Full text of "80 Microcomputing Magazine October 1983"

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October 1983 USA $4.00

A WAYNE GRE

the magazine for TRS-80* users

Science

Outer Spaces: '\

• Follow the Stars

• Create Ephemerides

• Be a Time Traveller

Molecule Madness
Biofeedback 80
Model II Life

Plus:

O Notes for the Model 100

■

Random Access sans Disk
The 68000 Explained
'^he-Model III I/O Bus

1S-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF RADIO SHACK.
DIVISION OF TANDY CORP.

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ANYONE CAN USE OUR SOFTWARE!

■MM

MAIL PAC II and CHECKING PLUS represent a
new generation of computer software. Our
software doesn't even need a manual! Any-
one can quickly learn to use either package
by following simple, explicit on-screen
instructions. But for those of you who insist
— we've included a complete user's manual
as well.

Kill: re List
U5 Kiln sir
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MAIL PAC II "

MAIL PAC II FEATURES:
High Capacity —

Stores from one to one million names in Zip Code, Numerical or Alpha-
betical order. The only limitation is your disk storage space.

Flexibility --

Prints your mailing list on 1 , 2, 3, or 4-across labels (with up to 5 user-
defined lines on each label) or as a compact, user-designed directory.
The record length is completely user-defined, and each field within
each of your records is completely variable (allowing storage of any
number of characters for any particular address entry). Devote fields
to telephone numbers, codes, or even special messages related to each
particular name on file.

Powerful --

A built-in word processor allows you to create personalized form letters
for each address on your list (or just a particular group of addresses).

Ease of Use —

Create new mailing lists, review existing lists, handle changes of
address, delete cancelled names, sort lists, and purge duplicate names
from your files. Complete on-screen instructions tell you in plain
english exactly how to accomplish all of these tasks.

MAIL PAC II $99.95

JOHN DOUGH

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ANON-rnous, in 53*18

PAT TO THE
OROEROf _

116

ANONIMC

FIRST N/

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MEMO

CHECKING PLUS

.LARS

•:o2flooiofi?i:o ( JE.iEiS"*oaiE )

CHECKING PLUS FEATURES:
Complete Check Register --

Checking Plus stores your entire check register in a disk file, and then
uses the data to balance your account, track your expenses, and help
you make budget projections. Review the entire checkbook, enter
checks, deposits, fees and adjustments, mark outstanding checks when
paid, and get an instant cash balance at any time. All data can be viewed
onscreen or printed out in report form.

Tax Preparation —

Storage of monthly and yearly totals and other important information
aids in income tax preparation, for your personal use or for your
accountant.

Handles the Details —

Store names and addresses for frequently written checks, then print
checks to fit standard window envelopes, eliminating the need forextra
typing. You can even store any comment, explanation or other message
(up to 255 characters) related to a particular check.

Automatic Monthly Bill Payments --

Enter amounts and names of payees for all of your fixed-cost monthly
payments, and then sit back while the system automatically prints
checks.

CHECKING PLUS $99.95

Both Programs Require 48K And At Least One Disk Drive (2 Drives For
Higher Storage Capacities). And All Hard Disk Systems Are Supported.

FREE-TRS-80 Mod LIU & 4 programs supplied on DosPKis (minimum system).
Complete DosPlus also available.

FOR YOUR TRS-80'" • APPLE'" • IBM PC" • NEC" • OSBORNE" • XEROX" • KAYPRO" • TELEVIDEO" • ZENITH" • SANYO"
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TRS-80 trademark Tandy Corp - APPLE trademark Apple Corp - IBM PC trademark IBM Corp - ATARI trademark Atari. Inc - OSBORNE trademark Osborne Corp - XEROX trademark Xero» Corp

KAYPRO trademark Non-Linear Systems. Inc - TELEVIDEO trademark Televideo Systems. Inc - SANYO trademark Sanyo Corp - NEC trademark NEC Corp - DEC trademark Digital Equipment Corp

ZENITH trademark Zenith Corp - Tl PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER trademark Texas Instruments. Inc - SUPERBRAIN trademark Intertec Corp - CP/M trademark Digital Reseaech - EPSON trademark Epson Corp

OUR SOFTWARE CATALOG

H & E Computronics, Inc., has mailed more than 1 million
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■" ALL PRICES ft SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE "•
DELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

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VersaReceivables-

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VERSAPAYABLES" $99.95

iesigned to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you
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whom VersaPayabi.es" maintains a complete record on each vendor, prints checks,
check registers, vouchers, transaction reports, aged payables reports, vendor reports,
and more With VFRSaPayabi.ES". you can even let your computer automatically select
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Versa Payroll- $99.95

Vl.KSAl ■ powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll system that

keeps track of all gov ured payroll information. Complete employee records

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totals displayed oit- i r.itor approval. A payroll can be run totally, automati

r.tervene to prevent a check from being printed, or to alter
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VersaLedger h

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VfrsaLedgfr II™ is a complete accounting system that grows as your business
grows VERSALEDGER IP" can be used as a simple personal checkbook register,
expanded to a small business bookkeeping system or developed into a large
corporate general ledger system without any additional software.

• VersaLedger II*" gives you almost unlimited storage capacity
(300 to 10,000 entries per month, depending on the system).

• stores all check and general ledger information forever,

• prints tractor-feed checks,

• handles multiple checkbooks and general ledgers,

• prints 17 customized accounting reports including check registers,
balance sheets, income statements, transaction reports, account
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VERSALEDGER II™ comes with a professionally- written 160 page manual de-
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quickly familiar with VERSALEDGER 11™, using complete sample data files
supplied on diskette and more than 50 pages of sample printouts.

VersaInventory™

$99.95

Versa inventory- is a complete • ml system that gives you instant access

to data on any item. VersaInvlnioKV keeps track of all information related to what

• in stock, out of stock, on backorder. etc . stores sales and pricing data,
you when an item falls below a preset reorder pu:nt. and allows you to enter and print
• :nk with the VersaReceivabies" system VersaInventory™ prints
all needed inventory listings, reports of items below reorder point, inventory value re
ports, period and year lo-d lee lists, inventory checklists, etc.

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purchased for $25 each, credited toward a later purchase of that module
AJ CPM based Computers must be equipped with Microsoft BASIC
(M BASIC or BASIC 801

To Order:

Write or call Toll-free (800) 431-2818
(N.Y.S. residents call 914-425-1535)

add $3 for shipping in UPS areas
add S4 for C O D. or non-UPS areas

DEAL£R INQUIRIES WELCOME

All prices and specifications subject to change .

add S5 to CANADA or MEXICO
add proper postage elsewhere

Delivery subject to availability

i APP1-E trademark Apple Corp IBM PC trademark IBM Corp OSBORNE trademark Osborne Corp XEROX trademark Xerox Corp KAYPRO trademark Non Linear
-leo Systems, Inc SANYO trademark Sanyo Corp NEC trademark NEC Corp DEC trademark Digital Equipment Corp ZENITH trademark Zenith Corp
TIF : ' UTER trademark Texas Instruments, Inc SUPERBRAIN trademark Intertec Corp CPM trademark Dgital Research EPSTON trademark Epson Corp

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i In addition, DOSPLUS 3.5 offers many utilities including a menu driven user inter-
face that allows file manipulation at the touch of a key. full file and disk editing
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i DOSPLUS 3.5 also includes one of the best Disk BASIC interpreters available with
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standard.

• The DOSPLUS 3.5 manual will set new standards in documentation. Almost 400
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CORPORATION

Expanding Your Peripheral Vision

DRIVES

NETWORKS

SOFTWARE

. TELEX 73-0401 [PI RG IM]

i i

•• . . lAlfON

Features

90. Ephemeris for Comets

|^=y and Minor Planets

Your TRS-80 goes into orbit to pro-
ject the positions of comets and
asteroids.
James H. Fox

100. Molecular Matters

IsShsl Molecular orbital theories of chemis-
try are elementary for the Model III.
Karl Sarnow

114. What's Up and When

Isi^y A program that turns casual
watchers into celestial experts.
Adron D. Lilly Jr.

sky-

Articles

T? i>OKC*r725

136. Life with the Model II

From office management to popula-
tion management.
David G. Faske

148. Physically Astronomycal

Learn about physics while you tour
the stars.
Sam Conviser

186. The Biobox

Monitor and control stress and ten-
sion with this Model II biofeedback
interface.
J.J. Barbarello

196. Directory of Software Manufacturers
and Distributors

Everyone who's anyone in the TRS-80
software world.

Game

244. In Search of .. .

I^liol Hide words In diabolical puzzles and
frustrate your friends.
James Blatt

Hardware

126. Using the Model III I/O Bus

If the Model I's system expansion
port had you stumped, here's a
guide to its Model III improvement.
James N. Cameron

Review

110. Super Utility Plus 3.1a—
The Jaws of Life

New features and more raw power
mark the newest SU + .
William D. Allen

160. DOSPLUS3.5

Micro-Systems Software takes an-
other few steps beyond TRSDOS.
John B. Harrell III

Science

236. Brief Exposures

|^g) How's your short-term memory? A
tachistoscope program to test your
perceptions.
Brian Durell

Model D712/16

44. Suite 16

90. Ephemeris for Comets and Minor
Planets

120. Meet the MC68000

136. Ufe with the Model D

172. Sorting in Place

186. TheBioBox

244. In Search of .. .

256. Catching Rays

Ifongj Calculate altitude and azimuth to
find the sun's exact position.
Smith Harris

Technique

172. Sorting in Place

lioSid What to do when there's no room for
a random-access disk file.
George Reardon

Tutorial

120. Meet the MC68000

A look at the Model 16 CPU's fea-
tures for Assembly programmers.
John Edward Crew

234. Making Hay with Arrays

Random access without disk drives.
Karl Townsend

Utility

252. DATATP

|sjjhI A hybrid Basic and Assembly listing

to simplify tape data handling.

Jeff W. Collins

Departments

6. Side Tracks

market.

Eric Maloney

8. Proof Notes

Science for the micro masses.

10. Input

Speeding up Andreassen's cipher.
CoCo Robot Reader. Z80 versus
68000. Who Is Suzuki Hayashki?
Structured Basic debate. Scripsit
and Pencil Plus patches. Logo com-
putations. Playing Pascal cribbage.
Comal.

20. Aid

Missing issues. Model I Vidtex wanted.
Law enforcement assistance. Graftrax
chip. Stringy editor/assembler.

4 • 80 Micro, October 1983

22. Debug

Fixing Strip Blackjack and Profile File
Transfer.

24. The Next Step

Restoring June's Model

patch.

Hardin Brothers

Restore

36. 1 he Color Key

Indulging a passion for mathematics.
Scott Norman

44. Suite 16

The faster master oscillator.
Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

48. Reviews

Library Support Option. TRS-80 Pas-
cal 2.0. Newbasic. Kuzel 11/12/16
games. Guide to WordStar. Mannes-
mann Tally MT160. Typitall 1.2. TRS-
80 Data Communications Systems.
Project Manager. Clean Slate. Power-
DOT.

87. Review Digest

What they're saying about TRS-80
products.

88. Calendar

266. ONotes

Mighty Write, the / Ching, job esti-
mate, grocery list, and Cram 100—
print formatting, business, a game,
and the Book of Changes for Model
100 buffs.

286. News

Texas Instruments' crash and the in-
dustry outlook. Microsoft joins
Japan. Anti-copy lawsuit. Computer
store survey. A networking standard.
School micro update. Roger Moore.
Free word processor.

302. Reload 80

UTerm and memory error messages.
Amee Eisenberg

304. Copernica Mathematics

Human and machine vision systems.
Bruce Powel Douglass

314. Fun House

Learn Spanish, states and provinces,
and the times table.
Richard Ramella

316. Young Programmer's Contest

This should be even bigger than last
year's.

324. The Gamers Cafe

A Florida condo and the Temple of

Apshai.

Rodney Gambicus

Charles C. Edwards

330. Feedback Loop

Questions, answers, and occasional

opinions.

Terry Kepner

340. New Products

Olivetti paper guide. Manager
DBMS. Standby power. Daisy M45
printer. Datalock for CP/M. Color
Scribe. Printout basket. Xidex pre-
mium disks. The Buffer Box. MITE
communications program. Clean
your printwheel. Real Estate Anal-
ysis. Beeper T-shirts. SuperSoft C.

PUBLISHEWPRESIDENT

Wayne Green

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT

Snerry Smytne-Green

ASSISTANT TO PRESIDENT

Matt Smith

VICE PRESIDENTrGENERAL MANAGER

Debra Wetherbe*

ASSISTANT PUBLISHER

Jet' DeTray

VICE PRESIDENT/FINANCE

Roge< Murphy

ASSISTANT TO VP/FINANCE

Dominique Smitti

CIRCULATION MANAGER

60M24-9471

Patricia Ferrante

BULK & NEWSSTAND SALES MANAGER

Ginme Boudneau

ADVERTISING. 603-924-H38

Director ot

Marketing & Sale*: David Schi»»ier

Sales Manager: Edward Bo-ezo

Sales Mary Hartweii

Ad Coordinator: Betty Butler

PRODUCTION

Manager. Nancy Salmon

Assistants Michael Murphy,

David Wwmak;

Michael Ford, Mar|one Gillies,

Alfred Huston. Kimber ly Nadeau,

Lynn Parsons, Anne Rocchlo,

Kenneth Sutclifle, Karen Wozmafc;

Film Production Donna Hartweii.

Theresa Verviile. Robert M. VHleneuve.

Ad Coordinators Patricia Bradley,

Paula Ramsey:

Assistant Taylor Morris,

Advertising Production Jane Preston,

Fiona Davles, Bruce Hedm.

Scott Philbrlck

PHOTOGRAPHY

Supervisor: Thomas ViHeneuve.

Sandra Dukette. Lau'ie Jennison.

Sturdy Thomas

TYPESETTING

Supervisor. Sara Bedeu. Darlen* Bailey.

Prem Gongafu, Lynn Hames,

Cynthia Letourneau, Llndy Palmlsano.

Heidi Thomas, Sue Weik-r

DESIGN

Supervisor: Joyce Pillarella.

Susan Donohoe, Howard Happ.

Beth Krommes, Dion Owens.

Dianne Ritson. Patrice Scnbner.

Susan Stevens. Suzanne Torsheya.

Sarah Werninger Donna Wohlfarth;

Copywriters Louis Manni Gail Morrison.

Oala Tietien. Steve Tripp

DESIGN DIRECTOR

Christine Destrempes

The left bracket, [. replaces the up arrow used by Radio
Shack to indicate exponentiation on our printouts. When
entering programs published in B0 Micro, you should make
this change.

90 formats its program listings to run 64 characters
wide, the way they look on your video screen. This ac-
counts lor the occasional wraparound you will notice in
our program listings. Don't lei it throw you, particularly
when entering assembly listings.

Article submissions Irom our readers are welcomed and
encouraged. Inquiries should be addressed to: Submis-
sions Editor, 80 Pine Street, Peterborough, NH 03458.
Include an SASE lor a copy ol our writers' guidelines. Pay-
ment for accepted articles is made at a rate of approx-
imately $50 per printed page; all rights are purchased.
Authors of reviews should contact the Review Editor, 80
Pine Street, Peterborough. NH 03458

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Sainton. South Africa 214* An auUacnpt-on correspondence ehouw ba addraaaad lo W efrcro. Suoacnpt.od Oepemnera. PO Bo. 9*v Fa-mmgdala NY n 737 Pvaaaa includa your ad
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•TRS-80, Scripsit, and
TRSDOS are trademarks
of Tandy Corp.

Cover by Erick Ingraham

80 Micro, October 1983 • 5

SIDE TRACKS

by Eric Maloney

I've heard several software manufac-
turers claim recently that piracy is
primarily responsible for TRS-80-re-
lated companies going out of business
or moving to other machines. This may
be true in isolated cases, but it's simply
not fair to blame the TRS-80 consumer
for the industry's current sense of
malaise.

We recently included a question on
our reader service card that asked peo-
ple where they acquired most of their
software. The results:

From software houses 45.6 percent

From magazines 28 . 7

Self-written 17.9

Friends, other programmers 6.0
Copy it 1.8

While these figures are open to a lot
of interpretation, they seem to show
that few people use piracy as the pri-
mary means of building their software
libraries. Three out of four of the re-
spondents get most of their programs
from legitimate commercial outlets,
either software houses or magazines.

Piracy is a convenient explanation
for the slump in the TRS-80 software
market over the last year. But let's
not overlook other, far more impor-
tant, factors.

To begin with, the TRS-80 market
has matured to the point where soft-
ware houses release few fresh, original
packages. We've entered a period in
which the major software manufactur-
ers are concentrating on revising and
improving proven winners. The market
for such products is inherently more re-
stricted than it would be for some-
thing new.

Second, most consumers have already
bought most of the software they need.
They've gotten comfortable with their
data-base managers and word proces-
sors, and are not inclined to spend $150
on a new package.

Third, many TRS-80 users have moved
beyond the novice stage, and can write
software they previously might have
bought.

6 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Finally, the new Radio Shack com-
puters are not designed to encourage a
great deal of new and innovative third-
party software. The Model 100, for in-
stance, is pretty much a self-contained
machine; Radio Shack and the various
TRS-80 magazines will provide much of
the supplemental software. The Model
4 is an updated Model III, at least un-
til the CP/M market develops, and en-
hanced Model III packages will consti-
tute much of its software.

In short, then, software manufactur-
ers are selling less because people are
buying less, not because pirates are eat-
ing up all of their sales.

In a way, I wish piracy were the cause
of the software industry's woes. Such a
concrete problem could be handled in
concrete terms. But the reasons are
much more complex. It will take more
than better protection schemes and
stricter piracy laws to rejuvenate the
market.

Property Rights

Speaking of piracy, I got a phone call
the other day from the librarian of a
computer club out on the West Coast.
He wanted to know whether 80 Micro's
programs are in the public domain, and
whether he could therefore add them to
his club's library.

Such questions have been on the rise
lately. They indicate the consumers' in-
creasing awareness of the software
piracy problem. But they also show that
many computerists don't have a clear
idea of what piracy is.

Put simply, the programs that appear
in 80 Micro are copyright -protected,
either by the magazine or by the author.
They can't be used by anyone other
than the subscriber. You can copy our
programs for your own use to your
heart's content, but you can't swap
them, sell them, give them away, put
them on a computer bulletin board, or
include them in a computer club library.

Many computerists have gotten the
idea that the medium on which a pro-
gram is recorded affects its copyright
status. Not so. A program is copy-
righted whether it's on a disk, in a ROM
pack, or on a magazine page.

I don't believe for a minute that peo-
ple deliberately or maliciously try to rip
us off. Mostly, they just want to share
programs they've found useful. But the
programs belong to us and our readers,
not to the public at large. ■

Glossary

Below is a glossary of acronyms
frequently used in 80 Micro.

ASCII American Standard
Code for Information
Interchange. Character
code that refers to the
computer's internal rec-
ognition of letters, num-
bers, and symbols.
CP/M Control Program/Moni-
tor or Control Program
for Microcomputers. A
disk operating system
produced by Digital Re-
search.
CPU Central Processing Unit.

Computer module that
retrieves, decodes, and
executes instructions.
CRT Cathode Ray Tube. The

television tube used to
display pictures or
characters.
DIP Dual In-line Package. A

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rows of pins at 1/10-inch
intervals.
DOS Disk Operating System,

such as DOSPLUS,
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ually refers to a PROM
that can be reused sever-
al times. It's erased with
ultraviolet light and then
programmed with a spe-
cial PROM programmer.
K Kilobytes. IK =1024

bytes. Used in referring
to computer storage
capacity.
RAM Random Access

Memory. This is the pri-
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MANAGING EDITOR

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Magazine publishing is a service
industry; the point is to determine
reader interest and provide information
on those subjects. We're 15 people in
Peterborough, trying to second-guess
150,000 TRS-80 owners around the
world.

Fortunately, we don't work alone.
You tell us your interests by writing let-
ters, filling out Reader Service cards,
submitting articles, and answering
surveys. We know, for instance, that
you like science. Our last science issue,
in November 1982, beat that year's
games edition as a newsstand best-
seller. Scientific articles attract fan mail,
and science consistently does well in
Reader Service polls.

Even though 5f7s readers tend to be
more technically oriented than other
magazines', your interest in science
seems out of proportion: Most of you
don't wear lab coats to work. Few of
you need a tachistoscope for short-term
memory experiments, and few are as-
tronomers who have to keep track of
the sun's altitude and azimuth.

The reason you appreciate scientific
applications, we suspect, has to do with
a broader interest: You appreciate the
impact of microcomputers. The micro
has done what Jacob Bronowski did in
The Ascent of Man and Carl Sagan did
in his Cosmos television series; it has
promoted the democratization of science.

It's commonplace to observe that
home computers have brought the com-
puting power of the UNI VAC days into
the familiar confines of the living room.
But in admiring the increased number
and accessibility of computers, we
sometimes overlook the more impor-
tant spread of computers' capabilities
or applications.

Something like VisiCalc would have
been secret Pentagon property not long
ago. Children using Bank Street Writer
will never know — or will take for

Science
comes
home

granted— just how remarkable, sophis-
ticated, and recent is the concept of
word processing. Things that used to
belong to men in lab coats are now
available at your corner Radio Shack
store.

Science, an arcane discipline to many
people, is a prime candidate for micros'
process of familiarization. Tachisto-
scopes used to be found only in univer-
sities' psychology labs; altitude and
azimuth calculations were laboriously
recorded in astronomers' libraries.

Your TRS-80 and the programs in
this issue can bring this privileged infor-
mation home, whether or not you're
specifically in the market for it; you
may not care about Hueckel's molecu-
lar orbital theories, but you might be
intrigued by the logic behind Karl
Sarnow's chemistry tutor (p. 100). "So
that's it," you say. "With my micro to
handle the details, I can see what those
scientists do. It's not so baffling after
all."

In fact, 80 Micro readers are rather
like scientists, in that both groups tend
to make discoveries or complete proj-
ects and then rush to publish the results
in their favorite journal. Science is
devoted to the sharing of information
among the largest possible audience; the
micro not only transmits information,
but helps people understand it. ■

—E.G.

R • RO Micm. October 19R3

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 9

INPUT

Speedin' It Up

You ran an informative article by
Karl Andreassen on counting and
graphing cipher letter frequencies (June
1983, p. 190). He included a good pro-
gram but one section of it runs so slowly
that it may be discouraging to readers
interested in experimenting with
decipherment.

Andreassen generates an A-Z alpha-
bet as a string and then compares each

letter of the cipher text to each letter of
the string with a MID$ function.
There's a faster way to count letter
frequencies.

After generating 200 random letters,
Program Listing 1 shows that the An-

10 'ANDREASSEN/LEEDHAM LETTER-FREQUENCY COUNTING LOOPS
20 CLS:CLEAR2000:DEFINTA-Z:DIMC$(1000) ,A$(26) ,B(26) ,D(26)
30 N=200

40 PRINT-GENERATING RANDOM LETTERS" ;: FORX=lTON: C$ (X) =CHR$(RND ( 26

)+64) :PRINT"."; : NEXTX: PRINT" "

50 PRINT"ANDREASSEN METHOD" ; :AN$=TIME$

60 FORX=lT026:A$=A$+CHR$(X+64) :NEXTX

70 FORI=lTON: PRINT"."; :FORJ=lT026

80 IFC$(I)=MID$(A$,J,1)THENB(J)*B(J)+1

90 NEXTJ , I : PRINT" " : PRINTAN$ : PRINTTIME $

100 PRINT:PRINT"LEEDHAM METHOD" ;: LE$=TIME$

110 F0RX=1T0N:L=ASC(C$(X))-64:D(L)=D(L)+1:PRINT".";:NEXT
120 PRINT"":PRINTLE$:PRINTTIME$
130 END

Program Listing 1. Deciphering made quicker.

FFF0

44A9

402D

FFF0

FFF3

FFF7

FFFA

FFFD

FFF0

00000

DSPDIR

JP2D0S

00110
00120
00130
00140
00150
00160
00170
00180
00190
00200
00210
00220
00230
00240
00250
00260
00270
00280
TOTAL ERRORS
00210

3AE144

DD212B44

DD7700

CDA944

C32D40

DIREC/CMD

FROM 'TRSDOS READY 'TYPE:

DIREC :D

WHERE D=DRIVE

FROM THE MOD III VERSION
BY CARL ANDERSON
80 MICRO 12/82 P. 32

44A9

402D 00220
;FOR 32K USE 0BFF0H
;DISPLAY DIRECTORY CALL
; TRSDOS READY ADDRESS
;GET 7TH BYTE
; THESE TWO LINES PUT A
;INTO 442BH FOR DSPDIR
;DISPLAY DIRECTORY
;BACK TO TRSDOS
;FOR 32K USE 0BFF0H

DSPDIR
JP2DOS

00260
00270

ORG
DEFL
DEFL
LD
LD
(IX) ,A
CALL
JP
END

0FFF0H

44A9H

402DH

A, (44DAH+7H)

IX/442BH

DSPDIR
JP2DOS
OFFFOH

Program Listing 2. Robot Reader in color.

10 • 80 Micro, October 1983

dreassen double loop takes about 15
seconds to find the frequency of each
letter, whereas a simple single loop (line
100) does it in five seconds.

The listing is written in Basic, but
cassette-based programmers can try it
by eliminating the references to TIMES
and timing the loops as the dots proceed
across the screen.

Charles Leedham

P.O. Box 1063

Woodland Hills, CA 91365

StickSHUT

This is a request to software authors—
especially those who write games in
Assembly language. Since the Model
I/III/4 uses SHIFT® to pause the ex-
ecution of a Basic program, please stick
to that convention to put a pause func-
tion in games instead of S (for stop) or P
(for pause).

Also, please put a zero in 14308
decimal (37E4 hexadecimal (hex)) to
select cassette drive 1 on the Model I for
sound output.

Dave McGlumphy

4429 Paula Lane

Red Bank, TN 37415

CoCo Conversion

I was disappointed to learn that
Charles Gillen's "Robot Reader" (June
1983, p. 302) doesn't run on my Color
Computer. Program Listing 2 includes
modifications so the program runs on a
16K Basic CoCo.

Ross Guberman

344 Weatherstone Lane

Marietta, GA 30067

Model 16 Program Flaws?

"Programming the Model 16" by
Dan Keen and Dave Dischert (June
1983, p. 244) was badly flawed by inac-
curacies and typographical errors.

The address registers are numbered
A0-A7 and the data registers D0-D7,
rather than as explained in the article.

In explaining the power of the in-
struction set compared to the Z80, the
authors came up with a routine to move

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 11

INPUT

1 byte worthy of the Intel 8008 chip of
late memory. Even an 8080 can load the
accumulator directly from a memory
address, and the Z80 does it like this:

LD A, (source address)

LD (destination of address), A

The HL or DE pairs can be loaded in
the same way, giving a 2-byte, two-
instruction move. A block move of any
length can be implemented in four in-
structions using the LDIR instruction.

Of course the 68000 is more power-
ful, flexible, and faster than the Z80.
But let's be accurate in our comparisons
and fair to the Z80. For its day it was a
good chip and for nonbusiness it's still a
valid method of computing.

Peter H. Granzeau

315 Martha Lee Drive

Hampton, VA 23666

Authors' Answer

Mr. Granzeau is correct that the ad-
dress registers are A0-A7 and the data
registers are D0-D7. Somewhere be-
tween our typewritten page and the
printed page, words were accidentally
changed.

Regarding our Z80 comparison,
there are certainly many ways to get the
same result. We could pick up any is-
sue of any magazine and rewrite every
program in it a dozen different ways.
However, we used a comparison which
conformed to our Z80 programming
practices. Your way, while the shortest
and quickest method, is rigid. It moves
one source to one destination. Ours is
flexible in that you can move HL and
DE to different places.

We did not intend to take away any
pride from the Z80, which is a fantastic
microprocessor, but wanted to present a
simple layman's contrast between the
two devices.

Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

139 Mimosa Drive

Rio Grande, NJ 08242

Tail Wagging the Dog

Kudos to Jake Commander for his
musings on structured programming
(February 1983, p. 37). That hot air
balloon needed a pin stuck in it. Pascal
is highly structured because it was
designed that way, so it's easy to show
that writing structured code with it pro-

12 • 80 Micro, October 1983

duces better code. Such demonstrations
are mere tautological, self-referential
word games. As long as a Z80 calls or
jumps to numbered addresses moving
upstream and downstream in the code,
the structuralist believes in a fiction.

Anyway, why should we let the tail
(language) wag the dog (us)?

I'm writing this with the new Model
100 on my lap while sitting in an easy
chair. The future is here.

Allan Stark

P.O. Box 02039

Detroit, MI 48202

Memory Map Memo

I am a new Model 100 owner and the
article by John Berman (July 1983, p.
158) was very informative. I'm curious
about the memory map on p. 163, par-
ticularly address 63897. Is "Suzuki
Hayashki" a new Microsoft Basic
command?

Bob Rosen

President

Spectrum Projects

93-15 86 Drive

Woodhaven, NY 11421

That's a good question. Berman says
he has no idea what it means and that
it's just an idiosyncracy of the ma-
chine that was in the directory. The
memory map was written in Japan by
Microsoft so it could be anything, in-
cluding a copyright trap. Any guesses
out there?— Eds.

Basic Dispute

I just finished reading the first ar-
ticle of the series, "Basic, Faster and
Readable," by John Corbani (June
1983, p. 104).

I am an advocate of structured pro-
gramming, and I see the need for clearer
and more understandable programs. I
agree with Mr. Corbani concerning the
need to make Basic more readable, but
he makes several statements that I feel
must be corrected for the sake of proper
Basic program structure.

Mr. Corbani states that TRS-80 Mi-
crosoft Basic does not require the use of
an argument with a Next statement. This
is correct, but failure to use an argument
with each Next statement makes the pro-
gram unnecessarily hard to understand,
especially when you use complex pro-

gram looping structures. Also, this
makes programs harder to convert
among systems because this isn't a stan-
dard feature in all interpreters.

Mr. Corbani explains that remark
statements are important in programs
to document major blocks of subrou-
tines or code. An important aspect of
any program is the proper documenta-
tion of the written code. I disagree that
placing remark statements in Basic code
immediately in front of executed line
numbers results in no system overhead.

The Basic interpreter stores all pro-
grams in tokenized or prescanned for-
mat, leaving each of the characters
following the remark token as 1 byte in
the computer's memory. To execute
any program, the interpreter must scan
the entire program store looking for the
appropriate line numbers to execute.

Remark statements written in a block
of executable code require "skipping"
to determine the location of the follow-
ing line. Any remark statement added
to a Basic program adds to the system
overhead while executing the program.
Remarks written using the single
apostrophe in place of the remark token
require 3 bytes of storage as opposed to
the 2 stated by Mr. Corbani.

Mr. Corbani advocates the use of
POKE statements to set the system cur-
sor at location 4020 hex to the appropri-
ate value versus the use of the Basic
"PRINT @" statement. The simple
statement he provides as an example,

POKE 16417, 60: POKE 16416,

requires 28 bytes of storage, two calls to
the command interpreter and four calls
to the ASCII-to-binary number conver-
sion for each Basic execution versus the
one call to the command interpreter,
one call to the number conversion
routine, and 11 bytes of memory re-
quired by the equivalent statement:
PRINT©,; used in the program.

Mr. Corbani also incorrectly uses
the CHR$ command in place of the
STRINGS command to demonstrate
screen positioning by cursor control
characters. The correct statement
should be:

PRINT CHR$(28);STRING$(2,26); STRINGS;

The technique he uses is valid but it's
much faster to assign cursor movement
strings to a string variable, such as

A$ = CHR$(28) + STRING$(2,26) + STRINGS
(2,25): PRINT AS;

THE RIGHT TIME AT THE RIGHT PRICE

MODEL I

MODEL III

*59?s

MOD III
version

Wouldn't it be nice if your computer
could always boot up with the right time
and date and then stay accurate. New-
clock-80 will enhance your Model I or III
system with powerful clock/calendar/timer
functions.

Using LSI (large scale integration) and
custom circuits, Newclock-80 provides
MO/DATE/YR, HR:MN:SECplus
AM/PM and day of week and even takes
care of leap years! It continues to keep time
and date with quartz accuracy when the
computer is turned off or experiences a
power failure. A single battery lasts over 2
years.

Compatibility: Newclock-80 is
compatible with any operating system,
including DOSPLUS. NEWDOS. LDOS
With its fully decoded circuitry it will work
with any other hardware you may own.
Bus expanders are available.

Installation is very simple, no tools, no
disassembly, no soldering. Just plug it in,
that's all. There is no power supply or
messy cable. Newclock-80 plugs into the
rear of the keyboard © or side of the Exp.
Int. @ Model HI Newclock fits the 50 pin
card edge (underneath) O

The Software: Newclock-80 is as easy to
use as it is to install. "SET", a Basic
program, is used only once to set the time
and date and select 12 or 24 hour format.
"TIMESTR", also in Basic, patches your
computer "TIMES" function to read
Newclock-80. It also adds "TIMES" to
keyboard-only systems, a short routine is
simply "poked" into low memory

Newclock-80 uses 12 ports (176 to 188)
6 for the time, 6 for the date. The data is
conveniently stored in decimal form, no
conversion is needed You can read or
modify any digit using simple Basic "INP"
and "OUT" statements.

No risk trial. Order your Newclock-80
today, see how easy it is to install and
operate then decide within 30 days if you
want to keep it. If for any reason you are
not delighted with its quality and
performance, you may return it for a
prompt and courteous refund.

Your unit will come complete © with
software on tape, detailed instructions,
handy reference card, and a 90 day
warranty. Specify Model I or III. Software is
also available on disk: add $5.
Lithium battery (not included) available
from RADIO-SHACK (*23- 162) or add
$1.50 to your order.
Thanks to outstanding engineering and
efficient manufacturing, ALPHA Products
is once again able to offer a great product at
a surprising price. Order your Newclock-80
at no obligation today.

Toll Free Order Line

800 221-0916

OrdtraOnly. NY I Into c««f?»2;296 3916. Hours 9 5 £.S.T.

ALPHA

79-04 Jamaica Ave., Woodhaven, NY 11421

»- V

(212) 296-5916

ADD $2 50 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING

WE ACCEPT VISA, MASTERCARD, CHECKS, M

COD ADD $3 00 EXTRA

NY RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX

OVERSEAS, FPO APO ADD 10%

DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

INPUT

or G$="DED." or G$="TED" or

0-40 No changes

50 G$=RIGHT(B$ f 4) :IFG$="DED'

G$="TED." THEN90

60 G$=RIGHT$(B$,3) :IFG$="LE" or G$= n LE." THEN90

70 IFG$="ED" or G$="ED." THENS=S-1 :GOTO90

80 G$=RIGHT$(B$,2) :IFG$="E" or G$="E." THENS=S-1

90 IFA$=D$ THENN=N+1:IFS>2 THENL=L+1

100 IFA$=C$ THENW=W+1:IFS>2 THENL=L+1

110 IFA$=C$ or A$=D$ THENT=T+S:S=0

120 IFA$=E$ or W>QANDA$=D$ THEN140ELSEA$="" :GOTO20

13 REM

140 No change

150 Change TAB(20) to TAB(10)

160-260 Change ALL TAB(13) to TAB(5) and USINGF to

USING"###.#"

300-310 Change USINGF to USING"###.#"

320 PRINT" <ENTER> to TESTANOTHERSAMPLE"

330 Change E to E$

340 No change

350 REM

370 C$=CHR$(32)

380 D$=CHR$(46)

390 E$=CHR$(13)

400 REM

410-460 No changes

470 Print "PRESS ENTER"

480 IFINKEY$OE$ THEN480

490-520 No changes

Program Listing 3. Scripsit patch.

If this positioning is used in the pro-
gram, then all that's required is a simple
PRINT A$; statement.

Corbani's use of the tab characters in
the decimal range of 192-255 is incor-
rect. The cursor tab functions begin
with zero spaces tabbed with a value of
192 and tab spaces for additional value.
For example, the value of 202 (192 + 10)
causes a tab over of 10 spaces.

I am glad to see an interest in
the structuring and neat formatting
of Basic programs to increase user
comprehension.

Lt. Cmdr. J.B. Harrell III

Quarters 192-A

Portsmouth Naval Shipyard

Portsmouth, NH 03801

Corbani Responds

Constructive criticism does a lot of
good, and I would like to comment on
the subjects in the order presented.

Next: MBA SIC is the standard Z80
Basic, and doesn't require the variable
after Next. Use options only where
readability is improved.

Remark statements: I agree, all code
not necessary to the execution of a pro-
gram is overhead. But a single remark
statement at the beginning of a routine
is better than five remark statements
scattered throughout the routine.

14 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Jumping over a remark statement
saves one line of interpretation. Scan-
ning is fast and interpretation is slow.
Remark statements using a single quote
add a leading colon in addition to the 2
bytes I mentioned. This can add 2 bytes
to the program rather than the 1 byte I
indicated. It depends on the context.

POKE: Harrell missed the point in
the example. I was trying to show an
alternate way to position the cursor.
POKEing a variable into a DCB is
faster than some other ways of chang-
ing location.

CHR$ vs STRINGS: Guilty as charged.
Sorry.

Composite strings are faster: agreed.
I stressed that point in the article's last
paragraph.

TAB (192-255): The typo gremlin got
to Harrell too. I was referring to
CHR$( 192-255), but he is right about
the count: 192 = spaces and 255 = 63
spaces.

I hope other readers with construc-
tive comments help out with other ar-
ticles in the series.

John Corbani

2455 Calle Linares

Santa Barbara, CA 93109

AIDS III Improvement

I have used AIDS III (Version 1) for

two years, and while it is an excellent
program, its disadvantages are an-
noying. Although the sort routine is
fast, the characters are processed slow-
ly, the garbage collection process stops
the cursor for periods of time, and
loading a file from disk is also delayed
by the process.

The preliminary Version 2 is now out
and my response is WOW! Keyboard
input is accepted at the fastest rate I can
type, loading from disk and saving to
disk are very fast and the sort is now
literally instantaneous.

The machine-language Version 2
meets all of my objections to Version 1 ,
and AIDS III users who have not
ordered the update should do so.

Dick Richards

20245 Bedford Road

Battle Creek, MI 49017

Patching Scripsit

I enjoyed Carl Oppedahl's review on
the Model I Radio Shack Double-
Density Disk Kit (May 1983, p. 282),
but there is a simpler 2-byte patch for
Scripsit 1.0 that returns the computer to
TRSDOS Ready:

PATCH SCRIPSIT/LC (R = 20, B = 230,
F = 0O00, C = 2D40)

Using the FILFIX utility, you can
make another patch to Scripsit. Begin-
ning at byte 63 hex of the first record,
the code reads:

7C21FF00257E2F77AE20F922

but should be changed to read:

7C2A49 400000000000000022

This is a patch from Apparat which
sets Scripsit's high memory address
equal to the DOS HIGHS stored at
locations 4049-404A hex. It is needed
since TRSDOS 2.7 double density (DD)
uses a high memory keyboard and video
driver.

I wrote Program Listing 3 to work
under 2.7DD. It is a modified version of
one you printed for the Model II in
December 1982 (p. 130). Users of
2.7DD should check with Radio Shack
about version 2.8.0. This is the latest
version of the DOS and includes fixes

NOW IT'S TALKING

VSIOO

^Unlimited vocabulary.

[^Automatic inflection.

^Proven VOTRAX technology.

£IWe use the famous VOTRAX SC01 phoneme
synthesizer. 4 programable pitch level.

K Built in audio amplifier with volume control.
(The Color Computer version speaks
through the TV speaker)

/You can add voice to any basic program in
minutes.

v^Super efficient: one single line in Basic will
produce a full sentence!

/Works with any speaker (or add $5.95 for
handsome speaker module).

^iPrice breakthrough: same performance as
y units costing hundreds of dollars.

[^Pronunciation dictionary included for hun-
dreds of common words.

/Voice editor will help you create unlimited
number of words, sound effects, etc..

/Hundreds of applications —now cost
effective in education, robotics, speech
therapy, monitoring, games, aid to handi-
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/Fully assembled and tested,
90-Day warranty.

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/As usual our 15-day money back guaranty
protects you.

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

FOR MODEL |,|||,IV

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Order #C201 for MODEL I

C203 for MODEL III or IV
C205 for COLOR COMPUTER

Price includes SYNTHESIZER MODULE,
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EDITING AND DEMO SOFTWARE. $69.95
SPEAKER MODULE (not needed for coco
version) not included,add $5.95

SUPER CONTEST

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REVIEWERS: This is truly a remarkable
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TIMEX SINCLAIR USERS:
There is a version for you.

Toll Free Order Line ^=^

800-221-0916 &

Oedmrt Only. NY t Into all (21?) 296-S916 Hovrm: »5 t.S.T.

Votfa» l« * r*gi(ttr«d fad« mark o( Vole

CLUBS: Contact us at (212 296 5916) if you would like to arrange for a product presentation.

^Q ALPHA

79-04 Jamaica Ave., Woodhaven, NY 11421

v ^7

QJ(o_

©(212)296-5916

ADD $2 50 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING

WE ACCEPT VISA, MASTERCARD, CHECKS, MO

C O D ADD $3 00 EXTRA.

NY RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX

OVERSEAS, FPO. APO. ADO 10%.

DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE.

RLE TRANSFER PROGRAMS

TRS —►IBM PC or XT

APPLE —►IBM PC or XT

Transfer your TRS Model I, II, III, 4, 1 2
or 16 files to the IBM PC or XT.

Transfer your Apple II, II+, or He files
to the IBM PC or XT.

• No more retyping or wasted time

• Fast transfer-baud rates of 1 10-9600

• Rle concatenation supported

• Send files of any length

• Make SSS - the IBM PC is new and
software is scarce-take your "new"
programs and sell them for $$$.

• Transfer ASCII files, random files, text
files, data files, binary files, high level
language programs (Basic, Pascal,
Fortran. Cobd, etc.), electronic spread
sheet data, word processor files, etc.; it
all gets transferred!

The Rle Transfer Program comes
complete with all instructions,
hardware and software (for both
machines)

FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM diskette

(Works with IBM DOS 1.1 or 2.0)

APPLE $94.95

TRS $89.95

(State TRS model when ordering)
Plus $2.00 shipping & handling
(CA residents add 6.5% State sales tax)

MC/VISA/COD/CHECK OK

Phone orders call
(408) 98*0164

PERSONAL
■ COMPUTER
I PRODUCTS -

1400 Coleman Avenue, Suite C-18,
Santa Clara, California 95050

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business

MacnineCop

Apple I. II+. and lie are registered trademarks of Apple

Computer he

16 • 80 Micro, October 1983

INPUT

for some problems including one-drive
copies using different density disks.

John M. Ruschmeyer

191 W. Sylvania Ave.

Neptune City, NJ 07753

Help Wanted

I represent a nonprofit, charitable
organization that uses TRS-80 Model I
equipment in virtually every aspect of
its affairs. We would be grateful if
anyone would consider contributing
Model I equipment such as keyboards,
expansion interfaces, drives, and printers.
All contributions are tax-deductible.

If you would like more information,
please call or write.

Robert Epstein

Executive Director

Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies

11 Ware St.

Cambridge, MA 02138

617-495-9020

Zeroing In

If Pencil Plus users wish to send the
graphics code for zero (which the
TRS-80 tries to reject), there is a patch
to the Pencil Plus module that does the
trick. This takes care of Epson prob-
lems with underlines, scripts, and so on.
Since many have already keyed it in,
here is the change in Superzap format:

PENCIL07/SYS, Sector 7:

CHANGE: TO:
Byte A2: FEFF 28F2 FE3F 20F2

Byte B2: CD3B 00 32E8 37

(Model III =D3F8 00)

Dan Robinson

1625 Higgins Way

Pacifica, CA 94044

Load 80 Bulletin Board?

I own a Model 100 and in the past I
subscribed to Load 80. I felt it was of
good value, but dropped the service
because I wasn't interested in most of
the programs on the tape/disk and
wasted some of the material.

I suggest that you offer software on
an 80 Micro bulletin board. The con-
sumer could selectively download pro-
grams of interest and be billed at a fee
for each program downloaded or based
on connect time. The bulletin board

could include other features such as
Computer News.

The bulletin board could also serve as
a way for authors to electronically sub-
mit articles and programs for considera-
tion for publication. The Model 100 is a
natural for communications and many
owners would like a way to download
programs individually rather than type
them in.

David E. Clapp
1769 Kingsway Court
Cincinnati, OH 45230

Judging from the clicks, buzzes, and
whirrs coming from Techville these
days, the 80 Micro Bulletin Board is
well underway. We plan to make avail-
able programs for the whole TRS-80
lineup.

