replaced by the similar ''[[Boletus zelleri|B.&nbsp;zelleri]]'', which also grows both on the ground and on rotten wood.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> The European species ''[[Xerocomus bubalinus]]'' can be mistaken for ''I.&nbsp;badia'', but it has a paler yellow-brown cap flushed with pinkish-red, and is not sticky when wet.<ref name="Hills 2008"/>
+The similar colouration may cause confusion with ''[[Boletus projectellus]]'', but the latter species is usually more robust, and has a reticulated stipe. Additionally, ''B.&nbsp;projectellus'' has the largest spores in the Boletaceae, up to about 30&nbsp;μm in diameter. Another lookalike is ''[[Austroboletus gracilis]]'', but this species does not have a blue bruising reaction, and its pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> Compared to ''I.&nbsp;badia'', ''[[Boletus subtomentosus|B.&nbsp;subtomentosus]]'' fruit bodies have narrower stipes, paler brown, dry caps,<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> and wider pores that do not stain blue on bruising. This latter species is not as good to eat.<ref name="Lamaison 2005"/> In western North America, ''I.&nbsp;badia'' is replaced by the similar ''[[Boletus zelleri|B.&nbsp;zelleri]]'', which also grows both on the ground and on rotten wood.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> The European species ''[[Xerocomus bubalinus]]'' can be mistaken for ''I.&nbsp;badia'', but it has a paler yellow-brown cap flushed with pinkish-red, and is not sticky when wet.<ref name="Hills 2008"/>
 ==Ecology, distribution and habitat==
@@ Line 71: / Line 72: @@
 Although the bay bolete is predominantly a [[mycorrhiza]]l species, it does have some [[saprophytic]] tendencies and may be able to use this lifestyle in certain circumstances.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> The [[ectomycorrhiza]]e formed between ''I.&nbsp;badia'' and [[spruce]] (''Picea abies'') have active hyphal sheaths and a higher potential to store [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]], [[potassium]], [[magnesium]], [[iron]], and [[zinc]] than other mycorrhizal types, indicating the fungus is well adapted to acidic stands and its mycorrhizae are very efficient in uptake and storage of [[macronutrient]]s.<ref name="Kottke 1998"/> Mycorrhizae with [[Monterey pine]] (''Pinus radiata'') have also been described.<ref name="Dunabeitia 1996"/>
-The bay bolete is common in [[coniferous forest|coniferous]] and less commonly [[mixed forest|mixed woodlands]] in Europe, from the British Isles, where it is abundant throughout through August–November,<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> east to the [[Black Sea Region]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name="Sesli 2007"/> In Asia, the species has been recorded from Jordan<ref name="Natour 1992"/> mainland China,<ref name="Guo 2004"/> and Taiwan.<ref name="Yeh 1981"/> The North American distribution extends from eastern Canada west to [[Minnesota]] and south to [[North Carolina]], where the mushroom fruits from July to November.<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> It also grows in central Mexico.<ref name="Dugan 2011"/> The variety ''B. b. macrostipitatus'' is found from eastern Canada south to [[Maine]] and [[New York (state)|New York]],<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> while variety ''B. b. glaber'' is known from the [[Atlantic Maritime Ecozone (CEC)|Atlantic Maritime Ecozone]] of eastern Canada.<ref name="Malloch 2010"/> Fruit bodies appear singly or scattered on the ground, or on decaying tree stumps, and can be well hidden by pine needles and ferns. Fruiting tends to peak generally three or four days after rain during warm weather.<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/><!-- cites previous two sentences --> Numbers can be prolific, especially in [[highland]] areas that are humid and shady.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> It is commonly found under [[List of Pinus species|white pine]], spruce, and [[Tsuga|hemlock]],<ref name="Snell 1970"/> although it also occurs under deciduous trees, especially [[beech]].<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> It also occurs in grassy or mossy areas at or near forest margins;<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> Italian restaurateur and cook [[Antonio Carluccio]] recalled picking them in the grounds of [[Blenheim Palace]].<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/> It does not occur on [[Calcareous#Calcareous soils|calcareous]] (chalky) soils.<ref name="Haas 1969"/>
