Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1935 treaty between France and Italy}} |
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On January 7, 1935, the [[France|French]] [[Foreign Minister]] [[Pierre Laval]] and [[Italy|Italian]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Benito Mussolini]] signed the Italo-French agreements in [[Rome]]. |
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{{more footnotes|date=January 2020}} |
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[[File:Aozou Strip.png|300px|right|thumb|Map showing the [[Aozou strip]], the main territorial agreement in the Mussolini-Laval accord]] |
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The '''Franco-Italian Agreements''' (often called ''Mussolini-Laval Accord'') were signed in [[Rome]] by both [[France|French]] [[Foreign Minister]] [[Pierre Laval]] and [[Italy|Italian]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Benito Mussolini]] on 7 January 1935.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts|editor1=Bernard Wasserstein|editor2=John Ashley Soames Grenville| publisher=Routledge|year=2001|page=210|ISBN=9780415141253}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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After its victory in [[World War I]], it was agreed that Italy would not receive territories from the defeated German colonial empire. These territories were to be divided between [[France]], [[Japan]] and the [[British Empire]], but Italy would be rewarded some bordering areas from the British and French colonial possessions. That was considered by Italians to be very little compensation for their sacrifices in the bloody war, which was one of the reasons of the rise to power in Italy of Mussolini's [[fascism]]. |
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[[File:Chad-Libya border 1935 (Aouzou Strip).png|thumb|Detailed 1935 map showing the Aouzou Strip and the new Libya-Chad border]] |
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[[File:Cheik-Saïd 1938.jpg|thumb|right|200px|1938 map of French Somaliland. Following the Rome Accords of 1935, the northern border of French Somaliland was moved south of the Straits of [[Bab-el-Mandeb]]]] |
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The British ceded [[Italian Trans-Juba|Oltregiuba]] (today [[Jubaland]]) from [[Kenya]] to [[Italian Somalia]] in 1924, but the French delayed their contribution some years until 1935, under Laval's leadership, and gave only a small amount of territory in [[eastern Africa]] and a desert area in the [[French Sahara]]. |
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| ⚫ | Laval had succeeded [[Louis Barthou]] as Foreign Minister after the latter's assassination in [[Marseilles]] on 9 October 1934, along with King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]]. Laval borrowed the idea of his predecessor of a system of collective security to contain the threat of [[Hitler]] in Europe. On 4 January 1935 Laval went to [[Rome]], the capital of [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], to meet Mussolini. It was the beginning of a diplomatic offensive intended to contain [[Nazi Germany]] by a network of alliances. |
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He proposed a treaty to Benito Mussolini that defined disputed parts of French Somaliland (now [[Djibouti]]) as part of [[Eritrea]], redefined the official status of Italians in French-held [[Tunisia]], and essentially gave the Italians a free hand in dealing with the [[Abyssinia Crisis]] with [[Ethiopia]]. Italy was also to receive the [[Aouzou strip]] which was to be moved from French-ruled [[Chad]] to Italian-ruled [[Libya]] (this issue would have some implications in [[World War II]] and in [[Toyota War|post-colonial Libya-Chad relations]]). |
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He proposed a treaty to Mussolini to define disputed parts of French Somaliland (now [[Djibouti]]) as part of [[Eritrea]], redefine the official status of Italians in French [[Tunisia]] and give Italy a mainly-free hand to occupy [[Ethiopia]] during the [[Abyssinia Crisis]]. |
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Italy was also to receive the [[Aouzou Strip]], which was to be moved from French-ruled [[Chad]] to Italian-ruled [[Libya]] (that issue would have some implications in [[World War II]] and in the later [[Toyota War]] between Libya and Chad). |
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==Source== |
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The agreements were confirmed by a law of the French Parliament on 26 March 1935.<ref>[http://djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc117 7 janvier 1935 - Accord franco-italien (Laval-Mussolini) (extrait in french)]</ref> The French and the Italian Parliaments ratified the 1935 agreement. Since the instruments of ratification were not exchanged, ICJ named the agreement as "Non-ratified".<ref>[https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/83/083-19940203-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf 1994 ICJ Case Concerning The Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad)] Page: Top:19; Bottom:17</ref> |
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The agreement had the following main terms: |
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* A small territory in [[French Somaliland]] south of Eritrean [[Rahayta]] was to be given to [[Italian Eritrea]]. |
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* The village of [[Aozou]] and the surrounding [[Aozou strip]] in French Africa [[Chad]] was to be given to [[Italian Libya]]. |
