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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Science|Branches}}
'''Social science''' is one of the [[branches of science]], devoted to the study of [[society|societies]] and the [[Social relation|relationships]] among [[individual]]s within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of [[sociology]], the original "science of society", established in the 18th century. In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of [[academic discipline]]s, including [[anthropology]], [[archaeology]], [[economics]], [[human geography]], [[linguistics]], [[management science]], [[communication science]], [[psychology]] and [[political science]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science|title = Social science: History, Disciplines, Future Development, & Facts |encyclopedia=Britannica|date = April 27, 2023 }}</ref>
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* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Area studies]]
* [[Business
* [[Communication studies]]
* [[Criminology]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Education]]
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* [[Public administration]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Religious studies]]
* [[Social work]]
* [[Sociology]]
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Many people associate psychology with [[clinical psychology]],<ref name="brain">Brain, Christine. (2002). ''Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.'' Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. {{ISBN|0-17-490058-9}}</ref> which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, psychology has myriad specialties including [[social psychology]], [[developmental psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]], [[educational psychology]], [[Industrial and organizational psychology|industrial-organizational psychology]], [[mathematical psychology]], neuropsychology, and [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] analysis of behaviour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Psychology Subfields |url=https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/subfields |archive-date= |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref>
Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clearly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: [[Bachelor of Psychology|BPsy]] indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, [[BSc]] indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] underlines a majority of social science credits. This is not always necessarily the case however, and in many UK institutions students studying the [[Bachelor of Psychology|BPsy]], [[BSc]], and [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] follow the same curriculum as outlined by The [[British Psychological Society]] and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science basis, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]. for example, but specialized in heavily science-based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Sociology===
{{Main|Sociology|Outline of sociology}}{{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}}[[File:Emile Durkheim.jpg|thumb|right|[[Émile Durkheim]] is considered one of the founding fathers of sociology.]]
Sociology is the systematic study of society, individuals' relationship to their societies, the consequences of difference, and other aspects of human [[social action]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=SOC 218|last=Witt|first=Jon|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2018|isbn=978-1-259-70272-3|page=2}}</ref> The meaning of the word comes from the suffix ''-logy'', which means "study of", derived from [[Ancient Greek]], and the stem ''soci-'', which is from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|socius}}, meaning "companion", or society in general.<ref>{{
Auguste Comte (1798–1857) coined the term ''sociology'' to describe a way to apply natural science principles and techniques to the social world in 1838.<ref>''A Dictionary of Sociology'', Article: Comte, Auguste</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=SOC 2018|last=Witt|first=Jon|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2018|isbn=978-1-259-70272-3}}</ref> Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in ''The Course in Positive Philosophy'' [1830–1842] and ''[[A General View of Positivism]]'' (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the "Father of Sociology", the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the [[University of Bordeaux]] in 1895, publishing his ''[[Rules of the Sociological Method]]''. In 1896, he established the journal {{lang|fr|[[L'Année sociologique]]}}. Durkheim's seminal monograph, ''[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide]]'' (1897), a case study of suicide rates among [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy.<ref>Gianfranco Poggi (2000). ''Durkheim.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1.</ref>
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Since its inception, sociological epistemologies, methods, and frames of enquiry, have significantly expanded and diverged.<ref name="Giddens Intro"/> Sociologists use a diversity of research methods, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, draw upon empirical techniques, and engage critical theory.<ref name=":0" /> Common modern methods include case studies, [[historiography|historical research]], [[interviewing]], [[participant observation]], [[social network analysis]], survey research, statistical analysis, and model building, among other approaches. Since the late 1970s, many sociologists have tried to make the discipline useful for purposes beyond the academy. The results of sociological research aid educators, lawmakers, administrators, developers, and others interested in resolving social problems and formulating public policy, through subdisciplinary areas such as [[evaluation research]], methodological assessment, and [[public sociology]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
In the early 1970s, women sociologists began to question sociological paradigms and the invisibility of women in sociological studies, analysis, and courses.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paradoxes of Gender|last=Lorber|first=Judith|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-300-06497-1|location=New Haven, CT}}</ref> In 1969, feminist sociologists challenged the discipline's [[androcentrism]] at the American Sociological Association's annual conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://socwomen.org/sws-activism/|title=The Founding of SWS|last1=Laube|first1=Heather|last2=Hess|first2=Bess B.|date=2001|website=Sociologists for Women in Society|access-date=February 5, 2018}}</ref> This led to the founding of the organization Sociologists for Women in Society, and, eventually, a new sociology journal, [[Gender & Society]]. Today, the [[sociology of gender]] is considered to be one of the most prominent sub-fields in the discipline.<ref>{{
New sociological sub-fields continue to appear — such as [[community studies]], [[computational sociology]], [[environmental sociology]], network analysis, [[actor-network theory]], gender studies, and a growing list, many of which are [[List of academic disciplines|cross-disciplinary]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0K5DwAAQBAJ|title=The Vietnamese Social Sciences at a Fork in the Road|last=Vuong|first=Quan-Hoang|date=2019|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-068608-1|language=en}}</ref>
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{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Al-Kindi]]
* [[Augustine]]
* [[Franz Boas]]
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* [[Margaret Mead]]
* [[John Stuart Mill]]
* [[Montesquieu]]
* [[Jean Piaget]]
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* [[Outline of social science]]
* [[Humanities]]
* [[Structure and agency]]
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* {{cite book |editor-first1=Roger E.|editor-last1= Backhouse|editor-first2= Philippe|editor-last2= Fontaine|date=2010|title=The History of the Social Sciences Since 1945|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref= 256 pages}}; covers the conceptual, institutional, and wider histories of economics, political science, sociology, social anthropology, psychology, and human geography.
* {{cite book|last=Delanty|first=G.|date=1997|title=Social science: Beyond constructivism and realism|place= Minneapolis|publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Hargittai|first= E.|date=2009|url=http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=268873|title=Research Confidential: Solutions to Problems Most Social Scientists Pretend They Never Have|place=Ann Arbor|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn= 978-0472026531
* {{cite book|last1=Hunt|first1= E.F.|last2= Colander|first2= D.C.|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWofAAAACAAJ|title=Social science: An introduction to the study of society|place=Boston|publisher=Peason/Allyn and Bacon|isbn= 978-0-205-52406-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Carey|first1= H.C.|last2= McKean|first2=K.|date=1883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEVAAAAYAAJ|title=Manual of social science; Being a condensation of the Principles of social science|author-link=H.C. Carey|place=Philadelphia|publisher=Baird}}
* {{cite book|last=Galavotti|first= M.C.|author-link= Maria Carla Galavotti |date=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpForyYAYy0C|title= Observation and experiment in the natural and social sciences|series= Boston studies in the philosophy of science|volume= 232|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Kluwer Academic|isbn= 978-1-4020-1251-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Gorton|first= W.A.|date=2006|title=Karl Popper and the social sciences|series=SUNY series in the philosophy of the social sciences|place=Albany|publisher=State University of New York Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Harris|first=F.R.|date=1973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqQ9vf0JS_YC|title=Social science and national policy|place=New Brunswick, N.J.|publisher=Transaction Books|isbn=978-1-4128-3445-2}} distributed by Dutton
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