+The bay bolete is common in [[coniferous forest|coniferous]] and less commonly [[mixed forest|mixed woodlands]] in Europe, from the British Isles, where it is abundant throughout from August to November,<ref name="Phillips 2006"/> east to the [[Black Sea Region]] in Turkey.<ref name="Sesli 2007"/> In Asia, the species has been recorded from Jordan<ref name="Natour 1992"/> mainland China,<ref name="Guo 2004"/> and Taiwan.<ref name="Yeh 1981"/> The North American distribution extends from eastern Canada west to [[Minnesota]] and south to [[North Carolina]], where the mushroom fruits from July to November.<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> It also grows in central Mexico.<ref name="Dugan 2011"/> The variety ''B. b. macrostipitatus'' is found from eastern Canada south to [[Maine]] and [[New York (state)|New York state]],<ref name="Bessette 2000"/> while variety ''B. b. glaber'' is known from the [[Atlantic Maritime Ecozone (CEC)|Atlantic Maritime Ecozone]] of eastern Canada.<ref name="Malloch 2010"/> Fruit bodies appear singly or scattered on the ground, or on decaying tree stumps, and can be well hidden by pine needles and ferns. Fruiting tends to peak three or four days after rain during warm weather.<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/><!-- cites previous two sentences --> They can be prolific, especially in [[highland]] areas that are humid and shady.<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> It is commonly found under [[List of Pinus species|white pine]], spruce, and [[Tsuga|hemlock]],<ref name="Snell 1970"/> and also occurs under deciduous trees, especially [[beech]].<ref name="Alessio 1985"/> It can also occur in grassy or mossy areas at or near forest margins;<ref name="Zeitlmayr l976"/> Italian restaurateur and cook [[Antonio Carluccio]] recalled picking them in the grounds of [[Blenheim Palace]].<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/> It does not occur on [[Calcareous#Calcareous soils|calcareous]] (chalky) soils.<ref name="Haas 1969"/>
-''I. badia'' fruit bodies are less affected by insects than other boletes.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> [[Oribatida|Orbatid mites]] such as ''[[Carabodes femoralis]]'', ''[[Nothrus silvestris]]'' and ''[[Oribatula tibialis]]'' consume them,<ref name="Schneider 2005"/> as do squirrels.<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/> Several microbial pathogens can damage the fruit bodies, and have had an effect on populations in China, including soft rot caused by ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', and black mould caused by ''[[Mucor]]'', ''[[Sepedonium]]'', ''[[Paecilomyces]]'', and ''[[Diasporangium]]'' species.<ref name="Guo 2004"/>
+''I. badia'' fruit bodies are less affected by insects than other boletes.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> [[Oribatida|Orbatid mites]] such as ''[[Carabodes femoralis]]'', ''[[Nothrus silvestris]]'' and ''[[Oribatula tibialis]]'' eat them,<ref name="Schneider 2005"/> as do squirrels.<ref name="Carluccio 2003"/> Several microbial pathogens can damage the fruit bodies, and have had an effect on populations in China, including soft rot caused by ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', and black mould caused by ''[[Mucor]]'', ''[[Sepedonium]]'', ''[[Paecilomyces]]'', and ''[[Diasporangium]]'' species.<ref name="Guo 2004"/>
 ==Uses==
@@ Line 97: / Line 98: @@
 {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
-<ref name="Alessio 1985">{{cite book |author=Alessio CL |title=''Boletus'' Dill. ex L. (''sensu lato'') |year=1985 |publisher=Biella Giovanna |location=Saronno |pages=323–27 |language=Italian}}</ref>
+<ref name="Alessio 1985">{{cite book |author=Alessio CL |title=''Boletus'' Dill. ex L. (''sensu lato'') |year=1985 |publisher=Biella Giovanna |location=Saronno |pages=323–27 |language=it}}</ref>
 <ref name="Arora 1986">{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley |year=1986 |page=519 |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-RmabYsjI4C&pg=RA1-PA518}}</ref>
@@ Line 105: / Line 106: @@
 <ref name="Badalyan 2012">{{cite book |author=Badalyan S. |chapter=Medicinal aspects of edible mycorrhizal mushrooms |veditors=Zambonelli A, Bonito GM |title=Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms |series=Soil Biology |volume=34 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |pages=317–34 |isbn=978-3-642-33822-9}}</ref>