In the meantime, CompuServe is put-
ting our Load 80 programs onto Soft-
Ex, their software exchange area. — Eds.

Novice Request

I would like to see an article that ad-
vises us Basic novices on how to use
PEEK and POKE for the Model III. I
have yet to see anything that helps me
with this.

I have several programs that could be
enhanced if I could figure out what
the programmer is POKEing and PEEK-
ingat.

If somebody decides to write about
this, be sure to write from a beginner's
viewpoint. I often find hints in the
magazine from the letters and articles,
but in many cases the authors assume
everyone is on their level of expertise.

Jim Ewing

8907 Warner Ave., Suite 163

Huntington Beach, CA 92647

Logo Language

In "La Plume de Ma Tante" (July
1983, p. 78) Phillip Martel and Robert
Nicholas assert that "Since Logo is a
graphics language . . . you wouldn't use
it for numeric computations."

This comment applies to the Radio
Shack Color Computer version of
Logo, which (as noted by the authors) is
not a full implementation of Logo and
is mostly a graphics language. Molly
Watt's article, "Logo on the CoCo"
(July 1983, p. 220), describes Color

NOW MODEL I AND MODEL III •

Now Model III users can take advantage of the ALPHA I/O system too. Our new
MOD III/I BUS CONVERTER allows most port based Model I accessories (such as
our ANALOG-80, INTERFACER 2 and INTERFACER-80) to connect to the Model III
bus. MOD III/I BUS CONVERTER, complete with all connectors, only $39.95.

2 Printer?:

PRINTSWITCH

Have 2 printers on tine al all limes ana select printer 1 or
2 by means ot a conveniently located switch End the problem
ot constantly plugging and unplugging printer cables PRINT-
SWITCH is a compact module that plugs onto the pareW printer
port ot your TRS-80 and provides an edge connector lor each
ot your two printers it works with any two types ol primers
dot matnx. daisy wheel, plotters. TRS-80 converted seiectrtcs,
etc Assembled tested, ready to use with connector and in-
structions For Model I or III i please specify! ONLY $59 00

OE^ l 4QP>va- ^ 3 CABLES

©OD j4P»v42- Q3 G3

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SUPERIOR QUALITY REPLACEMENT & EXTENSION CABLES

Highest Quality cable and high force gold piaied contacts
ensure the utmost in connection reliability

KEYBOARD TO EXPANSION INTERFACE $21

• DISK DRIVE CABLE FOR 1 OR 2 DRIVES . $32

• DISK DRIVE CABLE FOR 3 OR 4 DRIVES $45

• DISK DRIVE CABLE EXTENDER $22

• PRINTER CABLE EXTENDER $24

• 40 PIN BUS EXTENOER - 2 ft .$22 4 ft $24
Custom cable configurations are also available Call us

YOU ASKED FOR It EXPANDABUS XI X2 X3 ANO X4

CONNECT ALL 'OUR TRS-80 OEVICES SIMULTANEOUSLY
on the 40 pin TRS 80 bus Any device thai normally plugs
into the keyboard fOge connector will aiso plug mio the
EXPANDABUS The X4 is shown with protective
mm nnciuaed) The TRS-80 keyboard contains 'he bus
drivers (74LS367I lor up to 20 devices more DIM ,
everneec Using the E/i it plugs either Between KB anc E '
or in the Screen Printer port Prolessionai quality gold
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»? $29 X3 $44 X4 $59 X5 $74

Custom configurations are also available call us

ANALOG-80 A W0RL0 OF NEW APPLICATIONS POSSIBLE
8 DIGITAL MULTIMETERS PLUGGED INTO YOUR TRS-80"'
Measure Temperature Voltage Current Lignt Pressu-e etc
Very easy to use lor example let i reafl input channe »4 ij
OUT 4 Seiecls input *« ana also starts the conversion 20
A=iNPiOi Puis the result m variable A voiia 1
Specifications input range 5V to S0OV Eacn channel
can be set to a different scale

Resolution 20mV(on5V rangel Accuracy B 0>ts ( 5%i Pot
Address lumper seleclabie Plugs into xeyboara Bus or E/I
(screen printer pon i Assembled and tested 90 day warranty
Complete with power supply connector manual St 39

SPECIAL THIS MONTH L

\$Q95- H

DISK DRIVE EXTENDER CABLE. FREE YOUR MINI-DRIVES

End the daisy-chain mess once and tor an Fits an mini-
dnves. Percom. Aerocomp Shugan Micropenis MTl Vista
Pertec Siemens BASF East to install just remove the drive
cover . plug in the EXTENDER CABLE and replace the cover

Now you can change and move your drives without dis-
assembly Keep the cover on and the dust out High reliability
gold plated contacts computer grade 34 conductor cable
Tested and guaranteed

Gel one tor each dnve ONLY , .... $8 95

TIMEDATE 80 REALTIME CLOCK/CALENDAR MODULE

Keeps Quart; accuiaie lime for 3 years on l replaceable
AAA batteries not included i Gives MO 'DATE VI

R MIN SEC and AM.'PM Fetf
CALENDAR and even provides lor Leap Year This compact
iply plugs mto rear of Keyboaro or s>oe ot
Expansion interface (may oe slipped mside tVH Include)
cassette software tor selling clock and patching to any DOS
'JEW0OS80 2 0l Optional Y connector allows
tor further expansion For Model I Fully assembled and
tested Complete with instructions ana cassette ONLY

relays undel

your

4- C

INTERFACER-BO IM ROM powers Sense Control me
•8 industrial grade relays single pole double ti'ow rsc
contacts 2 Amp ©125 Volts TTi latched outputs are aiso
accessible to dnve external solid state relays
•8 convenient LEDs constantly display the relay states
Simple OUT commands i in basic i control the 8 'eiays
• 8 optically isolated inputs lor easy direct interlacing to
external switches photocells keypads sensors etc
Simple np RXimanoi read me status ot me b inputs
Selectable port address Clean compact enclosed design
Assembled tesled 90 days warranty Price includes power
supply cable connector superb user's manual $159

GREEN SCREEN

WARNING

BM and an the biggies aie using green screen monitors
its advantages are now widely advertised We teei mat every
TRS-80 user should enioy the benefits it provides Bui
WARNING ai' Green Screens are not created equal Here is
what we found

•Several are |usl a Hat piece ol standard cowed Lucite The
green tint was not made tor this purpose and is |udged Dy
many lo be too dark Increasing the brightness control will
result in a fuzzy display

•Some are simply a piece ol mm plastic him taped onto a
cardboard frame The color is satislactory but the wont 1 .
gives it a poof appearance
•One optical filter is in taci plain acrylic sheeting
•False claim A lew preieno to reduce glare in laci then
flat and shmy surfaces iboin film and Lucite typel ADD their
own reflections to the screen

•A few laughs One ad claims to reduce screen contrail
Sorry gentleman but it's |ust me opposite One ol the Green
Screen's mator benefits is to increase tne contrast oe!*een
the text and me background

•Drawbacks Most are using adhesive strips 10 fasten KM
screen lo the monitoi This method makes it awkward to
remove lor necessary periodical cleaning An ie«cept oursi
are fiat Light pens will not work reliably because of the big
gap between the screen and the tube
Many companies have been manufacturing video Miers lor
years We are not the first (some think they arc but we have
cone our homework and we think we manufacture the best
(ireen Screen Here is why

•it tits right onto Ihe picture lube like a skin because it is the
only CURVED screen MOLDED exactly lo the picture tube
curvature it is Cut precisely lo cover the exposed area ol Ihe
picture lube The til is sucn mat Ihe static electricity is
sufficient to keep il in place 1 We also include some invisible
reusable tape lor a more secure fastening
•The filter material mat we use is |ust ngnt. not loo dark nor
loo light The result is a realty eye pleasing display
We are so sure mat you win never take your Green screen oil
mat we offer an unconditional money-bac* guaranty try our
Green Screen tor 14 days if foi any reason you are nof
delighted with il. return it tor a prompt refund
A last word We think that companies like ours who are
selling mainly by mail should •list their street address*nave a
phone number (tor questions and orders waccept CODs not
every one likes to send checks to a PO bo~otter the
convenience ol charging their purchase to maior credit cards
How come we are Ihe only green screen people doing it'
Order your ALPHA GREEN SCREEN fOday $1 2 50

^3 ALPHA Products

ADD S? 50 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING ANO HANDLING

All ORDERS SHIPPED FIRST CLASS MAIL

WE ACCEPT VISA MASTER CHARGE CHECKS MO

COD AODS? 00 EXTRA .«W»

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

N Y RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX

79-04 Jamaca Ave., Woodhaven, N.Y. 11421 t* info and order (212)296-5916

TBS

MASTER

HORSE

HANDICAPPED

OVER 3 YEARS IN THE MAKING
1st complete handicapping program
that evaluates all variables

EVALUATES FROM RACING FORM!

INPUT

Age

Class

Condition

Consistei

Earnings

•y

Gender.
Jck key i Today)
Jockey (Last]
Length

Time ol Year

Posl (Tc
Posl (L.i
Speed
trainer

WorkOil

day

St!

And gives you GRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION of finish

ADAPTS TO ANY TRACK IN THE

WORLD

Quickly and easily by changing date statements
relating to local track records / jockeys and trainers

COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDED

If you own a model I III
and also enjoy a day at
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Mod I III &

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Program

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COMPLETE
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PACKAGE

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General Ledger I Payroll

Accounts Payable /

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Electric Spread Sheet'"

Electric Pencil'" — WP

program
Micro Term'" — modem

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Add $6.00 outside U S A. / Prices subject to change.

Logo's features and disadvantages in
detail.

This is a more classic method of
writing the factorial function, in Ter-
apin Logo:

TO FACT :NUMBER

IF :NUMBER = OUTPUT 1

OUPUT :NUMBER.FACT :NUMBER-

END

Logo is neither just a graphics
language nor simply a language for
children. Its interpretive, procedural
approach to programming is easily
grasped.

Since Logo is derived from Lisp, in-
cluded is a Lisp program written in the
same recursive style as the above Logo
program:

(define (fact number)

(cond (( = number 0)1)

(else (* number(fact (-number 1))))))

Leigh L. Klotz Jr.

Software Research and Development

Terrapin Inc.

380 Green St.

Cambridge, MA 02139

Pascal-80 Cribbage

In preparing my article, "A Pascal
Primer" (July 1983, p. 94), the em-
phasis was on the language Pascal, and
I forgot to give instructions for Pas-
cal-80 users to load, compile, and run
the cribbage game in the article.

To ready the game for Pascal-80, you
should enter the source code in seg-
ments and stop at any convenient point
using the editor's Save command to
write each segment to a disk file.

Once you create the source file, write
a smaller source file containing the
compiler. Include statements for each
segment. For instance, using the file
names above, this file should contain
these statements:

(SCRIBBAGE/Pl )
($ CRIBBAGE/P2 )
($ CRIBBAGE/P3 )
($ CRIBBAGE/P4 )
($ CRIBBAGE/P5 )

You can save this in another file and
then compile it using the Compile or
Run commands.

To use the source code file contained
on the Load-80 disk, you must use one
of the utilities provided with the Pas-
cal-80 system. The source code file I

sent was written in ASCII character for-
mat to simplify printing. The Pascal-80
compiler requires a compressed file for-
mat. Use the following format to con-
vert the file:

TEXT CRIB/PAS TO CRIB/SRC

When the file is converted to com-
pressed format, enter the Include state-
ment in the Pascal text buffer using the
editor and use the Compile or Run com-
mands to compile cribbage.

Lt. Cmdr. J.B. Harrell III

Quarters 192-A

Portsmouth Naval Shipyard

Portsmouth, NH 03801

Computer Rip-off

On May 1 1 someone stole my TRS-80
Model III, serial number 489, from my
car while I was at a local computer club
meeting. Anyone with information
should contact the Sacramento, CA,
Police Department, case number 83-
26215, or contact me.

Henry Hoover

P.O. Box 479

Elk Grove, CA 95624

Comal Info

When is 80 Micro going to tell people
about Comal?

Robert G. Hoffman

5044 Allisonville Road #F

Indianapolis, IN 46205

Comal is the acronym for Common
Algorythmic Language. It has been
around for about 10 years but it's only
become popular in the last five. Still, it's
used mostly in Scandinavian countries
and in Great Britain and has had very
little exposure in this country.

Comal is primarily used as a begin-
ner's language taught to novice pro-
grammers in schools. Presently, it is not
available for TRS-80 computers, but
may be obtained and used on Commo-
dore's CBM, PET, and Commodore 64
systems. Apple computers with the
CP/M board also have a version avail-
able and Texas Instruments is contem-
plating making Comal available for
their personal computers. More infor-
mation on Comal can be obtained from
the Comal User's Group, 5501 Groveland
Terrace, Madison, WI 53716.— Eds.

18 • 80 Micro, October 1983

From Computer Plus to YOU . . .
after PLUS after PI

Model 100 8K $679
ModeM00 24K$835

Color Computer 1 6K $ 1 75

W16K Ext. Basics 255
W/32K Ext. Basic $345

Model IV 16K $849
Model IV 64K

2 Disk &RS232 C$1699

CITOH Pro writers 375
CITOHProwrlterll$649

CoCo Drive $329
CoCo Drivel $235

Silver Reed EXP500 $430
Silver Reed EXP550 $665

BUY DIRECT

Here are just a few of our fine offers .
call TOLL FREE for full information.

COMPUTERS

R.S. Modem I

129

DISK DRIVES

ModeM264K1 Drive

$2699

R.S. Modem II

199

R.S Model IV Drive

515

Model 12 64K 2 Drive

3375

R.S. DC-1200

565

Color Computer Drive

329

Model IV 16K

849

PRINTERS

Color Computer Drive 1

235

Model IV 64K

Smith Corona TPIDW

545

Primary Hard Disk MM

3099

2 Disk & RS232

1699

Silver Reed EXP500 D.W

430

Primary Hard Disk Mill

1799

Color Computer 16K

175

Silver Reed EXP550 D.W

665

ETC.

w'16K ext. basic

255

Daisy Wheel II

1745

CCR-81 recorder

t w/32K ext basic

345

DWP210

629

C.C. Joysticks (pair)

Pocket Computer 2

165

DWP410

1045

16K Ram Chips

ModeM6B1Dr256K

4249

CGP115

199

64K Ram Chips

Model 16B 2Dr 256K

4915

DMP100

315

8K Par'Par Mlcrotaser

135

ModeMOOBK

679

DMP120

399

Parallel printer cables are

ModeM00 24K

835

DMP200

599

available tor most computers

MODEMS

DMP500

1539

SOFTWARE

Lynx Ml/Mill

235

DMP2100

1745

Coco FHL Flex DOS.

69.95

Hayes Smartmodem II

235

Gemini 10X

319

R.S Software 10% off list.

Hayes Smartmodem 1200

565

Gemini 15

435

Send lor listing of

Novation Smartcat 1200

459

CITOH Prowriter

375

brand name software.

Novation J-CAT

125

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649

tColor Computer 64K requires

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129

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•See Uai ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 19

AID

In Demand

I'm missing the January, May, Au-
gust, October, and November 1980 is-
sues of 80 Micro. Does anyone have ex-
tra copies?

Paul C. Anacker

2991 Loma Vista Road

Ventura, CA 93003

Let's Be Friends

Does anyone want to be a pen pal?
I'm 15, and I'd like to correspond
with someone who has either a Model I
or HI.

Massato Otsuka

2012 Stillwood

Houston, TX 77080

Vidtex Help Wanted

Can someone tell me how to get Vid-
tex software to work through my Model
I's cassette port?

E. W. Seidler

P.O. Box 21541

Denver, CO 80221

Needs Model II Program

I'm interested in finding a program
that can be used on a Model II to gener-
ate CNC/NC tapes. Not only do I want
to generate the tapes, I'd also like to in-
terface with a tape-punching device.
Can someone help?

Mark W. Pollock

Union Carbide Corp.

P.O. Box 6087

Cleveland, OH 44101

Looking

for
answers

Pulling Duty

I'm interested in hearing from other
law enforcement agencies or personnel
who have a Model I pulling duty for
their department.

David R. Tapp

Henderson Police Department

101 North Water St.

Henderson, KY 42420

Trouble Adapting

I'd like to contact anyone who uses
Osborne/McGraw-Hill's General Led-
ger with a TRS-80 and CP/M. I'm hav-
ing trouble adapting the control codes
to make it work with the TRS-80.

Bob Bover

1214 Polk St., Apt. 234

San Francisco, CA 94109

Graftrax Chip Wanted

I need Graftrax for my MX-80 in
order to run SuperScripsit. If you have
upgraded to Graftrax Plus and still have
your old chip, I'd like to buy it.

George Tomlinson

411 East Rutgers Loop

Montgomery, AL 36109

Lost Without a Book

Can someone help me obtain Model
III ROM Commented'! Soft Sector
Marketing has discontinued it and I
can't find it anywhere!

Henry Greenebaum

2810 Arden Road

Louisville, KY 40220

Stringy Floppy Patch

I have a Model I with Exatron Stringy
Floppy drives and Microsoft's ED-
TASM Plus. Does anyone know of a
patch for the editor/assembler that
allows the user to save files to the
stringy floppy instead of the cassette
normally used?

Michael Ellis

2812 Hood Road, Apt. 8

Huntsville, AL 35805

A Plea for Pascal

I'm interested in finding the cassette
and documentation for People's Pascal
I. Can anyone suggest a source, or be
persuaded to sell their program to me?

C. W. DeLaughter
327 St. Andrews Lane
California, MD 20619

• Enclosures

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Ann Arbor, Ml 48103
Order Desk: 9-5 EST
(313)426-5477 Mon-Thu

"Precision — Since 1977"

20 • 80 Micro, October 1983

The Answer is...

NEWSCRIPT!

THE WORD PROCESSOR
FOR BUSINESSMEN AND

PROFESSIONALS

With ongoing support directly
from us

A FEW OF NEWSCRIPT's 200
STANDARD FEATURES:

• FORM LETTERS WITH MERGING OF NAMES AND ADDRESSES

• GIVES SUPERB APPEARANCE TO YOUR FINAL DOCUMENTS

• COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL WITH TUTORIAL AND EXAMPLES

• CENTERING. TOP BOTTOM TITLES. INDENTS. PAGINATION

• UNDERLINING. BOLDFACE. DOUBLE WIDTH, ITALICS*

• SUB SUPER SCRIPTS. RIGHT-JUSTIFIED PROPORTIONAL*

• CREATES TABLE OF CONTENTS. SORTED INDEX

• "LEGAL" LINE NUMBERING

• SCREEN GRAPHICS. SPECIAL PRINTER SYMBOLS*

• SEARCH REPLACE GLOBALLY OR WITHIN LINES. COLUMNS

• BLOCK MOVE. COPY. DELETE. INSERT. FILE MERGES

• AUTOSAVE. WHOOPS. DIRECTORY. KILL

• SUPPORT FOR ALL LISTED PRINTERS IS INCLUDED *♦
(NO PATCHES INVOLVED) ••

• SUPPLIED READY -TO-RUN ON -TINY" DOSPLUS

• ALSO RUNS UNDER NEWDOS 80. LDOS. MULTIDOS. TRSDOS

BUILT-IN SUPPORT F(

MOST POPULAR
PRINTERS', INCLUDING:

Anadex. Brother. Centronics. C.Itoh. Diablo. Epson. Gemini.
Microline. NEC. Prowriter. gume, Radio Shack (LP 1-8. DW2. DMP-
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compatible with any of these, and many others, parallel and RS 232

SPECIAL AVAILABLE OPTION: Right justified
proportional for Diablo. F-10, Qume, Spinwriter,
etc. Requires "Daisywheel Proportional" Option
plus NEWSCRIPT.

REVIEWERS AND USERS AGREE*

NEWSCRIPT 7.1:

1124.06

Mailing Labels Option:

29.95

Special: NEWSCRIPT + LABELS:

139.95

Daisywheel Proportional Option:

49.95

"Pencil" /"Scripsit" File Convertor:

24.95

NEWSCRIPT Manual & Reference card only:

29.95

Electric Webster + Correction Feature:

149.50

Hvphenation Feature for Electric Webster:

49.95

Grammatical Feature for Electric Webster:

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99.95

6.0 PLUS-MSS Model 4 utility pak

49.95

"NEWSCRIPT" is the best
word procesor I have seen
. . . unsurpassed in printer
control ... no other
TRS-80 word processor
can match its ability to
format text ... its editor is
fast, easy, and powerful."
(80 MICRO. Oct. 1982)

"Your phone information
system and the prompt
and courteous staff that
you provide to help your
clients . . . are worth the
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"Better than cold beer on

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{RS.)

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I waited too long before

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superb documentation,
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TRS-80 word processing
programs will be judged."
(SOFTSIDE. Dec. 1982)

". . . ongoing support
second to none, with
superb documen-
tation." (80 U.S. Journal.
Feb. 1982)

48K TRS-80. MAX-80. LNW, or
compatible, with one or more
disk drives. Specify Model I or
Model III.
♦ some features work only if your

printer has the mechanical

capability.
** Daisy Wheel Proportional is an
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TO ORDER, CALL NOW,

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For orders, information, or names of nearby dealers:
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TERMS: VISA, Mastercard, checks, money orders, COD No P.O,"s accepted. Most orders shipped
within 24 hours. Please add 83.00 for surface UPS in U.S.A.. or 86.00 for UPS Blue Label Add 86.00 in
Canada, 815.00 overseas air shipment. 6'?% sales tax in California.

DEBUg

Stripping Problem

There is a correction to Stephen
Mills' "Strip Blackjack" article (Au-
gust 1983, p. 256). Under System Modi-
fications (p. 257), the line change to
provide multiple USR functions should
be made to line 130 in Program Listing
2, not to line 30 as mentioned. — Eds.

Profile Corrections

There are several problems with the
program listing in my "Profile File
Transfer" article (July 1983, p. 290). To
make the program operational, add
K(32), J(32), DL(32), and LD(32) to the

Patches
and
fixes

list of dimensioned variables in line 1 10,
and then insert line 190 to read:

190 IF (CL + (NF - 1)*32)> = 700 -
(LEN(NM$(NF)) + 10)THENCL = 0:CLS

If the number of fields the program
displays from both the old and new rec-
ords exceeds the available screen space,
only the "new" fields will remain on the
screen.

Also, if the number of fields exceeds
20, I suggest you substitute LPRINTS
for the PRINT @ commands found in
lines 166 and 200, and skip the screen al-
together. In line 200, however, change
only the first two PRINT® commands.
The third remains as a screen prompt.

John Mabry, Ph.D.

Murdock Center

Butner, NC 27509

MICRO-DESIGN

If you dois'T kNow tNe numder, you should.

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22 • 80 Micro, October 1983

. IV FEATURES ON
YOUR MODELS I and III
FOR ', THE PRICE

but only with . . .

The HOLMES VID-SO™
80 character video, which includes:

FEATURES:

• Easy plug in installation inside case.

• Software patches available for many programs.

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• CP/M+2.2, 112K RAM. (CP.'M® 3.0 4th quarter '83)

ALL. OF THESE FEATURES FOR

a SPECIAL price of *499 M

(Model III) or \599 ,,u (Model I) Installed

(Includes VX-3 or VX-1, CP/M®, 64 K extended memory.

Easy Installation Instructions, & MF-2 on Model I only)

VID 80 PURCHASE ALTERNATIVES
INCLUDE:

Model III VX-3 80x24 video only $279.50

Model 1 VX-1 80x24 video only $279.50

CP M® 2.2 OP system (with VX-3 or VX-1 only) $120.00

64K RAM Extended Memory $125.00

NOTE; The VX-1 requires an MFT or MF 2 expansion Mainframe.

ORDERING INFORMATION:

• ONF YEAR WARRANTY ON Al 1 PRODUCTS

• Add shipping and handling

ME 1 Of Ml 2 $9 (X) UbA. $15 00 Canada & $30 00 (>.
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subieti lo3 week clearance

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with Holmes . . .

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Disk Controller wo clock DX 3D (Model III) $149.95

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Sprinter II for Model I $99.50

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PMC 80/81 IM-2P (W 32K RAM) S99.50

OTHER PERIPHERALS:

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Expansion Mamframe-MF-2 (For 2 boards) $99.50

Prownter (dot matrix printer) $495.00
Starwriter (daisy wheel printer) $1,495.00
Color coded diskettes (box 10) % TPI

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All Holmes Products come complete with easy to follow installation and trouble shooting guides and our technical group is available

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TRS80 is a registered trademark ol Tandy Corp . CP M ts a registered trademark ol Digital Research Corp

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^■See List ot Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 23

THE NEXT STEP

by Hardin Brothers

Oops! It looks like I owe many
Model III users an apology.

In my June column (p. 24), I pre-
sented a Basic patch that altered the
Restore command so you could restore
a specific line number. I included a
stand-alone program as well as a patch
to Model I NEWDOS80 2.0 and to TRS-
DOS 1.3 that automatically included
the new command. Since I haven't
heard any complaints from Model I
users, I assume the NEWDOS patch
works flawlessly (I have been using it
myself for several months). But the
TRSDOS patch has caused problems.

As I explained in June, I had only a
limited amount of time to test the
TRSDOS patch since I didn't have a
Model III. Unfortunately, the patch
loaded somewhere in the middle of
Basic that only looked unused; it wasn't
the free space that I had hoped. As
many readers pointed out, every time
they tried to load or save a program,
their computer reset.

The "free space" was actually a buff-
er used by TRSDOS to hold sectors of
Basic programs for loading or saving. I
apologize to all those who had trouble. I
hope a mistake of that magnitude won't
happen again; I now have a Model 4,
which can operate as a Model III, on
which to try new programs.

To those who wrote to question or
complain, I promised to present a re-
paired, workable solution to the prob-
lem. After much thought and corre-
spondence with several people, I present
the following new, improved Restore
patch.

The Criteria

A software project should begin with

Restore

patch

revisited

a list of specifications and goals for the
project. Here are mine:

• Restore should be altered so that RE-
STORE nnnnn will alter the Read/Data
pointer to point at any line in Basic.

• The patch should load automatically
and keep off the toes of any other pro-
gram in memory. In other words, it
should be transparent to you until a
program calls for it.

• The patch should allow all normal
entries to Basic, such as "BASIC,"
TRSDOS 1.3's "BASIC -M:44000
- F:2V," and NEWDOS's "BASIC 2."

• The patch should use as little memory
as possible; however, it can use more
memory if it returns the memory to the
system before it initializes Basic.

• The patch should work with as many
DOS systems as possible, not just with
TRSDOS.

At first, I hoped to find another place
inside TRSDOS 1.3 for the patch to

00100
00110

00120
00130
00140
00150
00160
00170
00180
00190
00200
00210
00220

Program Listing 1. Revised Restore patch.

************************************

* *

* RESTORE PATCH with automatic *

* booting ot Basic *

* *

* Assemble as BASICP/CMD *

* *
************************************

*********************************

Module 1 — Save Entry Command *
*********************************

Listing I continued

reside. I thought about the hidden copy-
right notice, but the space isn't long
enough to hold the entire patch.
(If you've never seen the notice, from
Disk Basic's READY prompt enter
CMD"&"&.)

I also considered using a do-file to
load first the patch and then Basic. But
that would defeat the use of the - F:
and -M: switches on entry to Basic.
Also, as two readers pointed out, do-
files under TRSDOS operate slowly and
take up excess disk space.

The solution I'm presenting was sug-
gested, in a somewhat different form,
by Michael Callahan of Ardmore, OK.
The idea is simple in concept, though its
implementation raises some interesting
points.

The Solution

Program Listing 1 shows the Restore
patch in a form that meets most of my
criteria. Assemble the program as BA-
SICP/CMD (no other filespec will work).
When you wish to go into Basic with the
Restore patch operative, enter, from
DOS READY, BASICP followed by
any of the optional switches your DOS
allows (BASIC * is a special case; I'll
discuss it below). The patch loads,
moves itself to high memory and pro-
tects itself there, then returns you to
DOS. Instead of requiring you to type
in BASIC again, the program does it for
you, and Basic boots normally.

For example, in TRSDOS 1.3 you
might enter

BASICP -F:2V

You will then see on the screen, in quick
succession,

TRSDOS READY
BASIC -F:2V

followed by a screen clear and Basic's
copyright and opening messages. The
only difference between using the Re-
store patch and normal Basic is re-
membering to add the P (for patch) at
the end of Basic.

How It Works

Listing 1 is written in four modules
that each perform a specific function.

24 • 80 Micro, October 1983

'THE RESULTS ARE IMPRESSIVE..."

— Dennis Kitsz, 80 Microcomputing: 12/ 82

Langley St. Clair's* Soft'Vlew

Replacement CRT's

eliminates the strobe,
flicker and fatigue
from TRS-80's:

Mow you can upgrade your monitor with
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THE NEXT STEP

Listing 1 continued

00230
00240
00250
00260
00270
00280
00290
00300
00310
00320
00330
00340
00350
00360
00370
00380
00390
00400
00410
00420
00430
00440
00450
00460
00470
00480
00490
00500
00510
00520
00530
00540
00550
00560
00570
00580
00600
00610
00615
00620
00630
00640
00650
00660
00670
00680
00690
00750
00760
00770
00780
00790
00800
00810
00820
00830
00840
00850
00860
00870
00880
00890
00900
00910
00920
00930
00940
00950
00960
00970
00980
00990
01000
01010
01020
01030
01040
01050
01060
01070
01080
01090
01100

ORG

6000H

; BASIC WILL OVERLAY THIS

;lst, backspace to "B" of "BASICP"
BEGIN

LD
CP
JR
DEC

A,(HL)
'B'

Z, FOUND
HL
BEGIN

;GET CURRENT CHARACTER

;ARE WE THERE?

;GO IF YES

;ELSE DECREMENT HL

;AND LOOK AGAIN

;Now transfer entry command to buffer

FOUND
F10

;

DONE

INC

DE, BUFFER

A,(HL)

0DH

Z f DONE

(DE) ,A

F10

(DE) ,A

DE==>CAPTURE BUFFER
GET CHARACTER
CARRIAGE RETURN?
GO IF YES
ELSE SAVE IT
BUMP BOTH

POINTERS
AND LOOP

SAVE CAR. RET. CHAR.

.*******************************************
;Module 2 — Relocate patch to high memory,
; protect, and link patch to RST 10H vector
.*******************************************

;

HIMEM

LENGTH

EQU ' 4411H ;TOP OF MEM POINTER

This value is for MOD III Disk

Use 4049H for MOD I Disk

or 40B1H for Level II

EQU 30H ;SET TO PROGRAM LENGTH

DEC

XOR

SBC

PUSH

POP

DEC

LDIR

HL, (HIMEM)

BC, LENGTH

HL,BC

(4004H) ,HL

(HIMEM) ,HL

HL, START

GET CURRENT HIMEM ADDR.
DROP ONE BYTE IN MEMORY
BC=LENGTH PROGRAM
RESET CARRY FLAG
HL=PROGRAM DESTINATION
TRANSFER IT TO

DE REGISTER
PATCH IN NEW START ADDR.
HL==> HIGHEST FREE ADDR.
SET NEW MEM. TOP
HL==>START OF PROGRAM
TRANSFER TO HIGH MEMORY

******************************************
Module 3 — Feed Entry Command Back to DOS

but without "P" on BASICP
******************************************

FEED

FEED10

FEED20

HL, (4016H)

CURRENT KB DRIVER ADDR

(KB) ,HL

AND SAVE IT

HL,FEED

HL==>FEED ROUTINE

(4016H) ,HL

NEW KB DRIVER

HL,BUFFER

GET BUFFER ADDR.

(PTR) ,HL

SAVE AS POINTER

402DH

JUMP TO DOS

e to

feed command to DOS

PUSH

SAVE HL REGISTER

HL, (PTR)

GET POINTER

A,(HL)

GET CURRENT CHAR.

0DH

CARRIAGE RETURN?

Z,QUIT

GO IF YES

■ pi

IS IT A P?

NZ,FEED20

GO IF NOT

INC

ELSE BUMP PTR

FEED10

AND GET NEXT CHAR.

INC

POINT TO NEXT CHAR.

(PTR) ,HL

SAVE POINTER

POP

GET ORIG. VALUE

RET

RETURN TO DOS

; On return, character is in A register

;On last time through, tidy things up and return to DOS

Listing I continued

Module 4 is the Restore patch I pre-
sented in June, so I won't explain it
here. The other three modules show
some interesting programming ideas.

Module l's purpose is to record the
entry command (BASICP plus any op-
tional switches) into a separate buffer in
the program for later processing. Upon
entering any /CMD program, the HL
register pair points to the end of the first
word of the entry command in a DOS
command buffer. Your DOS manual
may define the address of that buffer,
or you can find it with Debug, but your
program can pick up parameters from
the entry command without even know-
ing where the buffer is. All you must do
is use the value of HL as it passes to the
program (or Push it on the stack for
later use).

The logic in Module 1 backspaces HL
until it points to the B at the beginning
of Basic, then loads the entire com-
mand, up to the carriage return or
[ENTERJ byte (OD hexadecimal (hex)),
to a buffer defined in line 1190. Note
that the buffer is one screen line (64
characters) long and that there is no
error-checking for a longer entry com-
mand. If that presents a problem on
your system, either increase the buffer
size or include the error-checking in
Module 1.

Module 2 moves the patch to high
memory, protects it there, and links it to
the RST 10 hex vector at 4004 hex (I dis-
cussed that vector and its use in my July
column (p. 24)). Different DOSes han-
dle the necessary pointers differently —
writing a routine that meets all require-
ments is difficult. You have to be aware
of three pointers:

• DOS's HIMEM or MEMTOP point-
er, stored at 4049 hex in most Model I
DOSes and at 441 1 hex in most Model
III DOSes. This byte defines the highest
unprotected byte available for a new
program in NEWDOS, but the lowest
currently protected byte in TRSDOS.

• 40B1 hex. This is Basic's pointer to
the highest available byte and also to the
top byte of the string variable storage
area. NEWDOS sets this byte equal to
HIMEM; TRSDOS sets it 1 byte less
than HIMEM.

• 40A0 hex. Basic uses this byte to
define the lower bounds of the variable
string storage area. Unless your Basic
program changes it with CLEAR, it sets
the area 50 bytes lower than the pointer
at 40B1 hex.

26 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 27

THE NEXT STEP

Disk Basic, on entry, uses the
HIMEM pointer to calculate the point-
ers at 40B1 hex and 4OA0 hex. How-
ever, a Basic * command from DOS as-
sumes that the program correctly set the
pointers. To use the command BASICP
*, you must first find out how your
DOS handles the values in the pointers
(enter Basic with protected memory and
use Debug to check the values in the
three locations). Then add code to Mod-
ule 2 to set the pointers accordingly.

The rest of Module 2 merely relocates
the patch program to high memory by
knowing the patch's length and by per-
forming an LDIR block move. This
move-and-protect routine works for all
relocatable programs. If you wish to

perform a similar move-and-protect
with a nonrelocatable program (one
that includes CALLs or JPs to internal
addresses), your program must calcu-
late how far to move the routine and
then add that offset to the absolute ad-
dresses before the LDIR instruction.

The third module is the most in-
teresting. It is designed to feed the
original command to DOS with the P at
the end of BASICP removed. You write
this module in two parts.

The first part of Module 3 finds the
current keyboard driver's address and
stores it at KB. Then, it replaces the
keyboard driver address in the key-
board DCB with the address of the
routine called Feed. Finally, it stores the

1 isiing 1 continued

01110

01120

QUIT

HL, (KB)

ADDR. OF ORIG KB DRIVER

01130

(4016H)

SET IT BACK UP

01140

POP

RESTORE HL REGISTER

01150

RET

RETURN TO DOS

01160

;

01170

DEFS

; STORAGE SPACE

01180

PTR

DEFS

;

01190

BUFFER

DEFS

;ONE FULL LINE

01200

;

01210

01220

.***«*********************************

01230

; Module

4 — Patch for RESTORE

Command

01240

.*************************************

01250

01260

;

01270

EXIT

EQU

1D78H

; NORMAL RST 10H ROUTINE

01280

;

01290

START

(SP) ,HL

;GET TOP OF STACK

01300

A,L

;GET LSB OF STACK VALUE

01310

5BH

; AND TEST IT

01320

NZ,NO

;GO IF NOT 5BH

01330

A,H

;GET MSB OF STACK VALUE

01340

1DH

;AND TEST IT ALSO

01350

(SP) ,HL

; STACK & HL RESTORED

01360

NZ,EXIT

;GO IF NOT CORRECT CALLER

01370

01380

;Now test for RESTORE token

01390

01400

CALL

1D78H

;GET NEXT VALUE IN A

01410

90H

; RESTORE TOKEN?

01420

Z,YES

;GO IF TOKEN FOUND

01430

DEC

;ELSE CORRECT POINTER

01440

EXIT

;AND LET BASIC WORK

01450

;

01460

; RESTORE token

found —

now ch

eck for line

01470

;

number

following it

01480

;

01490

YES

CALL

1D78H

IS NEXT VALUE NUMERIC?

01500

C,YES2

•GO IF IT IS

01510

1D91H

■ELSE TO NORMAL RESTORE

01520

01530

.•RESTORE token

followed

by a numeral — assume it is

01540

a line number,

otherwise UNDEFINED LINE* error

01550

;

01560

YES2

CALL

1E5AH

;GET LINE # IN DE

01570

PUSH

;SAVE POINTER

01580

CALL

1EC8H

;GET LINE ADDR. IN HL

01590

DEC

;GO BACK ONE SPACE

01600

(40FFH)

,HL

;PUT INTO READ POINTER

01610

POP

; RECOVER POINTER

01620

DEC

; AND CORRECT IT

01630

EXIT

;BACK TO BASIC

01640

01650

END

BEGIN

address of the command buffer in the
pointer PTR and returns to DOS. By
changing the address of the keyboard
driver at 4016 hex, each time DOS looks
for a keystroke, the Feed routine pro-
vides that keystroke instead of the key-
board. (That is also how programs feed
a do-file to the computer.)

The Feed routine first saves the HL
register and then uses the value stored at
PTR to find the next byte in the buffer
to send back to DOS. Notice that the
routine skips any byte of P that it finds
and jumps down to the Quit routine
when it encounters the OD hex/carriage
return byte. After it places the required
byte in the A register (normal drivers
always return values in the A register),
the routine stores the HL pointer back
to PTR and recovers the original value
of HL from the stack. Control then
returns to DOS to process the ersatz
keystroke.

The Quit routine, before it returns
control to DOS, links the normal key-
board driver back into the system. If it
didn't, DOS would call up Disk Basic,
but you'd be unable to type anything
else into the system. When the OD hex
byte is received by DOS, it processes the
command it has received, loading and
executing Basic normally. Because
Listing 1 is assembled at 6000 hex, Basic
overwrites all of it and essentially disap-
pears from memory, leaving only the
patch protected in high memory to pro-
cess RESTORE nnnnn commands.

As I explained above, I have tested
this program with TRSDOS and NEW-
DOS. I don't use LDOS or DOSPLUS,
but it should work with either of those.
No patch to the RST 10 hex vector is
completely compatible with MULTI-
DOS, which resets the value at 4004 hex
to 1D78 hex after Basic commands such
as CMD"DIR" (it probably uses that
vector itself during either CMD or DIR
processing).

If you use a tape system, you can ig-
nore Modules 1 and 3 but you must add
the few required lines in Module 2 to
calculate and reset the 40A0 hex and
40B1 hex pointers. Just add - 50 to the
new value you will store in HIMEM
(40B1 hex), and load that at 40A0 hex.
You will be able to assemble the pro-
gram with any name you wish, and load
it in using the system command. How-
ever, you must add a JP 1A19 hex in-
struction after the LDIR in order to
return to Basic.

28 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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THE NEXT STEP

Other Mail

While I'm at it, I would like to
answer and acknowledge some of the
other mail I've received.

In addition to the Restore patch,
Michael Callahan sent a technique for
using TRSDOS 1.3 Debug to scroll
through and modify any sector on a
disk. His technique works on a Model
III with dual drives.

First, format a new disk in drive 1
and then use the Purge command to
delete all files on the disk (including
system files). Next use FREE :1 to
verify that the disk contains nothing ex-
cept the directory on track 17 and the
boot sector in the first gran of track
zero. You should have 233 free grans of
space on the disk.

Then, use Create to open a file on
that disk with a logical record length of
256 and 699 records:

CREATE TEST: 1 (LRL - 256, REC = 699)

Use another FREE : 1 to verify that the
entire disk is allocated to your new file.

Enter Debug, press the F key, and
answer the prompt with the name of
your newly created file (TESTrl in the
example above). Remove the disk from
drive 1 and replace it with any disk you
want to examine. You can scroll through
the entire disk except for the boot sector
and directory. Callahan reports that he
used this technique to change DOS li-
brary commands to shorter abbrevia-
tions and to personalize the initial start-
up display to one he liked better.

Several readers have asked how their
programs can tell whether they are run-
ning on a Model I or Model III. If you
use pointers such as the HIMEM or call
the ROM routines that are different in
the two models, you can still write a
program that works on both if it can
branch to separate routines for the dif-
ferent models at critical times.

The answer is to examine the ROMs
of both machines, find the differences,
and use a dissimilar byte as a test. My
favorite test byte is located at 54 hex.
This byte is a 01 hex on the Model I, and
a 0BE hex on the Model III. The test
looks like this:

LD A,(54H) ;get the byte
DEC A ;A = A - 1

JR Z.modl ; goto Mod. I routine on zero
; else do Mod. Ill routine

The test is especially easy because you

can use a single-byte DEC instead of a
CP to test the byte at 54 hex in ROM.

John DeRegnaucourt wrote to com-
plain about the length of the screen-
white routine I used in May (p. 28) for
demonstration purposes. The routine I
used is shown in Program Listing 2a.

Though it would not have served the
purpose of demonstrating the multiple
parameters techniques I was discussing
in May, DeRegnaucourt insisted that
his routine (Program Listing 2b) is bet-
ter because it is shorter. His program is
2 bytes shorter than mine and would be
the one to choose if memory conser-

"You must consider
criteria other than
memory length when
writing programs.

vation was a major programming
concern.

You must consider criteria other than
memory length when writing programs,
though. For example, you may have
need for the fastest program possible. If
you check the time states (T states) re-
quired by each program, you'll find a
startling difference. The routine in
Listing 2a takes 21549 T states, or about
.01 seconds on a Model III (ignoring in-
terrupts). Listing 2b, on the other hand,
requires 39951 T states, or nearly twice
as much time. Often, a longer program
runs faster than a shorter one. If timing
is critical, calculate T states for your
programs as you go along, and keep
track of what types of instructions seem
to take longer than they are worth.

What is the fastest and shortest screen-
white subroutine possible? Program
Listing 2c is 12 bytes long and takes
29718 T states, better than DeRegnau-
court's routine, but still slower than my
original one. So, here is the first, official
"Next Step" contest — come up with the
shortest ess than 12 bytes) or fastest
(less than 21549 T states) screen- white
subroutine. Send it to me (not to 80
Micro) by Oct. 10. The best entries will
win a suitable prize.

Besides program length and speed,
Assembly-language programming has
two other important criteria. One is the

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80 Micro. October 1983 • 31

THE NEXT STEP

number of registers used. In some ap-
plications, the fewer registers a sub-
routine uses, the better — fewer Pushes
and Pops are needed to restore the regis-
ter before exiting from the routine.

If you're writing general purpose
routines to add to several programs,
you should include a list of registers
each routine uses in the opening re-

marks. That way, you won't have to
reread the entire routine a year later to
see how it handles the DE or IX register
pairs.

A fourth criterion, one which too
many amateur programmers forget, is
clarity of code, especially if you do not
heavily comment your Assembly-lan-
guage code. Will you be able to under-

1100

)H0

1120
1130

1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1235

Program Listing 2. Three versions of the screen-white routine.

************************************

LISTING 2A
14-byte screen white-out

subroutine — uses AF,BC,DE,HL
rpnni rpo 91 ^dQ T— chat-oc

I requires 21549 T-states
■ **************************

**********

ORG

7F00H

HL,3C00H

HL==> TOP OF SCREEN

DE,3C01H

DE==> 2ND SCREEN POS'N

BC,03FFH

BC=# OF SCREEN POS ' NS -1

(HL) ,0BFH

WHITE TO 1ST POSITION

LDIR

WHITE TO ALL OTHERS

RET

RETURN TO CALLER

Listing 2 continued

stand the purpose of each instruction a
year after you wrote it? Would another
programmer, charged with modifying
your work, be able to? Though clarity is
somewhat subjective, certainly some
programs are easier to understand than
others.

