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{{Short description|Chinese state-owned enterprise}}
{{Expand Chinese|中国移动|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = China Mobile Limited<br />中国移动有限公司
| name = China Mobile Limited<br />{{lang|zh-CN|{{nobold|中国移动通信集团公司}}}}
| logo = China Mobile logo (2019).svg
| logo = China Mobile logo (2019).svg
| image = 中国移动通信集团公司 东南侧.jpg
| image = ChinaMobile_Communication_Corporation,xi%27an,CHINA_-_panoramio.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_size =
| image_caption = Headquarters in Beijing
| type = [[Public company|Public]]; [[State-owned enterprise]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]; [[state-owned enterprise]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{sehk|941}}||[[Hang Seng Index]] Component}}
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{sehk|941}}||[[Hang Seng Index]] Component}}
| ISIN = HK0941009539
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|HK0941009539}}
| predecessor = China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited<ref name=mile/>
| predecessor = China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited<ref name=mile/>
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1997|09|03}}<ref name=CM1/>
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1997|09|03}}<ref name=CM1/>
| founder =
| founder =
| location = [[Beijing]], [[China]]<br>[[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| area_served = {{ubl|[[China]]|[[Hong Kong]] ''(as [[CMHK]])''|[[Pakistan]] ''(as [[Zong 4G|Zong]])''|[[Japan]], [[Thailand]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]], [[Italy]] and [[Canada]] ''(as CMLink)|''}}
| location = [[Beijing]], [[China]]<br />[[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| area_served = {{ubl|[[China]]|[[Hong Kong]] ''(as [[CMHK]])''|[[Pakistan]] ''(as [[Zong 4G|Zong]])''|[[Japan]], [[Thailand]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Singapore]], [[Italy]] and [[Canada]] ''(as CMLink)|''}}
| key_people = Yang Jie ([[Chairman]]) <br />
| key_people = Yang Jie ([[Chairman]]) <br> [[Li Yue]] ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/about/directors.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902095125/https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/about/directors.php |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |publisher=China Mobile Limited Official Website}}</ref>
| industry = [[Telecommunication]]s
| industry = [[Telecommunication]]s
| products =
| products =
| services = {{ubl|[[Landline|Fixedline telephony]]|[[Mobile phone|Mobile telephony]]|[[Internet access|Broadband internet]]|[[Digital television]]|[[Internet television]]}}
| services = {{ubl|[[Landline|Fixedline telephony]]|[[Mobile phone|Mobile telephony]]|[[Internet access|Broadband internet]]|[[Digital television]]|[[Internet television]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{CNY|812.0 billion|link=yes}} (2022)<ref name="AR2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/reports/ar2022.pdf |pages=19, 22 |title=Annual Report 2022 |publisher=China Mobile}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} [[CNY|CN¥]] 746&nbsp;[[billion (short scale)|billion]]<br />(US$108 billion)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{CNY|129.0 billion}} (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| revenue_year = 2019
| net_income = {{decrease}} CN¥ 107&nbsp;billion
| net_income = {{increase}} {{CNY|125.6 billion}} (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{CNY|1.93 trillion}} (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| net_income_year = 2019
| assets = {{increase}} CNY¥ 1.629&nbsp;trillion
| equity = {{increase}} {{CNY|1.30 trillion}} (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| num_employees = 450,698 (2022)<ref name="AR2022"/>
| assets_year = 2019
| owner = [[Government of China]] (72.72%)<ref name=AR2019/>{{rp|65}}
| equity = {{increase}} CN¥ 1.104&nbsp;trillion
| parent = China Mobile Communications Group
| equity_year = 2019
| divisions =
| num_employees = 456,239<ref name=AR2019/>{{rp|5}}
| subsid = {{aligned table|[[CMHK]]|(100%)|[[Zong Pakistan|Zong]]||CMLink|}}
| num_employees_year = 2019
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.10086.cn/}}<br/>{{URL|http://www.chinamobileltd.com}}
| owner = [[Government of China]] (72.72%)<ref name=AR2019/>{{rp|65}}
| footnotes = Source of the financial figures: the [[consolidated financial statement]]s<ref name=AR2019>{{cite report|url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/reports/ar2019.pdf|title=Annual Report 2019|date=2020|access-date=13 November 2020|publisher=China Mobile Limited}}</ref>
| parent = China Mobile Communications Group
| module = {{Infobox NSP
| divisions =
| child = yes
| subsid = {{aligned table|[[CMHK]]|(100%)|[[Zong Pakistan|Zong]]||CMLink|}}
| asn = 9808
| homepage = {{url|http://www.10086.cn/}}<br/>{{url|http://www.chinamobileltd.com}}
| asn_suffix = (China)
| footnotes = Source of the financial figures: the [[consolidated financial statement]]s<ref name=AR2019>{{cite report|url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/reports/ar2019.pdf|title=Annual Report 2019|date=2020|access-date=13 November 2020|publisher=China Mobile Limited}}</ref>
| asn2 = 58453
| asn2_suffix = (International)
| trafficlevels = 5-10&nbsp;Tbit/s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peeringdb.com/asn/58453 |title=PeeringDB |author=China Mobile International |publisher=PeeringDB |access-date=October 7, 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Chinese
|title=China Mobile Limited
|s = 中国移动有限公司
|t = 中國移動有限公司
|p = Zhōngguó Yídòng Yǒu Xiàn Gōngsī
|altname=China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd.
|s2 = 中国移动通信集团有限公司
|t2 = 中國移動通信集團有限公司
|p2 =Zhōngguó yídòng tōngxìn jítuán yǒuxiàn gōngsī
|altname2=brand name
|s3 = 中国移动
|t3 = 中國移動
|p3 = Zhōngguó Yídòng
|l3 = China Mobile
|order=st
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = China Mobile Limited
| s = 中国移动有限公司
| t = 中國移動有限公司
| p = Zhōngguó Yídòng Yǒu Xiàn Gōngsī
| altname = China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd.
| s2 = 中国移动通信集团有限公司
| t2 = 中國移動通信集團有限公司
| p2 = Zhōngguó yídòng tōngxìn jítuán yǒuxiàn gōngsī
| altname2 = brand name
| s3 = 中国移动
| t3 = 中國移動
| p3 = Zhōngguó Yídòng
| l3 = China Mobile
| order = st
}}
'''China Mobile''' is the trade name of both '''China Mobile Limited''' and its ultimate controlling shareholder, '''China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd.''', is a Chinese [[Government-owned corporation|state-owned]] [[telecommunications]]<ref name="Economist">Strait deals ''[[The Economist]]'', 7 May 2009</ref> company. It provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide [[mobile telecommunications]] network across [[mainland China]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="CM1" /> China Mobile is the [[List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region#China (mainland)|largest wireless carrier in China]], with 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/operation_q.php|title = China Mobile Limited - Investor Relations > Operating Data}}</ref> China Mobile was ranked #25 in Forbes' Global 2000 in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0|title=The Global 2000 2023|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-02-07|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0}}</ref>