-<ref name="Bennink 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bennink A, de Vries B |title=Allergie voor boleten |trans-title=Allergic to boletes |journal=Coolia |year=2007 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=47–48 |language=Dutch |url=http://www.mycologen.nl/Coolia/PDF-files/Coolia_50%281%29.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bennink 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bennink A, de Vries B |title=Allergie voor boleten |trans-title=Allergic to boletes |journal=Coolia |year=2007 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=47–48 |language=nl |url=http://www.mycologen.nl/Coolia/PDF-files/Coolia_50%281%29.pdf }}</ref>
 <ref name="Bessette 2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Bessette AR, Bessette A, Roody WC |title=North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse |year=2000 |pages=96–97 |isbn=978-0-8156-0588-1}}</ref>
@@ Line 113: / Line 114: @@
 <ref name="Carluccio 2003">{{cite book |author=Carluccio A. |author-link=Antonio Carluccio |year=2003 |title=The Complete Mushroom Book |publisher=Quadrille |location=London |isbn=978-1-84400-040-1|pages=33–34}}</ref>
-<ref name="Casimir 1960">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casimir J, Jadot J, Renard M |title=Séparation et caractérisation de la N-éthyl-γ-glutamine à partir de ''Xerocomus badius'' |trans-title=Separation and characterization of N-ethyl-gamma-glutamine from ''Xerocomus badius'' |language=French |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |year=1960 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=462–68 |pmid=13808157 |doi=10.1016/0006-3002(60)90199-2}}</ref>
+<ref name="Casimir 1960">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casimir J, Jadot J, Renard M |title=Séparation et caractérisation de la N-éthyl-γ-glutamine à partir de ''Xerocomus badius'' |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |trans-title=Separation and characterization of N-ethyl-gamma-glutamine from ''Xerocomus badius'' |language=fr |year=1960 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=462–68 |pmid=13808157 |doi=10.1016/0006-3002(60)90199-2}}</ref>
-<ref name=cassells>{{cite book |author=Simpson DP |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell |year=1979 |origyear=1854 |edition=5th |location=London |page=346 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}</ref>
+<ref name=cassells>{{cite book |author=Simpson DP |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell |year=1979 |orig-date=1854 |edition=5th |location=London |page=346 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}</ref>
 <ref name="Dugan 2011">{{cite book |author=Dugan FM |title=Conspectus of World Ethnomycology |year=2011 |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |location=St.&nbsp;Paul |page=78 |isbn=978-0-89054-395-5}}</ref>
-<ref name="Dunabeitia 1996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duñabeitia MK, Hormilla S, Salcedo I, Peña JI |title=Ectomycorrhizae synthesized between ''Pinus radiata'' and eight fungi associated with ''Pinus'' spp. |journal=Mycologia |year=1996 |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=897–908 |doi=10.2307/3761052 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0088/006/0897.htm}}</ref>
+<ref name="Dunabeitia 1996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duñabeitia MK, Hormilla S, Salcedo I, Peña JI |title=Ectomycorrhizae synthesized between ''Pinus radiata'' and eight fungi associated with ''Pinus'' spp. |journal=Mycologia |year=1996 |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=897–908 |doi=10.2307/3761052 |jstor=3761052 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0088/006/0897.htm}}</ref>
-<ref name="Elstner 1987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elstner EF, Fink R, Höll W, Lengfelder E, Ziegler H |title=Natural and Chernobyl-caused radioactivity in mushrooms, mosses and soil-samples of defined biotops in SW Bavaria |journal=Oecologia |year=1987 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=553–58 |jstor=4218406 |doi=10.1007/bf00379415}}</ref>
+<ref name="Elstner 1987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elstner EF, Fink R, Höll W, Lengfelder E, Ziegler H |title=Natural and Chernobyl-caused radioactivity in mushrooms, mosses and soil-samples of defined biotops in SW Bavaria |journal=Oecologia |year=1987 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=553–58 |jstor=4218406 |doi=10.1007/bf00379415|pmid=28311973 |bibcode=1987Oecol..73..553E |s2cid=6354011 }}</ref>
 <ref name="Gałgowska 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gałgowska M, Pietrzak-Fiećko R, Felkner-Poźniakowska B |title=Assessment of the chlorinated hydrocarbons residues contamination in edible mushrooms from the North-Eastern part of Poland |journal=[[Food and Chemical Toxicology]] |year=2012 |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=4125–29 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.039 |pmid=22889896}}</ref>