Of course, if your aim is to keep peo-
ple with disassemblers from understand-
ing what you wrote, you should make
the code as convoluted as possible. I
recently needed to disassemble one of
my self-booting game disks. The boot
sector of the disk was a remarkable
collection of JPs, JRs, CALLs, over-
lapping code, and unused code — all
designed, I'm sure, to keep the nosy,
and the would-be pirates, from deci-
phering it.

One more set of letters needs to be
answered this month. Some of you have
written to complain that my programs
on the Load 80 disks, as well as other
/SRC files on those disks, will not work
with your disk-based Series 1 Editor/ As-

StatPac

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Okidata Microline 92

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An exceptional printer (even Creative
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SOFTWARE

STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS

Microterm

A terminal program should
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AutoCats. Features prepro-
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DOSPIus3.4

The preferred disk operating
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Features BASIC array sort,
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THE NEXT STEP

Liamt 2 continued

00240
00250
00260
00270
00280
00290
00300
00310
00320
00330
00340
00350
00360
00370
00360
00385
00390
00400
00410
00420
00430
00440
00450
00460
00470
00480
00490
00500
00510
00520
00530
00540

; . .................... ......

; LISTING 2B

; 12-byte screen white-out
; subroutine — uses AF,HL
j Requires 39951 T-states

L00P2B

ORG

INC

RET

7F00H

HL,3C00H

(HL) ,0BFH

A,H

40H

CL00P2B

LOOP 2 C

;HL--> TOP OF SCREEN

;MAKE IT WHITE

;HL«> NEXT POS'N

;GET MSB OF POS'N

;OFF SCREEN YET?

; RETURN IF NOT

; RETURN TO CALLER

; LISTING 2C

; 12-byte screen white-out

; subroutine — Uses A,HL

; Requires 29718 T-states

LD A,40H ;FOR CHECKING HL

LD HL,3C00H ;HL==>TOP OF SCREEN

LD (HL) ,0BFH ;MAKE THIS POS'N WHITE

INC HL ;HL==> NEXT POSITION

CP H ;DONE YET?

JR NZ,LOOP2C ;GO BACK UNTIL H=40H

RET /RETURN WHEN DONE

END

sembler from Radio Shack. You're
right; they won't work, because the
Series 1 EDTASM demands an unusual
disk format for source files.

For a complete description of the
problem, a Basic program that trans-
forms the /SRC files into a format you
can use, and information about getting
a free copy of the program, see Reload
80, 80 Micro, April 1983, p. 404 and
August 1983, p. 340. And don't blame
Load 80 for the incompatibility— its
source code is the closest thing available
to a universal disk format. Instead, ask
Radio Shack why they chose to move
away from a format that would allow
easy interchange of source files between
assemblers.

Send questions, comments, and con-
test entries to me at 280 N. Campus
Ave., Upland, CA 91786. If you would
like a reply, please enclose a stamped,
self-addressed envelope. I can also be
reached by e-mail on CompuServe at
72165,735. ■

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Write or Call for FREE catalogue

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(312)862-4531 .we

34 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Turn Your

Color Computer

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And coming soon: A convenient monthly loader containing
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33AF8

THE COLOR KEY

by Scott Norman

Have you ever worked with software
that you wish you had written
yourself? I've recently used two such
programs, both packages for handling
advanced mathematical operations.

This Science issue gives me the op-
portunity to indulge a passion for math
that I usually hide, out of respect for my
lack of corresponding talent.

I've tried to minimize the mathemati-
cal jargon in this column, but I don't
know how to discuss the topic without
using the appropriate vocabulary. The
Color Key isn't the place to explain all
the mathematical concepts, so if your
interests lie elsewhere you might find
this month's column obscure.

Mathmenu

Computers don't do mathematics —
just arithmetic, and a pared-down
variety at that. (I'm ignoring the big-
machine symbolic manipulators like
MACSYM.)

Of course, machines do their compu-
tational thing so quickly and so ac-
curately that they let you investigate
topics that would be drudgery if you
tackled them with pencil, paper, and a
thirst for closed-form solutions.

Where does this leave the Color
Computer user? Rather well off, judg-
ing by my subjects for this month:
Mathmenu and Calculus Math Module.
Both provide a number of useful math-
ematical tools and make good use of
Extended Color Basic's graphics.

Mathmenu (Inter + Action, 113 Ward
St., New Haven, CT 06519) is a collec-
tion of 15 programs available in two for-
mats: a $44.95 cassette requiring 16K,
and a $49.95 disk for 32K machines.

The disk edition offers one-keystroke
selection of functions from a master
menu, while cassette users have to posi-
tion the tape to the routine they want.
Outside of that and the occasional need
for a PCLEAR 1 instruction for the
smaller RAMs, the two are operational-
ly identical.

The disk contains the Mathmenu
driver program plus 17 Basic routines
and two data files. The jobs they per-
form include finding the real and com-
plex roots of quadratic equations, nu-
merical differentiation and integration,
matrix operations on two-dimensional
arrays, least squares curve fitting, and
36 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Advanced math

on the
Color Computer

evaluation and plotting of functions
with one or two variables.

I personally need graphs to appreci-
ate what is going on in most mathemati-
cal discussions, but I know how tough it
is to draw them accurately.

I've often thought that a personal
computer could give students a real feel-
ing for analytical geometry, Fourier
synthesis, and a host of other graphical-
ly oriented topics. This might help the
practicing scientist or engineer, too — at
least in the early stages of forming
ideas.

Mathmenu's two graph programs
work similarly; they require you to fur-
nish a closed form for the function you
want to plot, together with limits on the
region of interest. The program handles
only regions, including the origin of
coordinates.

Take the 2D PLOT routine first.
When you select the Enter New Equa-
tion menu option, Mathmenu prompts
for the function you want graphed in
the guise of line 10 of a Basic program.
The independent and dependent vari-
ables are X and Y, respectively, and you
can use all functions available under
Extended Color Basic.

For example, you can specify an ex-
ponentially damped sine wave by:

10Y = EXP(-X)*SIN(X)

After entering the equation, type
GOTO 45 to return to Mathmenu's
control.
Before you can get a graph, you must

use 2D PLOT'S Enter New Limits op-
tion. Specify an upper limit for the X
axis (the point at which the right screen
border cuts the axis), together with up-
per and lower plotting boundaries.
These are the ends of the range over
which the program evaluates and
graphs the function itself.

Unless a Special Features command
instructs otherwise, Mathmenu sets the
upper limit of the Y axis equal to what-
ever you select for the X axis. You need
to exercise a certain amount of care to
keep the plot from running off-scale;
you can't rely on the program to gener-
ate consistent results once that happens.
You can erase the plot and make neces-
sary corrections interactively.

Once you enter the equation and lim-
its, a single keystroke calls up the actual
plotting routine. The program moves
fairly quickly, especially considering
that it's written in Basic.

Once the graph is finished, you can
return to 2D PLOT'S menu and con-
tinue. You might want to enter a new
equation and superimpose its graph on
the old one. You can even change plot-
ting boundaries before doing so. It's
best to keep the same upper limit on the
X axis, though.

Figure 1 is the result of this sort of ex-
ercise, obtained with the Radio Shack
Screen Print routine. The two superim-
posed functions are the elementary
curve Y = SIN(X), and the sum of this
curve and its first five odd harmonics,
each divided by its argument. That's the
sum of six terms of the form:

(SIN(2N-1)X)/(2N-1)

with N running from one to six.

The last expression is the general term
in the Fourier analysis of a square wave.

2D PLOT could be a tremendous
help to a student first learning the con-
cept of adding up sinusoids to generate
arbitrary functions. It's also one of the
easiest ways I know to make mathemat-
ical experiments and get a feel for ana-
lytic functions.

The principal drawback is the lack of
scales along the X and Y axes. Tick
marks would be handy. On the plus
side, 2D PLOT has options to save
graphs to tape or disk for later recall,
and is completely compatible with stan-
dard screen print software.

Shape your TRS-80 to
communicate with any computer you want.

Omniterm is the most flexible, powerful
terminal program you can buy. Omniterm lets you
adapt your TRS-80 to communicate with 99.9% of
the world's computers. Your company's mainframe,
for example. Or any other personal computer, time-
sharing computer, or communications service.

Omniterm overcomes incompatibilities in
screen formats, baud rates, character sets, control
codes and file transfer protocols. Seven complete
translation tables let you change any character, for
complete compatibility of all input and output
devices. Omniterm is so flexible, users have even
set up their ASCII-coded systems to communicate
with EBCDIC-coded systems.

You can send all ASCII characters, even those
that aren't on your keyboard. Reformat your screen
to neatly accommodate any line length. Run your
printer while you're sending or receiving data.
And even review data that's scrolled off the top
of the screen.

Omniterm 's well-thought-out design makes it
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:«tt

'<*>

80 Micro, October 1983 • 37

THE COLOR KEY

**>vv<vA

l/^<w#\

■•-_x"

fy*£^A

Figure 1. A sine wave and a Fourier synthesis of a square wave, plotted with Mathmenu's 2D
PLOT routine.

The 3D PLOT routine works similar-
ly to generate 45-degree oblique projec-
tions of functions with two independent
variables, Y = F(X,Z). In this case, you
can use program lines 10-14 to define
the function.

It is tricky keeping everything on the
screen, and you can expect to spend a
little time playing with scale factors for
the Y and Z axes before getting things
right. I think the results are worth it,
though.

Figure 2 shows an example: the hy-
perbolic paraboloid Y = X *X - Z *Z .
Even though 3D PLOT lacks a hidden
lines routine, the plot gives a good
sense of this saddle-shaped surface's
appearance.

I confess to spending a lot of time
with the graphics routines, but I do use
some of Mathmenu's other features.
LSTSQRS, for instance, takes up to 100
pairs of data values and computes a
best-fit curve, in the sense of minimiz-
ing the sum of the squared deviations.
You must specify whether you're using
a linear, quadratic, or cubic expression.

MATRIXOP remedies Color Basic's
lack of matrix handling routines. It
handles matrices up to eight by eight in
size, and carries out the elementary op-
erations as well as computing the in-
verse, transpose, and determinant. You
can use it to find the solutions to sys-
tems of up to eight linear equations in
eight unknowns.

A companion routine, VECTOROP,

38 • 80 Micro, October 1983

handles monadic or dyadic operations
on vectors with up to 20 components.
Besides finding sums, differences, nor-
mal lengths, and unit vectors, it com-
putes dot and cross products and finds
the equation of the plane defined by two
noncollinear three-element vectors.

NUMDIFN and NUMINTEG per-
form numerical differentiation and in-
tegration of analytic functions. In each
case, you enter the function of interest
as line 10 of a Basic program, using the
DEF FN command:

10 DEF FN F(X) = EXP( - X)*SIN(X)

in the case of the damped sine wave.
You reenter the actual Mathmenu rou-
tines by following this with GOTO 100.
NUMDIFN asks for the point X at
which it is to evaluate the derivative,
and does so by a finite difference
method:

dF/dX = (F(X + h)-F(X))/h

where h = 0.00001 *X.

NUMINTEG uses Simpson's rule, an
old standby for this sort of work. It's at
its best over small ranges of X, and a lit-
tle experimentation with the number of
subintervals chosen might be necessary,
but it's nice to have.

Those are my favorites among Math-
menu's offerings. What I should stress
is how easy the program is to run.

Author David Hamel must have
spent a lot of time on the screen dis-
plays; I found it easy to do almost
everything I wanted without cracking
the manual. I don't recommend that,
but the Mathmenu documentation is
necessary only for the matrix operations
and graphing routines. The menus and
Help screens take care of almost every-
thing else.

Calculus Math Module

My second goody is narrower, but
deeper. Calculus Math Module (Calc-
soft, P.O. Box 401, St. Ann, MI 63074)

Figure 2. The hyperbolic paraboloid Y=X*X - Z*Z, plotted with the 3D PLOT routine.

**>

•^.,u.^

.♦*»'*' .tiw**'

THE COLOR KEY

concentrates on graphing, differentiat-
ing, integrating, and finding the ex-
trema of piecewise continuous func-
tions of one variable.

Calcsoft is actually two products: the
Function Graphing Module for 16K
computers, and the Calculus Math
Module that incorporates the first mod-
ule, adds the calculus capability, and re-
quires 32K.

The programs are available only on
cassette (unplug your disk controller, if
you have one), and cost $19.95 and
$34.95, respectively.

The Function Graphing Module fea-
tures five types of automatic scaling
routines to optimize the size of a graph,
including a total autoscaling option that
requires you to enter only the function's
definition and the choice of X interval.

It handles up to four predefined
functions — nine, when combined with
the Calculus Module — and finds the
value of any one of them for any inde-
pendent variable setting. It also approx-
imates the zeros of a function. To do
the other tricks I'll talk about, you'll
need the Calculus Math Module.

Assuming that you eventually want a
printout, you must first load your
screen print routine relocated to high
memory. Unfortunately, my old Radio
Shack routine is for a 16K computer
and doesn't take to relocation, so I
don't have printouts from the Calculus
Math Module in this column.

You can now load the main program,
which uses the Sugar Software Auto-
Run Loader to autoexecute. Next use
DEF FN statements to define the func-
tions you want graphed.

The modules include a Basic routine
with lines 161-164 or 161-169 set aside
for this purpose. Using the Edit com-
mand, break into the appropriate line
and enter an expression you'll want to
work with. Be careful, because the
Calcsoft programs won't let you edit
the functions later.

One handy feature: Calcsoft princi-
pals S. M. Handley and C. L. Siebert
have given you the ability to enter pi for
the constant 3.14159... in functions.
Unfortunately, this doesn't work when
you specify the range over which you
want a function graphed.

Once you are set up, a Run command
engages the module. You specify the
number of functions defined, and re-
ceive the first of many lists of available
options.

You call numerous options, not all of
40 • 80 Micro, October 1983

which are active at any given time, by
single letters or other keyboard sym-
bols. At this early stage, you can only
terminate the program or select a major
mode of operation: plot a graph, find
minima and maxima, find a function's
values or zeros, or find the area under a
curve by Romberg integration (the
Romberg method has certain advan-
tages over Simpson's rule).

Normal procedure, at least for us
graphics freaks, is to get a plot on the
screen first. Plotting has its own op-
tions, including the autoscaling mode.
After you specify the function and in-
terval of interest, this mode positions
the origin, selects scale factors for the X
and F(X) axes, and sets the size of the
steps in which the function will be
evaluated.

You give up little by letting this rou-
tine do your dirty work. Once you ex-
amine the graph, you can always go
back and expand the scale, change the

"You give up little by

letting this routine
do your dirty work. "

graphed interval, or call for more or
fewer plotted points. Tick marks appear
on both axes, although you have to flip
back to a text screen to see what they
represent. It's possible to get a printout
of the text and graphics screens with one
command, however.

Once the graph is available, you can
specify search intervals in which the
program finds either a zero, a max-
imum, or a minimum of the function
under study. A little savvy is necessary,
though. If you want to find the value of
X for which F(X) = 0, be sure that the
interval you specify includes a zero
crossing; that's why you have to exam-
ine the graph first.

You must also specify a tolerance, in
this case the limit which F(X) can differ
from zero before the routine declares X
to be a zero of the function. Values like
1E-9 are commonly used.

In the same vein, before using the
Calculus Math Module to find a maxi-
mum or minimum you should check to
see that one exists within the search
interval.

It's possible to flag a zero or ex-
tremum with a vertical line on the
graph. You can also draw a line be-
tween a function and the horizontal
axis at any value of the independent
variable.

The Calculus Math Module's Rom-
berg integration routine is a rather pow-
erful tool for the student, scientist, or
engineer. In addition to straightforward
definite integrals, it handles piecewise
continuous functions or those that ap-
proach infinity at one end of the inte-
gration range.

The trick is to use a suboption that
lets you keep a running total of suc-
cessive integrations of a given func-
tion, taken over different intervals.
This lets you remove infinities or other
embarrassments from the region to be
integrated.

You can start by leaving a generous
margin around such points, and later
add integrals taken over successively
narrower regions to sneak up on the sin-
gularities. This only works if the inte-
gral does indeed converge.

The Calcsoft documentation con-
tains many useful examples: finding the
area bounded by two intersecting func-
tions, solving problems in mechanics,
maximizing the profit of a hypothetical
business, and so on. Another nice touch
is the stiff paper reference card for the
various options.

My only regret is that the Calculus
Math Module isn't available on disk. A
32K machine with the disk controller in-
stalled might not have enough room,
but that doesn't keep me from hoping.
As it is, the program runs from five to
45 on the tape counter of my CTR-80A,
a fairly long loading time — especially if
I have to quit and define new functions
in the middle of a session.

Outside of that, I enjoy the Calculus
Math Module. I like Mathmenu, too.
One of these days I'm going to spruce
up the axes by breaking into those Basic
plotting routines and adding high-reso-
lution numerals and tick marks. Then
I'll be even happier.

It's nice to see the Color Computer
applied to real math. I can hardly
wait to tell my grandchildren how I used
to multiply numbers by rubbing two
notched sticks together. ■

Scott Norman welcomes reader re-
sponse to The Color Key. Write c/o 80
Micro, 80 Pine St., Peterborough, NH
03458.

A flawless future is in sight with 3M diskettes.

When it comes to keeping track of precious data, predictable
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At 3M, reliability is built into every diskette. We've been in the
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in. Were constantly improving and perfecting our product line,
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3M diskettes are made at 3M. That way, we have complete control
over the entire manufacturing process. And you can have complete
confidence in the reliability of every 3M diskette you buy.
Look in the Yellow Pages under Computer Supplies and Parts for
the 3M distributor nearest you. In Canada, write 3M Canada, Inc.,
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• 206

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42 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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COD., please add $3.00.
Shipping: Please call for amount.

Canada
MICRO R.G.S. INC.

751. CARRE VICTORIA, SUITE 405
MONTREAL, QUEBEC. CANADA. H2Y 2J3

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Canadian Toll Free 800-361 -51 55

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 43

SUITE 16

by Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

You probably already know that the
Model 16 offers more computing
power and runs programs faster than
any 8-bit micro. But why is this so? And
what applications are people finding for
these powerful machines?

There's no question that the 16-bit
machines, the Models II, 12, and 16, of-
fer more computing power than any
other TRS-80 on the market. The
MC68000 seems to be one of the best
16-bit microprocessors.

The Model 16 Advantage

You might think that a 16-bit com-
puter executes programs in half the time
it takes a Z80-based, 8-bit machine. Al-
though the instruction set for the
MC68000 contains opcodes that per-
form tasks requiring several lines of Z80
programming to accomplish, the most
influential factor in operating speed is
the frequency of the master oscillator.

Typically, the frequency of the os-
cillator is very high— higher than the
frequency used to run the system's com-
ponents. Several stages of electronic cir-
cuits are employed to divide that rate in
half or even in quarters. Thus, a 24-
megahertz (MHz) oscillator, as used in
the Model 16, has its signal divided in
half and the resulting waveform is again
divided. The end product is a pulse of 6
MHz used as the operating frequency
that controls the machine. This signal is
called the clock.

The oscillator is designed to run at
this high frequency for accuracy and
stability. If the master oscillator drifts
off center, the resulting change is not as
great a deviation as if the oscillator's
output is scaled down to a lower fre-

It's
all in the
oscillator

quency through divider circuitry. This
technique is standard practice in elec-
tronics. It's employed in devices like
citizens band radios and electronic mu-
sic synthesizers.

Table 1 lists the clock speed for Radio
Shack computers. These figures indi-
cate the frequency delivered to the inte-
grated circuits, not the main oscillator.

Reader Applications

Because of this increase in speed and

Model

Color Computer
Model I
Model II
Model III
Model 12
Model 16

dock Frequency

0.895 MHz

1.774 MHz

2 MHz

2.02752 MHz

4 MHz (Z80 board)

6 MHz (MC68000

board)

Table 1. Clock frequencies.

power, users are finding applications
for the Model 16 that are either impossi-
ble or less convenient to run on 8-bit
processors. We have heard from many
80 Micro readers and how they use their
Model 16s.

One reader uses his computer to or-
ganize a mailing list of 75,000 names for
his mail-order jewelry business. Anoth-
er upgraded his Model II to a 11/16 and
plans to use it as a training device for
68000 Assembly-language programming.

Several authors have written in praise
of their systems as word processors.
The machine's double-sided drive capa-
bilities are handy for book authors
who require a vast amount of storage
for text.

One Model 16 owner created and is
marketing a CP/M software package
for the construction industry. IBM is
marketing one module of his system for
its machines.

We heard from one person who
bought a Model 16 as a personal com-
puter, although it's not intended for
that purpose.

The real advantage to the Model 16 is
its multi-user and multi-tasking abili-
ties. We are sure to see more systems
take advantage of this application. One
firm just bought a Model 16 to make it
the hub of a data system. By placing the
company's Model II in a branch office,
employees can access data on a hard
disk connected to the 16 located in the
central office.

This is a sample of some of the appli-
cations we have heard about. We didn't
intend to sound like a commercial for
the Model 16, but owners are very en-
thusiastic. ■

Assembly-Language Corner

The disk operating system of a com-
puter is a series of machine-language
programs and short routines that de-
termine how the microprocessor com-
municates with floppy and hard disks,
the video display, the keyboard, print-
ers, and modems. Some of these ma-
chine-language programs perform
disk functions such as making back-

ups, copying a file from one drive to
another, and killing a disk file.

You can access these routines from
Assembly-language programs and put
them to work, reducing your pro-
gramming time.

On the Model 16, these built-in
routines are called supervisor routines
or supervisor calls. By setting up an

area of RAM as a buffer or supervisor
block, you can put certain values in
that block that let you execute any of
the routines.

Your Model 16 owner's manual lists
all available supervisor calls and
shows you how the supervisor block
area is set up for each routine.

To establish this supervisor buffer

44 • 80 Micro, October 1983

If You Do A Lot Of Editing Of

Your BASIC Programs, Then

This Is The Editor For You!!!

The Full Screen Text Editor for BASIC, we were the first to give
the TRS-80 this indispensable ability. What ability? The ability
to edit your BASIC program with the ease of word processing.
It is a type of word processor specifically designed to handle
BASIC programs instead of letters and documents.

■ The capability to change, insert and
delete a character or characters:

Simply position the cursor over the
character that you wish to change and
type in the new one. Another handy teature
is Insert Mode, this is used to add text in the
middle of a program line.

■ Extend a line or insert new lines:

Extending a line is as simple as two
keystrokes, instantly the cursor jumps to the
end of the program line and the editor is
placed in the insert mode.

■ Delete, copy or move statements:

All you have to do is mark the line or block
of lines and then tell the editor where to
move or copy them.

■ Global Search and/or change any
specified string:

Have you ever needed to change a lot of
PRINT statements to LPRINTs?

■ Macro key facility:

Macro keys can cut your programming
time in half. You can define each of the 26
letter keys (A-Z) to represent BASIC
keywords, or any letter or number
combination up to 6 characters per key.

■ Renumber commands:

Whats so special about this renumber
facility? Not only can it renumber selected
portions of your program, it also checks all
GOTO, GOSUB, THEN and ELSE statements
and updates them as needed!

■ See Lis! ol Advertisers on Page 323

You may have seen other Editor programs
advertized that give you one, maybe two
of these features. You may have also seen
some of these features sold as separate
utility programs.

Only CAU offers a complete editing system,
not just a word processor patched up to
handle line numbers.

You can order the BASIC Editor directly from
Computer Applications Unlimited or ask your
local computer store.

Cat# 1210-20 for
TRS-80 Mod 1 &

The Editor is supplied on tape with complete
instructions to move it to disk. If you wish us to
send the editor on disk please add $5.00
and ask for a DISK DUMP

Add $2.00 for shipping in the U.S. and
Canada, $10.00 outside USA
N.Y State Residents add applicable Sales Tax.
Dealer Inquiries Invited.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 45

SUITE 16

area, use a label to define the first
memory location in the block. To be
consistent with the owner's manual,
use the label SVC BLOCK.

The buffer area is defined and filled
with zeros by using the pseudo-opcode
RDATAB 32,0. This is repeat data for
32 bytes. The supervisor block must be
32 bytes long, although not every call
uses all 32 addresses. Use the buffer to
select the desired routine and to pass
values to and from the routine.

So far you have:

SVC BLOCK

RDATAB 32,0

Place values within the block by us-
ing the move or store mnemonics.

Identify every byte position within
the block by assigning each with a
number that shows how many bytes a
particular location is from the first
buffer location. These are referred to
as offset numbers. The first byte in the
block has a byte offset of zero. The
second byte in the block is identified as
byte offset one, the third as byte offset
two, and so on. An SVC BLOCK con-
tains 32 addresses. The byte offset
numbers range from zero to 3 1 .

Figure 1 graphically depicts a typi-
cal SVC BLOCK buffer. The byte off-
set positions are shown across the top.

Each supervisor call has its own ma-
chine-identifiable number. Place this
number in the first two positions in the
buffer.

During typical programming, load
the buffer area starting address into a
register like A0. You can then move
values into the various byte offset
positions within the block. Use the
Move command to load a number di-
rectly into a position. The @ symbol
placed in front of a register indicates
an indirect addressing mode. A num-
ber preceding the @ symbol identifies
the byte offset position.

Let's assume you have established a
buffer area (SVC BLOCK) and want
to store its memory location in register
A0. Handle this with:

LDA .A0,SVC BLOCK

Use the Move command to place
numbers within that block. Move a
zero into the seventh byte (byte offset
six) of the SVC BLOCK.

MOVB 6@A0,rf©

To load a register-stored value into
the SVC BLOCK, you must use the
store opcode. Take the number cur-
rently stored in register A2 and move it
into byte offset six of the supervisor

"...the SVC BLOCK

returns the ASCII value

of the key selected

or points to
a memory address

where a line
of text is stored."

buffer area. Again, assume that ad-
dress register A0 points to the memory
location of the buffer:

STW .A2,6@A0

Note the W tagged onto the store
mnemonic. This indicates 2 bytes, or a
word, is to be acted upon. If the num-
ber in A2 requires only 1 byte of stor-
age, the upper byte in the block is
filled with a zero.

Byte positions in the SVC BLOCK
have a meaning for each supervisor

Byte position 1
within the 2
block 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

Byte oft-set

Figure 1. SV

OBL

OCK layout.

routine. However, the first three
words of the buffer have the same
meaning regardless of the supervisor
routine called. The first 2 bytes always
contain the TRSDOS-identifying SVC
call number. Offset four and five must
always contain a zero. You must set
up these items and other parameters
before calling or jumping to an SVC
routine.

If an error occurs during the rou-
tine, byte offset two and three contain
a TRSDOS error code upon return.

Put this together and you have a
simple program that calls supervisor
routine number 264 which returns exe-
cution to the TRSDOS READY
mode. Once the supervisor block is set
up with the proper entry conditions,
the instruction BRK #0 calls the SVC
routine.

BEGIN

LDA

.AO.SVC BLOCK

MOVW

@A0,#264

BRK

SVC

BLOCK

RDATAB

32,0

END

BEGIN

As mentioned, zeros must always be
placed in the fourth and fifth byte off-
sets prior to calling the SVC routine.
Use the instruction RDATAB 32,0 to
automatically put zeros in the entire
block. It is not necessary to use an in-
struction to move zeros into those
areas.

Remember to put an end statement
in your program. Failure to do so
often makes your program fail, even
though this omission doesn't generate
an error message by the assembler or
the linker.

In this program it is simple to set up
the SVC BLOCK. However, this be-
comes more involved when you place
many parameters into the buffer
before calling a routine. Many times
you need to get information out of the
buffer after a routine is called. For ex-
ample, the keyboard calls retrieve data
from the keyboard. In such cases, the
SVC BLOCK either returns the ASCII
value of the key selected or points to a
memory address where a line of text is
stored. Naturally, this involves a little
more programming.

In future columns, we'll discuss
keyboard and disk calls, which require
more complex setups. ■

46 • 80 Micro, October 1983

MSA — Making excellence affordable

NEWBASIC 2.0

Only s 39.95

Adds over 40 commands to Disk BASIC

"Of all the software packages I've purchased since I bought my
TRS-80* in Dec. 78, this is the best." - R. Hunter, Roswell, NM

Like most of our customers, Mr. Hunter's very excited about NEWBASIC. So are we! We think
it's one of the best software buys available for your TRS-80* Model l/lll computer. But you
don't have to take our word for it:

■'NEWBASIC is a very useful tool for anyone programming in BASIC . . . At $39.95,
NEWBASIC 2.0 offers a lot for the money." - Basic Computing; July. 1983

"Why weren't some of NEWBASIC "s commands part of standard (Disk) BASIC?"

- R. Haley; Castro Valley, CA

"NEWBASIC 2.0 is easy and fun to work with. Within hours we were creating stunning high
speed graphics and interesting sound effects. I'd recommend NEWBASIC to anyone. "

— J. Ryan; Mt. Vernon, IL

Why not buy NEWBASIC today? Then you, too, can start enjoying some of the advantages of
programming with NEWBASIC:

Customize NEWBASIC-include only
those commands you need.

Over a dozen easy-to-use and powerful
graphics commands (e.g., DRAW, LINE,
CIRCLE, PAINT).

Produce sound for music & effects.
RS-232 initialization & I/O.

Pre-defined and definable keys.
Disk-based spooler /despooler.
Execute strings, label lines, 2-byte
PEEK/ POKE, restore to any DATA
line, block memory move, set
hi-mem, and much, much more.

70 page manual, summary card.

The Collector

Improved Garbage Collector

What's "garbage collection"? It's a software term describing what
pens when strings no longer in use are removed, making room tor new
strings. If you've ever used a BASIC program with a lot of strings, you've
probably noticed the mysterious "keyboard lockup" that occurs when the
ROM does its garbage collection. It you have, The Collector's for you!!

The Collector practically eliminates garbage collection delays. It's very easy
to use, and it only needs 500 bytes for itself, plus 2 bytes for each active
string in your program. Use it with almost any BASIC program, without
changing a thing! The Collector can be used with most other machine
language programs, too-including NEWBASIC & The Analyst.

Why wait any longer? Just look what The Collector could be doing for you
now:

Duration (Sees)

# strings ROM The Collector Improvement

250 12.3 0.8 93.5%

500 46.3 1.6 96.5%

1000 180.0 3.2 98.2%

(Typical garbage collection delays.)

The Analyst

Helps speed up BASIC programs!

Speeds Up Most Programs 15-50%

The Analyst can help you speed up almost any BASIC program from
15-50%! And it's remarkably easy to use. After activating The Analyst, you
just run your programs, and The Analyst analyzes them as they run.

Easy To Use

The Analyst tells you what variables your program uses most otten. With
this information, you then add 1 or 2 simple lines to your program. These
changes enable the ROM to access the most frequent variables first,
speeding up your program!

Versatile

Use The Analyst to speed up commercial sottware, as well as your own. The
Analyst also gives you other useful information. For example, The Analyst
can tell you what lines your program executes most often. And our manual
can help you alter those lines to make them more efficient.

Get The Analyst and speed up that sort or that game! Shouldn't you be get-
ting the most from your programs? With The Analyst's help, you can!

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^58

•See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 47

REVIEWS

edited by Lynne M. Nadeau

»«fc -WfYi

Review Contents

Library Support Option 48

TRS-80 Pascal 2.0 52

Computer Art 52

Wormy and Company 53

MicroRef 58

MT160 Printer 58

Typitalll.2 62

TRS-80 Data

Communications 68

Project Manager 70

Clean Slate 73

ALE/EDM 76

BASICally Speaking 80

Power DOT 80

Review Digest 81

Our reviewers use a five-star rating system.
One star represents the low end of this spectrum,
while five stars represent the spectacular and high
end of the spectrum.

*•*• •

Library Support Option (LSO)

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

2 Penn Plaza, Suite 1500

New York, NY 10121

Models I and III

$75

by R. Walter Steur

Library Support Option (LSO) is an
excellent piece of software that
takes advantage of a new data storage
technique to increase disk memory ca-
pacity. By packing many small files into
one large file called a library, LSO re-
duces wasted disk space and increases a
disk's storage capability.

This file-handling utility uses only
one normal directory entry and for each
library file and dynamically allocates
and deallocates files so that file manipu-
lation is invisible to the user.

The LSO program comes on a non-
system disk that you can back up. You
would normally include it on the system
disk of each program with which you'll
use it. It appears to be compatible with
all TRS-80 DOSes. The distribution
disk contains a standard version of
LSO/CMD, a special hard disk version,
and several LSO utility programs.

48 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Overview

The LSO program contains its own
relocating loader module that discards
itself after it moves the operating LSO
module into high memory. LSO occu-
pies about 4K. The program intercepts
all input/output (I/O) calls except Re-
name, which is not a vectored call.

Two utilities, LD1R and LNAME,
replace D1R and Rename, respectively.
These are part of the LSO utility set. As
a result of I/O call interception, all
DOS library commands work with the
packed files as they normally would. In
other words, you can use Copy, Kill,
Load, List, and so on on a packed file
just as on a normal file.

LSO defines a library as a file con-
taining smaller files, or members. Just
as a disk holds a number of files and a
directory to reference them, a library
file holds several files and its own direc-
tory. A library file shows up in the disk
directory as a regular file, but DOSes
treat its members as regular files.

Suppose 1 decide to group some files
with the /BAS extension in a library.
This involves creating a file named
B AS/LIB and copying the desired files
into it.

Now when LSO intercepts an I/O
call for a file with the /BAS extension, it

first looks for a library file with the file
extension name. If such a library file ex-
ists, LSO searches its directory for the
required member and opens the mem-
ber file.

If I give the command LIST
"MYPROG/BAS" from Basic, LSO
picks up the I/O call and searches the
directory of library BAS/LIB. The pro-
gram isn't there so LSO passes the re-
quest back to DOS, which processes the
call as usual.

You can have packed and unpacked
files on the same disk. An example of
this is the LSO distribution disk. The
disk directory shows a couple of files
with the CMD extension plus a file
named CMD/LIB. The latter contains
the standard utility programs for LSO,
including the LDIR utility that displays
a directory of the library to which it
belongs.

In creating library files, you can
specify the file size up to a maximum of
255 sectors, and the directory size up to
255 entries with the LCREATE com-
mand (LCREATE/CMD utility). If
you find at some future time that the
specified size is too small, you can in-
crease it to a maximum of 255 sectors
by using the LXTEND command
(LXTEND/CMD utility). You can't
change the directory size, however.

When it comes to superior performance,
we study our hues very carefully.

Superior printer performance is not a fluke.
It evolves from analyzing printed line after
printed line. Taking the time to test and retest.
After 30 years of manufacturing precision
parts, we know that there are no shortcuts.

And so we took the GeminMOX and method-
ically put it through its 120 cps pace. We
achieved a print head life of over 100 million
characters with an extremely precise dot align-
ment creating each crisp character.

So far so good.

Next, sophisticated performance de-
manded versatility. A wide choice of
character sets, a buffer expandable . .

to 8K, and the ability to interface
with all popular personal
computers. We added macro

instruction, giving GeminMOX the capability
to perform up to 16 operations with one com-
mand. We included as standard a paper
feed system that has a friction and fully adjust-
able tractor feed. Then we even built in the
dexterity to print graphics and text on the
same line.
Dona

And, of course, staying the best means
constant reviewing and fine-tuning. Keeping
the Gemini easy to find, easy to afford and so
reliable it can be warranted for up to twice
as long as its major competitors.

. Only the most careful
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REVIEWS

The final utility, LSET/CMD, sets
and resets (turns on and off) two addi-
tional options. The first is the Perma-
nent Open option that opens all resident
library files until you reboot the system.

When you activate LSO, you can
specify the number of files that can be
open at the same time. The default is
five files and each open library file re-
quires 40 bytes. This option reduces file
access time.

The second option is the Compress
option. This compresses every string of
characters repeated four or more times
to a 3-byte group on a write to file.
On a read, decompression takes place
automatically.

This is primarily for use with text files.
It has rather limited value since most
word processing programs incorporate
their own compression techniques.

The LDIR/CMD utility provides an
informative display of the library direc-
tory. The first line shows an error in-
dicator if errors exist in the directory,
flags if you set either or both of the
library options, library name, library
size in sectors, number of available sec-
tors, number of permissible directory
entries, and number of entries still free.
The names of the library members are
listed alphabetically.

The LSO documentation is 17 pages
of sparse, terse, clear information with
letter-quality printing in a loose-leaf
notebook. A technical section describes
the library file organization and control
blocks.

A helpful table suggests file/directory
sizes depending on the number and av-
erage size of the intended member files.
It's based on single-density granule size
and should be refigured for those using
double-density systems. For example, a
20-sector library file takes up exactly 4
grans in single density; in double den-
sity, the allocated 4 grans contain 24
sectors in most DOSes.

LSO is so easy to use that extensive
documentation is unnecessary. How-
ever, the latest version of the manual
has a couple of omissions. XYZT re-
wrote the manual after correcting some
minor DOS incompatibilities. But the
revision omits mention of specifying the
number of permissible open files, the
default value, or memory requirements.

Also, the manual doesn't mention the
hard disk version of LSO or its use.
Occasionally the English grammar is a
little unusual but this doesn't diminish
the clarity of the information. I under-

50 • 80 Micro, October 1983

stand that the omissions, as well as
some typographical errors, will be cor-
rected shortly.

Features and Benefits

LSO works so automatically and
transparently that I doubt I'd be aware
of its operation except for the amper-

"I haven 't found the

perfect program yet, but

including my observations

on the documentation,

the imperfections

in LSO are minor. "

sand that flashes in the upper right cor-
ner of the monitor during I/O to let you
know it's working.

The standard LSO program is com-
patible as is with many hard disk sys-
tems, including DOSPLUS 4.0. The
special hard disk version is apparently
required only with those systems like
DOSPLUS 3.5 that use a configurable
drivespec table. The LSOHARD/CMD
program contains a similar table that
you can configure to the system
requirements.

Only the size of the disk directory
limits the total number of library files.
With DOSPLUS 3.5, LSO allows 128
directory entries for a double-sided,
double-density, 40- or 80-track disk.
With 720K of storage available on
80-track disks, the directory space
doesn't go very far.

LSO allocates space in the library
files on the basis of sectors rather than
grans. You can store small files much
more efficiently in a library file than in a
regular file. This is particularly true of
those files that are only a few hundred
bytes long, such as utility /CMD files,
do-files, or Job Control Language
(XYZT's ICL) files.

XYZT first conceived LSO as sup-
port for their Interactive Control Lan-
guage (ICL) program. ICL procedures
are typically small files for which a
full granule is allocated in normal
disk processing.

My experience illustrates the value of
the program. The system disk I use for
scripting/formatting text with the

G.E.A.P. Dotprint program contains a
large number of letterset files ranging in
size from five sectors to 55 sectors.

By loading these into libraries, I
saved about 15K of storage space after
subtracting the LSO storage require-
ment. This is on a 40-track double-sided
disk. The space savings and the added
convenience are considerable.

No two library files on the same disk
can have the same name. You can use a
bit of creativity in naming files, such as
the extension /TXA for the first 255
text files, and /TXB for the next 255.

Varying one character in the exten-
sion and using the alphabet and single-
digit numbers results in 36 library files
with a possible 9,180 directory entries.

You create the libraries, load LSO,
and everything else is automatic — no set
of new commands to learn and simple
command syntax for what is new. You
can load LSO with a do-file or with the
Auto command so even these functions
are automatic.

You can force LSO to process a file
as a conventional file by adding a pound
sign to the beginning of the file name.
Some DOSes reject this, but it works
nicely with DOSPLUS 3.5, probably
because that DOS has expanded legal
file name characters. Most applica-
tion programs and Basic permit this
technique.

I haven't found the perfect program
yet, but including my observations on
the documentation, the imperfections in
LSO are minor. First is the maximum
library file size of 255 sectors, or 64K
bytes.

The huge, changing data files are just
what the large capacity floppy and hard
disk systems are best suited for and
these files can coexist with libraries con-
taining the small files they handle best.
You should use LSO to expand your
file-handling capabilities rather than as
a substitute system.

The other limitation, the inability to
obtain a library directory display from
Basic, is due to the way DOS systems
are structured and it's doubtful anyone
can overcome this.

The LSO program is excellent soft-
ware. Like any good investment, the
longer you use it the more it's worth.

The price is fair, and for large-capac-
ity floppy and hard disk system users it
appears downright inexpensive. If
you've ever seen DIRECTORY FULL
when you have plenty of disk space,
LSO is for you.B

DATAGRAPH

PRINTER

GRAPHICS

PROGRAM

TRANSFORM YOUR VISICALC™ FILES INTO HIGH-RESOLUTION CUSTOM
GRAPHS ON YOUR TRS-80™ COMPUTER AND GRAPHICS PRINTER.

ELECTRONIC WORKSHEET

Jjr.ujfa HTU DJIft

6S1 Stf SCO JktostH Eiclius

1231

77.84

?43.??

373.10

114.42

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132.12

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115.1?

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114.09

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133.43

112

74.52

943.77

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REVIEWS

• • • • Vi

TRS-80 Pascal 2.0
Tandy/Radio Shack
One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Catalog #26-2211
Models I and m
$249.95

by David Dalton

Tandy's heavy-duty, full-feature
Pascal is ideal for several types of
users. Professionals will find it power-
ful enough to create working programs.
Colleges can use it to teach Pascal on
TRS-80s. Hackers who have the time
can learn Pascal for their personal use.

TRS-80 Pascal was written by Alcor
Systems and licensed to Tandy. It
comes with three single-density disks for
the Model I and two double-density
disks for the Model III. The user's
manual is just under 350 pages long and
includes a quick-reference card.

Most of the manual is written for
those with a working knowledge of Pas-
cal. But for neophyte Pascal program-
mers, there's a 24-page beginners' sec-
tion and an excellent 62-page tutorial.

The Program

Both Model III disks contain TRS-
DOS 1.3. The Model I disks have no op-
erating system.

On the Model III, the programs run
under NEWDOS80 and DOSPLUS
without modification. Pascal includes
patches for Model III LDOS.

You must patch the Model I version
for NEWDOS80, and the patches are
on the disks.

The program also includes a text
editor, ED/CMD, so you can write pro-
gram files. The editor's buffer has room
for about 13,000 characters, but you
can load the text in blocks so the true
limit on a file's length is equal to the
amount of free space on a single disk. A
14-page section in the manual describes
how to use the editor.

My only complaint about the editor is
the way it scrolls. It's very smooth when
scrolling toward the bottom of a file,
but it jerks when scrolling toward the
top. However, you do have an assort-
ment of quick-cursor commands.

Pascal/CMD is the main compil-
er. It's fast and it gives an excellent
report on any errors encountered while
compiling.

52 • 80 Micro, October 1983

The documentation says that this
nonoverlayed compiler should handle a
typical 1,000-line program. For longer
programs, the overlayed compiler has
enough space for a typical 4,000-line
program. However, the overlayed com-
piler runs more slowly.

You can run the object code, or
p-code, produced by the compiler as is,
using the Run/CMD utility, or convert
it to a true command file (/CMD) using
the LINKLOAD/CMD utility. LINK-
LOAD also lets you link together and
execute separately compiled programs.

You can sell command files produced
by this program without paying any
royalty to Tandy or Alcor, though you
must give them credit . Your friends can
run your Pascal programs as command
files even if they don't own Pascal, and
your programs earn more status if they
have the /CMD extension rather than a
Basic extension.

Pascal contains several utilities for
streamlining your programs. A p-code
optimizer, Optimize/CMD, checks the
p-code to find places where it can be
compressed. The documentation says
that the typical reduction in program
length is 10-30 percent. The code gener-
ator, CODEGEN/CMD, increases exe-
cution speed by translating p-code in-
structions to machine-code instructions.

The disk files contain a good number
of ready-made procedures for random
file in/out, TRS-80 graphics, error re-
covery, file status, port in/out, Assem-
bly language subroutines, and more.

Disks also provide many special func-
tions for string manipulation.

Evaluation

This is not merely an academic Pascal
or a Pascal primer. It's meant to do the
job and it's much faster than Basic.

For comparison, I wrote a Basic pro-
gram that converts text files to upload
to a mainframe, and I wrote a similar
Pascal program. The job required that
the text be tested byte by byte so certain
translations are made as required by the
mainframe. The text file for my test was
seven NEWDOS80 granules long.

The fastest Basic I could write re-
quired seven minutes, 31 seconds to
rewrite the text file. My Pascal program
did the job in one minute, 17 seconds.
When I converted Pascal to a command
file, the runtime was the same.