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* Italy was given a free hand by the French government to occupy [[Ethiopia]].{{Dubious|date=June 2024|reason=France only recognised Italy's control of Abyssinia/Ethiopia in 1938.}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Sources == |
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* G. Bruce Strang: ''Imperial Dreams: The Mussolini-Laval Accords of January 1935''. In: ''The Historical Journal'' 44, September 2001, 3, {{ISSN|0018-246X}}, pp. 799–809. |
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*R. Festorazzi ''Laval Mussolini. L'impossibile Asse'', Milano: Mursia, {{ISBN|9788842530817}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Stresa Front]] |
*[[Stresa Front]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:1935 in Italy]] |
[[Category:1935 in Italy]] |
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[[Category:1935 in France]] |
[[Category:1935 in France]] |
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[[Category:Interwar |
[[Category:Interwar-period treaties]] |
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[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1935]] |
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1935]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of the French Third Republic]] |
[[Category:Treaties of the French Third Republic]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]] |
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]] |
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[[Category:France–Italy relations]] |
[[Category:France–Italy relations]] |
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[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes]] |
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[[Category:Pierre Laval]] |
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[[Category:Benito Mussolini]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:26, 10 June 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2020) |
The Franco-Italian Agreements (often called Mussolini-Laval Accord) were signed in Rome by both French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval and Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini on 7 January 1935.[1]
History[edit]
After its victory in World War I, it was agreed that Italy would not receive territories from the defeated German colonial empire. These territories were to be divided between France, Japan and the British Empire, but Italy would be rewarded some bordering areas from the British and French colonial possessions. That was considered by Italians to be very little compensation for their sacrifices in the bloody war, which was one of the reasons of the rise to power in Italy of Mussolini's fascism.
The British ceded Oltregiuba (today Jubaland) from Kenya to Italian Somalia in 1924, but the French delayed their contribution some years until 1935, under Laval's leadership, and gave only a small amount of territory in eastern Africa and a desert area in the French Sahara.
Laval had succeeded Louis Barthou as Foreign Minister after the latter's assassination in Marseilles on 9 October 1934, along with King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Laval borrowed the idea of his predecessor of a system of collective security to contain the threat of Hitler in Europe. On 4 January 1935 Laval went to Rome, the capital of Italy, to meet Mussolini. It was the beginning of a diplomatic offensive intended to contain Nazi Germany by a network of alliances.
He proposed a treaty to Mussolini to define disputed parts of French Somaliland (now Djibouti) as part of Eritrea, redefine the official status of Italians in French Tunisia and give Italy a mainly-free hand to occupy Ethiopia during the Abyssinia Crisis.
Italy was also to receive the Aouzou Strip, which was to be moved from French-ruled Chad to Italian-ruled Libya (that issue would have some implications in World War II and in the later Toyota War between Libya and Chad).
In exchange for those concessions, France hoped for Italian support against German aggression, which did not occur.
The agreements were confirmed by a law of the French Parliament on 26 March 1935.[2] The French and the Italian Parliaments ratified the 1935 agreement. Since the instruments of ratification were not exchanged, ICJ named the agreement as "Non-ratified".[3]
The agreement had the following main terms:
- A small territory in French Somaliland south of Eritrean Rahayta was to be given to Italian Eritrea.
- The village of Aozou and the surrounding Aozou strip in French Africa Chad was to be given to Italian Libya.
- Italy was given a free hand by the French government to occupy Ethiopia.[dubious – discuss]
References[edit]
- ^ Bernard Wasserstein; John Ashley Soames Grenville, eds. (2001). The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts. Routledge. p. 210. ISBN 9780415141253.
- ^ 7 janvier 1935 - Accord franco-italien (Laval-Mussolini) (extrait in french)
- ^ 1994 ICJ Case Concerning The Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) Page: Top:19; Bottom:17
Sources[edit]
- G. Bruce Strang: Imperial Dreams: The Mussolini-Laval Accords of January 1935. In: The Historical Journal 44, September 2001, 3, ISSN 0018-246X, pp. 799–809.
- R. Festorazzi Laval Mussolini. L'impossibile Asse, Milano: Mursia, ISBN 9788842530817
- Langer, William L. ed., An Encyclopaedia of World History, (1948), Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Pg. 990.
See also[edit]
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
