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{{Short description|Academic journal of the National Academy of Sciences}}
{{redirect|PNAS|PNAs, the plural|PNA (disambiguation)|PNaS, Phosphate-Sodium Symporter|Sodium/phosphate cotransporter}}
{{redirectredirect2|PNAS|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|the Indian journal|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India{{!}}''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India''|the protein|Sodium/phosphate cotransporter||PNA (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox journal
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| openaccess = [[Hybrid open access journal|Hybrid]], [[Delayed open access journal|delayed]] (after 6 months)
| license =
| impact = 119.2054
| impact-year = 20202023
| website = http://www.pnas.org/
| link1 = httphttps://www.pnas.org/contenttoc/pnas/current
| link1-name = Online access
| link2 = httphttps://www.pnas.org/contentloi/by/yearpnas
| link2-name = Online archive
| cover = Vol.PNAS 119 Nocover. 9 Image.webp png
| image-sizecaption = 200px
| caption = March 2022 Vol. 119 No. 9 Issue Cover
| JSTOR = 00278424
| OCLC = 43473694
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| eISSN = 1091-6490
}}
'''''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''''' (often abbreviated '''''PNAS''''' or '''''PNAS USA''''') is a [[peer-review]]ed [[multidisciplinary]] [[scientific journal]]. It is the official journal of the [[National Academy of Sciences]], published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 20202022 [[impact factor]] of 11.2051.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clarivate.com/products/journal-citation-reports/|title=Journal Citation Reports|website=Clarivate|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref> ''PNAS'' is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://error.incites.thomsonreuters.com/error/Error?DestApp=IC2ESI&Error=IPError&Params=DestApp%3DIC2ESI&RouterURL=https%3A%2F%2Flogin.incites.thomsonreuters.com%2F&Domain=.thomsonreuters.com&Src=IP&Alias=IC2|title=InCites [v2.54] – Sign In|website=error.incites.thomsonreuters.com|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108042046/https://error.incites.thomsonreuters.com/error/Error?DestApp=IC2ESI&Error=IPError&Params=DestApp%3DIC2ESI&RouterURL=https%3A%2F%2Flogin.incites.thomsonreuters.com%2F&Domain=.thomsonreuters.com&Src=IP&Alias=IC2|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-01-31|df=mdy-all}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022}}</ref> In the mass media, ''PNAS'' has been described variously as "prestigious",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28043583/discovery/|title=Discovery (could pave way for better diabetes treatments)|last=<!-- no byline -->|date=July 6, 2015|work=The News-Star|issue=264|location=Monroe, Louisiana|volume=86|page=2D|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28044223/bengurion_study_highlights_gene_that/|title=Ben-Gurion study highlights gene that could lead to new therapies for ALS|last=<!-- no byline -->|date=September 21, 2016|work=South Florida Sun Sentinel|page=A52|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> "sedate",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28043829/on_our_knees/|title=On Our Knees|last=Lear|first=John|date=August 11, 1986|work=The Gettysburg Times|location=Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|page=4|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> "renowned",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28044889/survival_skills/|title=Survival skills|last=Byerman|first=Mikalee|date=October 26, 2008|work=Reno Gazette-Journal|issue=300|department=Living Green|location=Reno, Nevada|volume=27|page=7|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and "high impact".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28045527/u_of_u_chem_programs_frequently_cited/|title=U of U programs frequently cited as references|last=<!-- no byline -->|date=August 16, 1993|work=The Daily Spectrum|issue=167|department=School News|location=St. George, Utah|volume=27|page=B2|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
 
''PNAS'' is a [[delayed open -access journal]], with an [[Embargo (academic publishing)|embargo period]] of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee ([[Hybrid open access journal|hybrid open access]]). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, ''PNAS'' ishas been [[online-only journal|online-only]], although print issues are available on- demand.
 
== History ==
''PNAS'' was established by the [[National Academy of Sciences]] (NAS) in 1914,{{NoteTag|The Stankus book reference states 1918 as the year instead of 1914.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28038881/assistant_prof_research_gets_published/ |title = Assistant professor's research gets published |last=<!-- no byline -->|date=October 13, 2009|work=Poughkeepsie Journal |location=Poughkeepsie, New York |page = 1D |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/scientificjourna00stan/ |title = Scientific journals: Improving library collections through analysis of publishing trends |last=Stankus |first=Tony |publisher=Haworth Press |year=1990 |isbn=((0-886656-905-7)) |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{Rp|30}} with its first issue published in 1915. The NAS itself had beenwas founded in 1863 as a private institution, but [[Congressional charter|chartered]] by the [[United States Congress]], with the goal to "investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art"."
 
Prior to the inception of ''PNAS'', the National Academy of Sciences published three volumes of organizational transactions, consisting mostly of minutes of meetings and annual reports. For much of the journal's history, ''PNAS'' published brief first announcements of Academy members' and associates' contributions to research.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.pnas.org/misc/iforc.shtml Information for Authors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In December 1995,<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/104/16/6495.full.pdf |title=Introducing Feature Articles in PNAS |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=16 |page = 6495 |pmc=1871811|doi=10.1073/pnas.0702818104 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.6495S |last = Schekman |first = R. |year=2007 |s2cid=84888136 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''PNAS'' opened submissions to all authors without first needing to be sponsored by an [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|NAS member]].
 