The documentation seems complete,
though it's a bit dry. In addition to the
sections I've already mentioned, it
contains a 34-page system section de-
scribing all 26 files on the program
disks, an advanced development section
to help you write faster or very long
programs, an excellent 120-page Pascal
language reference manual, and an in-
adequate index stretched over eight
pages.

If you're lazy or want an inexpensive
Pascal, this package isn't for you. But if
you're serious about Pascal program-
ming on your TRS-80, this is your
ticket. ■

• ••V2

Computer Art and Animation for the

TRS-80

David L. Heiserman

Prentice- Hall Inc.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632

Hardcover, 246 pp.

$17.95

by Richard Ramella

The serious student of computer
graphics gets a bargain with this
book. He can learn a great deal about
using TRS-80 graphics, especially if he's
willing to do a lot of work in conjunc-
tion with the text.

In early chapters, the author explains
the TRS-80 Level II graphics and alpha-

numeric sets, and PRINT® and POKE
positioning. Then he gets down to the
business of putting pictures on the
screen. First come some still life ex-
amples, then graphics in motion.

Along the way, Heiserman includes
much meaty material: how to print
black graphics on a white background,
composition, string packing, and
animations.

Heiserman makes the point that
TRS-80 Level II graphics are, by defini-
tion, low resolution. The viewer needs a
bit of imagination to accept images as
what they represent.

The book's examples are well done,
carefully thought out, and often hu-
morous. Keying in some of the many
graphics programs both instructs and
entertains you. They include a dog and

REVIEWS

cat, a flickering candle, and a dancing
country girl reminiscent of Grand Ole
Opry comedienne Minnie Pearl.

Heiserman uses the TRS-80 graphics
set, CHR$ graphics 128 to 191 , to create
his images. To see these building blocks,
try this program (not included in the
book):

100 FOR X= 128 to 191:

PRINT CHRS(X;" ");:

NEXT
110 GOTO 110

As an adjunct to programs with so
many number variables in data lines,
Heiserman explains the importance of
running checksums of data lines. This
technique helps the user keying in pro-
grams. For example:

100 DATA 12,2,19
110FORX=1 TO 3
120 READ A(X)

I30N = N + A(X)

140 NEXT X

150 IF N<>33 THEN PRINT

"CHECKSUM ERROR": END

In this short test, you know the total
of all the data entries is 33. If the total of
the entries as typed in doesn't agree,
you have an error in the data lines. This
is just a sampling of the useful knowl-
edge in Computer Art and Animation.

What distinguishes this book from
others that use examples is Heiserman's
many useful and playful programs that
reflect a sense of craftsmanship. In ad-
dition to the cartoonish figures, he of-
fers a Russian character set, a playing
card set, a missile shoot game, ideas on
perspective animation, and routines in-
volving multiple characters.

This book is for the programmer who
already knows Basic and is ready for a
big jump into graphics. I recommend it
as a hearty helping of useful ideas. ■

• * •

Wormy, Racer, Quest for Adventure,

Chess, Othello, The Wrath of Ken,

Computer Casino, Meteors, Galactic

Invaders, Bustout

Kuzel Computer Services

8654 W. Berwyn Ave. #3S

Chicago, IL 60656

Models II, 12, and 16

Each game costs $19.95 on disk

$5 discount per game for orders of two

or more

by Mare-Anne Jarvela
80 Micro staff

Believe it or not, games for the Mod-
els II, 12, and 16 do exist; I received
a disk with 10 games to review. The
graphics capability on the Model II is

limited, so you should keep that in mind
when playing these games.

The game that's the biggest hit with
our staff is Wormy. Wormy, which
starts out as a cursor, is a hungry worm
that grows longer and longer as it eats
its way around the screen. Wormy eats
numbers and asterisks (bonus points)
that flash on the screen.

You have a time limit in which to eat
the targets. The longer Wormy be-
comes, the harder it is to reach the tar-
gets in time. Move your worm around
the screen as you please, but you must
be careful not to run Wormy into itself
or a wall. If you make a complete turn,
Wormy dies.

The more targets you eat, the higher
your score. If you miss a target, the pro-
gram subtracts points from your score.

Continued on p S8

Scotch
DISKETTES

$20.95 for one box when
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$22.50 for single box

purchase (5 1 /i" single sided,

single density)

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Head Cleaning

KitS 5 V4" and 8" Kits —

DISKETTE-JUNCTION

stocks a complete

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including 96TPI Quad Density.

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DISKETTE JUNCTION

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Authorized Distributor
Information Processing Products

80 Micro, October 1983 • 53

The

PRODUCER

The Professional Program Writer,

• 59

What has your computer done for you
lately? You bought it to be a powerful and
time saving tool. But if lack of good
software keeps you frustrated and makes
your computer an expensive and idle
gadget. The PRODUCER is here to solve
your problem.

Now you can design and produce
professional quality programs that meet
your exact specifications and you don't
even need to understand programming at
all.

THE PRODUCER IS A SOFTWARE PACKAGE
THAT WRITES PROGRAMS FOR YOU.

Even though you have no knowledge about how to write
programs, you can now create impressive, sophisticated
and functional software to manage your data. You answer
simple English questions, draw your screen on your
monitor exactly like you want it. and The PRODUCER
writes the entire BASIC program by itself.

THE PRODUCER WAS DESIGNED FOR MICRO
COMPUTER OWNERS WHO CANT FIND THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAM TO DO WHAT THEY
WANT IT TO DO.

You may never need to buyanothercomputer program to
store and retrieve information, perform calculations on
your data and get displayed and printed reports The
PRODUCER can create customized software of truly
professional quality.

The PRODUCER makes the micro computera useful tool
to the novice and saves many hours of programming time
for the experienced computer professional.

IF YOU ARE A NOVICE

The PRODUCER can make you feel like a pro. The Basic
code is written for you. You push buttons, answer
questions and watch the program develop in this
remarkable process.

IF YOU ARE A PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER

The PRODUCER can be the time-saver you need to
increase your productivity and make your job easier. The
PRODUCER provides many of the advanced features
found on products that cost many thousands of dollars
more. You'll be proud to show your clients the
professional quality programs created by The
PRODUCER.

Listen to what one of our users wrote recently:

The PRODUCER has proven to be the greatest. I used to
spend 70%ofmytime writing programs to create, maintain,
sort, and list data. No More. Days and weeks of
programming are now reduced to minutes and hours. The
PRODUCER has increased the productivity of my custom
software firm by 400%. This product is in a class reserved
for the best. A Copelle, Northbrook. Illinois.

HOW DO I LEARN TO USE THE PRODUCER

In each TRS-80 version, we have provided a systematic
guided tour of The PRODUCER program generator
process. For the Model I and III, an audio cassette tape
tutorial is part of your package. One of your fellow
PRODUCER owners talks to you as you go through the
step-by-step lessons. The tapes not only teach you the
operating process, they enable you to actually create a
program of your own design while you learn.

We have provided over 200 pages of thorough
documentation in The PRODUCER Reference Manual,
but we encourage you not to read the manual until after
you have completed the tutorial. We've had many rave
reviews from our users, like this one from S.R. Foster of
Pensacola, Florida:

The tutorial was an excellent starter. It enabled me to get
on with it without days and days of reading. Veryhelpful.

WHAT DO YOU GET
WITH THE PRODUCER?

You will be impressed with the
professionalism of the PRODUCER
package.

DISKETTE(s) containing PRODUCER
Program Development System
REFERENCE MANUAL of over 200 pages of
extensive, easy to read, well organized
material Attractive hardback 3-ring binder
Color keyed index tabs separate the
chapters Comprehensive alphabetical
Index refers to specific chapter subsections
QUICK REFERENCE CARD
REGISTRATION CARD
TUTORIAL SESSION including audio
cassettes and detailed follow-along outline,
written and produced by fellow PRODUCER
user

FREE HOME INVENTORY MANAGE-
MENT PROGRAM ($59 95 value as a
sample) allowing you to use a finished
program immediately.

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION to the
PRODUCER newsletter
TOLL FREE NUMBER for technical
assistance, available only to registered
PRODUCER owners

Pictured are the components of the Model III version of The PRODUCER Other versions may vary slightly

The
PRODUCER,

-69

HOW THE PRODUCER WORKS

We think you will be impressed with the ease of
operation and the amazing versatility of features
you get with the PRODUCER. Here is a step by step
overview of the program writing process. The
screen shown is an unretouched photo of the
Master Menu from which each of these steps is
selected.

□ Planning Your Program

The PRODUCER provides a helpful planning form you can print on your own printer It
helps you organize your thoughts to create a laiior made program to meet your needs

□ Creating The Screen

Visible on your monitor will be the screen where information will be entered, edited and
displayed There are six simple steps to follow in creating your screen

1. Draw Your Screen

Using the arrow keys construct the screen in any configuration you desire With single
keystrokes enter large graphic letters and borders Edit at will until you are satisfied

2. Define Message Areas

Select an area of your screen where The PRODUCER messages to you will appear

3. Define Input Fields

The PRODUCER will ask you questions about the areas where you will enter the data
You specify the length of each area or field as well as acceptable characters in each
field

4. Define Display Fields

Locate the display fields anywhere you want on your screen These show the results of
the calculations you want made on your data

5. Define Custom Prompts

You select an area where help messages to yourself can be displayed

6. Save Your Results

Assign a working name for your program and save it to disk

The PrcrfiKr

THE PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM MRITER (01982 BV ROGER SMITH

BV <1> PLANNING FORM <1> CREATE A SCREEN

SOFTWARE OF THE <2> LOGON FILENAME <2> Oil BASIC DATA

WW INC <3> REFERENCE FORM <3> MAKE BASIC LINES

^^^^^^^ m <4> MAINTAIN FILES <4> BUILD REPORTS

PPESS <A> OP &» TO <5> FUTURE MENU <5> BUILD PROGRAM

SELECT DESIRED MENU <6> UTILITV'S MENU <6> EXIT TO DOS

□ Editing Basic Data

1 Edit any part of The PRODUCER program you have created - screen field names
lengths, prompt areas, etc

2 Type in any help message you want as a custom prompt to help you operate the
program

3 Easily create calculations for your program using actual field names You can use
the contents of any numeric field and all math operations including logical operators

D Making Basic Code

Press a key. sit back and watch The PRODUCER do all the work of creating BASIC
code for your program You can see the program lines appear on your screen
Complete error checking is done for you

D Building Reports

Virtually any report s available to you thru our NEW free form report generator it
works with any sire paper You are allowed up to 100 calculations within the report
You can specify exact position of any text information to any position on your paper
(even preprinted forms checks, etc ) An amazingly versatile tool.

□ Building The Program

Put the finishing touches on your program by selecting cursor type, size flashing
speed, auto messages, custom logos, etc After your selections have been made, press
a key and your entire finished program is created in less than 5 minutes That's all there
Is to this remarkably simple program generation process

Continued

The
PRODUCER,

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

The PRODUCER provides many advanced features which allow you
to do "magic" with the programs you create.

The SCREEN GENERATOR

'Use the full screen (all lines and column positions)
'Create a professional well organized screen with graphics
'Save up to 9 separate screens in memory at one time and get

instant access to each
'Move the cursor to any location on the screen
"Replicate bars/lines/graphics to define certain screen areas
"Access an instantly available Help Menu of all Screen

Editor commands
'Insert and delete any character with a single keystroke
"Clear or erase selected areas of any screen
"Insert and delete whole lines on the screen
"Center any text on the screen
"Move any rectangular block of text anywhere on the screen

(block move)
"Create titles with asingle keystroke large graphic letteralphabet
"Move portions of screens between different screens (cut and

paste)
"Save any number of screens to disk at any time
"Recall any screen from disk any time
"Create BAS IC lines to re-create any screen

FILE and RECORD HANDLING

"Rapidly access records with BTREE File structure

"Search for a record with only the first few letters of the

name or key (partial key) (Example: locate PRODUCER by

typing PR)
'Recall and edit duplicate and multiple keys (Example: Several

last names may be the same on a file and you can find

and edit them individually

"Fully edit any part of a previously entered record
'Recover unused space automatically upon deletion of a record
"Enter data very fast with the special batch mode
'Recall immediately any record after it's been entered,

eliminating time consuming sorting and indexing
'Rapidly access any record anytime (2-4 seconds average)
'Globally search and replace data in certain fields in

selected record range
'Automatically rebuild any file to meet new specifications. No

need to re-enter data when a file needs to be restructured.
'Balance any BTREE file automatically to reorganize and speed

up file access time
'Recover from power failure and easily rebuild files that have

been damaged. Avoid laborious re-entry of long data files

SCREEN ORIENTED INPUT
and EDITING of DATA

'Insert and delete characters at any position in any field. No

"back to start" retyping of data
"Move forward or back to previously entered fields to edit

using the arrow keys. Totally non-destructive cursor. Does not

require re-entering of each data field
"Move within any field using the arrow keys
'Move instantly to any field with Control G command
'Exit from input/edit mode at any point allowing immediate

escape from data entry mode. Allows partial information to be

entered for each record without the annoying, time

consuming need to press ENTER for each blank field not used

at the time of entry
'Duplicate field information from a previous record with one

keystroke. No need to re-enter duplicate information,

addresses, etc. on consecutive records
'View a custom prompt, your own custom reminder or help

message for each field with 1 keystroke
'Verify each character typed automatically
"Enter data as fast as you want, even if you are a speed typist
"View visible display of automatic field length restrictions
"View prompts for each field showing number of characters

allowed

PRINTED REPORTS

"Create up to 9 separate reports at a time in a finished program
"Generate any number of reports you want (no limit)
'Select reports by name from a report menu in the program
"Select from six different automatic report formats including

custom mailing labels
"Instantly print reports by key with no time consuming sort

necessary
"Sort and print any other (non key) field with the fast machine

language sort

"Sort only records that meet your search criteria
"Sort on more than one field if desired
'Use any restrictions or search criteria to determine which

records will be included in a report
'Use any number of multiple search criteriea (including logical)

(Example: You can search for all the males who are single,

and drive a car that are over 24 years old but less than

35 years old
"Send any special command to your printer before or after any

report

"Specify any line length needed and any page length desired
"Select single line or multiple lines per record, even one page per

record
"Total any fields during the report (running totals)

FREEFORM REPORT GENERATOR

"Specify column and row of every heading and field
"Allow up to 100 of interfield calculations, even string

calculations

"Include any text anywhere on the screen
"Keep sub-totals on any field and print at any time in any format
"Format any numeric fields anyway you wish
"Print reports on pre-printed forms, checks, etc.
'Create form letters with merged field data, with no word

processing necessary
'Put any field anywhere on the page. No limitations

ADVANCED CALCULATIONS

'Globally recalculate any field in any or all records.

(Example: If file is a list of gold assets and the spot price

changes, each separate asset may be recalculated with

a new value for the spot price)
'Use all math operations including exponentiation and

trigonometry

"Use logical calculations such as And, Or, Not, etc.
"Use any level of parenthesis in calculation formulas
"Save results in any field and display results in any field
"Store temporary results in several extra memory slots
"Pass calculation results between records
"Determine the exact order of calculations
'Display or save results at your option in the finished record

OTHER ADVANCED FEATURES

"Edit any part of any program without starting over or redefining

the entire program
"Create screen and input modules only (for professional

programmers)
"Create Calculate-only programs with the easy desk-top super

calculator program

"Design custom logos for your program
"Control cursor type, size, flash speed, etc.
"Design custom prompts or help info for any field

YOU ALSO GET

"FREE 1 year SUBSCRIPTION to PRODUCER Newsletter
"TOLL FREE assistance number for all registered users
'REFERENCE MANUAL of over 200 pages
'FREE audio TUTORIAL

The
PRODUCER,

WHAT ARE PRODUCER USERS SAYING?

We continue to receive testimonials from satisfied users almost every day.
Here's a sampling of the feedback we are receiving:

VALUE

VEJ?y impressive! No matter how much I
use the PRODUCER, there is no doubt I got
my money's worth. It is clear the program,
packaging and tutorial are developed
with lots of thought.... Very user friendly'.
Congratulations'.

R. N. Forbes. Los Altos Hills. California

The PRODUCER package I received was
excellent The finest software package I
have ever purchased. Far beyond my
expectations.

S. R. Foster. Pensacola. Florida

I think the PRODUCER will save me so
much time that it will give me the time to
do the more important tasks that my
business calls for and the money I'll save
from not having to buy canned programs
that are overpriced. Now with the
PRODUCER I can write a program
overnight to do almost any thing I want it
to do and with written reports to boot.
Talk about saving time and money. I feel
the PRODUCER will pay for itself with my
first three programs.

S. Tornatore. Canastota. New York

The PRODUCER is a i>ery impressive
software package. It is well worth the
money. While other micro owners are
printing mailing labels, I am now selling
them programs to use. I now have more
time to spend enjoying my computer.

V. E. Ryberg. Bloomington. Illinois

rm in love with the PRODUCER. It's one of
my favorite programs.

R. Selsback. Burlingame. California

It was very complete and professionally
done. The packaging and program seem
to have been thought out before assembly
and sale. The 'value' of the deal,
everything included was the best I've
seen to date.

G. Slusher. Martin. Kentucky

Very professional packaging. It gave the
feeling of getting your moneys worth
before even running the program.. .Very
easy to use and leaves veryfew questions
unanswered.. As you can see. I like the
PRODUCER and was impressed with how
trouble free it is.

A. C Vincent Napa, California

Excellent. Above and beyond other
software.

R. Hapgood. Henrietta. Texas

VERSATILITY

The PRODUCER is the best all purpose
program generator I have used. (We have
tried almost all of them. I The generated
code is bug free, well commented and
efficient.

R. A. Copella. Northbrook. Ilinois

/ bought the PRODUCER to save time. I
feel capable of being able to write almost
all programs I need. The PRODUCER
generated programs will savea lot of time
writing basic code and debugging. Using
the PRODUCER I can write a good
database type program using math
calculation in about three hours. I don't
have to tell you how long it would take
writing the same program from scratch.
S. Tornatore. Canastota. New York

A special thanks to Roger and all of you.
You ve made my computing life easier
and better. My 10 year old can't wait to
get his hands on the PRODUCER.

J. D. Konkler. Columbus. Ohio

DOCUMENTATION

The Reference Manual is a work of art.
Not only is it attractive and easy to use. it
is so well organized, documented and
logically written that the manual is a
rarity in the software market place.

S. R. Foster. Pensacola. Florida

One of the best I've seen. We write about
20 volumes of material per year. Take it
from a 'pro', it's good!

J. Crespi. Sherman Oaks. California

The PRODUCER Reference Manual is
professionally written to provide ready
acess to easily understood answers to
questions which arise during use of the
PRODUCER.

R. A. Copella. Northbrook, Illinois

The Reference Manual is supreme and
superior to anything I have worked with.

R. A. Neuman. Okemos. Michigan

Very well laid out and organized. One of
the best I've seen.

J. D. Konkler. Columbus. Ohio

QUALITY

Thank you for an excellent program. I
agree that The PRODUCER will change
the entire concept of program creation in
the future. But for now. you stand as the
best data-base-management-system I
can buy.

E. Sung. Vancouver, B.C.

Your system really is Software of the
Future. Your staff has insight others of us
only dream of Congratulations on a
product of extraordinary design.

S. R. Foster. Pensacola. Florida

This is an excellent program. At this
point I am totally pleased. This is by far
my number one software and I will use it
anywhere and everywhere I possibly can
both personal and business. Once again
congratulations to all of the people
involved.

R. A Neuman. Okemos. Michigan

Comparison shopping indicates the
PRODUCER'S superiority to all others.
And I already own most of the others.

R. A. Copella. Northbrook, Ilinois

Glad to see you take an interest in what
some of us hackers are up against. I think
the PRODUCER will make the software
hackers upgrade their products to this
high level quality of the PRODUCER. I'm
sure you realize that there is a lot of
garbage on the market

D. J. Smith. Lombard. Ilinois

/ mas impressed by the professional
appearance of your program. Other
software I have received were on copy
paper and stapled into a booklet with
very vague instructions.

W. J. Mahaffey. Absecon. N. J.

USE

The program is almost idiot proof.

J. Crespi. Sherman Oaks. California

It is a very friendly friend and we will be

working together for some time to come.

R. A. Neuman, Okemos. Michigan

Very easy to use and leaves veryfew
questions unanswered.

A. C. Vincent. Napa. California

m ni

1 ®fe

'<dp*' v T

" ' V

^M"N5>y^P9y, I

,rU

The PRODUCER

MODEL I version $149.95

MODEL III version $149.95

Available FALL/83 for

MODEL II $299.95

MODELIV $199.95

MODEL 12 $299.95

MODEL 16 $299.95

MODEL 16 XENIX $499.95

IBM - PC $299.95

PRODUCER
SOFTWARE

Box 1245
Arlington, Texas

76004-1245

Texas 817-274-6998

800-433-5355

REVIEWS

Continued from p. 53

As the game progresses, Wormy be-
comes more difficult to maneuver. If
your worm grows to occupy 256 spaces,
be ready for a surprise.

The game has a range of speeds. The
targets are worth less at the slower
speeds. At the highest speed, the
keyboard doesn't respond fast enough
for proper play. I find medium speed
the best. The game is simple but enter-
taining, and it improves your reflexes.

Chess and Othello are for the player
who doesn't have a human opponent.
The chess game plays well and is a good
learning tool. The chess pieces are rep-
resented by letters (K is a king, P is a
pawn). You have two levels of play:
quick (computer thinks for 30 seconds)
and long (computer thinks for three
minutes). The game lets you castle.
Othello has good documentation, and
it's possible to beat the computer.

If you're a gambler and can't go to
Las Vegas maybe Computer Casino is
for you. Blackjack and Slot Machine

look like the real thing and you have
$1 ,000 to start with, but where's the rat-
tle of coins, the excitement? If you
don't have anybody to gamble with, the
computer is a good substitute.

The Quest is a different kind of ad-
venture game. The program draws a
random map on the screen with villages,
forests, lakes, and various beasts. The
map changes every time you play. You
are in the middle of the screen with
some food, water, and gold coins. The
map scrolls across the screen as you
press the arrow keys.

Your mission is to recruit an army,
spies, and thieves. You have to kill
beasts and find the magical keys to the
castle.

When I tried the game, I died of thirst
or starved to death before I had a
chance to look for the keys. Luckily,
some sealed envelopes with clues were
included with the disk. After opening
them, I was able to go a little further.

The graphics are poor, but probably
the best available on a Model II. If you

like adventures that are a little different,
this is a good game.

My reaction was the same to Galactic
Invaders, Meteors, and Bustout. If the
games had repeat key functions to help
you move across the screen, they
wouldn't be bad. If you play Bustout at
the fastest speed, you can't get from one
side to the next to hit the ball.

The Wrath of Ken is an adventure
graphics game that takes place in outer
space. You're in a starship with a mis-
sion to destroy enemy ships. I found it
extremely hard to hit the ships. The game
seems limited and not very exciting.

The Racer game isn't bad. It's fast
and you go from an easy track to harder
ones. You have to pass slower cars and
stay alert so you don't run into walls.
You need quick reflexes for this game.

Not many games are available for the
Models II, 12, and 16, and this package
isn't bad. I had a lot of fun playing
these games. Wormy takes the prize as
the best game and some of the others
are almost as good. ■

• •••

MicroRef

Educational Systems Inc.
1000 Skokie Blvd.
Wilmette, IL 60091
$12.95

by Dan Robinson

Learning to use WordStar is rather
like learning to walk: It's a slow
process, you stumble many times, and
now and then you fall flat on your face.

MicroRef s Quick Reference Guide
to WordStar helps you keep a sure-
footed pace through this complex word
processing program starting with your
first step.

The spiral-bound AVi- by 8 Vi -inch
guide is printed on durable plastic-
coated stock. Its thumb tabs take you
quickly to 46 sections of illustrated,
two-color instructions. Keystrokes ap-
pear in reverse print and examples of re-
quired input are in boldface.

WordStar has many keystroke com-
mands, and MicroRef covers them all.

Rather than simply listing Word-
Star's commands, MicroRef provides a
detailed background of their function
and operation. For the user already
familiar with WordStar, a complete

58 • 80 Micro, October 1983

command summary appears in the back
of the booklet.

MicroRef sections include Menus,
Files, Editing, Block Operations, For-
matting, Headings and Footings, Spe-
cial Effects, and Printing. In addition,

"For the user already

familiar with WordStar,

a complete command

summary appears in

the back..."

the pamphlet includes a glossary and an
index.

Anyone who has waded through the
huge MicroPro WordStar Operating
Manual or the equally corpulent Word-
Star Training Guide will appreciate Mi-
croRef s 48 pages of concise, detailed
instructions.

The one-sheet reference cards don't
provide the detail that MicroRef does,
and they often force even an experienced
user back to the books to check a seldom
used command.

If you've been limping along through
WordStar, the MicroRef Quick Refer-
ence Guide is an invaluable crutch. ■

• ••••

MT160 Dot-Matrix Printer
Mannesmann Tally
8301 South 180th St.
Kent, WA 98032
MT160IS845
MT160L$990

by Terry Kepner

If you want a high-quality, solidly
built, versatile, fast printer for your
computer system, consider the Mannes-
mann Tally MT160.

Physical Description

The MT160 is a small printer, only
13.7 inches wide (10-inch- wide paper
maximum) by 6.2 inches high by 9.6
inches deep. Its footprint, the space oc-
cupied on a desk, is about the same as
the Epson MX printer. In that small
space, Mannesmann Tally has packed
an incredible number of features at a
bargain price.

The MT160 is built of heavy gauge
metal and weighs 18 pounds. Only the
platen paper holder, the exterior case,
and a few other miscellaneous parts are
plastic. The cast metal design makes the
printer rugged (a desirable quality for
office use) and stable.

Installing the optional tractor feed, a

Computer
Classic

Boardgame Classic now available on TRS-80®!

Computer Diplomacy is the computer version of the classic
boardgame of persuasion, compromise and betrayal. Against a
backdrop of Imperial Europe, Computer Diplomacy uses a
minimum of game mechanics and a maximum of intimidation
(and back stabbing) to create a game of exciting international
intrigue where each player tries to arrange the deals and
alliances that will lead him to ultimate victory. The result is a
game of pure diplomacy, a balance between the trust needed to
deal and the profitable stab in the back that leaves the betrayer
friendless.

The player is free lo scroll the map.

Provinces and seas are shown by

three letter codes. Supply centers

are marked by asterisks (*).

Initials of a power within a province

signifies ownership. Symbols
indicates fleet ( | |)orarmy(JL).

But now there is Computer Diplomacy where six or less
players can compete and the computer resolves the moves of the
other nations. Admittedly the computer isn't always as devious
as a human, but it is treacherous enough to make play vastly
more enjoyable for six or less players. In fact, it's fun for a
single player to take one nation and try to conquer the map
(though this certainly cannot be termed "'diplomacy").

Of course. Computer Diplomacy also has all of the amenities
you expect in a computer game: a detailed scrolling map that
displays the location and type of all units, various status reports
and even a built-in clock that times each "diplomacy period".
The computer also takes care of game mechanics: you simply
enter your moves and the computer swiftly resolves all conflicts,
prompts you when to take the action and explains why a move
failed.

So. if Diplomacy is a classic, what is Computer Diplomacy?!

We'll be humble and just say it's still a classic — but not just
for seven anymore.

Computer Diplomacy is available on diskette for your TRS-80
with 48K memory at $30.00. Diskette soon to be available for the
IBM-PC"

For years, the board game version of Diplomacy has been
regarded as a true classic in the world of gaming. Even profes-
sional diplomats, including no less a celebrity than Henry
Kissinger, have enjoyed its accuracy and intensity. However,
for years it has also been noticed that the game had one flaw: by
far the best version of the game required seven players, a
sometimes hard-to-get number.

•Trademarks nf Tandy Corporation and International Business Machines.

(ill! microcomputer games"

quality A DIVISION OF

The Aval on Hill Game Company

4517 Harford Road • Baltimore. MD 21214 • (301) 254-5300 ^ flH

THESE GAMES
ARE ALSO
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FOR THE TRS-80:

For addilional

information call

Toil-Free:

1 (800) 638-9292.

Ask for Oper. D.

•See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro. October 1983 • 59

REVIEWS

unidirectional model, is easy; it snaps
into place. The nylon ribbon, rated for
two million characters, is equally simple
to install: Remove the cover, position
the ribbon cartridge, put the ribbon
guide in front of the print head, and
you're finished.

Features

This printer is one of the few I've
found with a switch to select the voltage
at which the printer operates. You can
set the printer to accept either 120V,
220V, or 240V power supplies. The de-
fault setting is 120V ac. If you opt for
220V operation, you have to replace the
1.25 amp fuse with a .6 amp fuse, which
is included with the unit.

After selecting the power supply volt-
age, choose the communication pro-
tocol for your system, either RS-232 or
parallel. Both connectors are clearly la-
beled on the back of the printer. Plug
your computer's printer cable into the
appropriate connector.

Next, load in roll, cut sheet, or
tractor-feed paper. When you use mul-
tipart forms with roll paper, you can
have one original and two copies.
Tractor-feed forms provide one original
and up to three copies.

A knob just in front and below the
manual paper advance knob controls
the striking distance between the print
head and the platen. You can turn this
knob while the printer operates to ad-
just the density of the print without go-
ing off line and blindly guessing the set-
ting you need.

The MT160 has a cooling fan that al-
ways runs while the printer is on. Its
hum is barely audible.

You choose from a variety of print
styles, options, and modes. The printer
is factory-set to print 10 characters per
inch (cpi), draft quality, six lines per
vertical inch, 66 lines per page, USA
character set, parallel interface, and the
ANSII code set.

You don't have to open the printer
case and play with DIP (dual in-line
package), switches, jumpers, or shunts
to change these settings. Change them
from the printer's front panel or from
your computer. The MT160's front
panel consists of a six-key membrane
keypad. The keys are labeled On/Off
Line, Test, Yes, No, LF (line feed), and
FF (form feed). Test, Yes, No, LF, and
FF operate only when the printer is
off line.

60 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Line feed and form feed are useful in
aligning your paper, and you use the
Yes and No buttons in printer parame-
ter selection. The test key puts the print-
er into a self-test mode that prints the
ASCII character set.

To determine your printer's current
default settings, press the No button
while you're off line. This prints the set-
tings on paper. To change the settings,
press the Yes button and hold it while
pressing the No button. This starts
the parameter setting program. Answer
the prompts by pressing the Yes or No
button.

Your responses are stored automati-
cally and printed on paper as a file
record. You only set the parameters
once, since your responses are stored in
an EAROM (electrically alterable read-
only memory). The EAROM isn't af-
fected, so change the settings as often as
you like.

"The front panel

doesn't control all
the printer parameters;

in fact, you have
more printing choices

available through

software control than

through the front panel."

The options available with the
MT160 are truly incredible. You can
opt for a form length of 4, 5, 6, 8, 8/2,
11, 12, or 14 inches. You can print ei-
ther six or eight lines per vertical inch,
and the cpi options range through 10,
12, 16.7, and 20 cpi, 10 and 12 cpi corre-
spondence-quality, and proportional
correspondence-quality print styles.
The normal print fonts run at 160 char-
acters per second (cps), the correspon-
dence fonts at 40 cps.

Print head operation is bidirectional,
with logic-seeking accelerated tabbing.
The printer supports the full 96-charac-
ter US ASCII set, plus 32 international
characters. You use a modified sans
serif font for correspondence-quality
printing. The draft-quality print font
uses a 7- by 9-dot matrix, and the cor-

respondence font uses a 20- by 18-dot
matrix. You can replace the print head
itself.

When using the 10 cpi mode, you get
80 characters or columns per line.
Twelve cpi gives you 96 columns, 16.7
cpi has 132 columns, and 20 cpi fits 160
characters per line.

Customize the printer to your com-
puter system by specifying if a carriage
return implies a line feed, if the printer
should line feed when it reaches the end
of a line, if the printer should automati-
cally print data whenever it receives a
line feed, and if a line feed implies a car-
riage return.

If you set the printer to require a line
feed before it actually line feeds the
paper, you can use the carriage return
command to return to the beginning of
a line for boldface and overstrike
printing.

The seven available character sets
are: USA, United Kingdom, Norwe-
gian/Danish, Swedish/Finnish, Ger-
man, French, and Spanish. These char-
acters are in addition to the standard 96
ASCII characters. If you need to differ-
entiate between a zero and an O, you
can also have the printer slash the zeros.
The MT160 uses the standard ASCII
codes with some alterations. You can
choose from standard ANSII, Daisy
printer codes (MT160L only), or Epson
printer codes. You can also use any
software designed for the standard Ep-
son printer with the MT160, including
graphics.

Use the last set of options to select the
communications mode of your printer:
parallel or serial. The parallel port is
standard 8-bit Centronics compatible.
The RS-232 port supports 150, 300,
600, 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 baud
rates, with 7 or 8 data bits per word, 1
or 2 stop bits, and even, odd, or no-
parity checking.

You control whether the busy signal
is high or low, and whether the protocol
is EXON/XOFF or ETX/ACK. You
can select the communications options
only from the front panel.

The front panel doesn't control all
the printer parameters; in fact, you have
more printing choices available through
software control than through the front
panel. You can control character den-
sity, both normal (10, 12, 16.7, and 20
cpi) and double width (5, 6, 8.3, and
10 cpi).

Also available are underlining, super-
scripting, subscripting, automatic line

®h? (Computer ®tm?s

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The NEW HD-505 Winchester Systems are available through
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•S«* List ot AOvriisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 61

REVIEWS

centering, automatic right margin justi-
fication, setting and clearing the left and
right margins, setting the forms length
from zero to 255 lines, setting and clear-
ing horizontal and vertical paper tabs
(up to 16 of each), language selection,
and graphics mode selection.

The graphics selection has two differ-
ent modes, 50 dots per inch and 100
dots per inch, with reverse field option
(not printing selected locations instead
of printing). Standard-density graphics
print at the equivalent of 160 cps,
double-density at 80 cps, and double-
density high-quality at 40 cps.

The format for graphics is standard:
Send an escape character, °7o and 3,
then two numbers (zero to 255) to speci-
fy the number of graphics bytes you
want processed. Each graphics byte is a
column of eight dots, and top is the high
bit. When the number of data bytes
specified is reached, printing automati-
cally begins.

Operation

Loading in paper is easy, similar to
many other printers. At first, the paper
occasionally became misaligned with
my printer and slipped sideways out of
the tractor feed mechanism. Making
sure I had the paper directly below the
printer eliminated that problem.

The only other operational difficul-
ty I had was trying to back up the pa-
per with the manual paper adjustment

knob. Whenever 1 tried to reverse the
paper a few lines, the tractor feed
mechanism came off the printer's right
side (the side with the manual adjust-
ment knob). It's irritating, but no real
problem.

1 tried the MT160 with my Model I,
my Model 100, and my Color Comput-
er, and it worked perfectly with each.
I've gone through two boxes of paper
(3,500 pages each) without any service
troubles.

The draft style, while not the best, is
certainly good enough for most needs.
For those who want fancy print for
manuscripts, the correspondence mode
is wonderful: Even if your word pro-
cessor (such as a Model 100 Text)
doesn't support proportionally spaced
text, the justification mode of the
MT160 provides excellent margin-to-
margin printed text with the pro-
portional spacing mode enabled.

The MT160's only flaw is its docu-
mentation, a 5- by 8-inch booklet. The
set-up instructions, the parameter menu
procedures, and technical specifications
for the RS-232 and parallel ports are
clearly diagramed. But the computer
control procedures and instructions
aren't as good. The instructions on the
dot-addressable graphics are short, only
two pages long, and the differences be-
tween the various modes aren't il-
lustrated.

The manual doesn't include any
examples of dot-graphics programs and
their results. Similarly, the control codes
for the various print options, such as
underlining, automatic centering, and
margin controls, don't have examples.

To make things more difficult, the
booklet lacks an index. This makes it
hard to find specific commands. The
appendix of control codes included is
incomplete. If you don't carefully ex-
amine the booklet, you might miss some
of the codes and assume that the ap-
pendix lists them all.

Because of its rugged design, I feel
this printer will need few repairs, espe-
cially since the owner can replace the
part most prone to wear, the print head.
The printer has a 90-day warranty, ex-
cept the print head which is warranted
for 100 million characters or 12 months,
whichever comes first.

The MT160 is a solid and versatile
printer, capable of emulating the Epson
printers' dot-addressable graphics,
while giving a faster performance. It
costs more than the Epson, but it has
more features. Its attributes more than
make up for the failings of the docu-
mentation.

And there are two MT160 printers to
choose from: the MT160I with a roll pa-
per holder and parallel interface, for
$845; and the MT160L with tractor feed
and parallel and serial ports, for
$990. ■

• • • •

Typitall 1.2

Howe Software

14 Lexington Road

New City, NY 10956

Models I and III

32K or 48K disk system

$129.95

by William D. Allen

Typitall is a new word processor from
Howe Software that's one of the
best I've used. It's so simple that a
beginner can use it with little training. If
you're already familiar with Scripsit,
you'll probably be able to use Typitall
immediately.

On the other hand, Typitall is so ver-
satile that two months wasn't enough
time to thoroughly test all its features. I
discovered some minor bugs in the pro-

62 • 80 Micro, October 1983

gram, but I've been very favorably im-
pressed by it. The more I use it, the
more I like it.

Howe Software describes Typitall as
"The Scripsit -compatible word pro-
cessor." In many ways Typitall does act
like a vastly enhanced Scripsit. For ex-
ample, the ways in which you can move
the cursor are greatly improved and you
have 1 1 user-definable command keys.
Also, both Scripsit and Typitall come
with a serial printer driver.

However, Scripsit has one feature
that Typitall doesn't. Disk Scripsit
can load files created by tape Scrip-
sit, but Typitall can't load files from
tape.

In general, Typitall uses the same
commands as Scripsit with many addi-
tions. However, not all commands do
the same thing in Typitall as they do in
Scripsit.

"<Break> P,S<Enter>" is the com-

mand to print with a serial printer in
Scripsit. In Typitall the same command
means print the text on the screen, so
you can examine the text format before
you print it.

Typitall reads and generates files with
the same format as Scripsit. Scripsit
files load into Typitall with no conver-
sion, and Scripsit can also read the files
Typitall generates. Scripsit files contain
control codes that give indigestion to
most other word processors.

However, limits exist to the compati-
bility between Scripsit and Typitall.
Typitall is somewhat longer: Its text
buffer is 468 bytes smaller than
Scripsit's in a 48K machine.

More important for compatibility,
many commands are at different ad-
dresses in the two programs. Some soft-
ware that uses commands from within
Scripsit won't work that way with
Typitall.

REVIEWS

Two such programs are the integrat-
ed versions of the Electric Webster
spelling checker from Cornucopia and
the Epson MX-80 printer driver, Max-
print, from Peggytronics.

Because the files Typitall creates are
in the same format as Scripsit files, you
can use Electric Webster to correct their
spelling, but you can't do it from within
Typitall. You have to save the text to
disk and use Electric Webster by itself.

With Maxprint, you can still get pro-
portional justification from your Epson
MX-80, but you generally have to leave
Typitall. Peggytronics and Cornucopia
indicated a desire to support Typitall, so
by the time you read this, the necessary
patches might be available.

Scripsit patches simply aren't com-
patible with Typitall. You can't use
Scriptr or Scriplus to modify this word
processor.

I did most of my testing with MUL-
TIDOS 1 .6. With some help from other
TRS-80 owners, I've run short tests
with DOSPLUS 3.4, NEWDOS80 ver-
sion 2, TRSDOS 2.3, and TRSDOS 1 .3.
I didn't have any problems.

When you use it with NEWDOS80,
Typitall has an additional feature. You
can use DOS commands directly from
the word processor itself. With other
DOSes, you can exit from Typitall, exe-
cute a DOS command, and then reen-
ter. Your text buffer is still intact if you
didn't overwrite it.

The text buffer starts about 8000 hex-
adecimal (hex). Some procedures, such
as Copy, might write over this area if
the file you're copying is large enough.

Getting a directory listing shouldn't
cause a problem. It's easy enough for
you to make a few tests, but these tests
can be misleading. If you're ever in
doubt, save your text first.

Basic Editing

Typitall has an excellent range of cur-
sor movement commands. You can
move the cursor backward and forward
a word at a time, as well as line by line
and letter by letter. You can also move
the cursor to the bottom or top of the
screen.

Repeating the command causes the
text to scroll backward or forward a
screen at a time. The long list of cursor
movement commands takes up almost a
page in the command summary.

You can manipulate any text you've
already typed into the computer as a
unit. After you mark the beginning and

end with block markers, you can move,
delete, or copy the text as one piece.

You can mark individual blocks for
identification using any character ex-
cept the four that Typitall has reserved.
In theory, you could have about 50
blocks in your text at the same time.

You insert text four ways. Type it
over text already on the screen if the
cursor is in the overtype mode.

If the cursor is in the insert mode, the
program inserts any text you type at the
cursor position. To do this, the buffer
and the display must expand one letter
at a time and rearrange the text for each
letter you type. This makes the CPU do
a lot of work for each letter, so you
might find that what you see on the
screen lags behind what you type.

The program apparently has a type-
ahead Duffer because I didn't lose any-
thing I typed. Despite the speed limita-
tion, this is a nice feature because it
allows you to line up text on the screen
or quickly insert a word.

In another method of text insertion,
the program makes extra space in its
buffer for a whole line of text. It inserts
a string of blanks into that newly
created space and prints them on the
screen. You type over the blanks.

If you need more space, the program
adds another line of blanks when you
try to type past the right edge of the
screen. When you finish, delete the ex-
cess blanks.

As a fourth option, you can insert
material from other places in your text
using the block-move feature.

Deleting text is a pleasure with Typit-
all because the user-definable keys let
you delete words and sentences with a
single keystroke. You can also delete
text in blocks.

Typitall can load ASCII files, and it
saves text to disk as an ASCII file.
However, when you load an ASCII file,
Typitall doesn't correctly interpret the
control characters. Instead of gener-
ating a line feed, a byte with a value of
0A is printed as a graphics block.

When Typitall saves text in ASCII,
some special control characters accom-
pany the text. Typitall marks the open-
ing of a block with a hex byte of 17. In
ASCII, that's the code for ETB, End
Transmission Block.

More troublesome is the byte that
marks the end of a block, IB hex.
That's the ASCII escape code. You can
deal with this by finding and deleting

Langley-St. Clair

Gets Mail

From unsolicited letters of testimonial
Gentlemen:

I don't often write letters of
unbounded praise but the
receipt of your amber CRT for
my TRS-80 Model III has
caused me to take pen (rather,
computer) in hand....

The instructions were very
detailed, well-written and
delightful to read just by
themselves. I've never seen
clearer instructions for
anything else and the touches
of humor (which I presume
were intentional!) made the
CRT replacement a pleasure....

Well, I won't bore you with
any more praise except to say
I'm glad Radio Shack sold so
many TRS-80's so that prod-
ucts like yours could be pro-
duced. It's nice to know we
TRS-80 owners don't have to
be totally at the mercy of
Radio Shack to upgrade our
pet computers.
O.K.

Tecumseh, Ml
Dear Systems:

I received yesterday (you
were very prompt) my amber
CRT for my TRS-80 Model III
and installed it this morning. I
use my III mainly for word pro-
cessing; this letter is a test
run.

I am very pleased with the
appearance of the screen.
Your instructions for adjusting
the display were excellent.
The little program was great
for centering the display. This
is better than new....

Enough. Thanks for a fine
product. What else do you
make?

G.H.
Madison, W/

LSIS's NEW SOFT-VIEW
REPLACEMENT CRT

FOR THE
FULL STORY
SEE PAGE 25

Lansley-St.Clair

^ Instrumentation

Systems, Inc .-*&

132 West 24th St . NY, NY 10011
1-800-221-7070

80 Micro, October 1983 • 63

» Phone Line

Hwy. 11 South Trenton, GA
1-404-657-5104

REVIEWS

RADIO SHACK:

(All equip is 100% pure RS)

| Model 100, 8k ram

$ 650 ;

Model 100, 24K ram

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Model 12, 2-drive

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Model 4, 64K, 2-dnve .

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DMP-21 00 printer . . wcable$1799

DMP-210 printer

w cable new new new

$ 750

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Call for other

LOW, LOW RS prices not listed.

