Dang Guo

Flag of the Kuomintang

Flag of the Republic of China

Dang Guo (Chinese: 黨國; pinyin: Dǎngguó; lit. 'party-state') was the one-party system adopted by the Republic of China under the Kuomintang.

From 1924 onwards, after Sun Yat-sen's decision to copy elements of the Soviet Union's political system, Chiang Kai-shek used the Kuomintang to control and operate the National Government of the Republic of China (ROC) and the National Revolutionary Army. All of the major national policies of the government bureaucracy were formulated by the Kuomintang, resulting in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation. In Sun Yat-sen's belief, rule over the state should be returned to the people after the National Revolutionary Army militarily ended the Warlord Era.

Origin

Dang Guo was short for Yi Dang Zhi Guo (以黨治國), which literally means "using the political party to run the state". In 1920, Sun Yat-sen, the Founding Father of the Republic of China, made Dang Guo the official ROC national policy during the phase of Military Rule and Political Tutelage (Two of the Three phases of the Fundamentals of National Reconstruction), having been influenced by Leninist ideology which led to the Russian Revolution. According to Sun Yat-sen, the Kuomintang should be paramount over the Republic of China in the course of revolution (war against the warlords), and Kuomintang should issue orders to the ROC bureaucracy, all the NGO groups, and indeed to any individual.

In 1924 Sun Yat-sen said:

當俄國革命時，用獨裁政治，諸事一切不顧，只求革命成功。。。，其能成功，卽因其將黨放在國上。我以爲。應重新組織，把黨放在國上 。

Dāng éguó gémìng shí, yòng dúcái zhèngzhì, zhūshì yīqiè bùgù, zhǐ qiú gémìng chénggōng..., Qí néng chénggōng, jí yīn qí jiāng dǎng fàng zài guó shàng. Wǒ yǐwèi. Yīng chóngxīn zǔzhī, bǎ dǎng fàng zài guó shàng.

During the Russian revolution, political dictatorship was used, everything else can be discarded, the only aim was the success of the revolution... its success was due to the party (Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)) being on top of the state. I suggest... we should reorganize by putting the party (Kuomintang) on top of the state (ROC).

Kuomintang holding supreme power

Blue Sky with a White Sun flag above the oath of Guominjun

After Sun Yat-sen decided to follow and copy the Soviet Union political system, his successor Chiang Kai-shek used Kuomintang to control and to operate both the Republic of China government and the Nationalist Revolutionary Army, which was sometimes called The Party's Army (黨軍), and equivalent to Mao Zedong's famous quote Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. The ROC bureaucracy had then become the means and tools of Kuomintang, where all the major national policies were formulated, resulting in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation.

The concept of Dang Guo was an outgrowth of Sun's concept of "political tutelage," during which the Kuomintang was to lead the state and instruct the people on how the democratic system was to work prior to the transition to full democracy.

Under Dang Guo, ROC military personnel and civil servants alike were expected to owe their allegiance to Kuomintang first and the State second — a policy reflected by such phrases as "Service to the Party and the Nation" (功在黨國), and also on the national anthem, which makes an explicit reference to "Our Party". Likewise, the emblem of Kuomintang was used as the emblem of the State, and the flag of Kuomintang has been used as the naval jack to this day.

The Kuomintang unified China in 1927, and started to prepare the state for democracy, as according to Sun's teaching. The Constitution of the Republic of China enacted in 1947 stipulates that different parties shall enjoy equal status, and the National Revolutionary Army was returned to civilian control as the Army of the Republic of China. However, due to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC was under military rule of the KMT during the period of mobilization. After martial law ended in 1987, all political parties became legal and the Republic of China was democratized. Since then, the President of the Republic of China has been democratically elected by the people of the Free Area. Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected president, making him the first non-KMT president under the Constitution.

Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China

Peking University professor Pan Wei (Chinese: 北京大學國際關係學院國際政治系教授，潘維) had stated that the political structure of People's Republic of China is supported by the Chinese Communist Party in six major ways:

1. Communist Party and its core decision making departments, such as Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Politburo of the Communist Party of China, Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China, Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China, Organization Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee
2. The all-powerful National People's Congress has always been under the control of the CCP.
3. All the PRC governmental departments are under the control of CCP.
4. People's Liberation Army is under control of the CCP.
5. Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is under control of the CCP.
6. All the semi-governmental departments, such as trade unions, women's associations, communist youth groups, are all under control of the CCP.

Professor Pan Wei went on to state that the China's supreme control power is rest on Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China.

PLA of the Communist Party of China

In 1938, Mao Zedong stated: "The fundamental principle is, the Communist Party is in command of the Army, not the other way around".

On 1 April 2009 Gen. Li Jinai, the People's Liberation Army's top political commissar who sits on the 11-member Chinese Communist Party Central Committee that exercises direct control over China, had stated that China's military "must continue taking orders exclusively from the Communist Party" in an essay published in the party's official theoretical journal, Qiushi.

The essay further stated:

"Unshakingly uphold the basic principle and system of the party's absolute leadership over the army...Resolutely oppose the wrong thinking of 'army-party separation, depoliticization, and army nationalization...At all times, make the party flag the army's flag and ... in all things listen to the commands of the Party, Central Military Commission and Chairman Hu,"

See also

• Party-state capitalism
• Transitional Justice Commission
• Wild Strawberry student movement

Additional source

• (in Chinese) 张英洪：孙中山的以党治国思想 Google translation
• (in Chinese) 孙中山“以党治国”思想的形成及其影响
• 吴敏：以党治国是国民党的遗毒 Google translation
• 浅议孙中山的民主宪政思想对当代中国民主政治与国家现代化的启示 作者：李昌庚 Google translation
• The Communist Party of China and the "Party-State" BY MING XIA