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Coordinates: 1°21′10″N 103°46′42″E / 1.35278°N 103.77833°E / 1.35278; 103.77833
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{{Short description|Protected area in Singapore}}
The '''Bukit Timah Nature Reserve''' ([[Simplified Chinese|Chinese]]: 武吉知马天然保护区) is a small 1.64 square [[kilometre]] [[nature reserve]] near the geographic centre of the [[city-state]] of [[Singapore]], located on the slopes of [[Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah Hill]] and parts of the surrounding area. The nature reserve is about 12 kilometres from the [[Downtown Core]], Singapore's [[central business district]].
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
| native_name = {{small|{{nobold|{{native name|ms|Hutan Simpanan Bukit Timah}}<br />{{native name|zh|武吉知馬自然保護區|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|ta|புக்கிட் திமா நேச்சர் ரிசர்வ்|italics=off}}<!--end nobold:-->}}}}
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| image = Bukit timah hill.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Steps leading to the summit of Bukit Timah.
| coordinates = {{Coord|1|21|10|N|103|46|42|E|region:SG|format=dms|display=title, inline}}
| type = Nature Reserve
| motto =
| location = [[Bukit Timah Hill]], Singapore
| nearest_city =
| nearest_town = [[Bukit Panjang]]
| operator = [[National Parks Board]]
| status = Open
| created =
| established = {{start date and age|1883|df=yes}}
| designated =
| opened =
| opening =
| closed =
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| website = {{URL|https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bukit-timah-nature-reserve}}
}}
The '''Bukit Timah Nature Reserve''' ([[abbreviation]]: '''BTNR''') is a {{convert|1.7|km2|sqmi|adj=on}} [[nature reserve]] near the geographic centre of [[Singapore]], located on the slopes of [[Bukit Timah Hill]], the country's highest natural peak standing at a height of approximately {{convert|165|m|ft}}, and parts of the surrounding area, located actually in [[Bukit Panjang]]. The nature reserve is about {{convert|15|km|abbr=off}} from the [[Downtown Core]], Singapore's central business district (CBD).


Together with the neighbouring [[Central Catchment Nature Reserve]] (CCNR) in close proximity, it houses over 840 [[species]] of flowering plants and over 500 species of [[fauna (animals)|fauna]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Bukit Timah Nature Reserve | publisher = [[National Parks Board]] | url = https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_visitorsguide&task=naturereserves&id=46&Itemid=75 | format = visitors' guide | access-date = 19 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140922173459/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_visitorsguide&task=naturereserves&id=46&Itemid=75 | archive-date = 22 September 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Today, it is one of the largest patches of primary [[rainforest]] left in Singapore. The forest reserve was formally declared as an [[ASEAN Heritage Park]] on 18 October 2011.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bukit Timah Nature Reserve declared ASEAN Heritage Park | date = 19 October 2011 | publisher = [[Channel NewsAsia]] | url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1160346/1/.html | access-date = 19 October 2011 | archive-date = 30 December 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111230081033/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1160346/1/.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = President endorses ASEAN Heritage Park | date = 19 October 2011 | publisher = [[AsiaOne]] | url = http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20111019-p305959.html | access-date = 19 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020051234/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20111019-305959.html | archive-date = 20 October 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Despite its small size, it is considered one of the most productive pieces of nature, particularly by [[Alfred Russel Wallace]]. Together with the neighbouring [[Central Catchment Nature Reserve]], it houses over 840 [[species]] of flowering [[plants]] and over 500 species of [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. According to Dr. [[David Bellamy]], the number of plant species in the small reserve exceeds that in all of [[North America]]. Today, it is one of the largest patches of primary [[rainforest]] left in Singapore.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
[[File:Bukit timah rock.jpg|thumb|right|Rock marking the summit of Bukit Timah hill within the reserve]]
The name ''[[Bukit Timah]]'' is borrowed from the tallest hill found in the area of the same name, which is also the tallest geographical location in all of Singapore. ''Bukit'' means hill in the [[Malay language]], while ''Timah'' means [[tin]], although tin deposits are not found in the area. The hill served as a [[granite]] quarry for many years, but since the mid-[[1900s]], all operations of which has since been abandoned and converted into recreational areas and even [[filming]] locations.
The name ''[[Bukit Timah]]'' is borrowed from the tallest hill found in the area of the same name, which is also the tallest geographical location in all of Singapore. ''Bukit'' means hill in the [[Malay language]], while ''Timah'' means tin. It is directly translated to English as "Tin Hill".

