Chenopodium giganteum: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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|image = MagentaSpreen_Chenopodium giganteum_close-up_EdibleOffice.jpg |
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|species = giganteum |
|species = giganteum |
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|authority = [[D.Don]] |
|authority = [[D.Don]] |
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|synonyms= |
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*''Atriplex bengalensis'' <small>Lam.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium amaranticolor'' <small>(H.J.Coste & A.Reyn.) H.J.Coste & A.Reyn.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium bengalense'' <small>(Lam.) Spielm. ex Steud.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium centrorubrum'' <small>(Makino) Nakai</small> |
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*''Chenopodium elegantissimum'' <small>Koidz.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium formosanum'' <small>Koidz.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium hookerianum'' <small>Moq.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium mairei'' <small>H.Lév.</small> |
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*''Chenopodium rubricaule'' <small>Schrad. ex Moq.</small> |
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|synonyms_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:173408-1 |title=''Chenopodium giganteum'' D.Don |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=10 July 2020 }}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The younger leaves of ''Chenopodium giganteum'' are hairy with a magenta colour and the older become green. The [[Rhombus|rhombic]] to [[Ovate (leaf)|ovate]] formed [[Lamina (leaf)|lamina]] can have a surface of up to 20 x 16 cm. The [[inflorescence]] consists of terminal [[panicle]]s with [[hermaphrodite]] flowers, which are wind pollinated.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The flowers contain 5 [[perianth]] leaves and 5 [[stamen]]s. The flowering period begins in August. The seeds have a diameter of 1.5 mm.<ref name=":2" /> The number of chromosomes is n=54.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal| |
The younger leaves of ''Chenopodium giganteum'' are hairy with a magenta colour and the older become green. The [[Rhombus|rhombic]] to [[Ovate (leaf)|ovate]] formed [[Lamina (leaf)|lamina]] can have a surface of up to 20 x 16 cm. The [[inflorescence]] consists of terminal [[panicle]]s with [[hermaphrodite]] flowers, which are wind pollinated.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The flowers contain 5 [[perianth]] leaves and 5 [[stamen]]s. The flowering period begins in August. The seeds have a diameter of 1.5 mm.<ref name=":2" /> The number of chromosomes is n=54.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rana|first1=Tikam|last2=Narzary|first2=Diganta|last3=Ohri|first3=Deepak|date=2010-03-01|title=Genetic diversity and relationships among some wild and cultivated species of Chenopodium L. (Amaranthaceae) using RAPD and DAMD methods|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287508938|journal=Current Science|volume=98|pages=840–846}}</ref> |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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''Chenopodium giganteum'' belongs to the same genus as [[quinoa]] or ''[[Chenopodium album]]''. Many species of this genus have a long history of domestications as grain, vegetable or forage crops.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/chenopods-chenopodium-spp/|title=Chenopods, Chenopodium spp.|access-date=2018-11-14|language=en}}</ref> Therefore, genetic relationships and place of origin are hard to determine. ''Chenopodium giganteum'' has two main subspecies one |
''Chenopodium giganteum'' belongs to the same genus as [[quinoa]] or ''[[Chenopodium album]]''. Many species of this genus have a long history of domestications as grain, vegetable or forage crops.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/chenopods-chenopodium-spp/|title=Chenopods, Chenopodium spp.|access-date=2018-11-14|language=en}}</ref> Therefore, genetic relationships and place of origin are hard to determine. ''Chenopodium giganteum'' has two main subspecies: one originating from India the other from America.<ref name=":3" /> |
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It grows well in Mediterranean environment but needs full or partial shade. ''Chenopodium giganteum'' does not have high requirements on soil quality.<ref>{{Cite journal| |