-<ref name="Gilbert 1931">{{cite book |author=Gilbert E-J |title=Les Livres du Mycologue. Tome III: Les Bolets |year=1931 |publisher=E.&nbsp;Le François |location=Paris |page=92 |language=French}}</ref>
+<ref name="Gilbert 1931">{{cite book |author=Gilbert E-J |title=Les Livres du Mycologue. Tome III: Les Bolets |year=1931 |publisher=E.&nbsp;Le François |location=Paris |page=92 |language=fr}}</ref>
 <ref name="Grund 1976">{{cite book |vauthors=Grund DW, Harrison KA |title=Nova Scotian Boletes |year=1976 |series=Bibliotheca Mycologia |volume=47 |publisher=J.&nbsp;Cramer |location=Lehre |isbn=978-3-7682-1062-1 |pages=116, 118}}</ref>
-<ref name="Guo 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guo YH, Gui MY, Wang LX, Ye K |title=Investigation report on diseases of wild ''Xerocomus badius'' in Yunnan province of China |journal=Edible Fungi of China |year=2004 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=48–51 |language=Chinese |issn=1003-8310}}</ref>
+<ref name="Guo 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guo YH, Gui MY, Wang LX, Ye K |title=Investigation report on diseases of wild ''Xerocomus badius'' in Yunnan province of China |journal=Edible Fungi of China |year=2004 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=48–51 |language=zh |issn=1003-8310}}</ref>
-<ref name="Falandysz 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falandysz J, Kojta AK, Jarzyńska G, Drewnowska M, Dryżałowska A, Wydmańska D, Kowalewska I, Wacko A, Szlosowska M, Kannan K, Szefer P |title=Mercury in bay bolete (''Xerocomus badius''): Bioconcentration by fungus and assessment of element intake by humans eating fruiting bodies |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |year=2012 |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=951–61 |doi=10.1080/19440049.2012.662702 |pmid=22416950}}</ref>
+<ref name="Falandysz 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falandysz J, Kojta AK, Jarzyńska G, Drewnowska M, Dryżałowska A, Wydmańska D, Kowalewska I, Wacko A, Szlosowska M, Kannan K, Szefer P |title=Mercury in bay bolete (''Xerocomus badius''): Bioconcentration by fungus and assessment of element intake by humans eating fruiting bodies |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |year=2012 |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=951–61 |doi=10.1080/19440049.2012.662702 |pmid=22416950|s2cid=5401125 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00801034/document }}</ref>
-<ref name="Fries 1828">{{cite book |author=Fries EM |title=Elenchus Fungorum |volume=1 |year=1828 |publisher=Ernestus Mauritius |location=Greifswald |page=126 |url=https://archive.org/stream/elenchusfungoru01friegoog#page/n140/mode/2up |language=Latin}}</ref>
+<ref name="Fries 1828">{{cite book |author=Fries EM |title=Elenchus Fungorum |volume=1 |year=1828 |publisher=Ernestus Mauritius |location=Greifswald |page=126 |url=https://archive.org/stream/elenchusfungoru01friegoog#page/n140/mode/2up |language=la}}</ref>
-<ref name="Fries 1832">{{cite book |author=Fries EM |title=Systema Mycologicum |volume=1 |year=1821 |publisher=Ex Officina Berlingiana |location=Lundin |page=392 |language=Latin |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4338532}}</ref>
+<ref name="Fries 1832">{{cite book |author=Fries EM |title=Systema Mycologicum |volume=1 |year=1821 |publisher=Ex Officina Berlingiana |location=Lundin |page=392 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4338532}}</ref>
 <ref name="Frost 1874">{{cite journal |author=Frost CC |title=Catalogue of boleti of New England, with descriptions of new species |journal=Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences |year=1874 |volume=2 |pages=100–05 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbuffal12buff#page/100/mode/2up}}</ref>
@@ Line 143: / Line 144: @@
 <ref name="Haghi 2011">{{cite book |author=Haghi AK |title=Food Science: Research and Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OK8fW3u0BkgC&pg=PA76 |year=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-926895-01-7 |page=76}}</ref>
-<ref name="Hills 2008">{{cite journal |author=Hills AE |title=The genus ''Xerocomus'': A personal view, with a key to the British species |journal=Field Mycology |year=2008 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=77–96 |doi=10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60416-1}}</ref>