China Mobile Limited is listed on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]].<ref name="CM1">[https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/about/overview.php Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902095420/https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/about/overview.php |date=2 September 2019 }} China Mobile Limited Official Site</ref> It is the [[List of mobile network operators|world's largest mobile network operator]] by total number of subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-25|title=The Largest Mobile Network Operators In The World|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-mobile-network-operators-in-the-world.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> It is the world's [[List of telephone operating companies|largest telecommunications company]] by revenue.
'''China Mobile''' is the trade name of both '''China Mobile Limited''' ({{zh|s=中国移动有限公司|p=Zhōngguó Yídòng Yǒu Xiàn Gōngsī}}) and its ultimate controlling shareholder, '''China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd.''' ({{zh|s=中国移动通信集团有限公司|p=Zhōngguó Yídòng Tōngxìn Jítuán Gōngsī}}, formerly known as China Mobile Communications Corporation, "CMCC"), a Chinese [[Government-owned corporation|state-owned]]<ref name="Economist">Strait deals ''[[The Economist]]'', 7 May 2009</ref> company. China Mobile Limited provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide [[mobile telecommunications]] network across [[mainland China]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="CM1" /> China Mobile is the [[List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region#China (mainland)|largest wireless carrier in China]], with 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/operation_q.php|title = China Mobile Limited - Investor Relations > Operating Data}}</ref>

China Mobile Limited is listed on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]].<ref name="CM1">[https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/about/overview.php Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902095420/https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/about/overview.php |date=2 September 2019 }} China Mobile Limited Official Site</ref> It is the [[List of mobile network operators|world's largest mobile network operator]] by total number of subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-25|title=The Largest Mobile Network Operators In The World|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-mobile-network-operators-in-the-world.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref>


{{As of|2020|October|31}}, China Mobile Limited's total [[market value]] stood at HK$965&nbsp;billion, which is the largest [[red chip]] company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market-Data/Statistics/Consolidated-Reports/China-Dimension?sc_lang=en&select={55AE8A39-A5A2-4489-95E1-21E30BDEAFD7#select1=0&select2=1|title= List of Red Chip Companies|date=31 October 2020|publisher=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
{{As of|2020|October|31}}, China Mobile Limited's total [[market value]] stood at HK$965&nbsp;billion, which is the largest [[red chip]] company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market-Data/Statistics/Consolidated-Reports/China-Dimension?sc_lang=en&select={55AE8A39-A5A2-4489-95E1-21E30BDEAFD7#select1=0&select2=1|title= List of Red Chip Companies|date=31 October 2020|publisher=Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Incorporated in 1997 as China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited,<ref name="mile">[http://www.chinamobileltd.com/about.php?menu=6 Milestone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104939/http://www.chinamobileltd.com/about.php?menu=6 |date=2 November 2012 }} China Mobile Official Site</ref> China Mobile was born from the 1999 break-up of [[China Telecommunications Corporation]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false Asian economic and political issues, Volume 8 (page 68)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506062722/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=6 May 2016 }} Frank Columbus, Nova Publishers, 2003 ('''Google Books''')</ref> This company continues to provide mobile services, however.<ref name=morning/>
Incorporated in 1997 as China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited,<ref name="mile">[http://www.chinamobileltd.com/about.php?menu=6 Milestone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104939/http://www.chinamobileltd.com/about.php?menu=6 |date=2 November 2012 }} China Mobile Official Site</ref> China Mobile was born from the 1999 break-up of [[China Telecommunications Corporation]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA68 Asian economic and political issues, Volume 8 (page 68)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506062722/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA68 |date=6 May 2016 }} Frank Columbus, Nova Publishers, 2003 (Google Books)</ref> This company continues to provide mobile services, however.<ref name=morning/>


In May 2008, the company took over [[China Tietong]], a fixed-line telecom<ref name="Epre">Telecoms in China ''[[The Economist]]'', 29 May 2008</ref> and the then third-largest broadband [[ISP]] in China<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/id/24784814 China Mobile to take over China Tietong Telecom]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> adding Internet services to its core business of mobile services.
In May 2008, the company took over [[China Tietong]], a fixed-line telecom<ref name="Epre">Telecoms in China ''[[The Economist]]'', 29 May 2008</ref> and the then third-largest broadband [[ISP]] in China<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/id/24784814 China Mobile to take over China Tietong Telecom]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> adding Internet services to its core business of mobile services.
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In October 2014, [[Nokia]] and China Mobile signed a $970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Nokia, China Mobile sign $970 million framework deal |date=10 October 2014 |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nokia-chinamobile-idUSKCN0HZ1O420141010 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205236/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/10/us-nokia-chinamobile-idUSKCN0HZ1O420141010 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In October 2014, [[Nokia]] and China Mobile signed a $970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Nokia, China Mobile sign $970 million framework deal |date=10 October 2014 |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nokia-chinamobile-idUSKCN0HZ1O420141010 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205236/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/10/us-nokia-chinamobile-idUSKCN0HZ1O420141010 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>


China Mobile is among the state entities which contribute to the [[China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund]], which was established in an effort to decrease China's reliance on foreign [[Semiconductor industry in China|semiconductor]] companies.<ref name=":Zhang">{{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Angela Huyue |title=High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197682258 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=274}} The fund was established in 2014.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=274}}
In December 2021, China Mobile announced that its international arm would cease operations in Canada due to national security concerns by the Canadian government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese mobile phone giant pulling out of Canada amid security concerns|url=https://www.richmond-news.com/local-news/chinese-mobile-phone-giant-pulling-out-of-canada-amid-security-concerns-4905052|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Richmond News|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, China Mobile announced that its international arm would cease operations in Canada due to national security concerns by the Canadian government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese mobile phone giant pulling out of Canada amid security concerns|url=https://www.richmond-news.com/local-news/chinese-mobile-phone-giant-pulling-out-of-canada-amid-security-concerns-4905052|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Richmond News|date=28 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>