The hill served as a [[granite]] quarry for many years, but since the mid-1900s, all operations of which has since been abandoned and converted into recreational areas and even filming locations.


==History==
==History==
In [[1882]], [[Nathaniel Cantley]], then Superintendent of the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]], was commissioned by the Government of the [[Straits Settlements]] to prepare a report on the [[forest]]s of the settlements. On Cantley's recommendation, several forest reserves were created on Singapore island over the next few years. Bukit Timah was one of the first forest reserves established in [[1883]].
In 1882, [[Nathaniel Cantley]], then Superintendent of the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]], was commissioned by the Government of the [[Straits Settlements]] to prepare a report on the forests of the settlements. On Cantley's recommendation, several forest reserves were created on Singapore island over the next few years. Bukit Timah was one of the first forest reserves established in 1883.


All the reserves were worked for [[timber]] with the exception of Bukit Timah Reserve. By [[1937]], the forest reserves were deleted under [[economic]] pressures for development. However, three areas, including the Bukit Timah Reserve, were retained for the protection of [[flora]] and [[fauna]] under the management of the Singapore Botanic Gardens.
All the reserves were worked for timber with the exception of Bukit Timah Reserve.<ref name="wildsingapore">{{Cite web | title = Bukit Timah Nature Reserve | publisher = National Parks | url = https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bukit-timah-nature-reserve | format = article | access-date = 23 November 2016 }}</ref> By 1937, the forest reserves were depleted under economic pressures for development. However, three areas, including the Bukit Timah Reserve, were retained for the protection of [[flora]] and [[fauna]] under the management of the Singapore Botanic Gardens.


In [[1951]], further protection of the reserves were provided by the enactment of a Nature Reserves Ordinance and the establishment of a Nature Reserves Board for the administration of the reserves, now designated as nature reserves, which total some 2,800 hectares in area.
In 1951, further protection of the reserves were provided by the enactment of a Nature Reserves Ordinance and the establishment of a Nature Reserves Board for the administration of the reserves, now designated as nature reserves, which total some 28 square kilometres in area.


Today, the nature reserves are set aside for the [[propagation]], [[Environmental protection|protection]] and [[Environmental preservation|preservation]] of the indigenous flora and fauna of Singapore under the National Parks Act and are managed by the [[National Parks Board]].
Today, the nature reserves are set aside for the [[plant propagation|propagation]], [[Environmental protection|protection]] and [[Environmental preservation|preservation]] of the indigenous flora and fauna of Singapore under the National Parks Act and are managed by the [[National Parks Board]].


== Recreation ==
== Activities ==
[[File:Bukit timah quarry may.jpg|thumb|Quarry visible from the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve]]
The primary activities at Bukit Timah are strolling, running and hiking. There are also smaller groups of people who [[rock climbing|rock-climb]] and [[abseil]] at the Dairy Farm quarry as well as [[mountain biking]]. There are specially-allocated mountain-bike [[trails]]. The Reserve is popular among athletes training for mountain-climbing.
The primary activities at Bukit Timah are strolling, running and hiking. There are also smaller groups of people who [[rock climbing|rock-climb]] and [[abseil]] at the Dairy Farm quarry as well as [[mountain biking]]. There are specially-allocated mountain-bike [[trails]] around the area and [https://www.nparks.gov.sg/~/media/nparks-real-content/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserve/bukit-timah-nature-reserve/btmbt.jpg Bukit Timah Mountain Bike (MTB) Trail] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bukit-timah-nature-reserve|title=Bukit Timah Nature Reserve|website=National Parks Board|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref> is located within the Reserve. The 6.5&nbsp;km MTB trail loop around Bukit Timah Hill and stretched between Hinhinde Park and Dairy Farm Road. The trail represents a tropical rocky terrain with extended technical climbs and difficult descents at short intervals. For MTB Map trail rating, it is largely made up of black diamond sections with intermittent blue square sections. There are also short alternative double black diamond sections.