It grows well in Mediterranean environment but needs full or partial shade. ''Chenopodium giganteum'' does not have high requirements on [[soil quality]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Santis|first1=Giuditta|last2=D’Ambrosio|first2=Tiziana|last3=Rinaldi|first3=Michele|last4=Rascio|first4=Agata|date=July 2016|title=Heritabilities of morphological and quality traits and interrelationships with yield in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes in the Mediterranean environment|journal=Journal of Cereal Science|volume=70|pages=177–185|doi=10.1016/j.jcs.2016.06.003|issn=0733-5210}}</ref> Furthermore, it shows weedy characteristics such as fast growth and rapid spreading.<ref name=":4" /> In a few countries, such as Germany and Slovakia, ''Chenopodium giganteum'' has been reported as a [[neophyte (botany)|neophyte]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/inventory-alien-flora-slovakia/|title=Inventory of the alien flora of Slovakia|last1=Medvecká|first1=Jana|last2=Kliment|first2=Ján|date=2012|website=www.mendeley.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-14|last3=Májeková|first3=Jana|last4=Halada|first4=Luboš|last5=Zaliberová|first5=Marica|last6=Gojdičová|first6=Ema|last7=Feráková|first7=Viera|last8=Jarolímek|first8=Ivan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/bemerkenswerte-neophytenfunde-aus-baden-w%C3%BCrttemberg-und-nachbargebieten-20042008/|title=Bemerkenswerte Neophytenfunde aus Baden- Württemberg und Nachbargebieten (2004–2008)|last=Amarell|first=Uwe|date=2010|website=www.mendeley.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref> The commercial cultivation of ''Chenopodium giganteum'' is nearly inexistent. But because of its stable and high yield ''Chenopodium giganteum'' could be a plant of the future.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhargava|first1=Atul|last2=Shukla|first2=Sudhir|last3=Ohri|first3=Deepak|date=2006-09-27|title=Evaluation of foliage yield and leaf quality traits in Chenopodium spp. in multiyear trials|journal=Euphytica|language=en|volume=153|issue=1–2|pages=199–213|doi=10.1007/s10681-006-9255-8|s2cid=38249440|issn=0014-2336}}</ref> |
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==Use== |
==Use== |
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The young shoots and leaves of ''Chenopodium giganteum'' can be eaten cooked like spinach, another member of the [[Amaranthaceae]]. Most of the [[oxalic acid]] and [[saponin]]s are removed during the cooking process, especially if boiled for 2 minutes at 100 °C (212 °F).<ref>{{Cite journal| |
The young shoots and leaves of ''Chenopodium giganteum'' can be eaten cooked like spinach, another member of the [[Amaranthaceae]]. Most of the [[oxalic acid]] and [[saponin]]s are removed during the cooking process, especially if boiled for 2 minutes at 100 °C (212 °F).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ISHII|first1=YUUKO|last2=TAKIYAMA|first2=KAZUYOSHI|date=1991|title=CHARACTERIZATION OF OXALIC ACID IN VEGETABLES|journal=Analytical Sciences|language=en|volume=7|issue=Supple|pages=811–814|doi=10.2116/analsci.7.supple_811|issn=0910-6340|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zheng|last2=Ando|first2=Akira|last3=Takeuchi|first3=Atsuko|last4=Ueda|first4=Hiroshi|date=2018|title=Effects of Cooking Conditions on the Relationships Among Oxalate, Nitrate, and Lutein in Spinach|journal=Food Science and Technology Research|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=421–425|doi=10.3136/fstr.24.421|issn=1344-6606|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the leaves are also edible raw in lower quantities, for example as a salad.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/jul/08/alys-fowler-tree-spinach|title=Alys Fowler: Tree spinach|last=Fowler|first=Alys|date=2011-07-08|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> The seeds can be prepared similar to [[rice]] or [[quinoa]] or can alternatively be ground into flour, which is then mixed with cereal flour for bread making.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:46:0::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Chenopodium+amaranticolor,421|title=Mansfeld World Database on Agricultural and Horticultural Crops|last=Gatersleben|first=Dr. Jörg Ochsmann, Dr. Gisela Weber, Dr. Ram Narang IPK|date=|website=mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de|language=de|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> |
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Due to the partially pink coloured leaves, ''Chenopodium giganteum'' also has an ornamental value.<ref name=":1" /> |
Due to the partially pink coloured leaves, ''Chenopodium giganteum'' also has an ornamental value.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==Nutrition== |
==Nutrition== |
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As common for species of the family [[Amaranthaceae]], the plants contain some amounts of [[saponin]]s and [[oxalic acid]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+giganteum|title=Chenopodium giganteum Tree Spinach PFAF Plant Database|website=pfaf.org|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| |