=== U.S. sanctions ===
=== U.S. sanctions ===
In November 2020, President [[Donald Trump]] issued an [[Executive Order 13959|executive order]] prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included China Mobile.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chen|first=Shawna|date=November 12, 2020|title=Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|url=https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html|access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pamuk|first1=Humeyra|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Ali|first3=Idrees|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3|access-date=2020-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 31 December 2020, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it would suspend trading in China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom from 7 to 11 January 2021 and start the delisting process, causing stock values to drop.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=2021-01-01|title=New York to Delist Chinese Telecom Firms in Symbolic Shift|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/business/nyse-delist-china-mobile.html|access-date=2021-01-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 4 January the decision to delist was suddenly reversed; two days later, the NYSE said that the delistings would proceed.<ref name="leosun">{{Cite web|author=Leo Sun|date=7 January 2021|title=4 Lessons From China Mobile's Delisting Debacle|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/4-lessons-from-china-mobiles-delisting-debacle-2021-01-07|access-date=13 January 2021|website=Nasdaq}}</ref> In the aftermath of the delisting, the company announced its decision to raise up to US$ 8.8 billion ahead of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai stock exchange]] listing, according to an official [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]] post by the company.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-21|title=China Mobile to raise up to $8.8bn in Shanghai share listing|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-59737199|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref>
In November 2020, President [[Donald Trump]] issued an [[Executive Order 13959|executive order]] prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included China Mobile.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chen|first=Shawna|date=November 12, 2020|title=Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|url=https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html|access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pamuk|first1=Humeyra|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Ali|first3=Idrees|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3|access-date=2020-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 31 December 2020, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it would suspend trading in China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom from 7 to 11 January 2021 and start the delisting process, causing stock values to drop.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=2021-01-01|title=New York to Delist Chinese Telecom Firms in Symbolic Shift|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/business/nyse-delist-china-mobile.html|access-date=2021-01-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 4 January the decision to delist was suddenly reversed; two days later, the NYSE said that the delistings would proceed.<ref name="leosun">{{Cite web|author=Leo Sun|date=7 January 2021|title=4 Lessons From China Mobile's Delisting Debacle|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/4-lessons-from-china-mobiles-delisting-debacle-2021-01-07|access-date=13 January 2021|website=Nasdaq}}</ref> In the aftermath of the delisting, the company announced its decision to raise up to US$8.8 billion ahead of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange|Shanghai stock exchange]] listing, according to an official [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]] post by the company.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-21|title=China Mobile to raise up to $8.8bn in Shanghai share listing|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-59737199|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref>


In March 2022, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] designated China Mobile's U.S. subsidiary, China Mobile International USA, a national security threat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shepardson |first1=David |last2=Satter |first2=Raphael |date=2022-03-26 |title=U.S. FCC adds Russia's Kaspersky, China telecom firms to national security threat list |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-fcc-adds-ao-kaspersky-lab-china-telecom-firms-national-security-threat-list-2022-03-25/ |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref>
In March 2022, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] designated China Mobile's U.S. subsidiary, China Mobile International USA, a national security threat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shepardson |first1=David |last2=Satter |first2=Raphael |date=2022-03-26 |title=U.S. FCC adds Russia's Kaspersky, China telecom firms to national security threat list |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-fcc-adds-ao-kaspersky-lab-china-telecom-firms-national-security-threat-list-2022-03-25/ |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref>
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A [[Government-owned corporation|state-owned enterprise]] directly controlled by the government of the People's Republic of China<ref name="Economist" /> and also a public company which is listed on the NYSE and the Hong Kong stock exchanges,<ref name="CM1" /> China Mobile has dominated [[Chinese mobile phone industry|Chinese mobile services]] since its inception for civilian and military purposes. According to the [[United States Department of Defense]], the company has links to the [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625220923/https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2010}}, China Mobile controls the vast majority of its domestic mobile services market with a 70% market share.<ref name="morning" /> [[China Unicom]] and [[China Telecom]] have 20% and 10% shares, respectively.<ref name="morning" />
A [[Government-owned corporation|state-owned enterprise]] directly controlled by the government of the People's Republic of China<ref name="Economist" /> and also a public company which is listed on the NYSE and the Hong Kong stock exchanges,<ref name="CM1" /> China Mobile has dominated [[Chinese mobile phone industry|Chinese mobile services]] since its inception for civilian and military purposes. According to the [[United States Department of Defense]], the company has links to the [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625220923/https://www.axios.com/defense-department-chinese-military-linked-companies-856b9315-48d2-4aec-b932-97b8f29a4d40.html |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2010}}, China Mobile controls the vast majority of its domestic mobile services market with a 70% market share.<ref name="morning" /> [[China Unicom]] and [[China Telecom]] have 20% and 10% shares, respectively.<ref name="morning" />


The company likely enjoys substantial [[Protectionism|protectionist]] benefits from China's government<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 8 (page 54)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527152631/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=27 May 2016}} 2003. Frank Columbus. Nova Publishers. ('''Google Books''')</ref> but also experiences frequent government intervention in its business affairs.<ref name="Asian Econ and Polit Issues">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 8 (page 84)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022621/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=23 July 2016}} 2003. Frank Columbus. Nova Publishers. ('''Google Books''')</ref> Government control is maintained through a presumably government-owned holding company, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. (formerly: China Mobile Communications Corporation; CMCC), that owns 100 percent ownership of China Mobile (HK) Group Limited,<ref name="gov control">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090604221551/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/about/profile.html CMCC Profile] CMCC Official Site ('''Archive.org cache''')</ref> which in turn holds over seventy percent ownership of China Mobile–the remainder being controlled by public investors.<ref name="CM1" /> Established in 2000,<ref name="gov control" /> CMCC is China Mobile Ltd's current parent company {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="AR2019" />
The company likely enjoys substantial [[Protectionism|protectionist]] benefits from China's government<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA54 Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 8 (page 54)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527152631/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA54|date=27 May 2016}} 2003. Frank Columbus. Nova Publishers. (Google Books)</ref> but also experiences frequent government intervention in its business affairs.<ref name="Asian Econ and Polit Issues">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA84 Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 8 (page 84)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022621/https://books.google.com/books?id=CE2VGH7wJcYC&lpg=PA74&dq=%22China%20Mobile%22&pg=PA84|date=23 July 2016}} 2003. Frank Columbus. Nova Publishers. (Google Books)</ref> Government control is maintained through a presumably government-owned holding company, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. (formerly: China Mobile Communications Corporation; CMCC), that owns 100 percent ownership of China Mobile (HK) Group Limited,<ref name="gov control">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090604221551/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/about/profile.html CMCC Profile] CMCC Official Site (Archive.org cache)</ref> which in turn holds over seventy percent ownership of China Mobile–the remainder being controlled by public investors.<ref name="CM1" /> Established in 2000,<ref name="gov control" /> CMCC is China Mobile Ltd's current parent company {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref name="AR2019" />