The Reserve is popular among athletes training for mountain-climbing. There are a number of hiking trails. The blue trail is rated as "easy" and is {{convert|0.7|km|mi}} long, ending overlooking Hindhede Quarry.<ref name="park">{{cite web|title=Bukit Timah Nature Reserve|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/?option=com_visitorsguide&task=naturereserves&id=46&Itemid=75|access-date=19 October 2013|publisher=Singapore National Parks Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020061300/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/?option=com_visitorsguide&task=naturereserves&id=46&Itemid=75|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Bukhit Timah Nature Reserve Map|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/AlternativeParking_DFNPCarparkB_NEW.jpg|access-date=19 October 2013|publisher=Singapore National Parks Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020061332/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/AlternativeParking_DFNPCarparkB_NEW.jpg|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The red trail is also rated as "easy" and is {{convert|1.2|km|mi}} long.<ref name="park" /><ref name="map" /> The green trail is rated as "moderate to difficult" and is {{convert|1.9|km|mi}} long.<ref name="park" /><ref name="map" /> The yellow trail is rated as "difficult" and is {{convert|1.8|km|mi}} long.<ref name="park" /><ref name="map" /> The red, green and yellow trails all end at the hut at the summit of Bukit Timah hill.<ref name="map" />
[[Naturalist]]s also treasure Bukit Timah for its variety of plants and animals. Some of the common plants there are the [[rattan]], [[figs]], and [[macaranga]]. Common animals include [[millipedes]], [[carpenter bees]], and many different types of birds and insects.

The park has been designated with the code 9V-0007 by the international [[Parks On The Air]] award program, and so is regularly 'activated' by [[Amateur Radio]] operators using portable equipment.

==Wildlife==

===Flora===
Some of the common plants there are the [[rattan]], [[figs]], and [[macaranga]]. Two meninjau trees (''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'') stand near the visitor center.<ref name=guide/> 18 different species of [[dipterocarp]]s live in the reserve, including the seraya (''[[Shorea curtisii]]'') and ''[[Dipterocarpus caudatus]]''.<ref name=guide/> [[Licuala|Fan palms]] (''[[Licuala ferruginea]]''), [[leaf litter plant]]s (''[[Agrostistachys longifolia]]'') thorny rattan and [[fern]]s are also common.<ref name=guide/> Fern species include [[Platycerium|staghorn fern]] (''[[Platycerium coronarium]]'') and [[bird's nest fern]] (''[[Asplenium nidus]]'').<ref name=guide/> [[Lichen]]s and fungus, such as [[bracket fungus]] are also found.<ref name=guide/>

===Fauna===
[[File:Macaque at bukit timah cropped.png|thumb|left|[[Crab-eating macaque]] near the summit of Bukit Timah]]

====Insects and arachnids====
Insects found within the reserve include [[millipede]]s, [[carpenter bee]]s, and many different types of bird, insects and spiders.<ref name=guide>{{cite web|title=A Guide to Bukit Timah Nature Resreve Trail|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/BTNR_eguide_Final.pdf|access-date=19 October 2013|publisher=Singapore National Parks Board|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020044353/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/BTNR_eguide_Final.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Common insect species include [[cicada]]s and [[giant forest ant]]s (''[[Camponotus gigas]]'').<ref name=guide/> Common spider species include the [[golden orb-web spider]] (''[[Nephila pilipes]]'') and the [[St Andrew's Cross spider]] (''Argiope mangal'').<ref name=guide/>