As common for species of the family [[Amaranthaceae]], the plants contain some amounts of [[saponin]]s and [[oxalic acid]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+giganteum|title=Chenopodium giganteum Tree Spinach PFAF Plant Database|website=pfaf.org|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Saleh|first1=G F S|last2=Gamal El-Din|first2=A Y|last3=Abbas|first3=J A|last4=Saeed|first4=N A|date=January 1997|title=Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Medicinal Plants in Bahrain: The Family Chenopodiaceae—Part 2|journal=International Journal of Pharmacognosy|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=38–42|doi=10.1076/phbi.35.1.38.13266|issn=0925-1618|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mroczek|first=Agnieszka|date=2015-01-24|title=Phytochemistry and bioactivity of triterpene saponins from Amaranthaceae family|journal=Phytochemistry Reviews|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=577–605|doi=10.1007/s11101-015-9394-4|s2cid=7900797|issn=1568-7767}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Siener|first1=Roswitha|last2=Hönow|first2=Ruth|last3=Seidler|first3=Ana|last4=Voss|first4=Susanne|last5=Hesse|first5=Albrecht|date=January 2006|title=Oxalate contents of species of the Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae families|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=98|issue=2|pages=220–224|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.059|issn=0308-8146}}</ref> which in high concentrations can have negative health impacts on humans (e.g. [[Hemolysis]] or [[Kidney stone disease]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gestis.itrust.de/nxt/gateway.dll/gestis_de/017910.xml?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0|title=GESTIS Database|last=|first=|date=|website=gestis.itrust.de|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 05:51, 6 July 2023
| Chenopodium giganteum | |
|---|---|
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| Close-up of Chenopodium giganteum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | Chenopodium |
| Species: | C. giganteum
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| Binomial name | |
| Chenopodium giganteum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Chenopodium giganteum, also known as tree spinach, is an annual, upright many-branched shrub with a stem diameter of up to 5 cm at the base, that can grow to a height of up to 3 m.[2]
Description[edit]
The younger leaves of Chenopodium giganteum are hairy with a magenta colour and the older become green. The rhombic to ovate formed lamina can have a surface of up to 20 x 16 cm. The inflorescence consists of terminal panicles with hermaphrodite flowers, which are wind pollinated.[2][3] The flowers contain 5 perianth leaves and 5 stamens. The flowering period begins in August. The seeds have a diameter of 1.5 mm.[2] The number of chromosomes is n=54.[4]
Habitat and distribution[edit]
Chenopodium giganteum belongs to the same genus as quinoa or Chenopodium album. Many species of this genus have a long history of domestications as grain, vegetable or forage crops.[5] Therefore, genetic relationships and place of origin are hard to determine. Chenopodium giganteum has two main subspecies: one originating from India the other from America.[4]
It grows well in Mediterranean environment but needs full or partial shade. Chenopodium giganteum does not have high requirements on soil quality.[6] Furthermore, it shows weedy characteristics such as fast growth and rapid spreading.[7] In a few countries, such as Germany and Slovakia, Chenopodium giganteum has been reported as a neophyte.[8][9] The commercial cultivation of Chenopodium giganteum is nearly inexistent. But because of its stable and high yield Chenopodium giganteum could be a plant of the future.[10]
Use[edit]
The young shoots and leaves of Chenopodium giganteum can be eaten cooked like spinach, another member of the Amaranthaceae. Most of the oxalic acid and saponins are removed during the cooking process, especially if boiled for 2 minutes at 100 °C (212 °F).[11][12] However, the leaves are also edible raw in lower quantities, for example as a salad.[7] The seeds can be prepared similar to rice or quinoa or can alternatively be ground into flour, which is then mixed with cereal flour for bread making.[3][13]
Due to the partially pink coloured leaves, Chenopodium giganteum also has an ornamental value.[13]
Nutrition[edit]
As common for species of the family Amaranthaceae, the plants contain some amounts of saponins and oxalic acid,[3][14][15][16] which in high concentrations can have negative health impacts on humans (e.g. Hemolysis or Kidney stone disease).[17]
References[edit]
- ^ "Chenopodium giganteum D.Don". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Zhu, Gelin & Mosyakin, Sergei & E. Clemants, Steven. (2003). Chenopodiaceae (Flora of China). in Flora of China, Volume 5, Chapter: Chenopodiaceae, Beijing: Science Press & St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, pp. 351–414
- ^ a b c "Chenopodium giganteum Tree Spinach PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ a b Rana, Tikam; Narzary, Diganta; Ohri, Deepak (2010-03-01). "Genetic diversity and relationships among some wild and cultivated species of Chenopodium L. (Amaranthaceae) using RAPD and DAMD methods". Current Science. 98: 840–846.