Miscellaneous

All Eagles list come with Spellbinder' ,

Ultracalc", CP M & CBasi

Eagle HE. 2-dnve w 390k per drive $1995

Eagle HIE, 2-dnve w 780k per drive $2999

Eagle IVE, 780k floppy, 10 meg hard $3999

Complete line of Eagle — Call for others —

Televideo 803, 64k, 2-dnve

$2495

| ProWnter 8510 printer . . .wcable$ 450

Pro Writer 1550 printer . w cable $ 799

Okidata ML-92P printer . w cable $ 599

I Okidata ML-80P printer . . w cable $ 399

Okidata ML-82PS printer , w cable $ 499

64k CoCo ram, set of 8

$ 79

SuperPro keyboard

$ 69

FHL Flex system

$ 69

CoCo Drive #0 (RS )

w/controllei

$ 350

Box 10 Verbatim 5V<" diskettes .

$ 29

Box 10 Verbatim 8" diskettes

$ 49

QUANTITY PRICING AVAILABLE

ON DISKETTES

CALL!

5'/r flip file, holds 50

.$25 I

! 8" flip file, holds 50

$ 35 !

5V<" flip-pak, holds 10

.$ 5 |

I 8" flip-pak, holds 10

$ 6 j

| Disk drive head cleaner kit ....

• $ 12

9'/2" x 11" paper. 1250 shts.

disaperf

$ 29

14 7 /b" x 11" green bar.

} 1500 shts

$ 33

ProWnter Ribbons

$ 6

J-Cat Direct Connect Modem . . .

$ 125

Complete line of accessories

—

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Send for more information

and price list!

Name

Address

City, State, 7ip

he Phone Line

Hwy. 11 South Trenton. GA
1-404-657-5104

64 • 80 Micro, October 1983

the offending bytes. It's an inconve-
nience, but not a disaster.

Features

One of Typitall's tab commands lets
you right-justify columns of numeric
data anywhere across the page. Typitall
has all the features you need to set,
delete, and use tabs as you would on a
typewriter. The position of all the cur-
rent tab settings appears at the bottom
of the screen.

Typitall includes commands for find-
ing text strings, and for wild card and
case-independent searches. You also
have the option of replacing text with
something else. You can specify a null
string as a replacement. This gives you
an easy way to find and delete rather
than replace.

You can repeat other commands up
to 255 times by using the Repeat com-
mand. For example, you'd use the com-
mand to move the cursor up one para-
graph along with the Repeat command
to move the cursor a specified number
of paragraphs.

Typitall lets you deal with text fields
wider than the 64 characters your
TRS-80 normally displays. According
to the manual, you can work with fields
up to 240 characters wide, although I
never went past 80.

Typitall has a Window command
that lets you view the text by horizontal
scrolling. If you want to deal with text
in an 80-column format, you can seethe
whole width by moving the window left
and right. This is essentially the same as
vertical scrolling.

Horizontal scrolling also occurs when
you reach the end of a line. I wasn't ex-
pecting it the first time it happened, and
I thought the program had a bug. With
no warning, the entire left column of
my text disappeared.

As it comes, Typitall has a text width
of 64 characters, so a great deal of one-
column horizontal scrolling takes place.
I reset the text width (the window value)
to 63, which solved the problem.

Ten printable ASCII characters
aren't on the TRS-80 keyboard. Typit-
all lets you generate these characters by
using the control key with the 10
numeric keys.

Different printers treat these charac-
ters differently. Some print what you
see on your monitor screen. Others
print different characters, and some

treat some of these characters as control
codes.

Typitall has 11 user-definable keys.
Seven of them are preprogrammed. For
example, inserting more than one letter
of text requires only one command. In
this case the command is control- 1,
nicely mnemonic.

One feature I like in a word processor
is the ability to delete entire words and
sentences with a single keystroke. Al-
though Typitall doesn't have this fea-
ture, I added it by programming two of
the user-definable keys.

Once you've done this, you can save
the new version of the program to disk
so every time you load the program
you'll still have the new features.

One of Typitall's files lets you cus-
tomize the program with 37 options in-
cluding screen width, printer defaults
(19), cursor parameters, key repeat
speed, and so on.

The status line at the bottom of the
screen shows a lot of useful informa-
tion: the position of the cursor in terms
of line number and column, the current
line's length, the text's width, the entire
document's length, and the amount of
memory left. Above the status line is
another line indicating the tabs.

Another useful feature is the Trans-
form command. It changes the case of
all letters in a word from the position of
the cursor to the word's end.

A Hyphenation command makes it
relatively easy to hyphenate text for bet-
ter justification. Typitall also has an
easy way to remove all the hyphens if
you want to reformat the text. In the
test I ran, the program removed only
the new hyphens; hyphenated words re-
mained that way.

Printing Text

With Typitall, it's possible to view
your text formatted before you print it.
This saves me about 50 percent of the
paper I'd normally use as well as a great
deal of time.

You can view the material two dif-
ferent ways. One uses the monitor to
show the text printed across the screen
exactly as it appears on the paper. Since
the screen is only 64 characters wide,
this method has limited usefulness for
some people.

In a second way of displaying for-
matted text, Typitall replaces each letter
with a small graphics block. This allows
a simulated text display that's 128 char-

REVIEWS

acters wide. You can't read it, but you
can get a good idea of what the text will
look like.

Another command places the cursor
at the beginning of the last page. This is
useful for quickly testing the format
values of a long document. The first
time you try the command, it doesn't
appear to work.

Before the cursor appears at the cor-
rect place in the text, you must display
all the text in the graphics format. Then
the real text reappears with the cursor in
the correct place.

You can save formatted text to disk
as well as print it. You can send a for-
matted text file from the disk to the
printer.

You control the text format by setting
the printer defaults with Typitall's cus-
tomization program or by inserting
printer commands in the text. This sec-
ond option lets you vary the margins,
line spacing, and so on in different parts
of the text.

The customization process also lets
you set up Typitall for many different
printers by declaring a specific hex value
for the printer's cancel, back space, and
set-up codes.

You also have the option of control-
ling whether or not the computer sends
a line feed with each carriage return.
(Some printers need a line feed with the
carriage return; some automatically
supply one.) The choice of an offset
value for graphics characters is some-
thing else you might need, depending on
your printer.

Typitall supports headers and footers
with automatic page numbering. This is
the only part of the program that gave
me trouble. The bugs in the header and
page numbering commands are described
in the section on problems.

The manual gives you some help in
developing your own printer driver if
you want to do so. This includes basic
information about what the program
must do, relevant addresses, and a
listing of a skeleton printer driver. The
skeleton driver isn't complete and won't
work as listed; it's for guidance.

You need some skill as an Assembly-
language programmer to use the materi-
al. Nonetheless, it's nice to see an
author trying to make it easy for others
to enhance his program.

Documentation

The documentation I received with

Typitall came in two packages. The
manual itself is 90 pages in a three-ring
binder. Some of the explanations could
be better, but the necessary material is
there.

The manual doesn't have a general
index, but it includes a command sum-
mary with page numbers listed for the
commands. The summary uses non-
standard notation for commands. For
example, the down-arrow key is re-
ferred to as DWARW. This is more
likely to bother old hands than neo-
phytes.

You also receive 1 1 sheets of paper in
a plastic envelope. The label reads
"Reference Card," but these are more
accurately described by the subtitle,
"Summary of Typitall Word Process-
ing System Instructions." If you have
any experience with a word processor,
these sheets contain all the information
you'll need to get started.

The program disk also contains a
number of help screens that you can call
up. I've never found help screens as
useful as referring to written docu-
mentation.

In this case, the screens were helpful
to me mostly because they also appear
in the back of the manual. However, if
you like the screens, an included pro-
gram lets you edit them to better meet
your needs.

Problems

The first problem is that if a header
block is too long, it won't print out cor-
rectly. According to the manual, the
header "may not consist of more than
16 lines of text." In my experience, the
allowable length is less than a line of
text and three line feeds.

Also, although the manual shows a
way to suppress the headers or page
numbering, I couldn't get it to work.
Since normally you don't want a header
or page number on the first page, you
have to treat the text as two files: the
first page in one file and everything else
in the other.

Every word processor I've used has
had at least one minor bug. I can live
with Typitall's but I do find them
annoying.

If you like Scripsit, you'll probably
love Typitall. Even if you don't like
Scripsit, you should at least look at
Typitall before buying another word
processor. It's one of the two best for
theTRS-80.B

Continued on p. 68

ADD
CHANGE
DELETE
SORT
SELECT
SAVE
PRINT
COMPUTE
REPORT
MERGE

$20.00

Why would SofT rends offer its
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Simple. To acquaint you with the
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accepted for this special offer.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 65

*?y.

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Stretch the Twelve Days of

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the magazine tor TRS-80' users

iflMONTHS

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Electric Pencil is a registered trademark of Michael Shrauer.
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Dear Santa. I want to give a year's subscription to
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■

■:,. . . ,

REVIEWS

Continued from p, 65
*••

TRS-80 Data Communications Systems

Frank J. Derfler, Jr.

Prentice-Hall Inc.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07362

$12.95

by Alan Neibauer

JRS-80 Data Communications Sys-
tems is an attempt at a comprehen-
sive manual for TRS-80 users interested
in communications. Its author, Frank
J. Derfler, Jr., is also the author of a
data communications textbook and a
magazine column on the subject.

Consequently, the book is technically
complete. However, in a few areas,
TRS-80 Data Communications Systems
falls short of the guidebook many
novice net workers need, and might not
serve as their first reading in the area.

Some of my criticisms disappear for a
more advanced audience. Those with
Assembly-language programming expe-
rience and some technical knowledge

might find the first few chapters
extremely useful. The second section of
the book, largely reviews of communi-
cations hardware and software, has
some pitfalls for beginners and experts.

The book's first chapters discuss
communications basics, including im-
portant definitions and theory. The first
chapter reviews the role of data com-
munications in today's world, while the
second outlines the fundamentals of
serial data and coding methods.

Chapter 3 focuses in detail on the
Model I serial port. The chapter is tech-
nically impeccable, but somewhat too
technical for a beginner. It thoroughly
discusses the functions of the serial port
and its configuration by both software
and the sense switches. It is a far more
complete review of the serial port than
in most popular books.

While the discussion clearly refers to
the Model I, it contains no cross-refer-
ences for the Model III user. It's impos-
sible to determine whether any of the
material could apply to the Model III.

Chapter 3 concludes with a short As-

sembly-language terminal program — a
nice gift assuming that the reader knows
how to program it into the computer.
No instructions help you to enter the
code using an assembler or debugger, or
show you how to use the program.

Chapters 4-1 1 are reviews of commu-
nications hardware and software.
Chapter 4 covers various types of mo-
dems, while Chapter 5 reviews termi-
nals. Both are good discussions for the
beginner. The author wisely defines full
duplex and half duplex early in Chapter
4 so reviews of communications stan-
dards make sense.

Chapter 6, "Using the TRS-80 as a
Terminal," should have been the heart
of the book. The novice would be inter-
ested in complete reviews of hardware
and software, particularly Radio Shack
modems and the Vidtex package sold to
communicate with CompuServe.

The review of Radio Shack's Modem
I and Modem II is just a photo caption.
The chapter covers only the Lynx and
Microconnection modems in detail and
omits reviews of specific acoustic mo-

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68 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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The Gold Plug 80 is a well made device
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REVIEWS

dems. It discusses software in a little
more detail, but the novice would still
be unprepared to make a wise purchase
decision after reading the chapter.

Chapter 6 doesn't discuss relative
buffer sizes, specific commands avail-
able, or whether software supports up-
per- and lowercase on unmodified
Model I's. It also neglects the features of
Radio Shack's own terminal program,
sold with the Vidtex package.

This key chapter contains no discus-
sion of communication problems, and
no troubleshooting section outlining
possible glitches in hardware, software,
or phone lines. A few hints on testing
the serial port or understanding garbled
transmissions would be useful, as would
a discussion of communication between
computers.

Finally, the chapter doesn't cover
much of the available software for the
Color Computer. This might not be the
author's fault, however. Production
schedules are sometimes long and most
available CoCo software might be too
new to have made the publisher's
deadline.

Chapter 7 is a brief discussion of
Model II communications, mentioning
only the TRSDOS terminal program
and Microstufs Crosstalk at any

length. The chapter will be a disap-
pointment to any Model II, 12, or 16
user looking for help making software
decisions.

Chapters 8, 9, and 10 discuss message
systems, communications for the deaf,
and large-scale networks, respectively.
The author gives only brief overviews of
the topics.

Chapter 8 includes a more detailed
example of an electronic message sys-
tem, including commands and control
codes. The author states that there's
"no formal standard," but demon-
strates a "typical" series of commands.
While the discussion is meant only as an
example, I'd like to know from which
system the author took the example.

The book concludes with a chapter
on the future, a useful appendix of sup-
plier addresses, and a nice glossary.

While TRS-80 Data Communica-
tions Systems contains a good deal of
useful technical information, the author
doesn't seem to have defined the au-
dience he's trying to serve.

The novice might find the early chap-
ters difficult to understand and the con-
cluding chapters incomplete. The expe-
rienced user might enjoy the technical
discussions but already have knowledge
beyond the brief reviews that follow. ■

• •

Project Manager
Tandy /Radio Shack
One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Catalog #26-1580
Models I and III
48K, two disk drives
$99.95

by Jeff Kreinbring

Project Manager is part of Radio
Shack's manager series of software
that's designed to help you plan and im-
plement a project so that it gets done in
the most efficient manner possible.

It asks you to list all the tasks
associated with a particular project,
pinpoints priority tasks for timely proj-
ect completion, and suggests ways to
coordinate those tasks. It also promises
to increase your productivity by helping
you manage your time and personnel.

While the program's intentions are
good, it falls flat in clearly defining its

goals and illustrating ways to imple-
ment them. The concepts the program
tries to cover are nebulous and will con-
fuse people who lack project planning
experience.

The package comes in the usual
brown padded binder with a 74-page
manual, planning worksheets, and a
registration card. It includes four disks,
a program and data disk each for the
Models I and III. Radio Shack recom-
mends that you use a printer with
graphics capabilities.

The Program

You boot the system with the Project
Manager disk in drive zero. You can't
insert the data disk in drive 1 until
you receive the prompt to do so. Press-
ing the enter key displays the highest-
priority project level for the data disk.
The top level is essentially an index that
shows a formatted record for each proj-
ect on the disk.

You enter tasks for a project by posi-
tioning the screen pointer on me project
record and pressing the enter key. This

70 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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RS-80 MODEL 16
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REVIEWS

moves you to the first task level.

Here you enter the major tasks of
that project, specifying a title for each
one, a description, the anticipated dura-
tion, preceding and succeeding tasks,
resource codes, and a code that lets you
interface the Time Manager program (if
applicable). The three sample projects
included on the data disk give you an
idea of the scope of tasks assigned on
this level.

You create project tasks by progress-
ing downward through the many levels
in an inverted tree structure. From any
one task on the first level (task 1A),
pressing the enter key moves you to the
level below where you can enter more
specific tasks under 1A (1A1, 1A2, and
so on). The program claims to allow as
many as 64 levels below the project lev-
el, if you care to go that far.

The manual shows how to set up a
task structure with a top-level project:
constructing a house. Level 1 tasks un-
der that project include lot clearing, car-
pentry, finishing, and masonry. The

masonry task lists subtasks on level 2 as
footers and foundation block.

Further subtasks on level 3 include
excavate, mix concrete, and pour con-
crete. You can further break down each
of these to whatever level of detail you
desire.

At each level in the project structure,
single keystroke commands prompt you
to define a task, then edit individual
task elements. After you input the data
for each task, Project Manager calcu-
lates the task and project duration,
slack time, and total resource use based
on the resulting task relationships.

It also graphically represents the pro-
gram's results by generating critical
path, Gantt, PERT (program evaluation
and review technique), time, task, and
resource charts.

If something changes during the proj-
ect, edit individual task elements and let
the program compute a new critical
path. Since you can replicate and use
again any part of a project or an entire
project, project modeling is possible.

Can your VisiCalc Sort?

Sort the rows
or columns of a

VisiCalc
spread sheet.

It can with VIS Bridge SORT from Solutions, Inc.

The sorted spread sheet still

contains all the formulas

and values from the un-

sorted original. Use up to

4 additional keys to break

ties or specify secondary

sorts. Each key may be

alpha or numeric and either

ascending or descending.

VIS\ Bridge/SORT is available for the Apple II + and III,

the IBM PC™ and the TRS-80" I, 11/12/16, and III.

$89 plus $4 shipping and handling from Solutions, Inc.

Order 802 229 0368. 97 College St., Box 989, Montpelier, VT

05602. Mastercard and Visa. Dealer inquiries welcomed.

Also available: VIS\ Bndge/REPORT™ for $79 and

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72 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Single keystroke commands display
the charts and graphs as the critical path
is computed. The charts show the task
title, description, and duration. To
print the charts from the screen, use the
print and plot commands.

Critique

Project Manager is a complex and
ambitious program. It performs as ad-
vertised, but I doubt that busy mana-
gers will go through the gyrations the
program requires to achieve results.

1 found the program to be agonizing-
ly slow. Every action requires disk ac-
cess, even moving between tasks on the
same level. Each additional task within
a level adds additional time for access.
Project Manager is especially hard on
your disk drives.

I was disappointed at the amateur
quality of screen displays. Task data
and the command menu prompts tend
to run together, and no effort is made to
use graphics characters for spacing or
lowercase letters for field labels. I ex-
pected more polish for a program of
this price.

The screen size severely limits the out-
put data charts. The screen formatted
output is inadequate for the program;
printer formatted output is obviously
necessary.

If one screen can't accommodate an
entire chart for that task level, the print
command gives successive screen prints
to complete the chart, each on an 8V2-
by 11 -inch page. Hardly professional
looking or easy to read.

Project Manager prints only the first
15 characters of a task description, so
the charts are always cryptic if you
don't plan for this. The plot command
substitutes graphic blocks for asterisks
on some of the charts, but I couldn't get
this to work on the screen or my printer.
No one chart can give you a summary
of key dates, durations, and resources
for all tasks.

The program is difficult to use be-
cause changes to task elements that
change the critical path on one level
don't automatically generate task dura-
tion/critical path changes on higher lev-
els. A change near the bottom of a large
structure requires you to spend time
progressing upward to recalculate each
critical path before the effect on the
total project is clear.

The rigidity and detail necessary for
each task input to get any meaningful
output would discourage the most pa-

REVIEWS

tient and methodical project manager.
It certainly discouraged me.

The documentation is the best part of
this package. The manual has no index,
but the table of contents is adequate.
The glossary of key terminology for the
critical path method is helpful.

The manual is well illustrated with
sample screens that lead you through

the tasks supplied on the disk. The text
makes constant mention of a reference
card included, but I didn't have one
with my manual, or in the manual I pe-
rused before buying the program at
Radio Shack.

I'm left with the feeling that I'd in-
deed need a project plan if I again at-
tempted to use Project Manager. ■

• •

Clean Slate

Advanced Operating Systems

450 St. John Road, Suite 792

Michigan Gty, IN 46360

Models I and III

One disk

$79.95

by Dan Robinson

Clean Slate is a word processor that
you'll either love or hate.
Two main features set Clean Slate
apart from other word processing pro-
grams. First is that each page of the
document is written separately to disk
as it's completed. Second, Clean Slate
tries to display text on your screen as
nearly as possible to the appearance of
the printed page.

The Program

If you live in an area where you're
often groping for a candle, you'll ap-
preciate that all but the page you're cur-
rently typing is safely written to disk. A
power outage won't affect the stored
material.

On the other hand, without a speedy
Winchester hard disk, you'll find your-
self waiting 10 to 15 seconds for Clean
Slate to write each file to disk and read
the next one while moving from page to
page. This delay is rather bruising to the
thought process.

When a page is full, the program
won't accept any more characters. You
must back up and chop a bit off your
text or decide to extend the page beyond
its normal length. Then you have to
write the page to disk before you can
continue.

If you decide to add a line to your
first page, you have a big job ahead of
you. You must take the last line of each
page out of limbo and add it to the next.

A display tailored to the printed page
is a plus if you have tricky formats filled

with tables or indented outlines. Top,
bottom, left, and right margins appear
as they will on paper in a what-you-see-
is-what-you-get approach.

The program uses windowing to pre-
sent long lines of text on the TRS-80's
64-character screen. Scroll sideways to
bring the rest of the text into view.

You can set both horizontal and ver-
tical tabs to display columnar data just
the way you want it. If you intend to
right-justify the text as it's printed, the
program automatically adds spaces to
the display. To reduce clutter, Clean
Slate doesn't display graphics markers
to show carriage returns and form
feeds, although graphics tokens for
items like boldface and underline do
appear.

One of Clean Slate's best features
using a formatted screen is that you can
create two-column text. You can for-
mat the data into narrow width, then
move the last half as a block alongside
the first.

There's a price to pay for the for-

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 73

SERIAL PORT

REVIEWS

-[►* WS.JSRUL.

BTA'i MODEL 524 MULTIPORT
CONTROLLER is a code activated one
to four serial port expander — but that's
not all since it has separate and indepen-
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each port can operate with a different
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•MODEL 524A $279.00

same as model 524 except has 256 byte
rx/tx buffers per port

•MODEL 524 D $269.00

same as model 524. plus continuous poll-
ing of each peripheral device for data
transfer requests. The device is auto-
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up ON. BUSY and OFF messages are
sent to the peripheral device

•Other models available — Contact us or
your dealer for additional information

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matted screen— none of it is automatic.
If you want right justification or you
change the line length, you must com-
mand reformatting one line at a time.

If you add a word to a formatted
page, you have to march through each
line of text to set things right. Since all
Cean Slate's keys repeat, this isn't as
tough as it sounds, but it's still a bigger
chore than if you could use a single
command.

You need to watch out for a few bear
traps when Clean Slate adds spaces in
the justification process and then
removes some of them during a refor-
mat. The program is written to insert
two spaces between sentences and en-
sure that they are there when the
sentence ends with a period. However,
sentence endings such as a question
mark require manual spacing.

Otherwise, Clean Slate is a word pro-
cessor with all the standard features and
a few extras. The clear key, used in con-
junction with letter keys and their
shifted counterparts, provides a wide
range of commands.

The arrow keys move the cursor up,
down, left, and right. When the cursor
reaches the right margin, it windows the
text of a long line into view. Control-left
or right arrow also moves the screen
window. A shift -left or right arrow tabs
forward or backward, or moves one
word if you've set no tabs.

A shift -up or down arrow moves to a
vertical tab position. If you've set none,
they move the cursor to the beginning or
end of the page— whether any text is
there or not. A control-up or down ar-
row saves the current page to disk and
loads the previous or next one.

Clean Slate uses wraparound , so you
don't have to be conscious of a line's
end. Specify a Hot Field width to cause
a flashing message when a word exceed-
ing a specified length reaches the right
margin. Then you can choose to hyphen-
ate the word to keep an even margin or
let it carry over to the next line.

Overtyping is the normal correction
method, and a standard combination of
control-D deletes a character. Insertions
are a bit different: Control-I inserts a
single space at the cursor location. You
can also insert text by using control-E to
split the line. Make the insertion, then
use control-M to merge the lines together
again.

You can insert or erase entire lines or

pages. Clean Slate lets you append a
text file to the current page, or write the
page you're working on as an external
file for another document to use. You
can mark blocks of text and then insert
them at another location on the page,
delete them, or overwrite them with
blanks.

You can also center text. If your
printer supports it, Clean Slate can
backspace to overstrike letters and
create hybrid characters.

Features

Clean Slate has a string search func-
tion with an optional replace. You can
set the match to ignore upper/lower-
case differences, and you might decide
to have a Yes/No prompt at each re-
place. Like other Clean Slate functions,
search/replace is confined to the current
page.

An unusual feature of Clean Slate is
its glossary function. You can define
keys as a string of characters or control
functions, and enter them with control-
G and the programmed key. The pro-
gram saves these glossary key records in
another file together with header/footer
information and loads them into the
current page as called.

You can write one header and one
footer per document and store them for
later use, but you must reset the page
length to account for them.

The top line of the display is reserved
for Clean Slate prompt messages. Nor-
mally, this location shows the page and
line numbers and the character location
of the cursor. You can also toggle it to
show a ruler (in inches), or a line that
displays the margins and tabs. The top
of the screen also contains prompts, ab-
breviated menus, and error messages.

Clean Slate can redefine control keys
or the entire keyboard if you happen to
favor the Dvorak over the QWERTY
arrangement. The program supports
keyboard input during printing and has
a limited form-letter capability.

Clean Slate devotes much of its code
and control functions to modem opera-
tion so you can send and receive your
text files over phone lines, edit them,
and then print them.

Documentation

Clean Slate has documentation to
spare. The main, spiral-bound volume
contains 382 pages of instructions for
the program and includes the Clean

74 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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COPYCAT

Disk backup utility

Now you can have a solution to the problem of
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COPYCAT" is the most powerful disk backup utility yet
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A maintenance tool for "CMD"
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Z-80 assembler/editor supporting
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Transfer files directly to DOS
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This is the LC C-language
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A utility to build and maintain
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• See List 0/ Advertisers on Page 323

Micro, October 1983 • 75

REVIEWS

Slate source code. The second volume is
a 103-page abbreviation of the first in a
three-ring binder.

The books are tough on a beginner,
referencing some functions prior to
their explanation or introducing ad-
vanced features early in the text. The
main volume is indexed as a reference
source, but some items are curiously
missing. For example, there's no listing
for insert or delete.

Clean Slate comes with a pared-down
version of DOSPLUS on the disk for
use by Model 1 owners; you can convert
the program with Model III TRSDOS.
A configuration program is included to
specify the type of disk operating sys-
tems you intend to use, control codes
recognized by your printer, and param-
eters for your RS-232 communications
network.

You can change other specifications
during Clean Slate operation. You can
alter margins, tabs, line spacing, and
the like, and save them to disk as the
new defaults.

Clean Slate still lacks several features.
It's missing proportional justification,
conditional hyphens, custom printer
fonts, or the advanced graphics found
in some other word processors.

Its page orientation doesn't have the
flexibility of a file-oriented word pro-
cessor, and it doesn't lend itself readily
to auxiliary programs, such as spelling
and grammar checkers.

Still, if the lights go out . . . ■

• • •

ALE Editor and Assembler
$49.95

EDM Macro Editor
$149.95

The Alternate Source

704 North Pennsylvania Ave.

Lansing, Ml 48906

Models I (with upper/lowercase

modification) and III

48K RAM, two disk drives

by Carl Oppedahl

EDM and ALE are representative of
a modern wave of editors for per-
sonal computer users. Each does almost
anything you can imagine in an editor,
with a keyboard scanning routine quick
enough to provide a true type-ahead
buffer, and the ability to edit disk files
too large to fit into RAM all at once.

Both can read and write almost any
file structure, and share a powerful
macro editing instruction set. They are
DOS-friendly to allow graceful transi-
tion from the editor to the DOS (so you
can remedy a disk space full error, for
example) and from the DOS back to the
precise editor function underway before
the error arose.

Macro Editing

Some advanced editors let you store a
series of editing commands for repealed
execution. You can repeatedly invoke
the stored command string, called a
macro, with a single keystroke to ac-
complish a task like correcting all a
word's misspellings.

EDM and ALE represent the macro
editing concept taken to its logical ex-
treme. Within a given macro instruction
string you can have commands to open
and close files, conditional jumps, re-
quests for keyboard input, wildcard
string searches, subroutine calls, the
equivalent of PEEKs and POKEs, and
the routing of output to (he printer.

You can store up to 26 macros in
single-keystroke buffers, and load the
macros to and from disk files. If you
like to design your own disk file data
bases, you'll find that modification or
reformatting with EDM or ALE and a
properly written macro or two often
does the work of a day's coding in Basic
or Assembly language.

EDM handles a wide range of file
types as input and output, including
CMD, BAS, and word processing files.
You can display files as ASCII, com-
pressed Basic, hexadecimal dump, and
other formats.

EDM converts from one file type to
another in RAM, and has an in-mem-
ory, four- function calculator. These
and EDM's other bells and whistles oc-
cur through editor macros.

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76 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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Name

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TRS-80 n
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Accredited by the Accrediting Commission ol the Natii

Home Study Council #179-103

80 Micro, October 1983 • 77

REVIEWS

ALE is a Z80 editor/assembler based
on a somewhat stripped-down version
of EDM. Assembly of source code in
disk files or in RAM occurs using macro
editing instructions tailored to that
purpose.

Assembly takes place on screen so
you can repair errors on the spot, with
assembly continuing from that point.

When you use ALE for assembly of
source code from disk, all the source
code doesn't have to originate in a
single disk file. It's possible to bring ma-
terial in from several disk files.

ALE can't perform the function most
people associate with the term linker. It
can't bring together assembled modules
containing global references, but instead
requires that source code modules be
assembled all in one activity.

The term macro can also lead to con-
fusion about ALE. It's not what some
programmers call a macro assembler, as
it doesn't handle assembly macros —
blocks of source code replicated into
referenced locations of a program at as-
sembly time. As used in ALE, macro re-
fers to the editor macros written in
ALE/EDM editor macro language.

One nice feature of the ALE linker is
that it takes its commands from a disk
file containing assembly commands
that the user writes in a simple job con-
trol language (JCL). This is handy if
you're working on a project that in-
volves repeated reassembly of a pro-
gram made up of many parts.

After making changes to the source
code of one or two subroutines, you can
reassemble the whole without retyping
or merging the various file names.

User Customization

Most commercial software is market-
ed as Z80 object code (such as a CMD
file) that's nearly impossible to modify.
ALE and EDM, however, have easy-to-
change internal registers and flags con-
trolling nearly every facet of operation,
from repeat-key timing to screen line
protection.

You can change these parameters
manually or with user-defined macros.
The assembler macros of ALE and the
file handling macros of EDM use them
heavily.

Provisions for user-defined printer
drivers are helpful for those using non-
Radio Shack printers.
78 • 80 Micro, October 1983

When you run ALE or EDM for the
first time, it asks which DOS and model
computer you're using. ALE also asks
which of several assembler source code
formats you've used before. The pro-
gram stores your responses to disk, so it
can take proper advantage of the DOS
in use.

If the DOS you use isn't on the open-
ing menu, it's hard to know how to pro-
ceed. For example, TRSDOS 2.7DD
isn't provided for. The Alternate
Source has a goal of supporting users on
allDOSes.

According to the documentation, the
editors presently work with TRSDOS
2.3 and 2.3B, and NEWDOS 3.0 on the
Model I; TRSDOS 1.6 on the Model
III; and LDOS 5.1, MULTIDOS 1.6,
DOSPLUS 3.4, and NEWDOS80 2 on
the Models I and III.

Documentation

The manual for EDM, the macro
editor, contains some 200 pages, and
the manual for ALE, the editor/assem-
bler, totals 150 pages, each without a
single illustration or chart to relieve the
single-spaced text.

Each was printed on a 7 by 9 dot-ma-
trix printer in emphasized mode —
the characters take a bit of getting used
to. ALE and EDM are new products,
though, and I prefer their complete,
relatively error free dot-matrix manuals
to the usually error-ridden and skimpy
typeset manuals I've seen in some other
new products.

Each manual has a good index and
table of contents. I found just a few
omissions. The ALE manual should
have a listing for ASMFILE and a list-
ing for DOS errors.

The ALE text at page 4-3 and the
EDM text at page 4-1 need a line ex-
plaining that the error codes referred to
in on screen error messages aren't TRS-
DOS Disk Basic codes, but TRSDOS
input/output (I/O) machine language
call error codes.

The text of the manuals is a bit dense,
and is written at the level of a sophisti-
cated Assembly-language or systems
programmer. My first reading of the
two manuals took about 15 hours —
I was reading them more closely
than would most new users. To get
started using one of the programs, you
really need to read only the first few
chapters.

The manuals explain the hundreds of
keyboard commands, macro editing
commands, and storage registers
through liberal use of examples that you
can type in and follow.

Operational Complaints

Whenever an error arises in EDM or
ALE, an error message appears and you
have the option of exiting to DOS, of
aborting the process with a return to the
editor, or of retrying the operation. The
former is handy if you must kill a file or
two to free up disk space, while the lat-
ter is useful if an intermittent problem,
such as a hash index table or gran allo-
cation table error, arises.

However, when the editors encounter
a DOS error, they have the disturbing
habit of clearing the screen before print-
ing the error message. Unless you've
been watching the screen without inter-
ruption, it's difficult to figure out what
the offending disk operation was. Often
it's not enough to know the error
number.

It would be better if the editor dis-
played the last line executed, or the file
name and operation (read, write, open,
close) causing the error.

After several days of use I couldn't
get my printer, an Epson, to work prop-
erly with ALE, although I had no trou-
ble with EDM. Since the two programs
use the same routines for printer con-
trol, I suspect the problem lies in my
copy of ALE.

ALE and EDM do their own keyboard
scanning, which allows the luxury of a
full type-ahead buffer and autorepeat
keyboard. The programs trap most key-
board entries you might regret (such as
clear buffer), and require a second, con-
firming entry before proceeding.

During almost any sequence, press-
ing the break key aborts the process
with no harm done. However, I occa-
sionally found that pushing the break
key caused a jump to the MEM SIZE?
prompt— surely one of the most
frustrating responses for a Model I user.

For the serious user who is willing to
study the manuals, EDM and ALE are
very good values as editors. With a
good bit of practice, they're not too dif-
ficult to use. They are potent, versatile,
and thoroughly documented. ■

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unwind and dump out on trie table before you could use 111 We have O' carbon film inserts that had no end-o'
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■ See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 79

REVIEWS

• ••

BASICaBy Speaking: A Young
Person 's Introduction to Computing
Frances Lieberman Cohen
Reston Publishing Co.
Reston, VA
$12.95

by Mary Gasiorowski

Frances Cohen's BASICally Speak-
ing: A Young Person 's Introduction
to Computing is more than just another
book on computer programming.

In addition to providing a discussion
of Basic programming and some pro-
gram examples, BASICally Speaking
includes a comprehensive history of
computers, outlines the developments
that led to current computer technol-
ogy, and considers the future of com-
puting.

BASICally Speaking covers the his-
tory of computing from the abacus to
Pascal's calculating machines to pres-
ent-day microcomputers.

The book explores the inside of a
computer, computer memory, comput-
er languages, computer operation, and
programming and flowcharting. It pro-
vides substantive explanation of topics
such as ROM and RAM, direct mode
versus program mode, and variables.

Each chapter closes with review ques-
tions, and answers appear in an appen-
dix at the back of the book. Other ap-
pendices cover binary numbers, powers
of two, scientific notation, comparison
symbols, and computer-related activi-
ties. The book also includes an extensive
glossary, bibliography, and index.

BASICally Speaking is not restricted
to any one computer system, a fact that
has its advantages and disadvantages.
The programs are written in Basic for
the TRS-80, Commodore, Apple, and
Atari computers. With minor modifica-
tions, the programs presented should
work with any computer system, in-
cluding time-sharing terminals.

Because the book deals with com-
puters generally, it doesn't answer ques-
tions about specific computer systems.
The examples given in BASICally
Speaking might not address your
computer.

For example, Cohen states that the
command PRINT 2x4 won't produce
the correct answer for all microcomput-
ers. She suggests that some computers'

80 • 80 Micro, October 1983

results include a question mark or zero.

However, several micros interpret
2 x 4 as the number 2 and the variable
x 4 (which has a value of zero). Thus
the computer returns 20 as the result (it
looks as if the computer has its multipli-
cation tables wrong). But BASICally
Speaking never considers this possibili-
ty, so an inexperienced user might mis-
interpret such an answer as a computer
malfunction.

Another possible problem for nov-
ices is Cohen's confusing references to
input and output in programming ex-
amples. Cohen uses input to mean the
instructions you type into the computer,
and output for the answer that appears
on the screen. But you might interpret
output to mean that you have to type
what's specified as output to get it on
the screen, rather than have the com-
puter generate then display the output
illustrated.

Cohen should have made her defini-
tions more clear: Input is what you type

'This book doesn 't require

access to a computer;
the programs are printed
along with their
output.

into the computer, output is how the
computer responds.

This book doesn't require access to a
computer; the programs are printed
along with their output, so it's possible
to read through the examples.

BASICally Speaking might be useful
in a classroom with limited computer
time, but it contains language difficult
for younger children to understand.
However, it is appropriate for middle
and junior high school students. The
book would benefit, though, from
more illustrations and diagrams to ex-
plain topics covered.

Overall, BASICally Speaking is a
good book for a class in computer liter-
acy or a family reading it at home. It
provides background for a better un-
derstanding of computers and it intro-
duces programming in a pleasant man-
ner. But if you own a computer, you
might also want to get a system-spe-
cific book.B

• ••

PowerDOT

Powersoft

11500 Stemmons Fwy., Suite 125

Dallas, TX 75229

Models I and III

$49.95

by Richard Green

PowerDOT serves as an interface be-
tween the low resolution graphics of
the TRS-80 and high resolution printers
like the C. Itoh or Epson.

PowerDOT consists of two parts:
one to draw on the screen, a second to
print out what you've drawn. Each part
is a separate program. Entry into Pow-
erDOT is through a program called
PDOT1.

When you run PDOT1, the program
presents a command menu consisting of
seven options. To create new graphics
or edit old graphics, select the Initialize
File option.

The program then requests a file
name. If the file name already exists on
the disk, PowerDOT enters that file in-
to memory, and redisplays the com-
mand menu. If the file name doesn't
exist on disk, you have the option of
starting a new file with the name or re-
turning to the command menu.

When you create new graphics you
must carefully specify their width. You
can produce your graphics as TRS-80
graphics characters or dot-specified
drawings.

The maximum width for character
graphics can't exceed the maximum
number of characters the printer can
put on one line. The maximum width
for dot graphics is half the maximum
number of dots the printer can put on
one line. For example, if you're using
an Epson MX-80 with Graftrax, the
maximum width of a graphics display is
480 dots, half the 960-dot maximum the
MX-80 can print on a line.

Once you specify the width, the pro-
gram returns to the command menu. To
begin constructing the graphics, select
The Dot Editor from the menu.

PDOT2 prints the formatted graph-
ics. When you call PDOT2, it requests
the name of the graphics file you want
to print. You can choose to print the
graphics at the left, right, or center of
the page.

The screen clears, then presents a six-

Continued on p. 84

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MODEMS

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Hayes Smart Modem (RS 232) $239.00

SIGNALMAN DIRECT CONNECT
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U.S. ROBOTICS Inc.
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Micro Link 1200. 1200 Baud Modem 429.00
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REVIEWS

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Continued from p. 80

option menu. The two block graphics
modes print graphics that are essentially
the same, except for the darkness of the
lines. The same is true of the two dot
graphics options: Dot Graphics and
Dot Graphics (Bold).

The other two options, however, rad-
ically change the printout's appearance.
Dot Graphics (High-Res) shortens the
printout by approximately half, but
leaves the height unchanged. Dot
Graphics (Ultra-Res) reduces both
height and width by approximately
half, producing a printout V* as large as
that produced by the Dot Graphics
option.

PowerDOT is a disk-based program.
When you start a new file and deter-
mine the graphic's width, the program
allocates disk space in blocks. Fach
block equals 16 lines of screen display

"Because of the TRS-80's

low resolution,

the drawing on the screen

only approximates

the finished graphics.

Diagonal lines have

a staircase appearance. "

times the graphic's width. The smallest
block you can define is 16 lines long by
64 characters wide.

For each line, the program stores
each unit of width as a single byte of
memory. For example, if you prepare a
graphics display 80 characters wide,
each block of the graphics is 1,280 bytes
long: 16 lines long times a width of 80
characters.

The width of dot graphics is more
confusing to determine. The program
translates each character space across
the screen into two or more dots. If you
want to produce graphics 16 lines high
by 80 dots wide, specify a width of 40.

Thus, a dot graphics display 8'/2
inches wide requires blocks of 8,192
bytes each. To completely fill an SVz- by
11 -inch piece of paper requires 15 such
blocks: a total of 122K of disk space.

Using PowerDOT

When you select the dot editor, the

screen clears and a small, blinking cur-
sor (called a pixel in the user's manual)
appears in the center. As this pixel
moves, it leaves a lighted line behind it.
You control the cursor's movement
with the numeric keys. The 5 key is the
reference key and has no effect on the
cursor's movement.

The eight keys surrounding the 5 key
move the cursor in a direction analo-
gous to the position of the key relative
to the 5. Pressing the 8 key moves the
cursor vertically up the screen. Pressing
the 1 key moves the cursor diagonally
down and left.

Four other keys modify the operation
of the number keys. Holding the clear
key while moving the cursor erases any
line over which the cursor moves. Hold-
ing the P key moves the cursor without
drawing or erasing a line.

Holding the M key while moving the
cursor with the 1, 7, 9, or 3 moves the
cursor at an angle approximately 150
degrees less than the angle the key
makes otherwise. Holding the N key in-
creases the resulting angle by approx-
imately 150 degrees.

You can also draw lines using the
program's AutoDraw routine. Position
the cursor anywhere on the screen and
press the S key. Then place the cursor
anywhere else in the display you're
formatting and press the D key. A line
appears between point S and point D.
Lines drawn with AutoDraw can span
several blocks of memory, joining
points that don't appear simultaneously
on the screen.

Because of the TRS-80's low resolu-
tion, the drawing on the screen only ap-
proximates the finished graphics. Diag-
onal lines have a staircase appearance.
The finished printout also has staircase
diagonals, but the effect is scarcely
noticeable.

The program displays only a portion
of a large graphic on the screen at one
time. When preparing graphics for the
dot graphic mode, each screen prints
2 1/8 inches wide and 3/4 inches high.
If you use PowerDOT to draw a letter-
head 1 1/2 inches high by the width of a
piece of stationery, only 1/8 of the
graphic appears on the screen.

Drawing with PowerDOT is much
like drawing with an Etch-a-Sketch.
Straight lines are fairly easy, but curves
can be infuriating!

Also, you must have a good idea of
what you are trying to draw before you

84 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Editor Assembler

ZEUS Features Include . . .

1. Built in hex and decimal calculator. (Throw your -n away o

2. Partition EDTASM format source text on load. (Get to a 9ok disasse

3. Automatic syntax check on line entry. (Never enter a bad opcode \)

4. Forward and reverse scrolling. (One keystroke to see before o

5. Conditional assembly. (Combine DISK/HI, MODI/MODI!! Source Text !)

6. Include SOUrCe text from diSk file. (Assemble a 90K source file !)

Works with DOSPLUS, NEWDOS/80, MULTIDOS, LDOS & TRSDOS model l/lll Single/Double Density.

(Special order TRSDOS 2.7 DD)

Comes with its own DOS which will operate in single density on the Model I, III, & 4.

(But will READ/WRITE to most double density diskettes )

Introductory Price

Only

$7995

Add S3 00 shipping/handling [foreign orders add S'5 00) Michigan resi-
dent add 4% sales la» COD add Si 50 Model I orders specify single
double or P density Personal cnecks lake two weeks to dear VISA &
Wasie'Ca'd accepted

Cosmopolitan Electronics Corporation

5700 PLYMOUTH ROAD
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48105

Technical Line: (313) 668-6660

Toll-Free Orders: 800-392-3785

80 Micro, October 1983 • 85

REVIEWS

begin. Corrections tend to create more
problems that must be corrected. To
avoid a situation of diminishing returns,
keep corrections to a minimum.

Large drawings that don't fit on a
single screen present special problems.
It's difficult to keep the parts aligned.

The only way you can create large
drawings with any degree of accuracy is
to manually draw the design on paper,
then overlay a grid that approximates
the screen dimensions in scale. Draw
each screen according to this layout.

Printing the finished graphics display
is a separate process from drawing it.
You must save the graphics to disk.
Printing occurs directly from the disk,
so the maximum drawing size is limited
only by disk space.

Printing files with PowerDOT pre-
sents several problems. First, the six dif-
ferent printing modes produce very dif-
ferent results from the same graphics
file. Also, because of size restrictions,
you can't print all graphics in all modes.
For example, a graphics display pre-
pared for the Ultra-Res print mode
might be too large for any other mode.

To illustrate the six printing modes, I
made a simple grid that filled one full

'Corrections tend to create
more problems that
must be corrected.
To avoid a situation
of diminishing returns,
keep corrections to
a minimum. "

screen, then printed it in each of the
modes.

The two block graphic printer modes
produce graphics that span an 8!/2-inch
page. The four dot graphic modes pro-
duce three different size displays.

Documentation

PowerDOT comes with a user's man-
ual only 17 pages long. It doesn't make
any attempt at a tutorial, nor does it
have any examples on how to use the
program.

The manual is a simple description of
the function of the various keys and op-
tions that control drawing, disk opera-
tions, and printing. The few attempts
made at explanation are vague and con-

IPOIWIEIK OOT

Figure 1. PowerDOT produces detailed graphics.

fusing. Unfortunately, the manual con-
tains several typographical errors, mis-
spellings, and nonsense statements.