====Arthropods====
The [[Singapore freshwater crab]] (''[[Johora singaporensis]]'') is indigenous to Bukit Timah.<ref name=guide/>

====Reptiles====
Reptiles in the reserve include the [[reticulated python]] (''[[Python reticulatus]]''), the [[paradise tree snake]] (''[[Chrysopelea paradisi]]'') and the [[common sun skink]] (''[[Eutropis multifasciata]]'').<ref name=guide/>

====Mammals====
The [[crab-eating macaque]] (''Macaca fascicularis''), a species of monkey, is common in the reserve.<ref name=guide/> The monkeys also enter the area surrounding the park and are common enough that there are concerns that interactions with people will alter their behaviour.<ref name=park/> Feeding the monkeys is prohibited, and visitors are urged to avoid staring at, baring teeth at or otherwise disturbing or threatening the monkeys.<ref name=park/><ref name=guide/> Monkeys are not the only mammals in the park. Other mammals include the [[Malayan pangolin]] (''Manis javanica''), [[Malayan colugo]] (''Galeopterus variegatus''), [[plantain squirrel]] (''Callosciurus notatus'') and [[slender squirrel]] (''Sundasciurus tenuis'').<ref name=guide/> The colugos, which are generally nocturnal, can sometimes be seen clinging to trees during the day.<ref name=guide/> Bukit Timah is the only place in Singapore where the [[red-cheeked flying squirrel]] (''Hylopetes spadiceus'') is found.<ref name=guide/>

[[Raffles' banded langur]] monkey (''Presbytis femoralis'') was once found in Bukit Timah but the last individual from the Bukit Timah population died in 1987.<ref name=hope>{{cite web|title=Hope remains for last monkeys|url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2002/apr-02/straitstimes.asia1.com.sg_singapore_story_0,1870,112907,00.html|date=8 April 2002|access-date=23 October 2013|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192319/http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2002/apr-02/straitstimes.asia1.com.sg_singapore_story_0,1870,112907,00.html|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government hopes that the [[Eco-Link@BKE]] will allow the Raffles' banded langur to repopulate Bukit Timah from [[Central Catchment]] once the vegetation matures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eco-Link@BKE|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/news/2015/11/factsheet-eco-link-at-bke|publisher=National Parks Board|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>

====Birds====
The [[greater racket-tailed drongo]] is one of the most common birds at Bukit Timah (''[[Dicrurus paradiseus]]'').<ref name=guide/> The drongos often follow monkeys through the forest and eat insects that are exposed by the monkeys' actions.<ref name=guide/> Other bird species include the [[Asian fairy bluebird]] (''[[Irena puella]]''), the [[red-crowned barbet]] (''[[Megalaima rafflesii]]'') and the [[common emerald dove]] (''[[Chalcophaps indica]]'').<ref name=guide/> Bukit Timah is one of only two places in Singapore where the red-crowned barbet is found, the other being the [[Central Catchment Nature Reserve]].<ref name=guide/> The reserve, along with the adjacent Central Catchment Nature Reserve, has been identified by [[BirdLife International]] as the Central Forest [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) because it supports populations of [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] [[straw-headed bulbul]]s and [[brown-chested jungle flycatcher]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org |title=Central Forest |access-date=18 March 2014 |work=Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011128211428/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=28 November 2001 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Eco-Link==
In 2011 the National Parks Board and the [[Land Transport Authority]] announced a plan to construct an ecological corridor, the [[Eco-Link@BKE]], at the [[Bukit Timah Expressway]] to connect Bukit Timah Nature Reserve with the nearby [[Central Catchment Nature Reserve]].<ref name=eco>{{cite web|title=Construction Starts for Southeast Asia's First Ecological Corridor. Eco-Link@BKE to Link Two Nature Reserves Across the Expressway|date=30 July 2011|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_news&task=view&id=264&Itemid=50|publisher=Singapore National Parks Board|access-date=19 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020112055/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_news&task=view&id=264&Itemid=50|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Construction was completed in late 2013.<ref name=green>{{cite web|title=Start of 'greening' phase of first-of-its-kind $16 million eco-bridge|author=Poh, I.|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/start-greening-phase-first-its-kind-16-million-eco-bridge|date=5 October 2013|access-date=2014-11-25|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|archive-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124422/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/start-greening-phase-first-its-kind-16-million-eco-bridge|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Eco-Link is an [[hourglass]] shaped bridge passing over the expressway, permitting wildlife to pass between the two reserves.<ref name=eco/> Trees and shrubs native to Singapore are planted along the bridge, which provide food for the animals.<ref name=green/><ref name=land>{{cite web|title=Southeast Asia's First Biological Corridor across the BKE|url=http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/on_the_roads/road_projects/southeast_asia_s_first.html|date=15 August 2003|access-date=23 October 2013|publisher=[[Land Transport Authority]]|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193425/http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en/on_the_roads/road_projects/southeast_asia_s_first.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The reserves had been separated since the expressway was built.<ref name=eco/> After monitoring its effectiveness for a few years, the National Parks Board intends to consider opening the bridge to the public for guided walks.<ref name=eco/><ref>{{cite web|title=Eco-Link@BKE: Safe passage for creatures over busy highway|url=http://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2015/11/feature-ecolink-BKE-national-parks/index.html|website=The Straits Times|publisher=The Straits Times|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bukit Timah]]
* [[Park Connector Network]] (PCN)