==Services==
==Services==
===Rural subscriber base===
===Rural services===
[[File:Flickr - World Economic Forum - Wang Jianzhou - Annual Meeting of the New Champions Tianjin 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wang Jianzhou]], chairman and CEO during the Market Insight: Frontier Markets plenary session in Tianjin, China, 28 September 2008.<ref>Copyright [[World Economic Forum]]</ref>]]
[[File:Flickr - World Economic Forum - Wang Jianzhou - Annual Meeting of the New Champions Tianjin 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wang Jianzhou]], chairman and CEO during the Market Insight: Frontier Markets plenary session in Tianjin, China, 28 September 2008<ref>Copyright [[World Economic Forum]]</ref>]]
[[File:3G Mobile Phones fot China Mobile.jpg|thumb|display of China Mobile phones, 2010]]
[[File:3G Mobile Phones fot China Mobile.jpg|thumb|Display of China Mobile phones, 2010]]

China Mobile was one of six state-owned companies that implemented the Connecting Every Village Project, which the [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]] began in 2004 to promote universal access to [[Telecommunications in China|telecommunication]] and [[Internet in China|internet]] services in [[Rural society in China|rural China]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Shi |first=Song |title=China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change |date=2023 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=9781978834736 |location=New Brunswick, NJ}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=24–25}} The MIIT required that China Mobile and the other state-owned companies build the communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=25}} {{as of|December 2019|post=,}} 135 million rural households had used broadband internet.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=25}} The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of the internet.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=25}}


China Mobile has historically held a greater share of the rural market than competitors.<ref name="BW China Mobile Leads">[http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2009/gb2009085_090539.htm "Chinese Telecom: China Mobile Leads the Way"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809054445/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2009/gb2009085_090539.htm |date=9 August 2009 }}. ''Bloomberg BusinessWeek''. 5 August 2009</ref> By 2006, its network had expanded to provide reception to 97% of the Chinese population,<ref name="CMCC Business Review">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/products/review.html Homepage > Brand & Products > Business Review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822164959/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/products/review.html |date=22 August 2009 }} CMCC Official Site</ref> and the company has since seen a sustained stream of new, rural mobile customers.<ref name="BW China Mobile Leads" />
China Mobile has historically held a greater share of the rural market than competitors.<ref name="BW China Mobile Leads">[http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2009/gb2009085_090539.htm "Chinese Telecom: China Mobile Leads the Way"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809054445/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2009/gb2009085_090539.htm |date=9 August 2009 }}. ''Bloomberg BusinessWeek''. 5 August 2009</ref> By 2006, its network had expanded to provide reception to 97% of the Chinese population,<ref name="CMCC Business Review">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/products/review.html Homepage > Brand & Products > Business Review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822164959/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/products/review.html |date=22 August 2009 }} CMCC Official Site</ref> and the company has since seen a sustained stream of new, rural mobile customers.<ref name="BW China Mobile Leads" />
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===Overseas activities===
===Overseas activities===
The company branched out in 2007 with the purchase of [[Paktel]] in Pakistan<ref name="CMCC News Paki">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press12.html CMCC Officially Enter Pakistani Telecommunication Market, 25 March 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601174804/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press12.html |date=1 June 2009 }} CMCC Official Site</ref> launching the [[Zong (mobile network operator)|Zong]] brand there a year later.<ref name="CMCC News ZONG">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press17.html '''ZoNG''' the first international brand of China Mobile being launched in Pakistan, 5 April 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611063919/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press17.html |date=11 June 2009 }} CMCC Official Site</ref>
The company branched out in 2007 with the purchase of [[Paktel]] in Pakistan<ref name="CMCC News Paki">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press12.html CMCC Officially Enter Pakistani Telecommunication Market, 25 March 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601174804/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press12.html |date=1 June 2009 }} CMCC Official Site</ref> launching the [[Zong (mobile network operator)|Zong]] brand there a year later.<ref name="CMCC News ZONG">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press17.html ''ZoNG'' the first international brand of China Mobile being launched in Pakistan, 5 April 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611063919/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press17.html |date=11 June 2009 }} CMCC Official Site</ref>


In 2013, China Mobile eyed expansion into [[Myanmar]] expressing interest in bidding for one of two licences on offer in a partnership with [[Vodafone]] although this plan ultimately fell through.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=Vodafone and China Mobile pull out of Myanmar race |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vodafone-chinamobile-myanmar-idUSBRE94U0FT20130531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420174239/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-vodafone-chinamobile-myanmar-idUSBRE94U0FT20130531 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=reuters.com |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>
In 2013, China Mobile eyed expansion into [[Myanmar]] expressing interest in bidding for one of two licences on offer in a partnership with [[Vodafone]] although this plan ultimately fell through.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=Vodafone and China Mobile pull out of Myanmar race |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vodafone-chinamobile-myanmar-idUSBRE94U0FT20130531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420174239/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-vodafone-chinamobile-myanmar-idUSBRE94U0FT20130531 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=reuters.com |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>

===Digital barrier removal===
In 2023, China Mobile's [[digital wallet]] users were able to make payments by scanning [[WeChat]] [[QR codes]] as part of a program to remove barriers between the [[ecosystem]]s of technology companies in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3241195/tencents-wechat-ties-digital-wallets-chinas-big-telcos-latest-breach-mobile-payments-walled-garden|title=Huawei wins lion’s share of China Mobile’s 5G base station contracts, in much needed boost to revenue|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=2024-02-08|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722000058/https://www.scmp.com/?module=masthead&pgtype=article}}</ref>


==Brands==
==Brands==
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[[File:SZ 深圳北站 Shenzhen North Station 東廣場 East Square 繽果空間購物中心 Bingo Space Shopping Center shop China Mobile 4G sign Feb 2017 IX1.jpg|thumb|right|A China Mobile store in [[Shenzhen]]]]
[[File:SZ 深圳北站 Shenzhen North Station 東廣場 East Square 繽果空間購物中心 Bingo Space Shopping Center shop China Mobile 4G sign Feb 2017 IX1.jpg|thumb|right|A China Mobile store in [[Shenzhen]]]]