- ^ "Chenopods, Chenopodium spp". Retrieved 2018-11-14.
- ^ De Santis, Giuditta; D’Ambrosio, Tiziana; Rinaldi, Michele; Rascio, Agata (July 2016). "Heritabilities of morphological and quality traits and interrelationships with yield in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes in the Mediterranean environment". Journal of Cereal Science. 70: 177–185. doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2016.06.003. ISSN 0733-5210.
- ^ a b Fowler, Alys (2011-07-08). "Alys Fowler: Tree spinach". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ Medvecká, Jana; Kliment, Ján; Májeková, Jana; Halada, Luboš; Zaliberová, Marica; Gojdičová, Ema; Feráková, Viera; Jarolímek, Ivan (2012). "Inventory of the alien flora of Slovakia". www.mendeley.com. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
- ^ Amarell, Uwe (2010). "Bemerkenswerte Neophytenfunde aus Baden- Württemberg und Nachbargebieten (2004–2008)". www.mendeley.com. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
- ^ Bhargava, Atul; Shukla, Sudhir; Ohri, Deepak (2006-09-27). "Evaluation of foliage yield and leaf quality traits in Chenopodium spp. in multiyear trials". Euphytica. 153 (1–2): 199–213. doi:10.1007/s10681-006-9255-8. ISSN 0014-2336. S2CID 38249440.
- ^ ISHII, YUUKO; TAKIYAMA, KAZUYOSHI (1991). "CHARACTERIZATION OF OXALIC ACID IN VEGETABLES". Analytical Sciences. 7 (Supple): 811–814. doi:10.2116/analsci.7.supple_811. ISSN 0910-6340.
- ^ Wang, Zheng; Ando, Akira; Takeuchi, Atsuko; Ueda, Hiroshi (2018). "Effects of Cooking Conditions on the Relationships Among Oxalate, Nitrate, and Lutein in Spinach". Food Science and Technology Research. 24 (3): 421–425. doi:10.3136/fstr.24.421. ISSN 1344-6606.
- ^ a b Gatersleben, Dr. Jörg Ochsmann, Dr. Gisela Weber, Dr. Ram Narang IPK. "Mansfeld World Database on Agricultural and Horticultural Crops". mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-11-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Al-Saleh, G F S; Gamal El-Din, A Y; Abbas, J A; Saeed, N A (January 1997). "Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Medicinal Plants in Bahrain: The Family Chenopodiaceae—Part 2". International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 35 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1076/phbi.35.1.38.13266. ISSN 0925-1618.
- ^ Mroczek, Agnieszka (2015-01-24). "Phytochemistry and bioactivity of triterpene saponins from Amaranthaceae family". Phytochemistry Reviews. 14 (4): 577–605. doi:10.1007/s11101-015-9394-4. ISSN 1568-7767. S2CID 7900797.
- ^ Siener, Roswitha; Hönow, Ruth; Seidler, Ana; Voss, Susanne; Hesse, Albrecht (January 2006). "Oxalate contents of species of the Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae families". Food Chemistry. 98 (2): 220–224. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.059. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ^ "GESTIS Database". gestis.itrust.de. Retrieved 2018-11-09.