+<ref name="Hills 2008">{{cite journal |author=Hills AE |title=The genus ''Xerocomus'': A personal view, with a key to the British species |journal=Field Mycology |year=2008 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=77–96 |doi=10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60416-1|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-<ref name="Jordan 2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Jordan P, Wheeler S |title=The Practical Mushroom Encyclopedia |year=2000 |origyear=1995 |page=40 |publisher=Southwater |location=London |isbn=978-1-84215-243-0}}</ref>
+<ref name="Jordan 2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Jordan P, Wheeler S |title=The Practical Mushroom Encyclopedia |year=2000 |orig-date=1995 |page=40 |publisher=Southwater |location=London |isbn=978-1-84215-243-0}}</ref>
-<ref name="Karsten 1881">{{cite journal |author=Karsten P. |title=Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum |journal=Revue Mycologique Toulouse |year=1881 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=16–19 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11599311 |language=Latin}}</ref>
+<ref name="Karsten 1881">{{cite journal |author=Karsten P. |title=Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum |journal=Revue Mycologique Toulouse |year=1881 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=16–19 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11599311 |language=la}}</ref>
 <ref name="Korovitch 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korovitch A, Le Roux A, Barbault F, Hémadi M, ((Ha-Duong N-T)), Lion C, Wagner A, ((El Hage Chahine J-M)) |title=A new series of Cs<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> chelators: Synthesis, kinetics, thermodynamics and modeling |journal=Inorganica Chimica Acta |year=2013 |volume=394 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1016/j.ica.2012.08.009}}</ref>
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+<ref name="Kottke 1998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kottke I, Qian XM, Pritsch K, Haug I, Oberwinkler F |title=''Xerocomus badius'' – ''Picea abies'', an ectomycorrhiza of high activity and element storage capacity in acidic soil |journal=Mycorrhiza |year=1998 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=267–75 |doi=10.1007/s005720050191|pmid=24578053 |bibcode=1998Mycor...7..267K |s2cid=24196528 }}</ref>
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+<ref name="Kuntze 1898">{{cite book |author=Kuntze, O. |title=Revisio generum plantarum |year=1898 |volume=3 |publisher=A.&nbsp;Felix |location=Leipzig |page=535 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3752 |language=de}}</ref>
 <ref name="Lamaison 2005">{{cite book |vauthors=((Lamaison J-L)), ((Polese J-M)) |title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms |year=2005 |publisher=Könemann |location=Cologne |isbn=978-3-8331-1239-3 |page=26}}</ref>
@@ Line 161: / Line 162: @@
 <ref name="Le Roux 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Le Roux A, Josset E, Benzina S, Nadal B, Desage-El Murr M, Heurtaux B, Taran F, ((Denis J-M)), Le Gall T, Meunier S, Bischoff P |title=Evaluation of the radioprotective potential of the polyphenol norbadione A |journal=Letters in Drug Design & Discovery |year=2012 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=48–53 |doi=10.2174/157018012798192900}}</ref>
-<ref name="Li 2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li J, Li P, Liu F |title=Production of theanine by ''Xerocomus badius'' (mushroom) using submerged fermentation |journal=LWT-Food Science and Technology |year=2008 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=883–99 |doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2007.05.020}}</ref>
+<ref name="Li 2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li J, Li P, Liu F |title=Production of theanine by ''Xerocomus badius'' (mushroom) using submerged fermentation |journal=LWT - Food Science and Technology |year=2008 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=883–99 |doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2007.05.020}}</ref>
-<ref name="Malloch 2010">{{cite book |author=Malloch D. |chapter=Fleshy fungi (Basidiomycota) of the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone |veditors=McAlpine DF, Smith IM |title=Assessment of Species Diversity in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2n7FPi3Lu0C&pg=PA121 |year=2010 |publisher=NRC Research Press |location=Ottawa |isbn=978-0-660-19835-4 |page=121}}</ref>
+<ref name="Malloch 2010">{{cite book |author=Malloch D. |chapter=Fleshy fungi (Basidiomycota) of the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone |veditors=McAlpine DF, Smith IM |title=Assessment of Species Diversity in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2n7FPi3Lu0C&pg=PA121 |year=2010 |publisher=NRC Research Press |location=Ottawa |isbn=978-0-660-19835-4 |page=121}}</ref>