Mobile services are available in [[Mainland China]] under several brands as of 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Our Brands |url=http://www.10086.cn/en/mainland/products/brands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204084444/http://www.10086.cn/en/mainland/products/brands.html |archive-date=4 December 2010 |access-date=18 March 2008 |publisher=China Mobile}} ('''Archive.org cache''')</ref> {{as of|2013}}, the below brands are scheduled to be slowly phased out and replaced by an all-encompassing new brand name—And<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Leo Burnett Wins Pitch for Telecom Giant China Mobile 'And' Brand |url=http://leoburnett.com/articles/news/leo-burnett-wins-pitch-for-telecom-giant-china-mobile-and-brand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317041338/http://leoburnett.com/articles/news/leo-burnett-wins-pitch-for-telecom-giant-china-mobile-and-brand/ |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=leoburnett.com |publisher=Leo Burnett}}</ref>—whose logo combines an exclamation point, the Chinese character for "peace" ({{zh|labels=no|c=和|p=Hé}}), as well as the English word "and".<ref name="G3" />
Mobile services are available in [[Mainland China]] under several brands as of 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Our Brands |url=http://www.10086.cn/en/mainland/products/brands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204084444/http://www.10086.cn/en/mainland/products/brands.html |archive-date=4 December 2010 |access-date=18 March 2008 |publisher=China Mobile}} (Archive.org cache)</ref> {{as of|2013}}, the below brands are scheduled to be slowly phased out and replaced by an all-encompassing new brand name—And<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Leo Burnett Wins Pitch for Telecom Giant China Mobile 'And' Brand |url=http://leoburnett.com/articles/news/leo-burnett-wins-pitch-for-telecom-giant-china-mobile-and-brand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317041338/http://leoburnett.com/articles/news/leo-burnett-wins-pitch-for-telecom-giant-china-mobile-and-brand/ |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=leoburnett.com |publisher=Leo Burnett}}</ref>—whose logo combines an exclamation point, the Chinese character for "peace" ({{zh|labels=no|c=和|p=Hé}}), as well as the English word "and".<ref name="G3" />
;Easyown:
[[File:Tonghai County - Hongqi He - P1360293.JPG|thumb|A sign near a China Mobile fiber-optic cable reminds of the legal responsibility for damaging telecommunication cables]]
({{zh|links=no|c=神州行|p=Shénzhōuxíng}} Rough translation: "Travel across China"<ref name=translator/> (lit. "travel the holy states")): a basic [[prepaid mobile phone]] service more heavily marketed in rural areas<ref name="CMCC Business Review" />
;GoTone:
;GoTone:
({{zh|links=no|c=全球通|p=Quánqiútōng}} Rough translation: "Global Connect"): subscription<ref name="translator">{{Cite conference |date=19 March 2003 |title=DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANQIUTONG AND SHENZHOUXING |url=http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/20030319_difference_between_quanqiutong_and_shenzhouxing.htm |location=Shanghai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217024945/http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/20030319_difference_between_quanqiutong_and_shenzhouxing.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=4 January 2012 |book-title=Wangjianshuo's blog |url-status=dead}}</ref> flagship brand<ref name="CMCC Brand Splash">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630155206/http://www.10086.cn/en/mainland/products/brands.html Homepage > Brand & Products > Our Brands] CMCC Official Site ('''Archive.org cache''')</ref>
({{zh|links=no|c=全球通|p=Quánqiútōng}} Rough translation: "Global Connect"): subscription<ref name="translator">{{Cite conference |date=19 March 2003 |title=DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANQIUTONG AND SHENZHOUXING |url=http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/20030319_difference_between_quanqiutong_and_shenzhouxing.htm |location=Shanghai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217024945/http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/20030319_difference_between_quanqiutong_and_shenzhouxing.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=4 January 2012 |book-title=Wangjianshuo's blog |url-status=dead}}</ref> flagship brand<ref name="CMCC Brand Splash">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630155206/http://www.10086.cn/en/mainland/products/brands.html Homepage > Brand & Products > Our Brands] CMCC Official Site (Archive.org cache)</ref>
;M-zone:
;M-zone:
({{zh|links=no|c=动感地带|p=Dònggǎndìdài}} Rough translation: "Dynamic Area"): a premium prepaid service popular with youths<ref name="CMCC Brand Splash" />
({{zh|links=no|c=动感地带|p=Dònggǎndìdài}} Rough translation: "Dynamic Area"): a premium prepaid service popular with youths<ref name="CMCC Brand Splash" />
;Easyown:
[[File:Tonghai County - Hongqi He - P1360293.JPG|thumb|A sign near a China Mobile fiber-optic cable reminds of the legal responsibility for damaging telecommunication cables.]]
({{zh|links=no|c=神州行|p=Shénzhōuxíng}} Rough translation: "Travel across China"<ref name=translator/> (lit. "travel the holy states")): a basic [[prepaid mobile phone]] service more heavily marketed in rural areas<ref name="CMCC Business Review" />
;G3:
;G3:
A 3G service brand using [[TD-SCDMA]]<ref name="G3">{{Cite web |last=Jingting, Shen |date=18 December 2013 |title=China Mobile launches new 4G service brand |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-12/18/content_17182127.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230501/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-12/18/content_17182127.htm |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=chinadaily.com |publisher=China Daily}}</ref> (likely introduced post-2007)
A 3G service brand using [[TD-SCDMA]]<ref name="G3">{{Cite web |last=Jingting, Shen |date=18 December 2013 |title=China Mobile launches new 4G service brand |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-12/18/content_17182127.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230501/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-12/18/content_17182127.htm |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=chinadaily.com |publisher=China Daily}}</ref> (likely introduced post-2007)
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===Pakistan===
===Pakistan===
{{main|Zong Pakistan}}[[Zong 4G|Zong]] is China Mobile's brand in Pakistan and is operated by China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak), a subsidiary.<ref name="CMCC News ZONG" />
{{main|Zong Pakistan}}
*[[Zong 4G|Zong]] is China Mobile's brand in Pakistan and is operated by China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak),<ref name="CMCC News ZONG" /> a subsidiary. It offers [[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE]], [[HSPA+]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|FDD-LTE]]


===United Kingdom===
===United Kingdom===
In December 2017, China Mobile launched a [[MVNO]] service in the UK called CMLink. CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the UK and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=China Mobile Launches CMLink UK MVNO for Chinese Community |url=https://www.silicon.co.uk/networks/broadband/china-mobile-cmlink-226057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131553/https://www.silicon.co.uk/networks/broadband/china-mobile-cmlink-226057 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
In December 2017, China Mobile launched a [[MVNO]] service in the UK called CMLink. CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the UK and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.<ref name="silicon.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=China Mobile Launches CMLink UK MVNO for Chinese Community |url=https://www.silicon.co.uk/networks/broadband/china-mobile-cmlink-226057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131553/https://www.silicon.co.uk/networks/broadband/china-mobile-cmlink-226057 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>


=== Singapore ===
=== Singapore ===
In June 2020, China Mobile launched a [[MVNO]] service called CMLink. It uses Singtel networks, wich is one of Singapore's largest mobile network operator.
In June 2020, China Mobile launched a [[MVNO]] service called CMLink. It uses Singtel networks, which is one of Singapore's largest mobile network operator.


CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the Singapore and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=China Mobile Launches CMLink UK MVNO for Chinese Community |url=https://www.silicon.co.uk/networks/broadband/china-mobile-cmlink-226057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131553/https://www.silicon.co.uk/networks/broadband/china-mobile-cmlink-226057 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the Singapore and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.<ref name="silicon.co.uk"/>


==Network==
==Network==
China Mobile operates a [[GSM]] network,<ref name="CMCC News BO">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press080821_01.html Beijing Olympic Games spur another technological leap forward] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828044551/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press080821_01.html |date=28 August 2009 }} China Mobile, 18 Aug 2008</ref> which encompasses all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and directly administered municipalities in Mainland China and includes Hong Kong, too.<ref name=CM1/> [[GPRS]] is utilized for data transmission.<ref name="CMCC Network">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/about/technologies.html Networks & Technologies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821131929/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/about/technologies.html |date=21 August 2009 }} China Mobile</ref>
China Mobile operates a [[GSM]] network,<ref name="CMCC News BO">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press080821_01.html Beijing Olympic Games spur another technological leap forward] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828044551/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/media/press080821_01.html |date=28 August 2009 }} China Mobile, 18 Aug 2008</ref> which encompasses all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and directly administered municipalities in mainland China and includes Hong Kong, too.<ref name=CM1/> [[GPRS]] is utilized for data transmission.<ref name="CMCC Network">[http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/about/technologies.html Networks & Technologies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821131929/http://www.chinamobile.com/en/mainland/about/technologies.html |date=21 August 2009 }} China Mobile</ref>


;3G:
;3G:
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Marketed as "''and和''", as of 2010, China Mobile has debuted small-scale 4G demonstration networks using a variant of [[3GPP]]'s [[Long Term Evolution]], TD-LTE, and has plans for larger, citywide demonstration networks in the future.<ref name="2010rep">{{Cite conference |year=2010 |title=China Mobile Limited: Annual Report 2010 |url=http://www.chinamobileltd.com/images/pdf/2011/ar/2010_a_e_full.pdf |publisher=China Mobile Ltd |pages=13–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005835/http://www.chinamobileltd.com/images/pdf/2011/ar/2010_a_e_full.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2012|May}}, such networks are in operation.<ref name=td-lte/>
Marketed as "''and和''", as of 2010, China Mobile has debuted small-scale 4G demonstration networks using a variant of [[3GPP]]'s [[Long Term Evolution]], TD-LTE, and has plans for larger, citywide demonstration networks in the future.<ref name="2010rep">{{Cite conference |year=2010 |title=China Mobile Limited: Annual Report 2010 |url=http://www.chinamobileltd.com/images/pdf/2011/ar/2010_a_e_full.pdf |publisher=China Mobile Ltd |pages=13–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005835/http://www.chinamobileltd.com/images/pdf/2011/ar/2010_a_e_full.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2012|May}}, such networks are in operation.<ref name=td-lte/>


While prior iPhone models couldn't use the China Mobile network due to the chipset relying on WCDMA-based networks, talks to carry the then unreleased 4G [[iPhone]] ([[iPhone 5]]) began in mid-2012.<ref name=td-lte>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Chyen Yee |date=16 May 2012 <!-- 1:22am EDT --> |title=China Mobile in talks with Apple for iPhone |work=reuters.com |publisher=Thompson Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chinamobile-idUSBRE84F06I20120516 |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163127/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/16/us-chinamobile-idUSBRE84F06I20120516 |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> The [[iPhone 5c]] and [[iPhone 5s]] were sold through China Mobile starting in January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anthony Ha |title=Apple Announces Deal To Bring iPhones To China Mobile Starting On Jan. 17 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/22/apple-china-mobile/?ncid=fb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082523/https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/22/apple-china-mobile/?ncid=fb |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=6 August 2015 |website=TechCrunch |publisher=AOL}}</ref>
While prior iPhone models could not use the China Mobile network due to the chipset relying on WCDMA-based networks, talks to carry the then unreleased 4G [[iPhone]] ([[iPhone 5]]) began in mid-2012.<ref name=td-lte>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Chyen Yee |date=16 May 2012 <!-- 1:22am EDT --> |title=China Mobile in talks with Apple for iPhone |work=reuters.com |publisher=Thomson Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chinamobile-idUSBRE84F06I20120516 |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163127/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/16/us-chinamobile-idUSBRE84F06I20120516 |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> The [[iPhone 5c]] and [[iPhone 5s]] were sold through China Mobile starting in January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anthony Ha |title=Apple Announces Deal To Bring iPhones To China Mobile Starting On Jan. 17 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/22/apple-china-mobile/?ncid=fb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082523/https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/22/apple-china-mobile/?ncid=fb |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=6 August 2015 |website=TechCrunch |date=22 December 2013 |publisher=AOL}}</ref>

;5G:
China Mobile is developing a 5G service. As part of this development, Huawei has been awarded 52 percent of 5G contracts in 2023 (estimated at 45,426 base stations).<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3223886/huawei-wins-lions-share-china-mobiles-5g-base-station-contracts-much-needed-boost-revenue|title=Huawei wins lion’s share of China Mobile’s 5G base station contracts, in much needed boost to revenue|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=2024-02-08|archive-date=2023-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722012031/https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3223886/huawei-wins-lions-share-china-mobiles-5g-base-station-contracts-much-needed-boost-revenue}}</ref>


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[[Category:Companies based in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Chinese brands]]
[[Category:Chinese brands]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the S&P Asia 50]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of China]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of China]]

Latest revision as of 20:49, 12 June 2024

China Mobile Limited
中国移动通信集团公司
Company typePublic; state-owned enterprise
ISINHK0941009539
IndustryTelecommunications
PredecessorChina Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited[1]
Founded3 September 1997; 26 years ago (1997-09-03)[2]
HeadquartersBeijing, China
Shanghai, China
Area served
Key people
Yang Jie (Chairman)
Services
RevenueIncrease CN¥812.0 billion (2022)[3]
Increase CN¥129.0 billion (2022)[3]
Increase CN¥125.6 billion (2022)[3]
Total assetsIncrease CN¥1.93 trillion (2022)[3]
Total equityIncrease CN¥1.30 trillion (2022)[3]
OwnerGovernment of China (72.72%)[4]: 65 
Number of employees
450,698 (2022)[3]
ParentChina Mobile Communications Group
Subsidiaries
CMHK(100%)
Zong
CMLink
ASNs
Traffic Levels5-10 Tbit/s[5]
Websitewww.10086.cn
www.chinamobileltd.com
Footnotes / references
Source of the financial figures: the consolidated financial statements[4]
China Mobile Limited
Simplified Chinese中国移动有限公司
Traditional Chinese中國移動有限公司
China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd.
Simplified Chinese中国移动通信集团有限公司
Traditional Chinese中國移動通信集團有限公司
Second alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese中国移动
Traditional Chinese中國移動
Literal meaningChina Mobile

China Mobile is the trade name of both China Mobile Limited and its ultimate controlling shareholder, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd., is a Chinese state-owned telecommunications[6] company. It provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide mobile telecommunications network across mainland China and Hong Kong.[2] China Mobile is the largest wireless carrier in China, with 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021.[7] China Mobile was ranked #25 in Forbes' Global 2000 in 2023.[8]

China Mobile Limited is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[2] It is the world's largest mobile network operator by total number of subscribers.[9] It is the world's largest telecommunications company by revenue.