Powersoft doesn't supply a list of
printers with which PowerDOT works.
On p. 3 of the manual, the Epson MX
series and the C. Itoh Pro writer 8510A
are specifically mentioned. A statement
indicates that PowerDOT works on a
" . . .variety of printers. . . " but names
no others.

I tried PowerDOT only with an Ep-
son MX-80. It worked without any
change in the printer's set-up.

Given the rudimentary documenta-
tion and lack of a tutorial, you might
expect strong support from Powersoft.
This is not the case. On p. 2 of the
manual, a statement of disclaimer clear-
ly says that the publisher is not respon-
sible. If you buy PowerDOT, you must
see that it works.

Disclaimers of this type are fairly
standard in the software business, but
this manual goes a little beyond the dis-
claimer. Page 15 says not to call with
questions.

I decided to test this attitude, and
called Powersoft with a list of ques-
tions. They really mean don't call. I was
politely, but firmly told that my prob-
lems couldn't be answered by phone. If
I'd send my questions by mail, accom-
panied by a self-addressed stamped
envelope, an effort would be made to
answer.

Conclusions

You can obtain elaborate results with
PowerDOT. The program comes with
two complete graphics on the distribu-
tion disk. One of these is a full-page
drawing reproduced here as Fig. 1 .

PowerDOT is not particularly easy to
use. It lacks any routine to help you
draw curves and circles. The manner of
moving the cursor varies with different
program modes.

Because the documentation is so
skimpy, you have to invest in trial-and-
error attempts to learn to use the pro-
gram efficiently. If you have problems
with PowerDOT, you're on your own.
Little, if any, support is forthcoming
from the program's publishers.

If, however, you need to use your
dot-matrix printer to produce graphics,
PowerDOT is infinitely better than at-
tempting to code hundreds or thou-
sands of data values for a Basic pro-
gram to POKE. ■

86 • 80 Micro, October 1983

-fcgVIEW DlQgjg

OptionVue-A, Star Value Software,
12218 Scribe Drive, Austin, TX
78759, Models I and III, $189.

"OptionVue-A is, in many ways,
not an advanced program. It lets you
analyze one stock/option combina-
tion at a time. You cannot save work
in progress, and you cannot easily
print the results. . .

"For what it does, Option Vue- A
is useful. . . .The ease of use and the
documentation are good..." Info-
World, July 18, p. 41.

MC-10 Computer, Tandy/Radio
Shack, One Tandy Center, Fort
Worth, TX 76102, $119.95.

"The MC-10 seems to be directed
toward individuals who are entering
the microcomputer arena for the
first time. You can use the machine
to learn elementary programming
techniques and familiarize yourself
with some of the hardware. But the
lack of expansion capability makes
your education incomplete. In the
event you decide that computing
isn't your forte, you will not have in-
vested a large sum of money for the
experience." Basic Computing,
August, p. 93.

Monty Plays Scrabble, Ritam Cor-
poration, P.O. Box 921, Fairfield,
1A 52556, Models I and 111, 32K
RAM, $34.95.

"For a relatively modest price,
Monty Plays Scrabble is a fascinat-
ing exercise in programming that
should give its owners more than
their money's worth of fun. Never-
theless, I'd still take on an interest-
ing flesh-and-blood opponent over
Monty any day." Popular Comput-
ing, September, p. 182.

Subroutine Sandwich, Dr. John P.
Grillo and Dr. J.D. Robertson, John
Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY,
251 pp., $12.95.

"The authors have written some
36 BASIC subroutines that can be in-
corporated easily into your own pro-
grams. ...Using these routines, it's
a simple matter, I've found, to write
programs for handling the genera-
tion of form letters and reminder
notes.

"...While Subroutine Sandwich
cannot qualify as a full-course pro-
gramming dinner, it does provide
enough nourishment to keep you go-
ing for a long time." Personal Com-
puting, August, p. 141.

The Bread Board System, Ebert Per-
sonal Computers Inc., 4122 South
Parker Road, Aurora, CO 80014,
Models I. Ill, and 4, 48K RAM,
$199.95.

"TBBS is a communications mon-
itor for the TRS-80 computer. . . .
With this program, users can create
custom communications software. . .
through a creative set of system-con-
trol menus and need never write a
line of computer code.

"There are few corporate- and
home-computer users who could not
benefit from being the center of their
own computer utility. In TBBS, I have
seen the programmer's art raised to a
new plateau of excellence." Info-
World, Aug. 1, p. 36.

The Basic Answer, Logical Systems
Inc., P.O. Box 23956, Milwaukee,
WI 53223, Models I and III, $69.

"TBA is... really a translator. It
translates code written in structured,
easy-to-read (and debug) BASIC in-

to a Level II or Disk BASlC-runable
program.

"New users may feel that TBA is
somewhat restrictive. That's true,
but it teaches good programming
practice and it is not all that hard to
get used to. If you're thinking about
learning assembly language pro-
gramming, the label concept and
structured programming techniques
are an absolute must." Basic Com-
puting, August, p. 89.

Cyberchess, Cyber Enterprises, 17517-
K Fabrica Way, P.O. Box 2066, Cer-
ritos, CA 90701, Models I and III,
32K RAM, $29.95.

"Cyberchess is intended to help
you improve your chess playing abil-
ity. ... I did not always agree with
the moves of the game or the opinion
of the person who analyzed them,
but I often gained a new perspective
or tactic that I had completely over-
looked. This alone makes the pro-
gram well worth the investment."
Info World, Aug. 1, p. 31.

Grammatik, Aspen Software Co.,
P.O. Box 339, Tijeras, NM 87059,
Models 1, II, and III, $75.

" . . .Grammatik checks your doc-
ument for archaic and outdated
words; capitalization errors; unbal-
anced parentheses, quotes, and
brackets; and double words ("the
the") and subtler redundancies ("join
together").

". . .Grammatik may not turn you
into Norman Mailer overnight, but it
will rid your business letters of bone-
head grammatical errors." Popular
Computing, September, p. 1%.

CALENDAR

October

3-6 IEEE Computer Society, Silver
Spring, MD. 8th Data Commu-
nications Symposium Cape Cod,
MA.

5-6 DeNardi Enterprises, Los Altos,
CA. Compusource '83 Red Li-
on Inn, San Jose, CA.

6-8 Kengore Corp., Franklin Park,
NJ. NJ Business Computer
Show Holiday Inn North, NJ
Turnpike.

7 Creative Learning Association,

Charleston, IL. Compucon '83
Martin Luther King University
Union, Charleston, IL.

7-9 Great Southern Computer and
Electronics Show Expo Center,
Orlando, FL.

7-10 Institutes for Human Resources
Inc., New Smyrna Beach, FL.
TKe Electronic Village Expo
83-84 Tupperware Convention
Center, Orlando, FL.

10-12 CEPA Inc., Rockville, MD. Mi-
cros in Engineering, Planning,
and Architecture The Saint
Paul, St. Paul, MN.

10-13 Info Inc., New York, NY. In-
formation Management Exposi-
tion & Conference New York
Coliseum, NY.

11-12 Morgan Grampian Expositions,
New York, NY. CADCON '83
Park Plaza Hotel, Boston, MA.

15-16 Kengore Corp., Franklin Park,
NJ. NJ Microcomputer Show &

Fleamarket Meadowlands Hil-
ton Hotel, Secaucus, NJ.

16-18 Texas Association for Educa-
tional Data Systems, Austin,
TX. TAEDS 1983 Convention
Hilton Hotel, Austin, TX.

18-19 Architecture Technology Corp.,
Minneapolis, MN. Conference
on Local Computer Networks
Hilton Inn, Minneapolis, MN.

18-20 IEEE Computer Society, Silver
Spring, MD. EdCompCon '83:
Applying Technology to Educa-
tion Red Lion Inn, San Jose,
CA.

19-21 Raging Bear Productions, Corte
Madera, CA. National Soft-
ware Show Trade Show Center,
San Francisco, CA.

22 Plymouth State College, Ply-
mouth, NH. Conference on
Computers and Education PSC
campus.

23-26 George Washington University
Medical Center, Washington,
DC. 7th Annual Symposium on
Computer Applications in Med-
ical Care Convention Center,
Baltimore, MD.

24-25 University of Oregon, Eugene,
OR. Pacific Northwest Com-
puter Graphics Conference Eu-
gene Conference Center.

24-26 American Institute of Aeronau-
tics and Astronautics, Orlando,
FL. Computers in Aerospace
Conference Hartford, CT.

24-26 Association for Computing Ma-
chinery, New York, NY. ACM
'83 Sheraton Centre, New York,

NY.

November

1-4 American Production & Inven-
tory Control Society, Falls
Church, VA. 26th Annual Inter-
national Conference Hilton Ho-
tel, New Orleans, LA.

5-7 San Diego Computer Society,
San Diego, CA. San Diego
Computer Fair Scottish Rite
Center, San Diego, CA.

7-9 IEEE Computer Society, Silver
Spring, MD. 24th Annual Sym-
posium on Foundations of
Computer Science Tucson Mar-
riott, Tucson, AZ.

17-19 Northeast Expositions Inc.,
Chestnut Hill, MA. Northeast
Computer Show and Software
Exposition Hynes Auditorium,
Boston, MA.

18-19 Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK. Microcomputers
in Education Conference OSU
campus.

29- The Interface Group, Needham,

Dec 2 MA. Comdex/Fall '83 Las Ve-
gas, NV.

December

12-14 IEEE Computer Society, Silver
Spring, MD. Computer Net-
working Symposium Sheraton
Inn, Silver Spring, MD.

ESSJRy

CUT YOUR PAPERWORK
TO shreads with SIMPLEX
FORMS PROCESSORS

" Ml l.TIPl RPOSE CHECK WRITER ••

uses most Multi purDose checks for Payroll. Accounts
Receivable, and Cash Disbursement checks Kach
t>pe followed by SESSION REPORT for further
bookkeeping procedures
Specify Model I or III Tapeor Disk 138.95

" MllTI PI RPOSE FORM PROCESSOR ••

Uses most multi purpose printed l'j X II forms or

PLAIN PAPER Your choice

Processes INVOICES. STATEMENTS. PURCHASE

ORDERS. MEMOS

Specify as above only M9.95

•• SPECIAL - COMBO PACK of BOTH ••

Specify as above only 179.97

AI.SO man) single SIMPLEX PROCESSORS
NEW programs soon CONTRACTOR CERTIFIED
PAYROLL. REG PAYROLL PAYABLES. RECEIVABLES

ADI)M 00SHIPPING AND HANDLING
Tenn Residents add 6 >, percent tax

Coming Next Month

VTU fift

DEALERS INVITED

ESSJAY P.O. Box 566
Dyorsburg. TN 38024 - Phone 901-2851800

88 • 80 Micro, October 1983

If you're wondering about the future
of data input, the handwriting's on the
wall in black and white. Bar codes,
those funny stripes on canned goods
and 80 Micro's cover, will soon be used
for everything from taking inventory to
loading programs.

The November issue starts with a bar
code tutorial, and goes on to Model
I/III/4 programs that convert keyboard
input into UPC, Codabar, 2 of 5, or 3
of 9 codes on an Epson printer. For
desktop owners who want to keep pace
with the Model 100, there'll be a look at
bar code readers that use the RS-232 in-
terface, and a project to build one from

the cassette port.

Besides bar codes, there's a screen
dump routine that handles graphics as
well as text — all 256 characters in the
Model Ill's repertoire — and a files and
directory sorting program. You can ex-
pect a look at the Model I tape edi-
tor/assembler, too.

Finally, hardware hackers will feel
more secure about their homes (with a
monitoring and security interface) and
about their Model Ills, which show no
signs of life if the screen's clear and the
disks aren't spinning. After building an
LED pilot light, you'll never again leave
the machine on all night by mistake. ■

TIMES

FASTER THAN

dBASE II

SUPER Time

20 min.

29 min.

41 min.

1:02

30hrs.

dBASE II Time

12:18

00 hrs.

1:27

50 hrs.

18 min.

13:50

08 hrs

If you bought your computer to save time, then you
need SUPER, the most powerful database system you
can use. Power is a combination of speed, ease of use
and versatility. SUPER has them all.

FAST - To demonstrate SUPER'S speed, ISA retained a
professional dBASE programmer to benchmark SUPER
vs. the acknowledged leader. A simple mailing list
application was chosen to minimize dBASE
programming cost. The results:

Task
Set up/Program
Input 100 records
Sort & Print Labels

Totals

Notice that SUPER was faster at every task where your
time is involved— and saving your time is probably the
whole reason you bought a computer.

EASY TO USE - SUPER won because of its ease of
use. Since it is menu-driven, office personnel can easily
learn to use SUPER to set up their own applications,
speeding and simplifying dozens of tasks without the
need of programmer support.

VERSATILE - SUPER, unlike other business
programs, doesn't dictate how to run your business.
With SUPER the computer does what you want, when
you want, the way you want it. SUPER may be the only
business program you'll ever need. It can handle
customer files, payables, receivables, depreciation,
appointments, cost accounting, time charges,
commissions, inventory, manufacturing control, and
even matrix accounting systems!

SUPER PERFORMANCE AT A SUPER PRICE -

That SUPER beats the $700 dBASE program may
surprise you, but in terms of price vs. performance
SUPER has no competitors. Among its features are:
production input, data compression, multiple databases
on line, transaction posting, file reformating, stored
arithmetic files, flexible report formats, hierarchical sort
and multi-disk files for up to 131. 068 records. It can
select by ranges, sub-strings, and field comparisons. It
interfaces to word processors such as WordStar"",
SuperSCRIPTSIT'", Model 11/16 SCRIPTSIT 1 ", and
NEWSCRIPT™. In fact SUPER has so many features that

it takes a six-page product description to cover them all.
Write or call and we'll send you one.

SUPER is available for TRS-80'" Models I & III under
NEWDOS™, LDOS™, and DOSPLUS; for TRS-80 Models
II, III and 16 under TRSDOS™; and CP/M™ systems.
NOW $199*

Manual (Price applicable to purchase)
Now available for IBM-PC
Manual (Price applicable to purchase) $ 25.00

Now available for IBM-PC

"$15.00 Formatting charge for non-standard CPM disk format

OTHER SOFTWARE

ManageMint™: A PERT/CPM project
management system compatible with SUPER. It
includes scheduling, resource and financial
management modules.

Sales Planning and Data Extraction System:
Improves hit rates while cutting costs.

Small, economical program packages for
accounting, business and office applications as
well as utilities.

Write for Catalogue

Institute For Scientific Analysis. Inc.

SOFTWARE FOR HARD USE

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SCIENCE

LOAD 80

Ephemeris for Comets and
Minor Planets

by James H. Fox

Many amateur astronomers have the
equipment to track comets and minor
planets after they have passed beyond
the range of the positions published in
astronomy magazines. Computing po-
sitions to create ephemerides is what
this program is all about.

Some asteroids and comets follow el-
liptically shaped orbits, and are called
periodic because they return to the same
point in their orbit after an elapsed peri-
od of time. The orbits of these periodic
comets and minor planets may be al-
tered by gravitational attraction of the
major planets. When such perturbation
occurs, the periodic body is not at the
position predicted by the last known or-
bital parameters. To recover or find ob-
jects that have had their orbits per-
turbed, amateur astronomers need
some method of defining an area of the
sky in which to search. The program
provides one method.

Orbital motions are described by a set
of differential equations relating two of
Newton's physical laws — the Law of

Compute the projected
positions of comets
and minor planets using
these orbit parameters.

Gravitation and the Law of Motion.
Solution of these equations requires six
constants of integration, known as the
elements of the orbit.

Orbital Elements

The elements can come in many
forms, but the most common are the os-
culating elements. The eccentricity, e,
and the semi-major axis, a, determine
the shape and size of the orbit. The in-
clination (i), argument of the perihelion
(oj), and longitude of the ascending
node (0) determine the spatial orienta-
tion of the orbit. The sixth element,
perihelion date (T), fixes the object's

/plane of
/ecliptic

/of orbit

r^x /

J PERIHELION /

SUN fZ J
/ \ to

24- /

Figure 1. Relationship of orbital elements.

position in the orbit. Figure 1 shows the
relationship of the elements.

Certain other elements may also be
given. The perihelion distance (q),
rather than the semi-major axis (which
is infinite), is used for parabolic orbits.
A time (T ), and the corresponding
mean anomaly (MJ may be given in-
stead of the perihelion date. The period
(P) and the mean daily motion (n°) may
also be given.

Conic Sections

The solutions to the differential
equations of motion are equations of
conic sections. Just which conic section
a particular orbit follows is determined
by its eccentricity, e:

circle e =

ellipse < e < 1

parabola e = 1

hyperbola e > 1

Hyperbolic orbits are very rare be-
cause of the high energies required to
achieve them. I won't consider such or-
bits here. Since circular orbits are mere-
ly a special case of elliptical orbits and
since they seldom occur in nature, I
won't discuss them separately.

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90 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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Elliptical Orbits

An ellipse is the most common shape
for an orbit to assume. Double stars,
planets, most comets, and other bodies
in stable orbits travel in ellipses.

Kepler developed the equations for
elliptical orbits. To do so, he used an
auxiliary circle, circumscribed around
the ellipse, and having a radius equal to
the ellipse's semi-major axis. (Refer to
Fig. 2). He then defined three angles.
The true anomaly (u) is the true polar

i a y

/ VIM

4 All

\ a(l-e)~< / Jj

AUXILLARY CIRCLE
Figure 2. Auxiliary circle.

angle of the orbiting object as seen from
the focus of the ellipse and measured
from the perihelion. The eccentric
anomaly (E) is the angle, measured
from the perihelion of the object, as
projected onto the auxiliary circle and
as seen from the center of that circle.
The mean anomaly (M) is the angle,
measured from the perihelion, which
the object would have if it moved along
the auxiliary circle with uniform mo-
tion. Note that for a circular orbit (e =
0), a is the constant radius of the orbit
and the mean, eccentric, and true anom-
alies coincide.

You can find the mean anomaly (M)
at any time (t) by:

(1) M =

360

(t - T) degrees

= — (t - T) radians

P is the orbital period and T is the time
of perihelion passage.

Kepler's Equation relates the mean
anomaly to the eccentric anomaly (E) by:

(2) E = M + e ° sin E

All angles are in degrees and e° =
57.29578 e. Since Kepler's Equation is
transcendental, you cannot solve it ex-
plicitly. Instead, find an approximate

solution by iteration. One of the easiest
iteration schemes to apply is:

(3) Ej + , = M + e° sin Ej + . . . letting E j = M

Continue the iteration until succes-
sive approximations agree within the
desired error limits. The approximation
equation may be truncated to include
only the first two terms if e is small
enough. If you fail to include higher or-
der terms, you'll only slow the rate of
convergence.

As the eccentricity approaches one,
the elliptical orbit gets more elongated
and the rate of convergence of the itera-
tion scheme specified by equation 3
slows significantly. An alternate meth-
od for nearly parabolic orbits is incor-
porated in the program below if the ec-
centricity is greater than 0.75. The meth-
od is not detailed here, but you can find
further information in A.D. Dubyago's
The Determination of Orbits.

"An ellipse is the most

common shape for an orbit

to assume. Double stars,

planets, and other bodies

travel in ellipses. "

Once you've determined the eccentric
anomaly, find the true anomaly by:

(4) tan0.5v= ^-^-tan 0.5 E
1 -e

Note that the two anomalies, E and
v, lie in the same quadrant, so the
inverse tangent can be determined
uniquely.

Computing Ephemerides

Given the orbital elements:

T — date of perihelion passage

i — orbit inclination to the ecliptic

u — argument of the perihelion

ft — longitude of the ascending node

a — semi-major axis (in ALT) for elliptical orbits

q— perihelion distance (in AU) for parabolic

orbits
e — eccentricity

M — mean anomaly at time T<, if T is some
date other than the date of perihelion
passage (M o = at perihelion)

Compute the auxiliary quantities:

(5)

a, = sin ft sin to /3, = cos ft sin u 7, = sin i sin u

a 2 = sin Q cos to /3 2 = cos ft cos w y : = sin i cos to

Compute the Gaussian Constants for
the orbit. Note that the values are de-
pendent only on i, co, Q, and e (inclina-
tion of the ecliptic to the Earth's equa-
torial plane, e = 23° 26' 44.8" in 1950)
and need be computed only once for a
given orbit.

(6) P x = /3,-a, cosi

P y =032 + a, cos i) cos e-y, sin e
P z = 03j + a, cos i) sin < + 7, cos e
Q x = -/3i -a 2 cos i
Qy = ( - /3, + a ; cos i) cos e-y 2 sin e
Q z = ( - 0, + a 2 cos i) sin e + 72 cos e

If the orbit is elliptical (0 < e < 1),
continue with equation 7. If the orbit is
parabolic (e= 1), skip to equation 11.

Ephemeris for Elliptic Orbit

For each date and time of the de-
sired ephemeris, calculate the mean
anomaly, M.

(7) M = M + n°(t-T )T = dateof

ephemeris
n°= mean daily motion (degrees per day)
0.9856076686

360

P (days)

By carrying out this and succeeding
calculations using fictitious values for
M ot the resulting ephemeris shows the
projected shape of the orbit in the sky
instead of a single point. This projected
shape gives the observer an estimate of
the necessary search area if he is trying
to recover a lost periodic object. Such
an ephemeris is called a search
ephemeris.

For each calculated value of M, com-
pute the eccentric anomaly, E, from
Kepler's Equation using equation 3 un-
til the relative error is less than 0.01 per-
cent. The relative error can be calcu-
lated by:

(8)

-i + i

-Ej

< 0.0001

Once computation of E has converged
to the desired accuracy, compute the
solar rectangular coordinates for each
value of E computed.

(9) x = a P x (cos E - e) + a Vl-e 2 Q x sin E
y = a P y (cos E - e) + aVl - e 2 Q y sin E
z = a P z (cos E - e) + aVl -e 2 Q z sin E

(10) r = (x 2 + y J + z 2 ) l/2
distance from the sun (AU)

Skip to equation 16 to compute right
ascension and declination from the
solar rectangular coordinates.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 93

Program Listing. Orbit Computation/ B AS.

1 PRINT@975,"(HIT ANY KEY TO CONTINUE)";

2 Q$=INKEY$ : IFQ$=" "THEN2ELSERETURN

4 IF(PEEK(14312)AND240) <>48THENPRINTTAB( 10) "*** PRINTER NOT READ
Y ***":Q%=0:RETURNELSEQ%=-1:RETURN

6 POKE16414,141:POKEl6415,5:RETURN 'DCB=PRINTER

7 POKEl6414,88:POKEl6415 f 4 : RETURN 'DCB=VIDEO

13 PRINTe64*(Q-l) ,; :RETURN

14 PRINT§64*(Q-1) ,CHR$(31) :GOSUB13 : RETURN 'ERASE LINE Q TO
END

300 DEFFNMD(I,J) =I-INT(I/J) *J 'I MOD J

302 DEFFNFR{X)=X-FIX(X) 'FRACTION PART OF X

303 DEFFNRD(X)=X*PI/180 'DEGREES => RADIANS

304 DEFFNDG(X)=X*180/PI 'RADIANS => DEGREES

306 DEFFNMN(X)=FIX(FNFR(X) *60) 'MIN PART OF DD.DDDD

307 DEFFNSC(X)=FNFR(FNFR(X) *60) *60 'SEC PART OF DD.DDDD

308 DEFFNAT(X,Y)=ATN(Y/X)-PI*(X<0) +2*PI*(X>0) *(Y<0) 'ARCTAN(Y
/X) IN PROPER QUADRANT

309 DEFFNAS(X)=ATN(X/SQR(1-X*X) ) 'ARCSIN(X)

312 DEFFNR(X,Y,Z) =SQR(X*X+Y*Y+Z*Z) 'RADIUS VECTOR

315 GOTO1000

500 ' PARABOLIC ORBIT EP = 1

510 M=MJ+(T(I)-T0)/A[1.5:C=.0364912*M:CS=SQR(C*C/4+l) :Cl=C/2-CS:

C2=C/2+CS:Jl=SGN{Cl) :C1=ABS(C1) :J2=SGN(C2) :C2=ABS(C2)

520 S=Jl*Cl[(l/3)+J2*C2[(l/3)

530 PA=A*(1-S*S) :QA=2*A*S: RETURN

600 ' ELLIPTICAL ORBIT <= EP <= 0.75

610 N0=.985608/A[1.5:N0=FNRD(N0) :
620 M=M0+MJ+N0*(T(I) -T0) :E1=M

630 E=M+EP*SIN(El) :IFABS(1-E/E1) <. 0001THEN640ELSEE1=E:GOTO630
640 PA=A*(COS(E) -EP) :QA=A*SQR( 1-EP*EP) *SIN(E) : RETURN
700 ' NEARLY PARABOLIC ORBIT .75 < EP < 1

710 E=(1-EP)/(1+EP) :F=l-(. 399375-. 108601*E)*E
7 20 D=l-(. 0284851- (.01 86 341- . 001917 *E) *E) *E
730 C=F*SQR( (l+EP)/2)/A[1.5:B=EP*D:M=C*(T(I)-T0) +MJ
740 Tl=.0364912*M:T3=SQR(Tl*Tl/4+l) : X0=Tl/2-T3 : J1=SGN(X0) :X0=ABS

(X0)

750 T2=J1*X0[ (l/3)+(Tl/2+T3) [ (1/3) :N=B*T2*T2:S=1+.431919*N
760 P=N+E:IFP<.22THENH=1
770 IFP>=.22THENH=1-3E-6*(P-.21)
780 T3=T2*S*H:T4=T3*T3*E+1

7 90 PA=A*(1-T3*T3)/T4:QA=2*A*T3/T4: RETURN
1000 DEFINTI-K:PI=3.14159:CLS

1050 PRINTCHR$(23) : PRINTtPRINT: PRINT: PRINT" SEARCH EPHEMERIDES
":PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT" BY J.H. FOX" : FORI=1TO2000 :NEXT:CLS

1150 CLS:INPUT"ENTER NAME OF OBJECT ";A$

1160 PRINT@128, "ENTER ELEMENTS:"

117 INPUT" INCLINATION " ;U: U=FNRD (U)

1180 INPUT" ARGUMENT OF PERIHELION . . . . " ; V: V=FNRD( V)
1190 INPUT" LONG. OF ASCENDING NODE . . . " ; W: W=FNRD (W)

1200 INPUT" REFERENCE DATE (JD) ";T0

1210 INPUT" ECCENTRICITY " ; EP

1220 IF(EP<0OREP>1)THENPRINT"

ORBIT NOT DEFINED FOR NEGATIVE ECCENTRICITY.

EPHEMERIS NOT AVAILABLE FOR HYPERBOLIC ORBIT.": STOP

123 JP=3 'NEARLY PARABOLIC

1240 IFEP=1THENJP=1 'PARABOLIC

1250 IFEP=<.75THENJP=2 'ELLIPTIC

1260 ONJPGOTO1270, 1300, 1270

1270 PRINT" *** PARABOLIC OR NEAR PARABOLIC ORBIT ***"

1280 INPUT" PERIHELION DISTANCE " ; A:GOTO1330

1300 PRINT" *** ELLIPTICAL ORBIT ***"

1310 INPUT" SEMI-MAJOR AXIS ";A

1320 PRINT" MEAN ANOMALY IN DEGREES AT REFERENCE"

1321 INPUT" DATE (=0 AT PERIHELION) " ;M0 : M0=FNRD ( M0)
13 30 CLS:K=1 'ENTER SOLAR COORDINATES

1340 PRINT"FOR EACH DATE OF DESIRED EPHEMERIS, ENTER A 8 CHARACT
ER STRING

FOR THE DATE (EG, 10/15/82), THE JULIAN DATE AND THE (EPOCH
1950) X,Y,Z COORDINATES OF THE SUN FOR THAT DATE (AVAIL. FROM"

1341 PRINT'ASTRONOMICAL ALMANAC, SECTION 'C'). A MAXIMUM OF 10
DATES ARE

ALLOWED. IF FEWER THAN 10 DATES ARE REQUIRED, ENTER 'DONE'

PLUS 4 ZEROS (SEPARATED BY COMMAS) AFTER THE LAST DATE - EG,

? DONE, 0,0,0,0": PRINT

1350 INPUTD$(K) ,T(K) ,X(K) ,Y(K) ,Z(K)

1360 IFLEFT$(D$(K) , 4) ="DONE"THENK=K-l : GOTO140

1370 IFK=10THEN140 0ELSEK=K+1:GOTO1350

1400 CLS:PRINT@138, "SELECT YOUR CHOICE BY NUMBER:"

1401 PRINT@266,"<1> SINGLE POSITION EPHEMERIS"

1402 PRINT@394,"<2> ORBIT PROJECTION EPHEMERIS"
1410 GOSUB2:JC=VAL(Q$) : IFJC<1ORJO2THEN1410

1420 CLS:PRINT@458, "OUTPUT TO SCREEN <S> OR PRINTER "

Listing continued

Ephemera for Parabolic Orbit

For a parabolic orbit, no value is
given for a (which is infinite) or e (which
is always 1 for a parabola). Instead, the
perihelion distance (q) is used to com-
pute the mean anomaly (M) for each
date (t) of desired ephemeris.

(11)

M =

t-T,

For each calculated value of M, com-
pute a. (Note: a = tan Q.5v, where v is
the true anomaly. However, the value
of v itself is never required in further
calculations, so a is computed here,
instead.)

(12)

Jj + a = iiM ^ = Gaussian constant
3 2 =0.01720209895

This equation may be solved for a by it-
eration or by the following special form
of the cubic equation for the real root a:

(13)

-'4

-L-(_£! +1)1/2+

^ + (.£_+l)"2

3kM

Once the values of o have been deter-
mined, compute the solar rectangular
coordinates for each value of o.

(14) x = qP x (l - cr) + 2qQ x a
y = qP y (l - a 2 ) + IqQya
z = qP z (l - a 2 ) + 2qQ z a

(15) r = (x' + y 2 + z 2 ) 1/2

distance from the sun (AU)

This is the same as equation 10.

Determine Equatorial Coordinates

From the solar rectangular coor-
dinates, compute the geocentric rec-
tangular coordinates:

(16) £ = x + X

>> = y + Y

f = z + Z

(17) A = (£ 2 + 7, 2 + n 1/2
distance from the Earth (AU)

X, Y, and Z are the geocentric rec-
tangular coordinates of the sun and are

94 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 95

Listing continued

143 JS=-1:GOSUB2:IFQ$="S"THEN1500

1440 IFQ$X"P"THEN1430

1450 JS=0:GOSUB4

1460 IFQ%THEN1500

1470 FORI=1TO1000:NEXT:GOTO1420

1500 CLS:PRINT@458, "COMPUTING GAUSIAN CONSTANTS"

1510 A1=SIN(W) *SIN(V) :Bl=COS(W) *SIN(V) :C1=SIN(U) *SIN(V)

1520 A2=SIN(W) *COS(V) :B2=COS(W) *COS(V) :C2=SIN(U) *COS(V)

1530 Dl=A2+Bl*COS(U) :D2=-A1+B2*C0S (U)

1540 PX=B2-Al*COS(U) : PY=Dl* . 917 437-C1* . 3 97 881 : PZ=D1* . 397 881+C1* .

917437

1550 QX=-Bl-A2*COS(U) :QY=D2* . 917 437-C2* . 397 881 :QZ=D2* . 397 881+C2*

.917437

1560 IFNOTJSTHENCLS:PRINT@458, "COMPUTING EPHEMERIDES" :GOSUB6

1570 IFJSTHENCLS

1600 PRINTTAB(20) "EPHEMERIS FOR ";A$

1610 PRINTTAB(6)
R(SUN) "

1611 PRINTTAB(18

1620 B$=" %
####"

1621 C$="

DATE

'HR MIN
%

RT ASC

DEG MIN

DECLINATION R( EARTH]

(AU)
*#* ft.*'

(AU)

**.

** **.*

1700 FORI=lTOK: IFJC=1THENJL=0 : JU=0ELSEJL=-2 : JU=2

1710 PRINT" "

17 20 FORJ=JLTOJU:MJ=J*.0 87 26 65:ONJPGOSUB500,6 00,700

17 30 X=PA*PX+QA*QX:Y=PA*PY+QA*QY:Z=PA*PZ+QA*QZ:R=FNR(X,Y,Z)

1740 XI=X+X(I) :ETA=Y+Y(I) :ZETA=Z + Z(I) :D=FNR(XI ,ETA, ZETA)

1750 DC=FNAS(ZETA/D) :DC=FNDG(DC) :RA=FNAT(XI , ETA) :RA=FNDG(RA) /15

1760 ID=SGN(DC) :DC=ABS(DC) :DG=ID*FIX (DC) :DM=FNMN(DC) +FNSC (DC) /60

1770 HR=FIX(RA) : MN=FNMN ( RA) +FNSC ( RA) /6

1780 IFJ=0THENPRINTUSINGB$;D$(I) ,HR,MN,DG , DM , D , R

ELSEPRINTUSINGC$;HR,MN,DG,DM
17 90 NEXTJ

1800 IF ( JSANDJC=2ANDFNMD ( I , 2) =0) THENGOSUB1 : 0=4 : G0SUB14
1810 NEXTI : G0SUB7 : GOSUBl : CLS : STOP

Model 11/12/16 Conversion

DELETE THE FOLLOWING LINES:

6-14, 1460-1470

EDIT THE FOLLOWING LINES:

1 IFJS=0THENRETURNELSEPRINT:PRINTTAB(25) " (HIT ANY KEY TO CONTINU
E)"

2 Q$=INKEY$:IFQ$=""THEN2ELSEPRINTCHR$(11) ; : PRINTCHR$ ( 23) : RETURN

4 SYSTEM"DUAL ON": RETURN

510 M=MJ+(T(I)-T0)/A~1.5:C=.0364912*M:CS=SQR(C*C/4+l) :Cl=C/2-CS:

C2=C/2+CS:Jl=SGN(Cl) :C1=ABS(C1) :J2=SGN(C2) :C2=ABS(C2)

520 S=Jl*Cl~(l/3)+J2*C2~(l/3)

610 N0=.985608/A"1.5:N0=FNRD(N0) :

730 C=F*SQR( (l+EP)/2)/A~1.5:B=EP*D:M=C*(T(I)-T0)+MJ

750 T2=Jl*X0*(l/3)+(Tl/2+T3) "(1/3) :N=B*T2*T2: S=1+.431919*N

1050 PRINTCHR$(31) : PRINT: PRINT: PRINT: PRINT" SEARCH EPHEM

ERIDES":PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT" BYJ.H. F0X":F0RI=1T

O2000:NEXT:PRINT CHR$(30)

1160 PRINT:PRINT"ENTER ELEMENTS:"

1220 IF(EP<0OREP>1)THENPRINT:PRINT"ORBIT NOT DEFINED FOR NEGATIV

E ECCENTRICITY. " : PRINT'EPHEMERIS NOT AVAILABLE FOR HYPERBOLIC OR

BIT.": STOP

1340 PRINT"FOR EACH DATE OF DESIRED EPHEMERIS, ENTER AN 8 CHARAC
TER STRING FOR THE" : PRINT"DATE (EG, 10/15/82), THE JULIAN DATE A
ND THE (EPOCH 1950) X,Y, Z" : PRINT"COORDINATES OF THE SUN FOR THAT

DATE (AVAIL. FROM ASTRONOMICAL ALMANAC,"

1341 PRINT"SECTION 'C'). A MAXIMUM OF 10 DATES ARE ALLOWED. IF
FEWER THAN 10 DATES" : PRINT"ARE REQUIRED, ENTER 'DONE' PLUS 4 ZER

05 (SEPARATED BY COMMAS) AFTER THE LAST" : PRINT"DATE - EG, ? DONE
,0,0, 0,0": PRINT

1400 CLS:PRINT@180, "SELECT YOUR CHOICE BY NUMBER:"

1401 PRINT@340,"<1> SINGLE POSITION EPHEMERIS"

1402 PRINT@500,"<2> ORBIT PROJECTION EPHEMEPIS"
1420 CLS:PRINT@420, "OUTPUT TO SCREEN <S> OR PRINTER "
1500 CLS :PRINT@420, "COMPUTING GAUSIAN CONSTANTS"

1560 IFNOTJSTHENCLS:PRINTe420, "COMPUTING EPHEMERIDES"

1620 B$=" \ \ ## ##.# ### ##.« ##.#### ##.

###*"

1780 IFJ=0THENPRINTUSINGB$;D$(I) ,HR,MN,DG,DM,D,R ELSEPRINTUSINGC

$;HR,MN,DG,DM

1800 IF(JSANDJC=2ANDFNMD(I,2)=0)THENGOSUB1:Q=4

tabulated in the Astronomical Almanac
for each day of the year. The Astro-
nomical Almanac is available from the
U.S. Government Printing Office. Each
date of the desired ephemeris requires
one set of rectangular coordinates.

For each set of rectangular coor-
dinates, compute right ascension (a)
and declination (5) from:

(18) 6= sin" ' (f/A) degrees

(19) a « tan " * (ij/Q degrees

Remember, a must be converted to
hours by a (hours) = a (degrees)/ 15.

The inverse tangent on all computers
returns a value between -90° and
+ 90°. If £ is negative, add 180° to the
calculated value of tan -1 ; if £ is positive
but i] is negative, add 360° to the cal-
culated value. For other combinations,

"Although the program is
written in single-precision

arithmetic, you can convert
it to double-precision if

you want more accuracy. "

the calculated value is correct. This cor-
rection is performed in the program by
a function subroutine at line 308.

The Program

The program runs under Disk Basic
on a TRS-80 Model I computer. It
should work as well on the Model III,
but I have not tried it on that model.
Although the program is written in
single-precision arithmetic, it could be
converted to double-precision if more
accuracy is desired.

Subroutines occupy the initial pro-
gram lines. This minimizes the time re-
quired for the interpreter to search for
subroutine line numbers. Program
comments describe most of the subrou-
tines' functions. Lines 500-700 com-
pute the mean anomaly for parabolic,
elliptical, or nearly parabolic orbits.

Lines 1150-1330 prompt the user for
the orbital elements, checking along the
way for the orbit shape based on the ec-
centricity. The reference date (line 1200)
and the ephemeris dates (line 1350) are

96 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 97

entered as Julian dates. This date is the
number of elapsed days since January
1, 4713 B.C., and makes direct arith-
metic operations on dates easy. Fortu-
nately, the Julian date for any day of
the year can be found in the Astro-
nomical Almanac along with the solar
X, Y, Z coordinates.

However, to stay within the restric-
tions of single-precision arithmetic,
enter no more than the six most signifi-
cant figures. For example, 20 December
1982 is JD 2,445,323 and it would be

entered as 5323. Note that fewer than
six significant figures can be used if they
span the time frame of the desired
ephemeris.

At lines 1400-1410, choose between
computing a single position or an orbit
projection for each date of ephemeris.
A projection is provided by artificially
introducing an offset of -10, -5, 0,
+ 5, +10 degrees to the mean anomaly
on each date. This is accomplished by
the variable MJ computed in line 1720
and used in subroutine lines 510, 620, or
730, as appropriate.

Input data and the resulting output
for two comets are provided in Tables 1

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-324

and 2. The first provides single-position
ephemerides for an elliptical orbit, while
the second computes an orbit projection
for a nearly parabolic orbit. Note that
the comet's distance to the Earth and

sun are only provided for the orbital
point having zero offset in Table 2. ■

Contact James H. Fox at 14601 55th
St. S., Afton, MN 55001.

i = 1.1012 degrees

to = 231.487 degrees

fi = 242.552 degrees

Date (1977)

Oct 4

2443420.5

Oct 14

2443430.5

Oct 24

2443440.5

Periodic Comet Gehrels III (1975o)

e = 0.15186

a = 4.03740 AU

T = 23.27 Apr 1977 = 2443256.27 JD

X Y

.984238 -.163636

.936385 -.315255

.860598 - .457430

-.0709512

-.136691

-.198340

Ephemeris for P/Gehrels III (1975 J

RT ASC

Declination

R< Earth)

R(Sun)

Date

Min

Deg

Min

(AU)

10-04-77

13.0

5.3

4.1983

3.4747

10-14-77

24.5

58.1

4.1058

3.4809

10-24-77

35.4

52.4

4.0011

3.4874

Table 1. Elliptical orbit.

Comet Swift-Tuttle (1962 III)

i = 11 3. 560 degrees

= 0.960427

o> = 152.766 degrees

= 0.962638 AU

0, = 138.685 degrees

= 17.0 Sep 1981 =

= 2444864.5 JD

Date (1981)

Aug 1

2444817.5

.636351

- .727709

-.315842

Aug 11

2444827.5

.759150

- .620586

- .269395

Aug 21

2444837.5

.860641

- .495848

- .215304

Ephemeris

for Comet Swift-Tuttle (1962 IH)

RT ASC

Declination

R(Earth)

R(Sun)

Date

Min

Deg

Min

(AU)

17.2

1.6

17.2

56.3

08-01-81

17.2

51.1

1.6034

1.3080

17.2

45.8

17.2

40.5

40.2

2.0

40.2

57.4

08-11-81

40.2

52.8

1.7033

1.1744

40.1

48.2

40.1

43.6

58.3

48.1

58.3

43.9

08-21-81

58.3

39.8

1.7932

1.0743

58.2

35.7

58.2

31.6

Table 2. Nearly parabolic orbit.

98 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 99

SCIENCE

(•'

LOAD 80

Molecular Matters

by Karl Sarnow

he Hueckel Molecular Orbital Theory of pi
electron systems demystifies the arrangement
of protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms.

How can a teacher demonstrate the
modern molecular orbital theories of
chemistry without diving into math-
ematical theories like matrix diagonal-
ization? Use your Model III and this
program for an overview of the con-
struction of molecules; this article ex-
plains the simplifications that lead to
the Hueckel Molecular Orbital (HMO)
theory of pi electron systems.

Basic Chemistry

All matter is composed of molecules.
All molecules are made from atoms. All

atoms are made up of protons (positive-
ly charged), neutrons (no charge), and
electrons (negatively charged). Protons
and neutrons unite to form a positively
charged drop, the nucleus of an atom.

To form a neutral atom, the number
of electrons must equal the number of
protons. These electrons orbit the nu-
cleus of the atom, but unlike planets
around the sun, electrons might travel
in different planes. The electrons prefer
areas of space around the nucleus called
orbitals. Because chemical reactions of
atoms and molecules are all performed

by the electrons in the orbitals, atoms
with different numbers of electrons
show different chemical behaviors.

In the simplest neutral atoms, the
whole atom consists of only one proton
in the nucleus and one electron outside
in the orbital. This is a hydrogen atom.
Figure 1 shows some hydrogen atom
orbitals.

In all other atoms, the orbitals are
assumed to be hydrogen-like atomic or-
bitals. The mathematical function de-
scribing the probability of finding an
electron somewhere around the nucleus
is assumed to be the same as that for
hydrogen.

Normally, the electron of the hydro-
gen atom is in the Is orbital, and the
atom is in its ground state.

OVERLAP REGION

Figure 2. Overlap of Is orbitals in two hydrogen
atoms.

2 P ,

Figure 1. Some orbitals of the hydrogen atom.
100 • 80 Micro, October 1983

The Key Box

Models I and m

16K RAM (Cassette Basic)

32K RAM (Disk Bask)

Printer

If two hydrogen atoms are close
enough together, the orbital of atom 1
overlaps the orbital of atom 2 (see Fig.
2). In the overlap region electrons from
both atom 1 and atom 2 can be found,
forming a negatively charged region.
Both positively charged nuclei are
attracted to this overlap region, forming
a localized or Sigma (a) bond. In this
type of bond, the bonding electrons are
most probably located between the two
nuclei.

Let's look at the orbitals of the car-
bon atom (C) as it is used in most unsat-
urated organic compounds (compounds
with a chemical double bond). The
three a orbitals in Fig. 3 are in the X-Y
plane and form Sigma bonds as ex-
plained above. These three a orbitals
form the skeleton of a planar organic
molecule. Perpendicular to this plane of
a bonds exists a fourth orbital, the p z
orbital called it in Fig. 3. This orbital
produces the double bond in organic

unsaturated compounds.

The Pi Electron Cloud

Let's consider the double bond
formed by the x orbital. Figure 4 shows
the ethylene molecule, in which all
atoms are in the X-Y plane. Perpendic-
ular to this plane are the two p z orbitals
of CI and C2. Because these two orbi-
tals overlap, the p z electron of CI can
jump into the p z orbital of C2 and vice
versa. This means the probability of

"The hydrogen atom

is the simplest atom,

but carbon is the

most abundant element. "

The hydrogen atom is the simplest
atom, but carbon is the most abundant
element. It is of such importance that
chemistry is divided into two parts:
chemistry of the carbon atom (organic
chemistry) and chemistry of the other
elements (inorganic chemistry).