Members were allowed to communicate up to two papers from non-members to ''PNAS'' every year. The review process for these papers was anonymous in that the identities of the referees were not revealed to the authors. Referees were selected by the [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|NAS member]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last = Fersht |first = Alan |date = May 3, 2005 |title=Editorial: How and why to publish in PNAS |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=18 |pages=6241–6242 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502713102 |pmc=1088396 |pmid=16576766 |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Garfield">{{cite journal |last=Garfield |first=Eugene |author-link=Eugene Garfield |date=September 7, 1987 |title=Classic Papers from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |url = http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v10p247y1987.pdf |journal = Essays of an Information Scientist |volume=10 |issue=36 |page=247 |access-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> ''PNAS'' eliminated communicated submissions through NAS members {{as of |2010 |7 |1 |lc=y |df=US}}, while continuing to make the final decision on all ''PNAS'' papers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schekman |first=Randy |year=2009 |title=PNAS will eliminate Communicated submissions in July 2010 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=37 |page=15518 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909515106 |pmc=2747149 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10615518S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
95% of papers are peer reviewed Direct Submissions and 5% are contributed submissions.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Simplifying the Direct Submission process|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = October 7, 2014|volume = 111|issue = 40|page = 14311|last1 = Verma|first1 = Inder M.|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1417688111|pmid = 25246596|pmc = 4210033|bibcode = 2014PNAS..11114311V|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pnas.org/page/authors/direct-submission|title=About Direct Submission &#124; PNAS}}</ref>{{fv|date=August 2022}}
 
In 2022 NAS established ''PNAS Nexus'', an interdisciplinary open-access journal published by [[Oxford Academic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/pages/about |title=About the Journal |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=oup.com |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2022-12-12 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/pnasnexus/ |title=PNAS Nexus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=nasonline.org |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=2022-12-12 |quote=}}</ref>
 
===American national security concerns===
In 2003, ''PNAS'' issued an editorial stating its policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences.<ref>{{Cite journal |volume=100 |issue=4 |page=1463 |last=Cozzarelli |first = Nicholas R. |title=PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2003 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0630514100 |pmid=12590130 |pmc=149849 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.1463C |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''PNAS'' stated that it would "continue to monitor submitted papers for material that may be deemed inappropriate and that could, if published, compromise the public welfare." This statement was in keeping with the efforts of several other journals.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D9103AF935A25751C0A9659C8B63 |title=Journal Editors to Consider U.S. Security in Publishing |last=Harmon |first=Amy |date=February 16, 2003 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |department=Archives |author-link=Amy Harmon |url-access=limited }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=John |last=Fauber |title=Science articles to be censored in terror fight |journal=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |date=February 16, 2003 }}</ref> In 2005 ''PNAS'' published an article titled "Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk",<ref>{{cite journal |last = Wein |first = L. M. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102 |pages=9984–9989 |year=2005 |title = Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk |doi=10.1073/pnas.0408526102 |issue=28 |pmid=15985558 |pmc=1161865 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.9984W |doi-access = free }}</ref> despite objections raised by the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Provocative report on bioterror online |date=June 29, 2005 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] }}</ref> The paper was published with a commentary by the president of the Academy at the time, [[Bruce Alberts]], titled "Modeling attacks on the food supply".<ref>{{cite journal |last = Alberts |first = B. |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |pages=9737–9738 |year=2005 |title = Modeling attacks on the food supply |doi=10.1073/pnas.0504944102 |issue=28 |pmid=15985557 |pmc=1175018 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.9737A |doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
===Contributed review concerns===
The controversial [[Younger Dryas impact hypothesis]], which evolved directly from pseudoscience and now forms the basis for the pseudoarchaeology of [[Graham Hancock]]'s [[Ancient Apocalypse]], was first published in PNAS using a nonstandard review system, according to a comprehensive refutation by Holliday et al (2023).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holliday |first1=Vance T. |last2=Daulton |first2=Tyrone L. |last3=Bartlein |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Boslough |first4=Mark B. |last5=Breslawski |first5=Ryan P. |last6=Fisher |first6=Abigail E. |last7=Jorgeson |first7=Ian A. |last8=Scott |first8=Andrew C. |last9=Koeberl |first9=Christian |last10=Marlon |first10=Jennifer |last11=Severinghaus |first11=Jeffrey |last12=Petaev |first12=Michail I. |last13=Claeys |first13=Philippe |date=2023-07-26 |title=Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825223001915 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |pages=104502 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502|s2cid=260218223 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to this 2023 review, "Claiming evidence where none exists and providing misleading citations may be accidental, but when conducted repeatedly, it becomes negligent and undermines scientific advancement as well as the credibility of science itself. Also culpable is the failure of the peer review process to prevent such errors of fact from entering the literature. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 'contributed review' system for National Academy members...is at least partially responsible. The 'pal reviews' (as some refer to them) were significantly curtailed in 2010, in part due to the YDIH controversy."
 
==Editors==
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==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* {{Official website|http://www.pnas.org/}}
 
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[[Category:United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic journals published by learned and professional societies of the United States]]
[[Category:Academic journals published by non-profit publishers]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America"