 <ref name="Miller 2006">{{cite book |vauthors=Miller HR, Miller OK Jr |title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |publisher=Falcon Guides |location=Guilford |year=2006 |page=397 |isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1}}</ref>
-<ref name="Mleczek 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mleczek M, Siwulski M, Stuper-Szablewska K, Rissmann I, Sobieralski K, Goliński P |title=Accumulation of elements by edible mushroom species: Part I. Problem of trace element toxicity in mushrooms |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B |year=2013 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=69–81 |doi=10.1080/03601234.2012.716733}}</ref>
+<ref name="Mleczek 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mleczek M, Siwulski M, Stuper-Szablewska K, Rissmann I, Sobieralski K, Goliński P |title=Accumulation of elements by edible mushroom species: Part I. Problem of trace element toxicity in mushrooms |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B |year=2013 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=69–81 |doi=10.1080/03601234.2012.716733|pmid=23030443 |bibcode=2013JESHB..48...69M |s2cid=21445417 }}</ref>
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+<ref name="Muszyńska 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muszyńska B, Sułkowska-Ziaja K |title=Analysis of indole compounds in edible Basidiomycota species after thermal processing |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2012 |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=455–59 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.021|pmid=26434315 }}</ref>
 <ref name="Natour 1992">{{cite journal |vauthors=Natour RM, Salhab AS, El-Moumani AR, Saba EF |title=Wild mushroom in Jordan |journal=Dirasat Series B Pure and Applied Sciences |year=1992 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=47–60}}</ref>
@@ Line 175: / Line 176: @@
 <ref name="Nilper 1977">{{cite book |vauthors=Nilson S, Persson O |year=1977 |title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi) |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=978-0-14-063005-3 |page=108}}</ref>
-<ref name="Noordeloos 2007">{{cite journal |author=Noordeloos ME |title=Hoe raak ik thuis in de boleten – 7. De fluweelboleten (''Xerocomus'') van Nederland |trans-title=The genus ''Xerocomus'' in the Netherlands |journal=Coolia |year=2007 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |language=Dutch |url=http://www.mycologen.nl/Coolia/PDF-files/Coolia_50%281%29.pdf}}</ref>
+<ref name="Noordeloos 2007">{{cite journal |author=Noordeloos ME |title=Hoe raak ik thuis in de boleten – 7. De fluweelboleten (''Xerocomus'') van Nederland |trans-title=The genus ''Xerocomus'' in the Netherlands |journal=Coolia |year=2007 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |language=nl |url=http://www.mycologen.nl/Coolia/PDF-files/Coolia_50%281%29.pdf}}</ref>
 <ref name="Nuhn 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nuhn ME, Binder M, ((Taylor AFS)), Halling RE, Hibbett DS |title=Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae |journal=Fungal Biology |year=2013 |volume=117 |issue=7–8 |pages=479–511 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008 |pmid=23931115}}</ref>
-<ref name="Paulus 1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paulus W, Reisinger A |title=Die Auswirkungen des Reaktorunfalls von Tschernobyl auf den Gehalt an radioaktivem Cäsium in den Fruchtkörpern der Mykorrhizapilzarten ''Lactarius rufus'' und ''Xerocomus badius'' im Fichtelgebirge |trans-title=The influence of the Chernobyl accident on radiocesium content in fruitbodies of the ectomycorrhizal fungi ''Lactarius rufus'' and ''Xerocomus badius'' collected in the Fichtelgebirge, East Germany |journal=Zeitschrift für Mykologie |year=1990 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=279–84 |language=German |url=http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM562279Paulus.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2013-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214606/http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM562279Paulus.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