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons Category}}
* [http://www.lifestylewiki.com/Singapore/Bukit_Timah_Nature_Reserve Local Write-Up on Bukit Timah Nature Reserve - Singapore Lifestyle Wiki]
{{Library resources box
* [http://www.streetdirectory.com/asia_travel/travel/travel.php?travel_id=17485&travel_site=1
|onlinebooks=no
Singapore Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Map]
|by=no
}}
*[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bukit-timah-nature-reserve Bukit Timah Nature Reserve]
* [http://infopedia.nb.gov.sg/details/SIP_55_2004-12-20.html Infopedia, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (National Library Board)
* [https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/national-biodiversty-centre National Biodiversity Centre, Singapore]{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/bukit-timah.htm Ecologyasia.com – Bukit Timah]


{{Major Tourist Attractions in Singapore}}
{{ASEAN Heritage Parks}}
{{Parks in Singapore}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Nature reserves in Singapore]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in Singapore]]
[[Category:Parks in Singapore]]
[[Category:Parks in Singapore]]
[[Category:Bukit Panjang]]
{{Singapore-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Bukit Timah]]

[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Singapore]]
[[de:Bukit Timah Reservat]]
[[Category:ASEAN heritage parks]]

Latest revision as of 03:42, 28 January 2024

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
Hutan Simpanan Bukit Timah (Malay)
武吉知馬自然保護區 (Chinese)
புக்கிட் திமா நேச்சர் ரிசர்வ் (Tamil)
Steps leading to the summit of Bukit Timah.
Map
TypeNature Reserve
LocationBukit Timah Hill, Singapore
Nearest townBukit Panjang
Coordinates1°21′10″N 103°46′42″E / 1.35278°N 103.77833°E / 1.35278; 103.77833
Established1883; 141 years ago (1883)
Operated byNational Parks Board
StatusOpen
Websitewww.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bukit-timah-nature-reserve

The Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (abbreviation: BTNR) is a 1.7-square-kilometre (0.66 sq mi) nature reserve near the geographic centre of Singapore, located on the slopes of Bukit Timah Hill, the country's highest natural peak standing at a height of approximately 165 metres (541 ft), and parts of the surrounding area, located actually in Bukit Panjang. The nature reserve is about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) from the Downtown Core, Singapore's central business district (CBD).

Together with the neighbouring Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) in close proximity, it houses over 840 species of flowering plants and over 500 species of fauna.[1] Today, it is one of the largest patches of primary rainforest left in Singapore. The forest reserve was formally declared as an ASEAN Heritage Park on 18 October 2011.[2][3]

Etymology[edit]

Rock marking the summit of Bukit Timah hill within the reserve

The name Bukit Timah is borrowed from the tallest hill found in the area of the same name, which is also the tallest geographical location in all of Singapore. Bukit means hill in the Malay language, while Timah means tin. It is directly translated to English as "Tin Hill".