Input file from disk (y/n) ? N

Name or Moiecule? Butadiene

Number of Pi-centers? 4

From now on, I, J are the atomic centers for which the bond

shall be input.

h and k are heteroatom parameters. Often used values are:

k hetero:

k(C-N)=0.l

h(-N) =1.5

k(C-C)=l

k(C-O)=0.8

k(C=0)=1.414

k(C=N)=l

h hetero

h(-0)-l

h(>0)=2

h (>N) =0.5

Atom No.

(STOP <=0)?

1,2,1

Atom No.

(STOP <=0)?

2,3,1

Atom No.

(STOP <=0)?

3,4,1

Atom No.

(STOP <=0)?

0,0,0

Number of rotations: 6 Pivot-Element: 0.000
Do you want to store the result on disk (y/n)? N

How many pure double bonds? 2

Pure double bond between atoms (I, J)? 1,2

Pure double bond between atoms (I, J)? 3,4

Calculation of the Bond Order matrix.
Occupation of MO no. 1 ? 2
Occupation of MO no. 2 ? 2
Occupation of MO no . 3 ?
Occupation ot MO no. 4 ?

Figure 6. Input data for butadiene.

Figure 3. Three sigma sp 2 hybrid orbitals of the
carbon atom.

-P 2 -ORBITAL
FROM C 2

Figure 4. Pi electron cloud resulting from p^p z
overlap in ethylene.

H H

Figure 5. Structure of butadiene.

Program Listing. HMO /B AS

1 '

*************************************************************

2 '

HMO/ B AS

3 '

4 ■

Dr. Karl Sarnov;

5 ■

Salzwedeler Hof 9

3000 Hannover 1

West Germany

*********************************************************

* * * *

DEFINT I,J,N

CLEAR 2000:I=0:J=0:I1=0:J1=0

:N=0

DIM H(20,20)

C(20,20) ,TM(20,20) ,B(20,20) ,

E(20,20

,NB(20) ,

P(20

,20) ,NO(20) ,BM(20,20) ,NE(20) ,S(20,20) ,EP(20)

,SS(20)

,ST(20)

CLS:B(0,0) =0

H(0,0)=0:E(0,0)=0:TM(0,0)=0

A=-11.26:B=-

2.5

EN =

INPUT"Input

:ile from disk (y/n) ";X$

IF X$="y" OR

X$="Y" THEN 1850

INPUT"Name o

f Molecule", -N$

INPUT"Number

of Pl-centers" ;N

100 PRINT"From

tow on, I, J are the atomic centers f

or which

the

id "

110 PRINT H shall

be input."

120 PRINT"h and

k are heteroatom parameters.

Often

used values a

/ isiing

continued

80 Micro, October 1983 • 101

>"f"k(C=O)=1.414","k(C-N)=0.8"."k

KJ,I)=0:E(J,I)=(

>P THEN P=ABS(H(I,J)) :CI=I:CJ=J

PIVOT-Element: #

/ isling continued
130 PRINT"k hetero: "

140 PRINT"k(C-C)=l","k(O0)=<

C=N)=1-

150 PRINT"h hetero:"

\ll S^ h(= ° ,=in ' nh(>O)=2 "'" h(>N)=0 - 5B '" h (-N)=1.5"

170 INPUT"Atom No. I,J,H (STOP < = 0) " ; I , J, Bl

180 IF I<=0 OR J< = THEN GOTO 210

)ll ^ T r< T > J a T ^N H (I r J)=Bl*B:H(J,I)=H(I,J) : BM ( J , I ) =1 : BM ( I , J) = 1E

»l GOTO I7f * B1 = ' 5 ° R B1 = 2 ™ EN NEU)=2 ELSE NE < I)= *

21 ?HErH E ;H^ 9 =A;N P E( E }!r ' 0:POKE16451 ' 0:FOR I = 1 T ° N »» ■»'«■
220 NEXT I

230 FORI=l TO N:EN=EN + H(I f I). N E(I):NG=NG + NE(I):NEXT I:EN=EN/NG

240 'Construction of H-matrix finished.

250 FOR 1=1 TO N

260 FOR J=l TO N

270 S(I,J)=H(I,J)

280 IF I=J THEN C(I,J)=1 ELSE C(I,J)=0

290 NEXTJ,I

300 R=0

310 'Search for PIVOT element in H-matrix.

320 FOR 1=1 TO N

330 FOR J=I TO N

340 B(I,J)=0:E(I,j;

3 50 NEXTJ,I

360 P=0

370 FOR 1=1 TO N

380 FOR J=0 TO 1-1

390 IF ABS(H(I,JJ

400 NEXTJ,I

410 'PIVOT element is found.

420 PRlNT@960,USING"Number of rotations:

#.###"; R ; P ;

430 IF P<0.1 THEN GOTO 810 : 'Convergence criterium
440 'Rotate H-matrix.

v 5 ?/nL?i CI : CI)<>H(CJ ' CJ) ™ EN T=2 * H (CI,CJ)/(H(CI,CI)-H(CJ,CJ)):

™K? QR(1+T T) :CM=S QR( d+K)/2) :S=SGN(T) *SQR( ( 1-K) /2) ELSE CM=1/S

QR(2) :S=SGN(H(CI,CJ))/SQR(2) 7

460 'TM is the transformation matrix.

4 70 FOR 1=1 TO N

480 TM(I,I) =1

490 FOR J=0 TO 1-1

500 TM(I,J) =0:TM(J,I) =0

510 NEXT J, I

520 TM(CI,CI)=CM:TM(CI,CJ)=S:TM(CJ f CI)=S:TM(CJ,CJ)=-l*CM
540 Construction of the EIGENVECTOR-matr ix

550 FOR 1=1 TO N

560 FOR J=l TO N

570 FOR 11=1 TO N

580 B(I,J)=B(I,J)+C(I,I1)*TM(I1,J)

590 NEXTIl f J,I

600 FOR 1=1 TO N

610 FOR J=I TO N

6 20 C(I,J)=B(I,J) :C(J,I)=B(J,I) :

630 NEXTJ,I

640 'Do the rotation.

650 FOR 1=1 TO N

660 FOR J=l TO N

670 FOR 11=1 TO N

6 80 B(I,J)=B(I,J)+TM(I,I1) *H(I1,J)

690 NEXTI1,J,I

700 FOR 1=1 TO N

710 FOR J=l TO N

720 FOR 11=1 TO N

730 E(I,J)=E(I,J)+B(I,I1)*TM(I1,J)

740 NEXTIl,J,I

750 FOR 1=1 TO N

76 FOR J=I TO N

770 H(I,J)=E(I,J) :H(J,I)=E(J,I)

780 NEXTJ P I

790 R=R+1

800 GOTO 310

810 PRINT:HO=PEEK(16451) : MI=PEEK ( 16450) : SE=PEEK ( 16449) : INPUT"Do

you want to store the result on disk (y/n)"-X$

820 IF X$="y" OR X$="Y" THEN GOSUB 1770

830 LPRINTCHR$(29) ; "HMO-Calculation for " ;N$-LPRINT" "

840 LPRINT-ENERGYEIGENVALUES (IN eV) AND EIGENVECTORS"

850 S$="###."+STRINGS(INT(-0.43429*LOG(P+0.000001)+0 Q) "t"\.j F

LEN(S$)<9 THEN S$=STRING$ ( 9-LEN ( S$) ,"#")+S$ '

860 S1$=STRING$(LEN(S$) ,"#") : S2$=STRING$ ( LEN ( S$) -9 , " ")+" C *#

870 FOR 1=1 TO N

880 EM=-999

890 FOR 11=1 TO N

900 IF EM<H(I1,I1) THEN EM=H ( II , II) : 12=11

910 NEXTI1

920 H(I2,I2)=-1000:NO(I)=I2

(J, I) =0:B(I,J) =0

finding an orbital electron is distributed
(delocalized) over CI and C2.

If you now imagine a molecule in
which the p z orbitals are queued up on a
line, there suddenly exists a large room
in which the electrons of the p z orbitals
can move freely. The only limitation for
these electrons is stated by the Pauli
principle: No two atomic particles with
exactly the same attributes (as expressed
in their quantum numbers) can share
the same space. In the p z orbital chain
this means that up to two electrons (one

I isting continued

102 • 80 Micro, Octoberl 983

"The complexity of large

molecules makes it

impossible to compute

the MOs exactly. "

spin up, one spin down) can exist to-
gether in the same space. These two
electrons form a pi molecular orbital
(tt-MO).

HMO Theory

The extreme complexity of large
molecules makes it impossible to com-
pute the MOs exactly. Even the best
programs running on large mainframes
use some simplifications to make com-
putation easier.

The simplest method of calculating x
molecular orbitals is the Hueckel Mo-
lecular Orbital method (HMO method),
which neglects everything except elec-
trons in the p z orbitals. (This certainly
leads to some inaccuracy in the results,
but the HMO theory allows a basic un-
derstanding of the chemical behavior of
molecules.) The following principles
apply:

• We look at only the tt-MOs. The a
skeleton of the molecule is neglected.

• We need - 1 1 .26 eV of energy (called
a in standard HMO theory) to remove
an electron from the p z orbital of car-
bon. The presence of neighboring
atoms does not affect this amount.

• The bond energy for two neighboring
p z orbitals is - 2.5 eV (called /3 in stan-
dard HMO theory). The theory neglects
all bond energies between non-neigh-
boring orbitals.

Using the Program

Type in the Program Listing, and in-
put sample data for a simple molecule,
butadiene. Because this is a new calcula-
tion, answer the question "Input file
from disk?" with N.

According to the first principle of

HMO, we only care for the pi bonds in
the molecule. (The pi bonds are indicat-
ed by solid lines in Fig. 5. The dashed
lines, sigma bonds, are omitted.) There-
fore, we must consider pi bonds be-
tween atoms 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4. Input a
pi bond between atoms 1 and 2 as 1 ,2, 1 .

Figure 6 shows the input for buta-
diene. Here I and J are the atom num-
bers between which a pi bond exists.
The program computes the bond energy
by the equation k*( - 2.5 eV); for a car-
bon-carbon bond, k equals one.

According to the second principle,
the energy required to remove the p z
electron is - 11.6 eV. The program au-
tomatically assumes this value for each
carbon atom of the pi system. After
ending input with 0,0,0, your TRS-80
represents the structure of the molecule

"Each MO is filled from
bottom to top. "

in a Hamilton operator, or energy ma-
trix (see Fig. 7). We now have to diago-
nalize this energy matrix— we have to
find a transformation matrix which sets
all non-diagonal elements of the energy
matrix to zero. We find this transfor-
mation matrix by the Jacobi diagonali-
zation procedure.

After diagonalization, the diagonal
elements are the energy eigenvalues, the
values of energy for the possible tt-MOs
of this molecule. The transformation
matrix represents the eigenvectors of the
t-MO system (the square root of the
probability of finding an electron in a
specific t-MO at a specific atom). Fig-
ure 8a shows the result of the HMO cal-
culation of butadiene.

E(l) is the energy eigenvalue of the
x-MO with the lowest level of energy. In
this MO the energy is 4.045 eV less than
the center energy, which equals a*
number of carbon atoms. Each electron
in this MO bonds the molecule together
with this amount of energy, and the first
MO is called a bonding MO.

E(2)=- 1.545 eV means that each
electron in this MO contributes only
1.545 eV to the stabilization of the
molecule.

E(3) = + 1 .545 eV means that MO 3 is
antibonding. We have to supply energy
to an electron of the separate carbon
atom if we want to bring it into MO 3.
MO 4 occupies the highest level of en-
ergy, where E(4) = + 4.045 eV above the

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My computer is:
DAPPLE
D ATARI

□ IBM PC

D TRS-80

(Mods 1,2, 3, 4)

□ CP/M (8" or 5V4";

80 Micro, October 1983 • 103

Listing continued

930 LPRINT"E(";N+1-I ;")=■; EM-EN; "eV":EP(N+l-I)=EM- EN

940 FOR J=l TON

950 LPRINTUSINGS2$;J;N+1-I-

970 LPRINT M Center energy: ";EN*NG;" eV"

990 LPRjS" N « mbet ° f rotations: ";Rr"PIVOT-ele m ent: -,P

1000 LPRINT" n :LPRINT n "

1010 FOR 1=1 TO N

1020 IF02*K=NG THEN NC(I)=2 ELSE NB(I)=0

1030 NEXT I

1040 ER=0

1050 FOR 1=1 TO N

1060 ER=NB(I)*EP(I)+ER

1070 NEXT I

1090 j^ NT " Ground state HUECKEL-energy = ",ER+EN*NG;" eV" , ,

1100 PRINT: INPUT"How many pure double bonds" .NB

1110 FOR 1=1 TO NB

1120 INPUT-Pure double bond between atoms (I,J)"-H ji

1130 EH = EH+S(I1,J1)*2 '"'"

1140 NEXTI

1150 ER=ER-EH

JJ^LPRINT-RESONANCEENERGY = ";ER;" eV,","PER ELECTRON = » , ER/N

^ds-^J^SE NG " COmPUtin9 tlme: ## H ° UrS ' ## Minutes ' ** Sec

1170 LPRINTSTRING$(131,"*")

1180 FOR 1 = 1 TO 2.-LPRINT" ":NEXT I

12fl FSR N I=r R TO T N CalCUlati ° n ° f the B ° ND 0RDER ■**!«."
1210 PRINT-Occupation of MO no. " ; I? : INPUTNB ( Tl
1220 NEXTI

1230 LPRINT"Occupation of MO's"

1240 FORI=l TO N:LPRINTUSINGS1$;I;:NEXT I: LPRINT" "

X ^ FOR 1 = 1 TO N:LPRINTUSINGS1$,NB(I);:NEXT I:LPRINT" »:LPRINT"

. LrKI N 1

1260 FOR 1=1 TO N:FOR J=l TO N : P ( I , J) =0 s NEXT J, I
1270 FOR 1=1 TO N
1280 FOR J=l TO N
1290 FOR 11=1 TO N

i3iS NExm asNB(n+1 " I1) * C(I ' N0(I1)) * C(J ' N0(I1))+p{I ' J)

1320 NEXTJ,I

1330 LPRINT"Bond order matrix" : LPRINT" "-LPRINT" "•

1340 FOR 1=1 TO N:LPRINTUSINGS1S;I; :NEXTI

1350 LPRINT" "

1360 FOR 1=1 TO N

1370 LPRINTUSING"##";I;

1380 FOR J=l TO I

1390 LPRINTUSINGSGET;P(I,J) ;

1400 NEXTJ: LPRINT" ":NEXTI

1410 FOR 1=1 TO 2:LPRINT" ":NEXTI

1420 ER=0

1430 FOR 1=1 TO N

1440 ER=NB(I) *EP(I)+ER

1450 NEXT I

1460 LPRINT"HUECKEL-energy = ";ER+EN*NG;" eV":LPRINT" ":LPRINT"

!:IpRlST" N "" FREE VALENCES: " :F ° R I=1 T0 N:LPRINTUSINGS1$;I;:NEXT

1480 FOR 1=1 TO N

1522 FOR 11=1 TO N

1500 NR=BM(I1,I) *P(I1,I) +NR

1510 NEXT II

1520 LPRINTUSINGS$;SQR(3) -NR;

1530 NR=0

1540 NEXT I

1550 FOR 1=1 TO 2:LPRINT" ":NEXT I

1560 11=0

1570 FOR 1=1 TO N

1580 IF NB(I)=1 THEN 11=11+1 : NX ( II ) =1

1590 NEXT I

1600 IF 11=8 THEN 1170

1610 FOR I=10UTTO 2:LPRINT" ":NEXT I

1620 FOR 1=1 TO N

1630 SS(I)=C(I,NO(NX(l))) [2

1640 NEXT I

1650 IF 11=1 THEN LPRINT"Spin density for ";N$;"- ion"-FOR 1=1 T

N:LPRINTUSINGS1$;I;:NEXT I: LPRINT" " : FOR I=10TO N • LPRINTUSINGS

$;SS(i) ;:NEXT I: LPRINT" ":GOTO 1170

1660 FOR 1=1 TO N

1670 ST(I)=SS(INAME+C(I,NO(NX(2) ) ) [2

16 80 SS(I)=SS(I)-C(I,NO(NX82) )) [2

1690 NEXT I

1700 LPRINT"Spin density for ";N$ ; " singlet state"

Listing continued

center energy.

The Eigenvector

The line under the energy eigenvalue
E( ) represents the eigenvector C of the
corresponding MO. If, for example,
you square Cll of the eigenvector of
E(l), you have the probability of find-
ing an electron in MO 1 at atom 1 (13.82
percent).

If you do the same for C21-C41, the
other eigenvectors of MO 1, and add all
probabilities, you obtain 100 percent.
So the eigenvector allows you to com-
pute the distribution of electrons in the
7T-MOs over a molecule.

The Resonance Energy

The resonance energy is calculated
from the ground state Hueckel energy
of the molecule, which is defined as
the sum of the energies of all occupied
orbitals:

E = EN k *E(k)= - U.26*EB rr + -2.5*EB::

B n and B xj are bond order elements.

If the two double bonds in butadiene
were isolated, we would expect E = 4*
(-11.26) eV + 4*(-2.5) eV= -55.04
eV. According to the equation above
and Fig. 8b, E = - 56.220 eV. The dif-
ference of - 1.180 eV, called the reso-
nance energy of the molecule, describes
the stabilization by the interaction of
the electrons in the pi electron system of
the molecule. Each electron makes the
molecule more stable by - 0.295 eV.

Occupation of MOs by Electrons

Each MO, occupied by at most two
electrons, is filled from bottom to top.
In this case only four electrons exist,
one from each carbon atom. MOs 1 and
2 are each filled with two electrons. This
occupation leads to the minimum en-
ergy the molecule can have, called the
ground state. Energizing the molecule
causes one, two, or more electrons to oc-
cupy an MO of higher energy, yielding
an excited state of the molecule.

Bond Order Matrix

The bond order matrix is symmetric

COLUMN
NUMBER

1-11.26

-2 5

R
O

-2 5

|-11.2$ |

-2.8

IH>

-2.5

1^1.26 |

-2.5

B
E
R

-25

1-11.26

"V,

1G0NAL ELEMENTS

104 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Figure 7. Energy matrix for butadiene.

— element By is identical to element B^.
Therefore the bond order matrix is
printed out in triangular form.

Figure 8b shows the bond order
matrix for the ground state of buta-
diene. The matrix is computed by the
formula:

B u=jpv c ik* c jic

B u is the bond order matrix element, N k
is the occupation of the kth MO (or the
number of electrons in that MO), and
£ is the summation of all occupied
MOs. The diagonal elements of the
bond order matrix B H give the total pi
electron density (or the mean number of
electrons at atom i). In Fig. 8b we see
one pi electron at each carbon atom in
the ground state of butadiene. The off-
diagonal elements of the bond order
matrix (By, ioj) indicate the strength
of the pi bond between the atoms i and
j. By = l signifies a pure double bond
between these atoms; By = implies no
double bond between these atoms.

The double bond between atoms 1
and 2 and atoms 3 and 4 in butadiene is
not as pure as one would deduce from
the structure formula (6,2 = 834 = 0.894).
On the other hand, a weak double bond
exists between atoms 2 and 3 (623 =
0.447) where one would expect no dou-
ble bond from the structure formula of
butadiene.

Free Valences

The bond order matrix computes the
free valence of an atom in a molecule by
the equation:

F,-SQK3)-£B«

where SQR(3) is the theoretical limit of
valence and EBy is the sum of all bond
orders from ' atom i to all neighboring
atoms j. The greater the free valence,
the greater the reactivity with radicals at
atom i in the molecule.

Spin Density

Two electrons identical in all physical
properties may display different spin.
This is why two electrons can occupy
one orbital. One of these would have
spin up, the other spin down. Imagine
one electron rotating left, the other
rotating right. The spin of both elec-
trons is compensated if two electrons
occupy the same orbital, resulting in
spin density zero. The spin density is
therefore the probability of finding an
unmatched electron at an atom in the

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■180 I

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 105

Listing continued

1710 FOR 1=1 TO N:LPRINTUSINGS1$;I;:NEXT I:LPRINT" "

1720 FOR 1=1 TO N:LPRINTUSINGS$;SS(I) ;:NEXT IrLPRINT" "

1762 LPRINT" ":LPRINT"Spin density for ";N$;" triplet stavu"

1740 FOR 1=1 TO N:LPRINTUSINGS1$;I;:NEXT IrLPRINT" ■

1750 FOR 1=1 TO N:LPRINTUSINGS$;ST(I);:NEXT IrLPRINT" ":LPRINT'

1760
1770
1780
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930

GOTO 1
OPEN
PRINT*
FOR 1 =
FOR J =
PRINT*
NEXT J
CLOSE
RETURN
INPUT"
OPEN "
INPUT*
FOR 1 =
FOR J =
INPUT*
NEXT J
CLOSE
GOTO 8

170

0",1,N$

1,P;EN;CHR$(34) ; N$;CHR$ ( 34) :N; NG; R; HO;MI ; SE

1 TO N

1,H(I,J) ;C(I,J) ;P(I,J=;S(I,J) ;BM(I,J)

Filename";X$

I",1,X$

1,P,EN,N$,N,NG,R,H0,MI,SE

1 TO N

1,H(I,J) ,C(I,J) ,P(I,J) ,S(I,J) ,BM(I,J)

Example Molecule

Furane

h hetero

h(>0) = 2

Chinone o=/ \= h( = 0)=l

Pyrrole

Cytosine

h(>N) = 0.5

h( = N)=1.5

k(C-O) = 0.8

k(C = 0)= 1.414

k(C-N) = 0.8

k(C = N)=l

Table 1. Heteroatom parameters h and k.

HMO Calculation for

Butadiene

Energy Eigenvalues
E(4)=4. 04509 eV

C 1 4 C 2 4
-0.371748 0.601501

in eV) and E

C 3 4
-0.601501

igenvectors

C 4 4
0.371748

E(3)=i.^4508 eV
C 1 3 C 2 3
0.601501 -0.371748

C 3 3
-0.371748

C 4 3
0.C01501

E(2)=-l. 54509 eV

C 1 2 C 2 2
-0.601501 -0.371748

C 3 2
0.371748

C 4 2
0.601501

E(l)=-4. 104509 eV

C 1 1 C 2 1
-0.371748 -0.601501

C 3 1
-0.601501 -

C 4 1
-0.371748

Center energy: -45.04 eV Number
Pivot element: 7.15256E-07

of rotations: 6

Ground state Hueckel energy = -56.2204 eV

Resonance energy = -1.18035 eV; per electron = -.295087 eV

Computing time: Hours, 1 Minutes, 6 Seconds

Figure 8a. HMO calculation for butadiene.

106 • 80 Micro, October 1983

molecule.

In several cases, where only one elec-
tron occupies one or two orbitals, a spin
density other than zero is expected at
the atoms of the molecule. The first case
applies in radical ions that have an extra
electron (negatively charged) or one
missing electron (positively charged). In
this case one unpaired electron occupies
one MO. If this is orbital k, then the
spin density at atom i is P { = 0^12 (the
eigenvector element i of orbital k multi-
plied by itself).

The second case applies when the
molecule is energized, allowing one
electron to jump into a higher molec-
ular orbital (see Fig. 8c). We now have
two orbitals with unmatched electrons.
The resulting spin density at each center
is the difference of the probability of
finding the two unpaired electrons in
the different MOs at the same atom:

j,«Cfct2-q,12

where the two singly occupied orbitals
are k and j. A negative sign of p K simply
means that the spin of the unpaired elec-
tron in MO j overcompensates for the
spin of the electron in MO k and vice
versa. Even though p j can be different
from zero, the overall spin of the
molecule is zero as it is in the ground
state (such states are called singlet
states).

However, if a molecule is excited the
spin of the excited electron may flip. We
now have two singly occupied MOs
with electrons of parallel spin (these are
called triplet states). Because the un-
paired electrons have parallel spin, the
spin density of both electrons is simply
added:

Figure 9 shows the occupation of
butadiene's MOs by electrons in the
ground state of the neutral molecule, in
the ground state of a cationic molecule,
in an excited singlet state of the mol-
ecule, and in an excited triplet state
of the molecule.

Heteroatoms

All the above theory only counts for
carbon-carbon bonds in pure hydrocar-
bons (molecules containing only hydro-
gen and carbon). But nearly all organic
compounds of chemical or biological
interest contain a heteroatom — oxygen
or nitrogen, for example. The energy to
remove an electron from an atomic or-
bital in a heteroatom like oxygen is dif-
ferent than that for carbon. HMO

theory compensates for this by intro-
ducing a factor labeled h:

"hetero = - 1 1.26 eV + h^^^- 2.5 eV)

It is clear as well that the bond energy
between a neighboring heteroatom and
carbon atom differs from -2.5 eV. For
heteroatoms we set:

/ 3 hetero = k hetero*(- 2 - 5eV )

The heteroatom parameters h and k are
found empirically. Commonly used val-
ues are listed in Table 1 and at the begin-
ning of the program. (See Fig. 10 for a
furane example.) ■

Occupation of MO's

1 2

2 2

Bond

1 1

4 -0

order matrix

1 2
000000

894427 1.000000
000000 0.447214
447214 0.000000

000000
894427 1.

4
000000

Hueckel energy = -56

2204 eV

Free Valences:

1 2
0.837624 0.390410

390410

4
.837624

Figure 8b. Ground state occupation.

Here are some suggestions for further
reading:

General HMO Theory:

A. Streitwieser Jr., Molecular Orbital
Theory for Organic Chemists, Wiley &
Sons Inc., NY, 1961.

E. Heilbronner, H. Bock, Das HMO-
Modell und seine Anwendung, Vol. I,
II, III, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/
Bergstr., 1968-1970 (in German).

H. Greenwood, Computing Methods in
Quantum Organic Chemistry, Wiley In-
terscience, London, 1972.

Mathematical Problems of Matrices:

F. Ayres Jr., Theory and Problems of
Matrices, Schaum Publishing Corp.,
NY, 1962.

Write to Karl Sarnow at 3000 Han-
nover 1, West Germany.

Occupation
1
2

MO ' s
2

Bond order

tr ix

1 1.000000

2 0.447214

3 0.000000

4 0.276393

1.
0.

000000
723607
000000

1.000000
0.447214 1

4
.000000

Hueckel energy = -53

.1302 eV

Free Valences
1
1.284840 0.

2
561230

0.561230

4
284840

Spin densi
1
0.000000

for Butadiene singlet state

2 3 4
000000 0.000000 0.000000

Spin densi
1
0.723607

for Butadiene triplet state

2 3 4
276393 0.276393 0.723607

Figure 8c. First excited state.

ENERGY l c V

E (4) '4.05

■

—

E<3>- 1.55

CENTER

■

-r

ENERGY
E(2)» 1.55

-H-

T-

E(l)"4.05

■ -H-

■H-

Figure 9. Occupation of the MOs of butadiene: a.
Neutral ground state molecule, b. Cat ionic (-)
ground state molecule, c. Neutral excited singlet
state molecule, d. Neutral excited triplet state
molecule.

Input file from

disk (y/n)? N

Name of Molecule? Furane

Number of Pi centers? 5

From now on, I,

J are the atomic centers for which the bond

shall be input.

h and k are heteroatom parameters. Often used values are:

k hetero:

k(C-C)=l

k(C-O)=0.8 k(C=0)=1.414 k(C-N)=0.8

k(C=N)=l

h hetero:

h(=0)=i

h(>0)=2 h(>N)=0.5 h(-N)=1.5

Atom No. I,J,H

(STOP <=0)? 1,1,2

Atom No. I,J,tt

(STOP <=0)? 1,2,0.8

Atom No. I,J,H

(STOP <=0)? 2,3,1 i

Atom No. I,J,H

(STOP <=0)? 3,4,1 9 /°\ 2

Atom No. I,J,H

(STOP <=0)? 4,5,1*

(STOP <=0)? 5,1,0.8 4 » " 3

Atom No. I,J,H

(STOP <=0)? 0,0,0

Figure 10. Initial input for furane calculations.

80 Micro, October 1983 •107

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awidri swnofBttnww art pmmci sm>*w wnw

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Wmni»waHl>MiM MOOt»MO0l»

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SPECIFY MOD I or III

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REVIEW

Super Utility Plus 3.1a
The Jaws of Life

by William D. Allen

owersoft has done it again! The new version
of Super Utility Plus has more features,
better documentation, and more raw power.

• ••••

Super Utility Plus 3.1a

Powersoft

Suite 125

11500 Stemmons Fwy., Suite 125

Dallas, TX 75229

Models I and III

48KDisk

Model 4 run as a Model III

$79.95

MAX-80, 48K Disk

$99.95

This article is more than a review of
the current version of Super Utility Plus
(SU + ). I'll also take a look at SU +
from a nonhacker's viewpoint, com-
pare the current version of SU + with
the previous version, inform you about
the support available to users, and cor-
rect some mistakes in the SU + manual.

As you read, you might decide you
need something like SU + , but don't
think you could learn to use it. If so,
write to Powersoft. They're considering
a companion product that would be less
powerful but easier to use, a user's disk
utility as opposed to a hacker's utility.

Five Stars?

I give Super Utility Plus a five-star
rating because it's the jaws of life for
TRS-80 disk systems. Since I often
don't use Super Utility Plus for weeks at
a time, it might seem strange to rate it so
highly. Perhaps it's even stranger to
110 • 80 Micro, October 1983

give such a high rating to a program
that is sometimes exasperating to use.

The first reason for the high rating is
that a previous version of SU + won
first place as 80 Micro's 1982 Utility
Program of the Year. On the whole,
this version is even better, especially on
the Model III. SU-f lives up to its
name — it is a super utility.

Some people dismiss the award's im-
portance because they feel that SU + is
useful only to software hackers. Actual-
ly, nonhackers can find the program
useful too.

That brings me to my second reason
for giving SU + a five-star rating. This
program is like a fire engine. You don't
need it every day, but when you do
nothing else will do the job.

The bad news is that you might find
SU + confusing to use. If that worries
you, remember that the documentation
and other support are much better for
this version.

In General

SU + 's zap utilities let you do almost
anything to one or more disk sectors, in-
cluding reading, writing, modifying, ver-
ifying, searching, and copying them.
You can do this to the sectors, the data,
and — to some extent — the address
marks.

You can eliminate files from a disk in
many different ways, either as individu-
al files or as categories of files. You can

remove all passwords from a directory,
zero unused entries in the directory or
granules on the disk, change the disk's
name, and change file parameters in-
cluding name and password.

You can format a disk for almost any
DOS if your computer has the necessary
hardware. (SU + works with a standard
Model I, but to work with all DOSes
you need an installed double density
modification.)

You can extend the number of tracks
on a disk, a handy feature for going
from 35 to 40 tracks. You can also re-
format a disk while preserving the old
data. This feature has saved many a
disk that had one or more soft errors.

SU + has two back-up commands.
One does a straightforward back-up.
The other backs up some protected
disks.

The repair utilities automatically re-
pair GAT (gran allocation table) and
HIT (hash index table) sectors along
with TRSDOS boot sectors. It also re-
covers killed files, unless TRSDOS
killed them.

It checks a directory for many types of
errors, changes a directory's address
marks, moves the directory to a different
track, clears the unused entries from a
directory, and even displays the directory.

The tape utilities read a tape, let you
examine and modify the contents, write
a new tape, and verify a copy. SU + al-
so has a tape copy utility that copies
most protected tapes.

The 15 memory utilities do almost
anything you can think of to the com-
puter's memory. Some involve transfer-
ring data between disks and memory.

The file utilities are the ones I find
most useful. You can display the sectors
of a file to locate and modify them.

IF YOU'RE GOING TO

BE PICKY ABOUT AN

OPERATING SYSTEM

SEE WHICH WAS

PICKED BEST.

The readers of 80 Micro were
ashed to select their favorite
operating system for the TRS-80
Model l&III. LDOS. DOSPLUS.
TRSDOS, MULTIDOS, WOBOS I and
NEWDOS/80 were ail on the ballot.
They picked NEWDOS/80.

The editors of 80 Micro have also
awarded their Hall of Fame Awards.
From among every software
package on the market the editors
picked only six that they felt made a
lasting and significant contribution
to the TRS-80 computer.
NEWDOS/80 was one of the six.

Since we first introduced the
NEWDOS operating system we've
been stating its features, capabilities
and advantages. Thank you 80 Micro
readers and NEWDOS/30 users for
supporting us.
Version 2.0 .. .
High Performance DOS

NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 is our
highest performance system yet.
The versatility and sophistication of
Version 2.0 includes features like:
• Double density support on the

Model I

• Enhanced
compatability between
Model land III

• Triples directory size

• Dynamically merge in BASIC (also
allows merging of non ASCII
format files)

• Selective variable clearing

• Can display BASIC listings page by
page

• Automatic repeat function key

• Routing for peripheral handling

• Enhanced disassembler

• Command chaining

• Superzap to scan files

• Fast sort function in BASIC

Hard Disk Support Plow Available

• Support for Apparat's and Radio
Shack's Model HI hard disk
(optional-available upon request
for additional $60)

These
features make
NEWDOS/80 one

of the most powerful H

additions you can make to
your system. And Apparat's
commitment to support assures that
you've purchased a superior
product, both today and tomorrow.
At just $149.00 it could be the best
investment you will make for your
TRS-80.

For more information see your
local computer store or contact
Apparat, Inc., 4401 S. Tamarac
Parkway, Denver, CO 80237,
303/741-1778.

TRS-80 arxl TRSDOS are registered trademarks of
Tandy Corp.. LDOS - Logical Systems. DOSPLUS -
Micro Systems Software MULTIDOS - Cosmopolitan
Electronics. WOBOS I - Western Operations.
riCWDOS'80 - Appaiat.

Apparat, Inc.

-S#* List ol AavrtiSTs on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 111

Once you locate the sectors, you can use
the zap utility's sector copy routine.

You can also make some repairs by
finding out what file contains a particu-
lar sector. You can compare and copy
files, or get a map of the free space on a
disk. You can also encode and decode
hash codes and passwords.

Dennis Brent, president of Power-
soft, says that the new version of SU +
has been almost entirely rewritten. Most
of that isn't obvious to the user. For a
review of the early version, see 80 Mi-
cro, January 1982, p. 366.

This new version is generally an im-
provement that offers several nice en-
hancements. It also has a few bugs and
problems. Most of the bugs should be
eliminated by the time you read this.
The problems are, to some extent, in-
herent in the program.

Each SU + disk contains two ver-
sions of the program, one for the Model
I and another for the Model III. (The
Model III version also boots and runs
on the Model 4.) Powersoft has devel-
oped and debugged the Model III ver-
sion better than the Model I version, but
none of the bugs and problems I found
were fatal.

For me, the most annoying problem
occurs when you ask SU -I- to compare
two files. Even when the files are identi-
cal, SU + almost always gives you a list
of disk sectors that don't match.

The reason is that SU + compares ev-
ery sector in every granule assigned to
the file. A file usually has a few unused
sectors, past the point where the file
ends, that contain random garbage.

SU + compares these sectors like the
rest, and produces a number of errone-
ous mismatches. Until you find out
where the file ends on the disk, you
don't know whether the two files are
different.

Another problem occurs when you
use SU+ to display the sectors of a
disk's directory. The directory sectors
are much easier to read in the Model III
version because of a space in front of
the file names. In the Model I version,
one of the noncharacter symbols ap-
pears in that place, making it more dif-
ficult to read the file names.

Features

Experienced users will appreciate a
big change with this SU + — a DOS
specifier system that's easy to use.

Each previous version of Super Utili-
ty has supported current versions of the
popular TRS-80 DOSes. SU+ 3.1 sup-
ports current versions of the following
Models I and III DOSes: DBLDOS,
DOSPLUS, LDOS, MULTIDOS,
112 • 80 Micro, October 1983

NEWDOS/21, NEWDOS/80 2.0, and
the various forms of TRSDOS includ-
ing 2.7 for the Model I, and 6.0.

SU + has limited support for double-
sided use of DOSPLUS, LDOS, and
MULTIDOS. SU+ version 2.2z sup-
ported all these in a single-sided mode
except TRSDOS 2.7 and Model III
MULTIDOS. Model I MULTIDOS
was supported indirectly.

This DOS support lets you work
between different disk operating sys-
tems. That might be handy if you work
with someone who uses a different
DOS. You can transfer a file from one
DOS's disk to another DOS's disk. You
can even format a disk for a DOS you
don't have.

In the past, it's been difficult to start
using a different DOS. You had to tell
SU + what the new DOS was by using
an exasperating DOS specifier process.
At last SU + has a DOS specifier system
that works for the nonhacker.

SU +3.1 has other new features such
as limited automatic DOS and density
recognition. These features help people
working with mystery disks. I personal-
ly have found them interesting but not
too useful.

On the other hand, perhaps I have
been spoiled by using MULTIDOS.
When it comes to disks whose density
and format are unknown, MULTIDOS
works almost flawlessly, whereas SU +
seems to have problems determining a
disk's operating system as well as
whether it's single or double density.

When Powersoft released the first
version of Super Utility, disk operating
systems didn't have all the features they
have now. Some of these new features
reduce the need for SU + . At one time,
Super Utility was a virtual necessity
even for such chores as moving files
from one disk to another.

As DOSes have become more sophis-
ticated, many things I used to do with
SU + I now do with DOS utilities. That
doesn't mean I no longer use SU + , just
that I don't use it as often. In fact, SU +
is faster for certain operations, such as
purging old files from a disk.

Repairs

Super Utility Plus automatically re-
pairs a bad GAT or HIT sector in the di-
rectory. (Automatic GAT and HIT re-
pair are features that MULTIDOS and
DOSPLUS also offer.) Often that's all
you need to fix a crashed directory, but
not always.

SU + offers one more easy repair op-
tion that rewrites the directory's data
address marks (DAMs). MULTIDOS
also changes the DAMs on a directory.

DAMs are identifying marks hidden in
the formatting. DOSes use them to de-
termine where a disk locates its directory.

If you work with more than one oper-
ating system, this SU+ feature might
be a necessity because some operating
systems like TRSDOS are picky about
reading directories with the wrong ad-
dress marks.

Super Utility Plus also offers an auto-
matic boot repair for TRSDOS disks.

"This new version is

generally an improvement

that offers several nice

enhancements. "

You can repair boots of other operating
systems by copying the boot from a
good disk.

If one of the low-numbered system
files is bad, the disk won't appear to
boot. In that case, you have to put good
copies of those files onto the disk also.

SU + isn't limited to rewriting the da-
ta address marks on a directory. It reads
them from or writes them to any disk
sector. Different DOSes use these ad-
dress marks differently.

Often a disk is damaged when an
alien DOS writes to it because the
DAMs are changed. You can repair this
damage fairly easily by checking the
DAMs and rewriting them if necessary.

Different DOSes

One of SU + 's strengths is that it
works between different DOSes. The
most obvious task is transferring files
from one disk to another when you use
different DOSes. SU + also handles
transfers between disks written in dif-
ferent densities, provided your com-
puter has the necessary hardware.

However, passing files between TRS-
DOS 1.3 and other DOSes is not always
successful. The most important reason
for this problem is the way TRSDOS
1.3 handles its directory. TRSDOS 1.3
keeps track of where a file ends differ-
ently from most DOSes.

When you use SU + to transfer a file
from any other DOS to TRSDOS 1.3,
the file generally appears to gain a sec-
tor. From TRSDOS 1.3 to another
DOS, the file generally appears to lose a
sector. Actually, the file SU + copies is
all there; the directory entry is wrong.

SU+ doesn't correct the directory
entry because that requires too much

code. The program doesn't have
enough room left for that feature.

To overcome this problem, you can
use a procedure for patching a TRS-
DOS 1.3 directory that appears in Ap-
pendix B of the SU + manual. The
procedure is clearly written but does
contain some inaccuracies.

I don't want to describe the whole
procedure, but you should know how to
correct a mistake you make while typing
in the correction. Just use the arrow
keys to reposition the cursor and type
over the mistake.

As a general rule, you must use the
command + 14 to position the cursor.
Also, you must subtract one from the
entry, not add one.

Unless you are very good, you should
practice on a copy of the disk, not the
original. That way, when you make a
mistake, you can call Powersoft and get
help because you still have the original
disk with no additional damage.

Unfortunately, the SU+ manual
doesn't tell you how to patch the disk
directory when you're going the other
way. If you copy a Basic program from
TRSDOS 1.3, it won't load and execute
correctly with another operating system
because the file appears shorter than it is.

The program loads without the end
marker the Basic interpreter expects to
find. The Basic interpreter doesn't
know where the program ends. Also,
lines are missing from the program.
When you try to list it, you get the first
part, then a lot of garbage.

In this case, you must adapt the TRS-
DOS instructions to the other DOS.
You need to add one to the sector count
for the file and you need to know the di-
rectory's location. Other than that, you
should use the instructions in the SU +
manual even though they are for
TRSDOS 1.3

Another common problem occurs
when you use a Model III to make a
copy of some Model I disks. The disk
appears to be copied correctly. The
copy even checks as identical to the
original disk when you use SU + 's
Compare Sectors command. However,
when you put the copy into a Model I
disk drive, you find that TRSDOS 2.3
can't read the directory.

The fault lies with the Model III
hardware. The floppy disk control-
ler (FDC) in the Model I reads and
writes four different kinds of DAMs.
The Model III can't write two of these
at all.

Also, the FDC can't correctly recog-
nize the DAMs. In fact, it misreads
them. Because the problem is in the

hardware, SU+ can't do anything
about this.

If a Model I is available, however,
SU+ can write the correct address
marks if you use the Read-Protect di-
rectory command. MULTIDOS can
also correct the data address marks on a
Model I directory.

Documentation and Support

The current version of SU+ comes
with fairly extensive documentation.
However, it's not generally tutorial, al-
though it contains some examples. Un-
fortunately, the examples haven't been
fully debugged.

The manual has some other mistakes.
At the beginning of the Repair Utilities
chapter, the manual advises you to "use
FORMAT WITHOUT ERASE on the
disk to make sure it is readable."

'SU+ is now much easier
to learn to use and it
looks like the support
will increase. "

That's a potential disaster. You
should use the Verify Sectors command
because that can't destroy anything un-
readable. Destruction is possible if you
use the Format Without Erase command.

Despite these problems, the new doc-
umentation makes the program much
more usable. The documentation is
fairly clear, and Powersoft is planning
further improvements and additions.
These are relatively easy to make be-
cause the documentation comes in a
loose-leaf binder.

Several books published by Power-
soft support SU + . These are available
separately from the program.

The novice to intermediate user can
read Inside Super Utility Plus by Paul
Wiener. The advanced user can refer to
the SU+ Technical Manual by Kim
Watt, which includes some DOS notes
by Pete Carr. For version 3.1, this now
comes as a set of pages that go into the
documentation binder.

When you call Powersoft to ask
about Super Utility Plus, you usually
talk to Renato Reyes. I have found him
to be generally knowledgeable, helpful,
patient, and courteous.

Good support is one of the reasons
for SU + 's high cost. Powersoft could
market the program for less if they
didn't provide support.

You receive two copies of SU + , each
on a disk that you can't copy by ordi-
nary means. This inability to back up
SU + has been a sore point with many
users.

In the past the company offered an
extra copy for $10 to registered owners.
They also promised very quick turna-
round on replacing damaged copies.
Unfortunately, the one time I had to re-
turn a disk, it took a month to get a re-
placement copy.

To Buy or Not to Buy

Anyone who depends on his TRS-80
should have access to SU + . The prob-
lem is that the program is not trivial to
learn.

If you're a hacker, you should buy it
and learn everything you can from it. If
you're not a hacker, but would like to
learn about the TRS-80 disk system,
you should also buy a copy. SU+ is
now much easier to learn to use, and it
looks like the support will increase.

Experimenting with all the features
of SU + teaches you a great deal about
the TRS-80. Also, when you need to use
SU + , you'll know how to get the most
the program has to offer.

If you are not a hacker and not inter-
ested in your machine, you probably
won't get much from merely owning
SU + . You also might need its features
the most.

Last, those using TRSDOS 6.0 on the
Model 4 should definitely buy SU + .
TRSDOS 6.0 has no utility packages at
this time. If that situation doesn't
change, SU + is almost a necessity.

SU + 's Future?