+<ref name="Paulus 1990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paulus W, Reisinger A |title=Die Auswirkungen des Reaktorunfalls von Tschernobyl auf den Gehalt an radioaktivem Cäsium in den Fruchtkörpern der Mykorrhizapilzarten ''Lactarius rufus'' und ''Xerocomus badius'' im Fichtelgebirge |trans-title=The influence of the Chernobyl accident on radiocesium content in fruitbodies of the ectomycorrhizal fungi ''Lactarius rufus'' and ''Xerocomus badius'' collected in the Fichtelgebirge, East Germany |journal=Zeitschrift für Mykologie |year=1990 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=279–84 |language=de |url=http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM562279Paulus.pdf |access-date=2013-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214606/http://www.dgfm-ev.de/sites/default/files/ZM562279Paulus.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
 <ref name="Phillips 2005">{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo |year=2005 |page=260 |isbn=978-1-55407-115-9}}</ref>
@@ Line 185: / Line 186: @@
 <ref name="Phillips 2006">{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |title=Mushrooms |year=2006 |publisher=Pan MacMillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-330-44237-4 |pages=276–77}}</ref>
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+<ref name="Quélet 1886">{{cite book |author=Quélet L. |title=Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium |publisher=Octave Dion |location=Lutetia |year=1886 |page=156 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000785094#page/156/mode/2up |language=la}}</ref>
-<ref name="Quélet 1888">{{cite book |author=Quélet L. |title=Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes |year=1888 |publisher=Octave Doin |location=Paris |page=412 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1654232/f439.image.r=flore%20mycologique.langEN |language=French}}</ref>
+<ref name="Quélet 1888">{{cite book |author=Quélet L. |title=Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes |year=1888 |publisher=Octave Doin |location=Paris |page=412 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1654232/f439.image.r=flore%20mycologique.langEN |language=fr}}</ref>
 <ref name="Roberts 2011">{{cite book |vauthors=Roberts P, Evans S |title=The Book of Fungi |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=328 |isbn=978-0-226-72117-0}}</ref>
@@ Line 195: / Line 196: @@
 <ref name="Roody 2003">{{cite book |author=Roody WC |title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington |year=2003 |page=315 |isbn=978-0-8131-9039-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&pg=PA315}}</ref>
-<ref name="Schneider 2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider K, Renker C, Maraun M |title=Oribatid mite (Acari, Oribatida) feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi |journal=Mycorrhiza |year=2005 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1007/s00572-005-0015-8 |pmid=16133254}}</ref>
+<ref name="Schneider 2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider K, Renker C, Maraun M |title=Oribatid mite (Acari, Oribatida) feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi |journal=Mycorrhiza |year=2005 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1007/s00572-005-0015-8 |pmid=16133254|bibcode=2005Mycor..16...67S |s2cid=7299733 }}</ref>
-<ref name="Sesli 2007">{{cite journal |author=Sesli E. |title=Preliminary checklist of macromycetes of the East and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2007 |volume=99 |pages=71–74 |url=http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/sesli-v99-checklist.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
+<ref name="Sesli 2007">{{cite journal |author=Sesli E. |title=Preliminary checklist of macromycetes of the East and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2007 |volume=99 |pages=71–74 |url=http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/sesli-v99-checklist.pdf }}</ref>
 <ref name="Singer 1960">{{cite journal |author=Singer R. |title=Persoon's ''Synopsis'' 1801 as starting point for all fungi? |journal=Taxon |year=1960 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=35–37 |jstor=1217835 |doi=10.2307/1217835}}</ref>
-<ref name="Snell 1945">{{cite journal |author=Snell WH |title=Notes on boletes: VII |journal=Mycologia |year=1945 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=374–88 (see pp.&nbsp;382–83) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0037/003/0382.htm |doi=10.2307/3754872}}</ref>
+<ref name="Snell 1945">{{cite journal |author=Snell WH |title=Notes on boletes: VII |journal=Mycologia |year=1945 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=374–88 (see pp.&nbsp;382–83) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0037/003/0382.htm |doi=10.2307/3754872|jstor=3754872 }}</ref>
 <ref name="Snell 1970">{{cite book |vauthors=Snell W, Dick EA |title=The Boleti of Northeastern North America |year=1970 |publisher=J.&nbsp;Cramer |location=Lehre |page=55 |isbn=978-0-85486-016-6}}</ref>