The hill served as a granite quarry for many years, but since the mid-1900s, all operations of which has since been abandoned and converted into recreational areas and even filming locations.

History[edit]

In 1882, Nathaniel Cantley, then Superintendent of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, was commissioned by the Government of the Straits Settlements to prepare a report on the forests of the settlements. On Cantley's recommendation, several forest reserves were created on Singapore island over the next few years. Bukit Timah was one of the first forest reserves established in 1883.

All the reserves were worked for timber with the exception of Bukit Timah Reserve.[4] By 1937, the forest reserves were depleted under economic pressures for development. However, three areas, including the Bukit Timah Reserve, were retained for the protection of flora and fauna under the management of the Singapore Botanic Gardens.

In 1951, further protection of the reserves were provided by the enactment of a Nature Reserves Ordinance and the establishment of a Nature Reserves Board for the administration of the reserves, now designated as nature reserves, which total some 28 square kilometres in area.

Today, the nature reserves are set aside for the propagation, protection and preservation of the indigenous flora and fauna of Singapore under the National Parks Act and are managed by the National Parks Board.

Activities[edit]

Quarry visible from the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

The primary activities at Bukit Timah are strolling, running and hiking. There are also smaller groups of people who rock-climb and abseil at the Dairy Farm quarry as well as mountain biking. There are specially-allocated mountain-bike trails around the area and Bukit Timah Mountain Bike (MTB) Trail [5] is located within the Reserve. The 6.5 km MTB trail loop around Bukit Timah Hill and stretched between Hinhinde Park and Dairy Farm Road. The trail represents a tropical rocky terrain with extended technical climbs and difficult descents at short intervals. For MTB Map trail rating, it is largely made up of black diamond sections with intermittent blue square sections. There are also short alternative double black diamond sections.

The Reserve is popular among athletes training for mountain-climbing. There are a number of hiking trails. The blue trail is rated as "easy" and is 0.7 kilometres (0.43 mi) long, ending overlooking Hindhede Quarry.[6][7] The red trail is also rated as "easy" and is 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) long.[6][7] The green trail is rated as "moderate to difficult" and is 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) long.[6][7] The yellow trail is rated as "difficult" and is 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) long.[6][7] The red, green and yellow trails all end at the hut at the summit of Bukit Timah hill.[7]

The park has been designated with the code 9V-0007 by the international Parks On The Air award program, and so is regularly 'activated' by Amateur Radio operators using portable equipment.

Wildlife[edit]

Flora[edit]

Some of the common plants there are the rattan, figs, and macaranga. Two meninjau trees (Gnetum gnemon) stand near the visitor center.[8] 18 different species of dipterocarps live in the reserve, including the seraya (Shorea curtisii) and Dipterocarpus caudatus.[8] Fan palms (Licuala ferruginea), leaf litter plants (Agrostistachys longifolia) thorny rattan and ferns are also common.[8] Fern species include staghorn fern (Platycerium coronarium) and bird's nest fern (Asplenium nidus).[8] Lichens and fungus, such as bracket fungus are also found.[8]

Fauna[edit]

Crab-eating macaque near the summit of Bukit Timah

Insects and arachnids[edit]

Insects found within the reserve include millipedes, carpenter bees, and many different types of bird, insects and spiders.[8] Common insect species include cicadas and giant forest ants (Camponotus gigas).[8] Common spider species include the golden orb-web spider (Nephila pilipes) and the St Andrew's Cross spider (Argiope mangal).[8]

Arthropods[edit]

The Singapore freshwater crab (Johora singaporensis) is indigenous to Bukit Timah.[8]

Reptiles[edit]

Reptiles in the reserve include the reticulated python (Python reticulatus), the paradise tree snake (Chrysopelea paradisi) and the common sun skink (Eutropis multifasciata).[8]