As of 31 October 2020, China Mobile Limited's total market value stood at HK$965 billion, which is the largest red chip company.[10]

History[edit]

Incorporated in 1997 as China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited,[1] China Mobile was born from the 1999 break-up of China Telecommunications Corporation.[11] This company continues to provide mobile services, however.[12]

In May 2008, the company took over China Tietong, a fixed-line telecom[13] and the then third-largest broadband ISP in China[14] adding Internet services to its core business of mobile services.

In October 2014, Nokia and China Mobile signed a $970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.[15]

China Mobile is among the state entities which contribute to the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, which was established in an effort to decrease China's reliance on foreign semiconductor companies.[16]: 274  The fund was established in 2014.[16]: 274 

In December 2021, China Mobile announced that its international arm would cease operations in Canada due to national security concerns by the Canadian government.[17]

U.S. sanctions[edit]

In November 2020, President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included China Mobile.[18][19][20] On 31 December 2020, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it would suspend trading in China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom from 7 to 11 January 2021 and start the delisting process, causing stock values to drop.[21] On 4 January the decision to delist was suddenly reversed; two days later, the NYSE said that the delistings would proceed.[22] In the aftermath of the delisting, the company announced its decision to raise up to US$8.8 billion ahead of the Shanghai stock exchange listing, according to an official Weibo post by the company.[23]

In March 2022, the Federal Communications Commission designated China Mobile's U.S. subsidiary, China Mobile International USA, a national security threat.[24]

Ownership and control[edit]

A state-owned enterprise directly controlled by the government of the People's Republic of China[6] and also a public company which is listed on the NYSE and the Hong Kong stock exchanges,[2] China Mobile has dominated Chinese mobile services since its inception for civilian and military purposes. According to the United States Department of Defense, the company has links to the People's Liberation Army.[25] As of 2010, China Mobile controls the vast majority of its domestic mobile services market with a 70% market share.[12] China Unicom and China Telecom have 20% and 10% shares, respectively.[12]

The company likely enjoys substantial protectionist benefits from China's government[26] but also experiences frequent government intervention in its business affairs.[27] Government control is maintained through a presumably government-owned holding company, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. (formerly: China Mobile Communications Corporation; CMCC), that owns 100 percent ownership of China Mobile (HK) Group Limited,[28] which in turn holds over seventy percent ownership of China Mobile–the remainder being controlled by public investors.[2] Established in 2000,[28] CMCC is China Mobile Ltd's current parent company as of 2019.[4]

Services[edit]

Rural services[edit]

Wang Jianzhou, chairman and CEO during the Market Insight: Frontier Markets plenary session in Tianjin, China, 28 September 2008[29]
Display of China Mobile phones, 2010

China Mobile was one of six state-owned companies that implemented the Connecting Every Village Project, which the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology began in 2004 to promote universal access to telecommunication and internet services in rural China.[30]: 24–25  The MIIT required that China Mobile and the other state-owned companies build the communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project.[30]: 25  As of December 2019, 135 million rural households had used broadband internet.[30]: 25  The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of the internet.[30]: 25 

China Mobile has historically held a greater share of the rural market than competitors.[31] By 2006, its network had expanded to provide reception to 97% of the Chinese population,[32] and the company has since seen a sustained stream of new, rural mobile customers.[31]

It also offers services targeted at the rural market including an agricultural information service, which facilitates a variety of activities such as the sale and purchase of agricultural products, access to market prices for produce and crops, wire transfers, bank withdrawals, and payments, etc.[33]

Overseas activities[edit]

The company branched out in 2007 with the purchase of Paktel in Pakistan[34] launching the Zong brand there a year later.[35]

In 2013, China Mobile eyed expansion into Myanmar expressing interest in bidding for one of two licences on offer in a partnership with Vodafone although this plan ultimately fell through.[36]

Digital barrier removal[edit]

In 2023, China Mobile's digital wallet users were able to make payments by scanning WeChat QR codes as part of a program to remove barriers between the ecosystems of technology companies in China.[37]

Brands[edit]

Mainland China[edit]

A China Mobile store in Shenzhen

Mobile services are available in Mainland China under several brands as of 2007.[38] As of 2013, the below brands are scheduled to be slowly phased out and replaced by an all-encompassing new brand name—And[39]—whose logo combines an exclamation point, the Chinese character for "peace" (和; Hé), as well as the English word "and".[40]

GoTone

(Chinese: 全球通; pinyin: Quánqiútōng Rough translation: "Global Connect"): subscription[41] flagship brand[42]

M-zone

(Chinese: 动感地带; pinyin: Dònggǎndìdài Rough translation: "Dynamic Area"): a premium prepaid service popular with youths[42]

Easyown
A sign near a China Mobile fiber-optic cable reminds of the legal responsibility for damaging telecommunication cables.

(Chinese: 神州行; pinyin: Shénzhōuxíng Rough translation: "Travel across China"[41] (lit. "travel the holy states")): a basic prepaid mobile phone service more heavily marketed in rural areas[32]

G3

A 3G service brand using TD-SCDMA[40] (likely introduced post-2007)

and!和

A 4G/LTE service brand using TD-LTE

Hong Kong[edit]

CMHK is a wholly owned subsidiary of China Mobile. It offers GSM, GPRS, EDGE, HSPA+ (MVNO), FD-LTE and TD-LTE technologies to customers in this the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[43]

Pakistan[edit]

Main article: Zong Pakistan

Zong is China Mobile's brand in Pakistan and is operated by China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak), a subsidiary.[35]

United Kingdom[edit]

In December 2017, China Mobile launched a MVNO service in the UK called CMLink. CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the UK and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.[44]

Singapore[edit]

In June 2020, China Mobile launched a MVNO service called CMLink. It uses Singtel networks, which is one of Singapore's largest mobile network operator.

CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the Singapore and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.[44]

Network[edit]

China Mobile operates a GSM network,[45] which encompasses all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and directly administered municipalities in mainland China and includes Hong Kong, too.[2] GPRS is utilized for data transmission.[46]

3G

Marketed as "G3", the company controls 70% of the Chinese mobile market but a far smaller percentage of the 3G market.[12] As of May 2012, its nearly 60 million 3G subscribers account for roughly 9% of its total subscriber base,[47] which is an increase from 3% in 2010.[12]

Its 3G network, still under construction in 2010, utilizes the TD-SCDMA standard, which China Mobile helped develop. 3G service is available in all of the 4 direct-controlled municipalities and most of the 283 prefecture-level cities in China as of 2010.[48]

4G

Marketed as "and和", as of 2010, China Mobile has debuted small-scale 4G demonstration networks using a variant of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution, TD-LTE, and has plans for larger, citywide demonstration networks in the future.[48] As of May 2012, such networks are in operation.[47]

While prior iPhone models could not use the China Mobile network due to the chipset relying on WCDMA-based networks, talks to carry the then unreleased 4G iPhone (iPhone 5) began in mid-2012.[47] The iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s were sold through China Mobile starting in January 2014.[49]

5G

China Mobile is developing a 5G service. As part of this development, Huawei has been awarded 52 percent of 5G contracts in 2023 (estimated at 45,426 base stations).[50]

Everest

In 2003 and again in 2007, China Mobile provided mobile services on Mount Everest.[51]

Spratly Isles coverage

In May 2011, China Mobile announced its network now includes the controversial Spratly Islands.[52]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Milestone Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine China Mobile Official Site
  2. ^ a b c d e f Overview Archived 2 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine China Mobile Limited Official Site
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Annual Report 2022" (PDF). China Mobile. pp. 19, 22.
  4. ^ a b c Annual Report 2019 (PDF) (Report). China Mobile Limited. 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  5. ^ China Mobile International. "PeeringDB". PeeringDB. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  6. ^ a b Strait deals The Economist, 7 May 2009
  7. ^ "China Mobile Limited - Investor Relations > Operating Data".
  8. ^ "The Global 2000 2023". Forbes. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  9. ^ "The Largest Mobile Network Operators In The World". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  10. ^ "List of Red Chip Companies". Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  11. ^ Asian economic and political issues, Volume 8 (page 68) Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Frank Columbus, Nova Publishers, 2003 (Google Books)
  12. ^ a b c d e China Mobile Still Dominates, but Faces Competition in 3G. morningstar.com, 22 October 2010
  13. ^ Telecoms in China The Economist, 29 May 2008
  14. ^ China Mobile to take over China Tietong Telecom[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ "Nokia, China Mobile sign $970 million framework deal" (Press release). Reuters. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  16. ^ a b Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
  17. ^ "Chinese mobile phone giant pulling out of Canada amid security concerns". Richmond News. 28 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  18. ^ Chen, Shawna (12 November 2020). "Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military". Axios. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  19. ^ Pamuk, Humeyra; Alper, Alexandra; Ali, Idrees (12 November 2020). "Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  20. ^ Swanson, Ana (12 November 2020). "Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  21. ^ Mozur, Paul (1 January 2021). "New York to Delist Chinese Telecom Firms in Symbolic Shift". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  22. ^ Leo Sun (7 January 2021). "4 Lessons From China Mobile's Delisting Debacle". Nasdaq. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  23. ^ "China Mobile to raise up to $8.8bn in Shanghai share listing". BBC News. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  24. ^ Shepardson, David; Satter, Raphael (26 March 2022). "U.S. FCC adds Russia's Kaspersky, China telecom firms to national security threat list". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  25. ^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (24 June 2020). "Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies". Axios. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  26. ^ Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 8 (page 54) Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2003. Frank Columbus. Nova Publishers. (Google Books)
  27. ^ Asian Economic and Political Issues, Volume 8 (page 84) Archived 23 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2003. Frank Columbus. Nova Publishers. (Google Books)
  28. ^ a b CMCC Profile CMCC Official Site (Archive.org cache)
  29. ^ Copyright World Economic Forum
  30. ^ a b c d Shi, Song (2023). China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9781978834736.
  31. ^ a b "Chinese Telecom: China Mobile Leads the Way" Archived 9 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 5 August 2009
  32. ^ a b Homepage > Brand & Products > Business Review Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine CMCC Official Site
  33. ^ 2008 Corporate Social Responsibility Report – Rural Program Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine CMCC Official Site
  34. ^ CMCC Officially Enter Pakistani Telecommunication Market, 25 March 2007 Archived 1 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine CMCC Official Site
  35. ^ a b ZoNG the first international brand of China Mobile being launched in Pakistan, 5 April 2008 Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine CMCC Official Site
  36. ^ "Vodafone and China Mobile pull out of Myanmar race". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  37. ^ "Huawei wins lion's share of China Mobile's 5G base station contracts, in much needed boost to revenue". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  38. ^ "Our Brands". China Mobile. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2008. (Archive.org cache)
  39. ^ "Leo Burnett Wins Pitch for Telecom Giant China Mobile 'And' Brand". leoburnett.com. Leo Burnett. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  40. ^ a b Jingting, Shen (18 December 2013). "China Mobile launches new 4G service brand". chinadaily.com. China Daily. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  41. ^ a b "DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANQIUTONG AND SHENZHOUXING". Wangjianshuo's blog. Shanghai. 19 March 2003. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  42. ^ a b Homepage > Brand & Products > Our Brands CMCC Official Site (Archive.org cache)
  43. ^ "Corporate Overview". Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  44. ^ a b "China Mobile Launches CMLink UK MVNO for Chinese Community". 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  45. ^ Beijing Olympic Games spur another technological leap forward Archived 28 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine China Mobile, 18 Aug 2008
  46. ^ Networks & Technologies Archived 21 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine China Mobile
  47. ^ a b c Lee, Chyen Yee (16 May 2012). "China Mobile in talks with Apple for iPhone". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  48. ^ a b China Mobile Limited: Annual Report 2010 (PDF). China Mobile Ltd. 2010. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  49. ^ Anthony Ha (22 December 2013). "Apple Announces Deal To Bring iPhones To China Mobile Starting On Jan. 17". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  50. ^ "Huawei wins lion's share of China Mobile's 5G base station contracts, in much needed boost to revenue". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  51. ^ For 2003 service, see Everest goes online for anniversary Archived 11 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Mary Hennock, bbc.co.uk, Wednesday, 23 April 2003, 04:23 GMT 05:23 UK
  52. ^ Ian Mansfield, 18 May 2011, China Mobile Expands Coverage to the Spratly Islands Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Cellular News

External links[edit]

  • Business data for China Mobile:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to China Mobile.
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