@@ Line 207: / Line 208: @@
 <ref name="Stamets 2011">{{cite book |author=Stamets P. |title=Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtsTH7ekvVYC&pg=PA105 |year=2011 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-60774-124-4 |page=105}}</ref>
-<ref name="Šutara 2008">{{cite journal |author=Šutara J. |title=''Xerocomus'' s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge |journal=Czech Mycology |year=2008 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=29–62 |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM60104F.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
+<ref name="Šutara 2008">{{cite journal |author=Šutara J. |title=''Xerocomus'' s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge |journal=Czech Mycology |year=2008 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=29–62 |doi=10.33585/cmy.60104 |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM60104F.pdf }}</ref>
 <ref name="Svoboda 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Svoboda L, Kalac P, Spicka J, Janouskova D |title=Leaching of cadmium, lead and mercury from fresh and differently preserved edible mushroom, ''Xerocomus badius'', during soaking and boiling |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2002 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=41–45 |doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00175-9}}</ref>
-<ref name="Fungorum synonymy: Boletus badius">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Boletus badius'' (Fr.) Fr., Syst. mycol., Index alphab. (Lundae): 56 (1832) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=444094 |publisher=[[Index Fungorum]]. CAB International |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>
+<ref name="Fungorum synonymy: Boletus badius">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Boletus badius'' (Fr.) Fr., Syst. mycol., Index alphab. (Lundae): 56 (1832) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=444094 |publisher=[[Index Fungorum]]. CAB International |access-date=2013-07-12}}</ref>
-<ref name="Vizzini 2014b">{{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |issue=147 |date=12 June 2014 |issn=2049-2375 |pages=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.147.pdf}}</ref>
+<ref name="Vizzini 2014b">{{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |issue=147 |date=12 June 2014 |issn=2049-2375 |page=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.147.pdf}}</ref>
-<ref name="Yeh 1981">{{cite journal |vauthors=((Yeh K-W)), ((Chen Z-C)) |title=The boletes of Taiwan (II) |journal=Taiwania |year=1981 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=100–15 |issn=0372-333X |url=http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1981.26.1.100.pdf |format=PDF }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+<ref name="Yeh 1981">{{cite journal |vauthors=((Yeh K-W)), ((Chen Z-C)) |title=The boletes of Taiwan (II) |journal=Taiwania |year=1981 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=100–15 |issn=0372-333X |url=http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1981.26.100.pdf |doi=10.6165/tai.1981.26.100 |access-date=2018-12-10 |archive-date=2018-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425175652/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.1981.26.100.pdf }}</ref>
 <ref name="Zeitlmayr l976">{{cite book |author=Zeitlmayr L. |year=1976 |title=Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook |publisher=Garden City Press |location=Hertfordshire |isbn=978-0-584-10324-3 |pages=98–99}}</ref>
@@ Line 222: / Line 223: @@
 ==External links==
-* {{Commons category inline|Boletus badius}}
+* {{Commons category-inline|Imleria badia}}
 * {{Wikispecies inline}}
 * {{IndexFungorum|444094}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q752497}}
+[[Category:Boletaceae]]
 [[Category:Edible fungi]]
 [[Category:Fungi described in 1818]]
@@ Line 233: / Line 235: @@
 [[Category:Fungi of North America]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries]]
+[[Category:Fungus species]]

Imleria badia Mycological characteristics
	Pores on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnate
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is olive to olive-brown
	Ecology is mycorrhizal
	Edibility is choice

Taxon identifiers
Imleria badia	Wikidata: Q752497 Wikispecies: Imleria badia EPPO: BOLTBA Fungorum: 550569 GBIF: 7832732 iNaturalist: 510854 IUCN: 138329440 MycoBank: 550569 NatureServe: 2.1058750 NZOR: b02deae4-8c81-4f4f-adb4-94d349e3b47d
Boletus castaneus β badius	Wikidata: Q28654183 Fungorum: 476862