Mammals[edit]

The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), a species of monkey, is common in the reserve.[8] The monkeys also enter the area surrounding the park and are common enough that there are concerns that interactions with people will alter their behaviour.[6] Feeding the monkeys is prohibited, and visitors are urged to avoid staring at, baring teeth at or otherwise disturbing or threatening the monkeys.[6][8] Monkeys are not the only mammals in the park. Other mammals include the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica), Malayan colugo (Galeopterus variegatus), plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) and slender squirrel (Sundasciurus tenuis).[8] The colugos, which are generally nocturnal, can sometimes be seen clinging to trees during the day.[8] Bukit Timah is the only place in Singapore where the red-cheeked flying squirrel (Hylopetes spadiceus) is found.[8]

Raffles' banded langur monkey (Presbytis femoralis) was once found in Bukit Timah but the last individual from the Bukit Timah population died in 1987.[9] The government hopes that the Eco-Link@BKE will allow the Raffles' banded langur to repopulate Bukit Timah from Central Catchment once the vegetation matures.[10]

Birds[edit]

The greater racket-tailed drongo is one of the most common birds at Bukit Timah (Dicrurus paradiseus).[8] The drongos often follow monkeys through the forest and eat insects that are exposed by the monkeys' actions.[8] Other bird species include the Asian fairy bluebird (Irena puella), the red-crowned barbet (Megalaima rafflesii) and the common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica).[8] Bukit Timah is one of only two places in Singapore where the red-crowned barbet is found, the other being the Central Catchment Nature Reserve.[8] The reserve, along with the adjacent Central Catchment Nature Reserve, has been identified by BirdLife International as the Central Forest Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports populations of vulnerable straw-headed bulbuls and brown-chested jungle flycatchers.[11]

Eco-Link[edit]

In 2011 the National Parks Board and the Land Transport Authority announced a plan to construct an ecological corridor, the Eco-Link@BKE, at the Bukit Timah Expressway to connect Bukit Timah Nature Reserve with the nearby Central Catchment Nature Reserve.[12] Construction was completed in late 2013.[13] The Eco-Link is an hourglass shaped bridge passing over the expressway, permitting wildlife to pass between the two reserves.[12] Trees and shrubs native to Singapore are planted along the bridge, which provide food for the animals.[13][14] The reserves had been separated since the expressway was built.[12] After monitoring its effectiveness for a few years, the National Parks Board intends to consider opening the bridge to the public for guided walks.[12][15]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Bukit Timah Nature Reserve". National Parks Board. Archived from the original (visitors' guide) on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  2. ^ "Bukit Timah Nature Reserve declared ASEAN Heritage Park". Channel NewsAsia. 19 October 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  3. ^ "President endorses ASEAN Heritage Park". AsiaOne. 19 October 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  4. ^ "Bukit Timah Nature Reserve" (article). National Parks. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  5. ^ "Bukit Timah Nature Reserve". National Parks Board. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Bukit Timah Nature Reserve". Singapore National Parks Board. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Bukhit Timah Nature Reserve Map". Singapore National Parks Board. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "A Guide to Bukit Timah Nature Resreve Trail" (PDF). Singapore National Parks Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  9. ^ "Hope remains for last monkeys". Singapore Press Holdings. 8 April 2002. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  10. ^ "Eco-Link@BKE". National Parks Board. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Central Forest". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2014. Archived from the original on 28 November 2001. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d "Construction Starts for Southeast Asia's First Ecological Corridor. Eco-Link@BKE to Link Two Nature Reserves Across the Expressway". Singapore National Parks Board. 30 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  13. ^ a b Poh, I. (5 October 2013). "Start of 'greening' phase of first-of-its-kind $16 million eco-bridge". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  14. ^ "Southeast Asia's First Biological Corridor across the BKE". Land Transport Authority. 15 August 2003. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  15. ^ "Eco-Link@BKE: Safe passage for creatures over busy highway". The Straits Times. The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

External links[edit]

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