It seems to me that the Model 4 will
prove too much of a temptation to
Powersoft for them to let SU + alone.
The Model 4 in its standard disk config-
uration has 16K more memory than the
Models I and III. You can also add a
second 64K of memory at Radio Shack.

What can you do with 64K or, even
better, 128K of memory? One com-
plaint from SU + users is that they can't
copy files from double-sided, double-
density, 80-track disks, because SU + 's
copy routine requires the combined di-
rectories to be stored in the computer.

A 48K machine doesn't have enough
memory to store all those directory sec-
tors, let alone copy the files. How-
ever, the standard 64K on the Model 4
makes that possible for a future version
ofSU + .B

Contact William Allen at P.O. Box
5155, North College Station, Lubbock,
TX 79417.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 113

SCIENCE

LOAD 80

What's Up and When

by Adron D. Lilly Jr.

T3 i>oK£rTT25r -

ven the most casual skywatcher can become a
celestial authority by using this Model ID
program to stay in sync with all the stars.

Want to know which constellations
are visible at a certain time on a certain
night? This Model III program keeps
you and your telescope in sync with the
daily rotation of celestial objects (see
Program Listing).

This program originally listed celes-
tial objects on the meridian (that part of
the sky visible to you) that could be

viewed with a small telescope. It has
since been expanded to let you choose
an hour of interest and, within that
hour, to locate celestial objects in the
sky in order of right ascension.

About 90 percent of the objects listed
are from tables found in John Mallas's
and Everd Kreimer's book The Messier
Album (Cambridge: Sky Publishing

LOCAL

TIME IS:

201 9:50

SIDEREAL TIME IS:

8i 0i &

DATE: 7/ 5/82

RIGHT

ASCENSION

DECLINATION

OBJECT (R.A. AND DEC. EPOCH 1950)

========

B 1 1 . 30

-5 38

H-4B, GAL. CLUS. IN HYDRA

8 37.20

t-20 10

M-44, BEEHIVE IN CANCER

8 37.50

♦ 19 52

PRAESEPE CLU9TER

8 48.50

♦ 12

M-67, BAI . CLUS. IN CANCER

8 49.60

+ 33 38

NGC-2683. 81PRAL GALAXY IN LYNX

Figure 1. Sidereal time listings and celestial objects that you can view.

ENTER HOUR TO LIST

LOCAL TIME ISi 20:11:03

SIDEREAL TIME ISi B: 0: &

TODAY'S DATE: 7/ 5/82

<1 > SINGLE STARS
<4> DOUBLE-DOUBLE
<7> DOUBLE CLUSTER

<0> TYPES 1 THRU 9

<2> DOUBLE STARS

<5> MULTIPLE STARS

GLOBULAR CLUST

<3> RESERVED
<&> NEBULA
<9> GALAXY

WHAT TYPE.-

Figure 2. List of celestial objects from which you can choose to view.

Corporation, 1978) and Robert Bum-
ham Jr.'s book Burnham's Celestial
Handbook, Volumes I, II, and III (New
York: Dover Publications Inc., 1978).
The rest are from various astronomy
magazines.

Personalization

After loading the program, call up
line 1090 and substitute the coordinates
of your west longitude for the value of
L. You'll have to convert any fraction
of a degree of longitude (minutes and
seconds) to a decimal fraction. If you
round your longitude to the nearest de-
gree the error you introduce won't be
over two minutes.

Change TZ in line 1190 so it reflects
the value given for your time zone.

Running the Program

Now give your system the current
time and date. Using this information,
the program determines and displays
the sidereal time so you can select an
hour of interest. The program sends this
information to the printer, along with
column headings for data that it will
print (see Fig. 1).

The program won't update calculat-
ed time unless you press the break key
and run the program again.

If, for example, the sidereal time is
given as 17:30:00, any object with a

The Key Box

Model III
32KRAM
Disk Bask
Printer

114 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Program Listing Sidereut/BAS.

1000 CLS: ' Sidereal/Bas by Adron Lilly, Albuquerque, NM

1010 CLEAR1000:DEFINTE,H,I,J,N,O,P-R:DEFSNGA-D,K,L,M,T,X-Z

1020 DIMAK50) ,B1(50) ,C1(50) ,D1(50) ,E1S(50)

1030 DEFFNA4$(A5,A6,A7$) =M1D$ ( A7$ ,A5*A6+1 , A6)

1040 A$=" LOCAL TIME IS: *«:#«:•#"

1050 B$=" SIDEREAL TIME IS: ##:##:## DATE: ##/##/##"

1060 C$="TODAY'S DATE: ##/##/##"

1070 D$="SIDEREAL TIME IS: ##:##:##"

1060 G$=" **#. #* ##.## +## ## %

%"
1090 L=106.667 ' LONGITUDE — Albuquerque, New Mexico
1100 POKE16419,32 ' Substitutes "space" for cursor character
1110 PRINT@512,"DOES COMPUTER HAVE CORRECT LOCAL STANDARD TIME ENT
ERED? (Y/N) "; : I $=INKEY$: IFI $=" "GOTO1110

1120 IFI$<>"Y"THENCLS:PRINTCHR$(23) :PRINT@448," THIS PROGRAM NEED
S LOCAL TIME (NOT DAYLIGHT TIME) TO DETERMINESIDEREAL TIME FOR YOU
R LOCATION. PRESS <D> TO RETURN TO DOS TO SET THE TIME OR PRESS <
R> TO RUN":LINEINPUTI$: IFI $="D"THENCLS : CMD"S"

1130 CLS:S=PEEK(16919) : MT=PEEK ( 16920) : H=PEEK ( 16921) : YR=PEEK ( 16922)
:D=PEEK(16923) :M=PEEK ( 16924) ' Reads time/date information
1140 YR=VAL(RIGHT$(STR$(YR) ,1) ) 'Gets one digit year from string
1150 K=VAL(FNA4$(YR-1, 8 ,"6.63 83226.6224086.606 4936.5 90 57 96.64037 4"
)) 'WILL SUPPLY VALUE FOR K THRU YEAR 1986

1160 E=VAL(FNA4$(M-1, 3, "0000310590 9012015118221224327 3304334"))
'Supplies number of days in current year thru last day of
previous month.
1170 YR=PEEK ( 16922) : IFYR=84ANDM=>3THENE=E+1 'Leap yr. adds day
1180 MT=MT/60:N=E+D
1190 TZ=7 ' TIME ZONE, EASTERN STD TIME ZONE=5

CENTRAL STD TIME ZONE=6

MTN STD TIME ZONE =7

PACIFIC STD TIME ZONE=8
1200 T=H+MT+TZ:IFT>24THENT=T-24

1210 Z1=MT*60:C=K+(0.06 57*N) +( 1.0 027 *T) -(L/15)
1220 IFC>24THENC=C-24

1230 X=CINT(C) :Y=C-X:Z=Y*60:A3=CINT(Z) : A2=Z-A3 : Z2=A2*60
1240 LPRINTUSINGA$;H;Z1;S
1250 LPRINTUS INGB $ ; X ; Z ; Z 2 ; M ; D ; YR

1260 LPRINTTAB(3) "RIGHT ASCENSION" ; TAB ( 21) "DECLINATION" ;
1270 LPRINTTAB(35) "OBJECT" ; TAB ( 43) "(R.A. AND DEC. EPOCH 1950)"
1280 LPRINTSTRING$(80,CHR$(61) )
1290 PRINTTAB( 38) "LOCAL TIME IS:"
1300 CMD"R" ' Turns time display on
1310 PRINTTAB(35) USINGD$;X;Z;Z2
1320 PRINTTAB(39)USINGC$;M;D;YR

1330 PRINT@270, STRING$(32, 32) :PRINTg270, "ENTER HOUR TO LIST =";:PR
INTCHR$(21) ;CHR$(244) ;CHR$(245) ;CHR$(246) ;CHR$(21) ;" "; :LINEINPUTP
$:P=VAL(P$) :IFP$=""GOTO1330

1340 IFINSTR("0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23", PS) THEN1350 ELSEGOSUB1800 :GOTO1330 'Checks for an int
eger between and 23

1350 PRINT:PRINTTAB(27) "<0> TYPES 1 THRU 9"
1360 PRINTTAB(07) "<1> SINGLE STARS";
1370 PRINTTAB(27) "<2> DOUBLE STARS";
1380 PRINTTAB(47) "<3> RESERVED"
1390 PRINTTAB(07) "<4> DOUBLE-DOUBLE";
1400 PRINTTAB(27) "<5> MULTIPLE STARS";
1410 PRINTTAB(47) "<6> NEBULA
1420 PRINTTAB(07) "<7> DBL CLUSTER";
1430 PRINTTAB(27) "<8> GLOBULAR CLUS";
1440 PRINTTAB(47) "<9> GALAXY "

1450 PRINT@718,"WHAT TYPE ="; : PRINTCHRS ( 21) ;CHR§(244) ;CHR

$(245) ;CHR$(246) ;CHR$(21) ;" "; : LINEINPUTP2$: P2=VAL ( P2$) :IFP2$=""GO

TO1450 'Prints right pointing hand in menu

1460 IFINSTR("0 12345678 9" ,P2$) THEN1470 ELSEGOSUB17 90 :GOT

01450 'Checks for an integer between and 9

1470 PRINT@270,STRING$(22,32) : PRINT@718 , STRINGS ( 27 , 32)

1480 PRINT@270, "SEARCHING HOUR";P;"FOR TYPE";P2

1490 I=0:J=0:M=0:K=0:RESTORE

1500 READA,B,C,D,E$:IFA=25GOTO1570 'Reads data list and checks fo

r end of list (i.e., A=25)

1510 IFAOPGOTO1500 '"A" has to be hour selected

1520 IFP2=0GOTO1540 '"0" equals all categories selected

1530 IFP2<>VAL(E$) GOTO1500 'Must equal category you selected

1540 A=A*60:Al(I) =A: Bl ( I) =B: CI ( I) =C: Dl ( I) =D:E1$(I)=E$ 'Items are r

ead into five arrays for later sorting

1550 PRINT@7 81,STRING$(50,3 2) : PRINT@781 ,MID$ ( E$ , 2 , ( LEN ( E$) ) ) 'Prin

ts items on lower part of screen

1560 1=1+1 :GOTO1500 'Increments counter and repeats sequence

1570 IFI=0GOTO1810 ELSEK=I :R=R+1 :PRINT@775 ,STRING$( 50 ,32) :PRINT§77

7, "ITEMS AT HOUR" ;P; "ARE BEING SORTED FOR PRINTING" : IFRMTHENLPRIN

1580 M=I 'Start of Shell-Metzner sort routine. For more

1590 M=INT(M/2) 'information see "Programming Techniques

1600 IFM=0GOTO1740 'for Level II Basic" by Wm. Barden, Jr.

1610 FORS=0TOM-1

1620 I=S:J=S+M:S1=0

1630 IP (A1(I) +B1(I) ) <=(A1(J)+B1(J) )GOTO1680

1640 Sl=l

Listing continued

right ascension of 1 7 hours and 30 min-
utes appears on the meridian. Those
objects with an earlier time are to the
west and those with later hours are to
the east.

Program Operation

After you answer the What Hour?
query with an integer between zero and
23, the program displays a menu with
10 selections (see Fig. 2). The number
you choose from the menu is compared
to the first number in the string in each
of the data statements for the hour you
input earlier. If there's a match, the
program transfers that data statement
into four numeric and one string arrays.

The data in line 3870 ends the pro-
gram read and starts sorting the numer-
ic and string arrays. When the sort is
complete, the program prints the arrays
using the format established for G$ in
line 1080.

As the program locates the objects
within your chosen hour and category,
it prints them below the menu with the
current item replacing the previous one.
This display indicates the program is
running as it takes several seconds to
read all the data.

NEW...

SOFTWARE FROM SON

MAZE A PHRASE WORD GAME

A real brain leaser Compete with others by choos'ng a
letter to build words and score points to solve the popular
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and education for the whole family (2 to 9 players)
$16.95 TAPE $20.95 DISK $7.95 LUST

DOT TO DOT CHALLENGE GAME

Just connect the dots to score as many boxes as you can
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$9.95 TAPE $12.95 DISK $4.95 LUST

STAIR CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AIDE

Two-for-one special Take a step up and build your own

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Designs standard or spiral type stairs Saves time and

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$9.95 TAPE $12.95 DISK $4.95 LLIST

Send check, money order, or COD accepted

Dealer Inquiry welcome.

Minimum Systems Required: Model I Level II, III, IV or

COCO - 16KRAM.

Post paid in North America Outside North America add

15% for air mail. Wisconsin residents add 4% tax.

SON SOFT

905 North 21st Street, Superior, Wl 54880
Phone 1-715-394-7853

80 Micro, October 1983 • 115

Add or Delete Your Own Bodies

The program allows you to add or
delete objects without changing any of
the program parameters. The one ex-
ception is if you exceed 50 objects in any
hour. Then you must change the dimen-
sion statement in line 1020 to reflect the
new total.

You may use menu item 3 to insert a
category of special interest. Be sure to
follow the established data format and
precede the last item in. a data statement
with a category number as this is one of
the two sorting keys.

Modifications

This program runs under TRSDOS
1.3 and LDOS 5.1.2.

To modify it for NEWDOS80 2,
change line 1300 to 'CMD' 'CLOCK,
Y" ', delete lines 1580-1720 inclusive,
and remove the apostrophe from line
1730. These changes remove the Shell-
Metzner sort routine and substitute a
machine-language sort. Both TRSDOS
and LDOS have a fast sort routine, but
they handle only single arrays. ■

Write to Adron D. Lilly Jr. at 924
Tramway Lane, Albuquerque, NM
87122.

TIRED?

Of typing DIR: 1, COPT "FILENAME": 1 TO
"FILENAME":!), PURGE "FILENAME": 0, LIST
"FILENAME": 1, LOAD "FILENAME" (F = 3),

PDRIVE = and on and on and on!
Then you are ready for DOST AMES Imagine
over 140 commands thai YOU define, exe-
cuted with ONLY ONE OR TWO KEYSTROKES!
Instant sorted directories with 1 key Load
Basic, protect memory, run your program
with 2 keystrokes List a iile to the screen or
the printer, print a directory, copy a tile
from one disk to another, copy the entire
disk, and lor Newdos 80 owners, change a
PDRIVE with 2 keystrokes
Your DOS has a lot ol great features. The
trouble is, you have to remember all those
commands With DOSTAMIS those com-
mands are 1 or 2 keystrokes away Nothing
to remember and nothing to forget, Just
use it!

dostamer is configured for each DOS.
that is, we use the SPECIAL features in YOUR
DOS for the GREATEST utility youll ever
want Once you use DOSTAMIS you'll won-
der how you got along without it. Now
available for NEWDOS80. DOSPLUS, MULTI-
DOS and LDOS for $49 95 complete with the
easiest instructions you'll find By the way
DOSTAMIS is written in FAST Z 80 machine
code

SPECIAL

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$39.95 /

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1 37 1 5 Vanowen Street. Van Nuys. CA 91 405 (2 1 3) 997-9692

Toll Free Order (800) 692-5235

Listing continued

1650 A=A1(I) :B=B1(I) :C=C1(I) :D=Dl(I) :E$=El$(I)

1660 A1(I)=A1(J) :B1(I)=B1(J) :C1(I)=C1(J) :D1(I)=D1(J) : El$( I) =E1$ ( J)

1670 Al(J)=A:Bl(J)=B:Cl(J)=C:Dl(J)=D:El$(J)=E$

1680 I=J:J=J+M:IFJ<KGOTO1630

1690 IFS1=0GOTO1710

1700 GOTO1620

1710 NEXTS

1720 GOTO1590

1730 'CMD"O",I,A1(0) ,B1(0) ,C1(0) ,D1(0) ,E1$(0) Delete the remark sy

mbol and this sentence to use NEWDOS80's sort routine

1740 FORJ=0TOK-1 'Loop to print sorted array

1750 0=0+1

1760 LPRINTUSINGG$;O;A1(J)/60;B1(J) ;C1(J) ;Dl(J) ;MID$( El$( J) ,2 r (LEN

(E1$(J))))

1770 NEXTJ

1780 PRINT@775,STRING$(50,32) :GOTO1330

1790 PRINT0718, "INPUT AN INTEGER BETWEEN AND 9" :FORQ=0TO500 :NEXT

Q:PRINT§718,STRING$(40,32) : RETURN

1800 PRINT§270, "INPUT AN INTEGER BETWEEN AND 23 " : FORQ=0TO500 :NEX

TQ:PRINT@270,STRING$(40,32) : RETURN

1810 PRINT@782,"NO TYPE" ; P2 ;" ITEMS FOUND AT" ; P; "HOUR (S) " : F0RJ=1T05

00:NEXTJ:GOTO1330

1820 DATA05,31.5,+21,59,"6 M-l, CRAB NEB. IN TAURUS"

1830 DATA21,30.9,-01,03,"8 M-2, GLOB. CLUS. IN AQUARIUS"

1840 DATAl3,39.9,+28,38,"8 M-3 , GLOB. CLUS. IN CANES VENATICI"

1850 DATA16, 20.6, -26,24, "8 M-4, GLOB. CLUS. IN SCORPIUS"

1860 DATA15,16.0,+02,16,"8 M-5, GLOB. CLUS. IN SERPENS"

1870 DATA17,36.7,-32,11,"8 M-6 , GAL. CLUS. IN SCORPIUS"

1880 DATA17,50.6,-34,48,"8 M-7 , GAL. CLUS. IN SCORPIUS"

1890 DATA18,00.7,-24,23,"6 M-8, LAGOON NEB. IN SAGITTARIUS"

1900 DATA17,16.2,-18,28,"8 M-9, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS"

1910 DATA16,54.5,-04,02,"8 M-10, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS"

1920 DATA18,48.4,-06,20,"8 M-ll, GAL. CLUS. IN SCUTUM"

1930 DATA16,44.6,-01,52,"8 M-12, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS"

1940 DATA16,39.9,+36,33,"8 M-13, GLOB. CLUS. IN HERCULES"

1950 DATA17,35.0,-03,13,"8 M-14, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS"

1960 DATA21,27.6,+11,57,"8 M-15, GLOB. CLUS. IN PEGASUS"

1970 DATA18,16.0,-13,48,"6 M-16 , EAGLE NEB, IN SERPENS"

1980 DATA18,17.9,-16,12,"6 M-17 , SWAN NEBULA IN SAGITTARIUS"

1990 DATA18,17.0,-17,09,"8 M-18, GAL. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2000 DATA16,59.5,-26,11,"8 M-19, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS"

2010 DATAl7,59.6,-23,02,"6 M-20, TRIFID, SAGITTARIUS"

2020 DATA18,01.6,-22,30,"9 M-21, GAL. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2030 DATA18,33.3,-23,58,"8 M-22, GLOB. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2040 DATA17,53.9,-19,01,"8 M-23, GAL. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2050 DATA18,14.0,-18,30,"5 M-24, MILKY WAY IN SAGITTARIUS"

2060 DATA18,28.8,-19,17,"8 M-25, GAL. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2070 DATA18,42.5,-09,27,"8 M-26, GAL. CLUS. IN SCUTUM"

2080 DATA19,57.5,+22,35,"6 M-27 , DUMBBELL IN VULPECULA"

2090 DATAl8,21.5,-24,54,"8 M-28, GLOB. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2100 DATA20,22.1,+38,22,"8 M-29, GAL. CLUS. IN CYGNUS"

2110 DATA21,37.5,-23,25,"8 M-30, GLOB. CLUS. IN CAPRICORNUS"

2120 DATA00,40.0,+41,00,"9 M-31, GALAXY IN ANDROMEDA"

2130 DATA00,40.0,+40,36,"9 M-32, GALAXY IN ANDROMEDA"

2140 DATA01,31.1,+30,24,"9 M-33, GALAXY IN TRIANGULUM"

2150 DATA02,38.8,+42,34,"8 M-34, GAL. CLUS. IN PERSEUS"

2160 DATA06,05.8,+24,21,"8 M-35, GAL. CLUS. IN GEMINI"

2170 DATA05,32.8,+34,06,"8 M-36 , GAL. CLUS. IN AURIGA"

2180 DATA05,49.1,+32,32,"8 M-37, GAL. CLUS. IN AURIGA"

2190 DATA05,25.3,+35,48,"8 M-38, GAL. CLUS. IN AURIGA"

2200 DATA21,30.4,+48,13,"8 M-39, GAL. CLUS. IN CYGNUS"

2210 DATA06,44.9,-20,41, "8 M-41, GAL. CLUS. IN CANIS MAJOR"

2220 DATA12, 20.0, +58,22, "2 M-40, DOUBLE STAR IN URSA MAJOR"

2230 DATA05,32.9,-05,25,"6 M-42, NEBULAE IN ORION"

2240 DATA05,33.1,-05,18,"6 M-43, NEBULAE IN ORION"

2250 DATA08,37.2,+20,10,"8 M-44, BEEHIVE IN CANCER"

2260 DATA03,44.5,+23,57,"5 M-45, PLEIADES IN TAURUS"

2270 DATA07,39.6,-14,42,"8 M-46, GAL. CLUS. IN PUPPIS"

2280 DATA07,34.3,-14,22,"8 M-47, GAL. CLUS. IN PUPPIS"

2290 DATA08,11.3,-05,38,"8 M-48, GAL. CLUS. IN HYDRA"

2300 DATA12,27.3,+08,16,"9 M-49, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

2310 DATA07,00.6,-08,16,"8 M-50, GAL. CLUS. IN MONOCEROS"

2320 DATA13,27.8,+47,27,"9 M-51, WHIRLPOOL IN CANES VENATICI"

2330 DATA23,22.0,+61,19,"8 M-52, GAL. CLUS. IN CASSIOPEIA"

2340 DATA13,10.5,+18,26,"8 M-53, GLOB. CLUS. IN COMA BERENICES"

2350 DATA18,52.0,-30,32,"8 M-54, GLOB. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2360 DATA19,36.9,-31,03,"8 M-55, GLOB. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

2370 DATA19,14.6,+30,05,"8 M-56, GLOB. CLUS. IN LYRA"

2380 DATA18,51.8,+32,58,"6 M-57, RING NEBULA IN LYRA"

2390 DATA12,35.1,+12,05,"9 M-58, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

2400 DATA12,3 9.5,+11,55,"9 M-59, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

2410 DATA12,41.1,+11,49,"9 M-60, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

2420 DATA12 f 19.4,+04,45,"9 M-61, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

2430 DATAl6,58.1,-30,03,"8 M-62, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS"

2440 DATA13,13.5,+42,17,"9 M-63 , GALAXY IN CANES VENATICI"

2450 DATA12,54.3,+21,57,"6 M-64, BLACKEYE IN COMA BERENICES"

2460 DATA11,16.3,+13,23,"9 M-65, GALAXY IN LEO"

2470 DATA11,17.6,+13,17,"9 M-66 , GALAXY IN LEO"

2480 DATA08,48.5,+12,00,"9 M-67 , GAL. CLUS. IN CANCER"

Listing continued

116 • 80 Micro, October 1983

i*&*W

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available in lO, 15- and 20-megabyte

formatted capacities and now introducing the first truly reliable

5-megabyte removable cartridge drive. So get it together and let

your hard drive work for you and your office.

Four computer system
with Hard Drive and
Multiplexer

S8950

as low as

"The Bi-Tech Multiplexer is a high speed parallel device
Hard Drives and Multiplexers available lor most computers

BT Enterprises Dept 1 -J ^-^ Orders Only
10B Carlough Rood 800-645-1 165

Bohemia, NY 11716 NY coll (516) 567-8155

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Pices soojea to cnonge
n y S Residents add tox

ENTERPMSES '< ' l -e-p-ses s o d.v,von G » o. Tec* En.e-pn*.* ,~ c A ^ e ncon Express Coae Oiaoche

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TRS-80 MODEL III
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

A complete course in assembly language,
written (or the beginner. Basic concepts,
the Z-80 instruction set. complete Model
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ming examples, the disk controller, the
TRSDOS 1.3 disk operating system,
RS-232-C interface

With the book you can also purchase
Monitor #5, a comprehensive machine
language monitor (specify Model 1 or i).

Book only $16.95

Book and Monitor #5 on disk $29.95

SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC

Complete diagnostic tests for every
component of your TRS-80 Model 1 or i.
Tests for ROM, RAM, Video Display.
Keyboard, Line Printer, Cassette Recorder,
Disk Drives, RS-232-C Interface. Individual
or continuous testing modes Models 1 or
3 only.
System Diagnostic $99.95

SMART TERMINAL

The intelligent terminal program, with
automatic transmission and storage of data,
true BREAK key, cassette and disk files
compatible with SCRIPSIT"" and Electric
Pencil" Same program supports both cas-
sette and disk systems.

Model 1 or 3 version $74.95

Model 2/12 (CP/M) Version $79.95

TYPITALL

The SCRIPSIT" Compatible Word Processor
TYPITALL is a new word processing pro-
gram which is upward compatible with
SCRIPSIT" for the Model 1 and 3 TRS-80.
TYPITALL includes features like these: as-
sign any sequence of keystrokes to a single
control key. See the formatted text on the
screen before printing. Send the formatted
text to a disk file tor later printing. Merge
data (rom a file while printing. Send any
control or graphic character to the printer.
Use the same version on the Model 1 or 3
Reenter the program with all text intact it
you accidentally exit without saving text.
TYPITALL (disk only) $1 29.95

SMALL BUSINESS
ACCOUNTING

Based on Dome Bookkeeping Record
#612, this program keeps track of income,
expenses, and payroll (not included in
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Model 1/3/4 cassette version $29.95

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•TRS-80 is a trademark ot Tandy C.'oip

Listing continued

DATA12,36.8,-26,29,
DATA18,28.1,-32,23,
DATA18,40.0,-32,21,
DATA19,51.5,+18,39,
DATA20,50.7,-12,44,
DATA20,56.2,-12,50,
DATA01,34.0,+15,32,
DATA20,03.2,-22,04,
DATA01, 39.1, +51,19,
DATA02,40.1,-.01,14
DATA0 5,4 4.2,+00,02,
DATA05,22.2,-24,34,
DATAl6,14.1,-22,52,
DATA09,51.5,+69,18,
DATA09,51.9,+69,56,
DATAl3,34.3,-29,37,
DATA12,22.6,+13,10,
DATA12,22.8,+18,28,
DATA12,23.7,+13,13,
DATA12,28.3,+12,40,
DATA12,29.5,+14,42,
DATA12,33.1,+12,50,
DATA12,34.3,+13,26,
DATA17,15.6,+43,12,
DATA07,42.5,-23,45,
DATA12,48.6,+41,23,
DATA10,41.3,+11,58,
DATA10,44.2,+12,05,

2770 DATA11,11.9,+55,18,

2780 DATA12,11.3,+15,11,

2790 DATA12,16.3,+14,42,

2800 DATA12,20.4,+16,06,

2810 DATA14,01.4,+54,35,

2820 DATA01,29.9,+60,26,

2830 DATA12,37.3,-11,21,

2840 DATA10,45.2,+12,51,

2490
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
2750
2760

IN HYDRA"
IN SAGITTARIUS"
IN SAGITTARIUS"
IN SAGITTARIUS"
IN AQUARIUS"

"8 M-6 8, GLOB. CLUS.

"8 M-6 9, GLOB. CLUS.

"8 M-70, GLOB. CLUS.

"8 M-71, GLOB. CLUS.

"8 M-72, GLOB. CLUS.

"5 M-73, ASTERISM IN AQUARIUS"

"9 M-74, GALAXY IN PISCES"

"8 M-75, GLOB. CLUS. IN SAGITTARIUS"

"6 M-76, DUMBBELL, PLANETARY IN PERSEUS'

,"9 M-77, GALAXY IN CETUS"

"6 M-78, DIFFUSE NEB. IN ORION"

"8 M-79, GLOB. CLUS. IN LEPUS"

"8 M-80, GLOB. CLUS. IN SCORPIUS"

"9 M-81, GALAXY IN URSA MAJOR"

"9 M-82, GALAXY IN URSA MAJOR"

"9 M-83, GALAXY IN HYDRA"

"9 M-84, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

"9 M-85, GALAXY IN COMA BERENICES"

"9 M-86, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

"9 M-87, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

"9 M-88, PINWHEEL, IN COMA BERENICES"

"9 M-89, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

"9 M-90, GALAXY IN VIRGO"

"8 M-92, GLOB. CLUS. IN HERCULES"

"9 M-93, GAL. CLUS. IN PUPPIS"

"9 M-94, GALAXY IN CANES VENATICI"

"9 M-95, GALAXY IN LEO"

"9 M-96, GALAXY IN LEO"

M-97, OWL NEB, PLANETARY IN URSA MAJOR"
M-98, GALAXY IN COMA BERENICES"
M-99, GALAXY IN COMA BERENICES"
M-100, GALAXY IN COMA BERENICES"
M-101, GALAXY IN URSA MAJOR'

"9 M-103, GAL. CLUS. IN CASSIOPEIA"

"9 M-104, SOMBRERO, IN VIRGO"

"9 M-105, GALAXY IN LEO"

2850 DATA12,16.5,+47,35,"9 M-106, GALAXY IN CANES VENATICI 1

2860 DATA16,29.7,-12,57,"8 M-107, GLOB. CLUS. IN OPHIUCHUS 1

2870 DATAll,08.7,+55,57,"9 M-108, GALAXY IN URSA MAJOR"

2880 DATAll f 55.0,+53,39,"9 M-109, GALAXY IN URSA MAJOR"

2890 DATA00,44.6,-12,09,"6 PLANETARY NEB IN CETUS, MAG 8.5*

2900 DATA17,42.8,+72,11,"2 PSI DRACONIS, DOUBLE STAR"

2910 DATA02,00.8,+42,06,"2 GAMMA ANDROMEDAE, DOUBLE STAR"

2920 DATA02,18.0,+56,54,"7 PERSEUS, DOUBLE CLUSTER"

2930 DATA02,24.9,+67,11,"5 IOTA CASSIOPEIAE, TRIPLE STAR"

2940 DATA02,47.0,+55,41,"2 ETA PERSEI, DOUBLE STAR"

2950 DATA04, 57 .3,-14,53,'

2960 DATA07,31.4,+32,00,'

2970 DATA08,37.5,+19,52,'

2980 DATA10,17 .2, +20, 06,

2990 DATA13,21.9,+55,11,

3000 DATA12,53.7,+38,35,

3010 DATA12,39.1,-01,11,

3020 DATA17,31.2,+55,13,

3030 DATA13,23.8,-47,03,
3040 DATA14,42.8,+27,17,
3050 DATA15,37.5,+36,48,
3060 DATA17,12.4,+14,27,
3070 DATA18,42.7,+39,37,'
3080 DATA16,23.6,-26,19,'
3090 DATA20,15.3,-12,42,

1 R LEPORIS, CRIMSON STAR"

2 CASTOR, DBL, IN GEMINI, 1.8'"
8 PRAESEPE CLUSTER"

2 GAMMA LEON IS, DOUBLE STAR"

2 MIZAR, DBL, IN URSA MAJOR, 14.4'"

2 COR CAROLI, DOUBLE STAR"

2 GAMMA VIRGINIS, DOUBLE STAR"

2 NU DRACONIS, DOUBLE STAR"

8 OMEGA CENTAURI, GLOBULAR CLUSTER"

2 EPSILON BOOTIS, DOUBLE STAR"

2 ZETA C0R0NAE BOREALIS, DOUBLE STAR'

7 ALPHA HERCULIS, DOUBLE CLUSTER"

4 EPSILON LYRAE, DOUBLE-DOUBLE"

2 ANTARES, DBL, IN SCORPIUS, 3.0'"

4 ALPHA CAPRICORNI, DOUBLE-DOUBLE"

3100 DATA06,42.9,-16,39,"2 SIRIUS, DBL, IN CANIS MAJOR, 3-11.5"

3110 DATA14,13.4,+19,27,"1 ARCTURUS, MAGNITUDE -0.06"

3120 DATA18,35.2,+38,44,"1 VEGA, MAGNITUDE 0.04"

3130 DATA05,13.0,+45,57,"1 CAPELLA, MAGNITUDE 0.05"

3140 DATA00,39.4,+85,03,"5 NGC-0188, 'OLDEST GAL STR CLUS' IN CEPH

3150 DATA20,57.0,+44,08,"6 NGC-7000 N. AMER. NEB IN CYGNUS"

3160 DATA21,01.4,-11,34,"6 NGC-7009, SATURN NEB IN AQUARIUS"

3170 DATA22,27.0,-21,06,"6 NGC-7293, HELIX NEB IN AQUARIUS"

3180 DATA20,54.3,+31,30,"6 NGC-6960, VEIL NEB IN CYGNUS"

3190 DATA12,33.9,+26,16,"9 NGC-4565, GALAXY IN COMA BERENICES"

3200 DATA16,45.6,+47,37,"8 NGC-6229, GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN HERCULES"

3210 DATA17,01.4,-24,32,"8 NGC-6284, GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN OPHIUCHUS

3220 DATA17,02.1,-22,39,"8 NGC-6287, GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN OPIUCHUS"
3230 DATAl7,58.8,+66,38,"6 NGC-6543, PLANETARY MAG 8, IN DRACO"
3240 DATA17,20.7,-17,46,"8 NGC-6356, GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN OPHIUCHUS

3250 DATA18,50.3,-08,46,"8 NGC-6712, GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN SCUTUM"
3260 DATA20,31.7,+07,14,"8 NGC-6934, GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN DELPHINUS

Listing continued

118 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Listing continued

3270 DATA00,50.3,+56,19,"6 NGC-0281, DIFFUSE GALACTIC NEB"

3280 DATA01,43.0,+61,01,"5 NGC-0663, COMPRESSED CLUSTER IN CASSIOP

EIA"

3290 DATA00,54.4,+60,49,"6 NGC-0059, DIFFUSE GALACTIC NEB"

3300 DATA05,36.2,-07,06 f "6 NGC-1430, DIFFUSE GALACTIC NEB IN ORION

3310 DATA05,39.3,-01,52 r "6 NGC-2024, DIFFUSE GALACTIC NEB IN ORION

3320 DATA06,38.2,+09,57,"6 NGC-2264, CONE NEB, IN MONOCEROS"

3330 DATA21,01.2,+67,58,"6 NGC-7023, DIFFUSE GALACTIC NEB IN CEPHE

US"

3340 DATA06,29.7,+04,54,"6 NGC-2237, ROSETTE NEBULA IN MONOCEROS"

3350 DATA00,10.3,+72,14,"6 NGC-0040, PLANETARY IN CEPHEUS"

3360 DATA04,11. 9,-12,52, "6 NGC-1535, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN ERIDANUS

3370 DATA05,52.6,+46,06,"6 1.2149, PLANETARY NEBULAE"

3380 DATA07,26.2,+21,01,"6 NGC-2392, ESKIMO, PLANETARY NEB IN GEMI

NI"

3390 DATA07,39.5,-14,36,"6 NGC-2438, PLANETARY NEBULAE"

3400 DATA10,22.3,-18,23,"6 NGC-3242, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN HYDRA"

3410 DATA12,21. 9,-18,29, "6 NGC-4361, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN CORVUS"

3420 DATAl4,03.0,+28,46,"5 NGC-5466, COMPRESSED CLUSTER IN BOOTES"

3430 DATA16,42.4,+23,54,"6 NGC-6210, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN HERCULES

3440 DATA18,09.6,+06,51,"6 NGC-6572, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN OPHIUCHU

3450 DATA19,28.9,+09,58,"6 NGC-6803, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN AQUILA"

3460 DATA19,41.1,-14,17,"6 NGC-6818, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN SAGITTAR

IUS"

3470 DATA19,43.5,+50,25,"6 NGC-6826, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN CYGNUS"

3480 DATA20,12.7,+12,35,"6 NGC-6891, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN DELPHINU

3490 DATA16,29.7,-12,57,"8 NGC-6171, GLOBULAR IN OPHIUCHUS"

3500 DATA21,05.2,+42,02,"6 NGC-7027, PLANETARY NEBULAE, IN CYGNUS"

3510 DATA23,03.2,+59,59,"6 NGC-1470, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN CEPHEUS"

3520 DATA23,23.5,+42,15,"6 NGC-7662, PLANETARY NEBULAE IN ANDROMED

3530 DATA00,37.6,+41,25,"9 NGC-0205, SPIRAL GALAXY IN ANDROMEDA"

3540 DATA00,45.1,-25,34,"9 NGC-0253, SPIRAL GALAXY IN SCULPTOR"

3550 DATA02,44.3,-30,29,"9 NGC-1097, BARRED SPIRAL IN FORNAX"

3560 DATA11,17.7,+13,53,"9 NGC-3628, SPIRAL GAL IN LEO"

3570 DATA07,32.0,+6 5,43,"9 NGC-2403, SPIRAL GALAXY IN CAMELOPARDAL

IS"

3580 DATA08,49.6,+33,38,"9 NGC-2683, SPIRAL GALAXY IN LYNX"

3590 DATA09,18.6,+51,12,"9 NGC-2841, BARRED SPIRAL IN URSA MAJOR"

3600 DATA09,29.3,+21,44,"9 NGC-2903, SPIRAL GALAXY IN LEO"

3610 DATA10,02.8,-07,28,"9 NGC-3115, ELLIPTICAL GALAXY IN SEXTANS"

3620 DATA10,35.7,+53,46,"9 NGC-3310, BARRED SPIRAL GALAXY"

3630 DATA11,03.2,+00,14,"9 NGC-3521, SPIRAL GALAXY IN LEO"

3640 DATAll,46.1,+49,00,"9 NGC-3893, SPIRAL GALAXY IN URSA MAJOR"

3650 DATA12,13.1,+36,36,"9 NGC-4214, BARRED SPIRAL IN CANES VENATI

CI"

3660 DATA12,15.0,+38,05,"9 NGC-4244, SPIRAL GALAXY IN CANES VENATI

CI"

3670 DATA13,08.5,+37,19,"9 NGC-5005, GALAXY IN CANES VENATICI"

3680 DATA12,39.8,+32,49,"9 NGC-4631, SPIRAL GALAXY IN CANES VENATI

CI"

3690 DATA12,48.0,+25,46,"9 NGC-4725, SPIRAL GALAXY IN COMA BERENIC

ES"

3700 DATA13, 35.1, +09,08, "9 NGC-5248, SPIRAL GALAXY IN BOOTES"

3710 DATA19,42.1,-14,53,"9 NGC-6822, IRREGULAR GALAXY IN SAGITTARI
US"

3720 DATA22,35.0,+34,10,"9 NGC-7331, SPIRAL GALAXY IN PEGASUS"

3730 DATA23,55.3,-32,51,"9 NGC-7793, SPIRAL GALAXY IN SCULPTOR"

3740 DATA01,51.0,+19,03,"2 GAMMA ARIES, WHT & YEL DBL."

3750 DATA05,12.1,-08,15,"1 BETA ORIONIS, 'RIGEL' MAG 0.14"

3760 DATA07,36.7,+05,21,"1 ALPHA CANIS MINORIS, ' PROCYON ' MAG 0.38

3770 DATA19,48.3,+08,44,"1 ALPHA AQUILAE,
3780 DATA05,52.5,+07,24,"1 ALPHA ORIONIS,
E"

'ALTAIR' MAG 0.77"
'BETELGEUSE' MAG VARIABL

3790 DATA04,33.0,+16,25,"1
3800 DATA13,22.6,-10,54,"1
3810 DATA16,26.3,-26,19,"1
3820 DATA07,42.3,+28,09,"1
3830 DATA10,05.7,+12,13,"1
3840 DATA07,31.4,+32,00,"1
3850 DATA04,13.0,-07,44,"1
3860 DATA06,43.0,-16,39,"1
3870 DATA25,0,0,0,"0"

ALPHA TAURI, ' ALDEBARAN ' MAG 0.86"
ALPHA VIRGINIS, 'SPICA' MAG 0.91"
ALPHA SCORPII, 'ANTARES' MAG 0.92"
BETA GEMINORUM, 'POLLUX' MAG 1.16"
ALPHA LEONIS, 'REGULUS' MAG 1.36"
ALPHA GEMINORUM, 'CASTOR' MAG 1.58'
40 ERIDANI B, WHT DWF IN ERIDANUS"
SIRIUS B, WHT DWF IN CANIS MAJOR"

PASCAL

$14.77!

Now you can try Pascal
without spending a fortune! The
Pascal 80 Trial Version is a
reduced version of Pascal 80, and
does not include pointer variables
or disk files, and does not allow
you to save your programs. But it
does let you program in Pascal,
list your programs to a printer,
and even comes with a coupon
worth $10 off the regular price of
Pascal 80. This version of Pascal
comes on a diskette that will boot
on a Model I or Model III
TRS-80.

Here is what you get:

VARIABLE TYPES: real, in-
teger, char, boolean, arrays,
sets, records, and user de
fined types.

CONSTANTS: minint, pi, true,
false, and user defined
constants.

OPERATORS: + - * / div mod
comparison/set operators
and or not.

FUNCTIONS: abs sqr sqrt sin
cos arctan exp In ord pred
succ chr odd round trune.

PROCEDURES: read readln
write writeln

STRUCTURES: if.. then.. else
case for.. do while.. do
repeat.. until goto

Send $14.77 by check or money
order to:

Pascal 80 Trial Version
New Classics Software
239 Fox Hill Road

Denville, NJ 07834

Sorry, no credit card orders at
this price! See our other ad for in-
formation on our regular version
of Pascal 80.

NEW CLASSICS
SOFTWARE

■See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 119

TUTORIAL

Meet the MC68000

by John Edward Crew

To tap the power of the Motorola
MC68000 microprocessor resident in
the Model 16, you have to program in
Assembly language. This synopsis of
some of the 68000' s features should give
you a head start.

The 68000 includes a 24-bit address
bus giving 16-megabyte direct address-
ing range, a 16-bit data bus, 32-bit regis-
ters, a 6 MHz clock rate, memory-
mapped I/O, an 8-byte instruction
prefetch memory for faster execution,
56 powerful instruction types with most
having several different addressing
modes, 14 addressing modes, and five
data types. It also has some privileged
instructions reserved for the operating
system, provisions for use in multipro-
cessor systems with direct memory ac-
cess devices, 255 vectored exception
handling capability, seven interrupt pri-
ority levels, and hardware compati-
bility with 6800 series support circuits.
The 68000 is similar to an IBM 360
series CPU.

Operating States

The MC68000 has two operating
states: supervisor and user. You can use
a few special instructions only in the
supervisor state. The operating system
runs in the supervisor state, while ap-
plication programs run in the user state.
The two states allow the operating
system to control memory allocation,
and prevent you from accessing loca-
tions outside your assigned space.
Memory protection is especially impor-
tant when the computer is running more
than one program at a time. A system
crash would affect all users; the more
users there are, the more crashes, and
the more work lost.

120 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Assembly-language pro-
grammers take note:
Here's a discussion of
the Motorola MC68000.

Memory management units (MMUs)
are required for full memory protec-
tion. They check every memory refer-
ence to see if it is in the allowed region.
If a 68000 computer doesn't have any

DATA REGISTERS ADDRESS RE6ISTERS

15 7

STATUS REGISTER

SSP

USP

PROGRAM COUNTER

Figure 1. Conceptual model of MC68000' s
registers.

SYSTEM 8YTE

u TRACE MODE INDICATOR

■ CARRY
•OVERFLOW

ZERO

NEGATIVE
•EXTEND

Figure 2. Status register's contents.

MMUs, you can get around the operat-
ing system's memory protection by
writing machine-language programs.

You can use a special trace mode with
a debug program to single step through
a machine-language program. You can
trace while in either the supervisor or
user state, but you can only enter it
from the supervisor state by turning on
a special bit in the status register.

Registers

Figure 1 is the programmer's concep-
tual model of the 68000' s many regis-
ters. Registers can't be used in pairs as
the Z80's can, but they are more than
large enough for addresses. There are
eight data registers (named D0-D7),
eight address registers (named A0-A7
with A7 specially used for stack point-
ers), and the program counter (PC), all
32 bits wide. They can hold positive
numbers up to about 8.6 billion. The
status register (SR) is 16 bits wide; the
high byte is called the system byte and
the low byte the user byte or the condi-
tion code register.

Figure 2 shows the contents of the
status register. The system stack pointer
and the user stack pointer each use half
of A7. In the supervisor state, the sys-
tem stack pointer is used. On the other
hand, the user stack pointer is used in
the user state. I believe the user and sys-
tem stacks must be in the first 64K block
of memory because the user stack
pointer and system stack pointer are 16
bits wide.

The distinction between data and ad-
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or long word (4 bytes) data. If a 1- or

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 121

2-byte data is moved into or out of a
data register, only the lower part is used
and the higher bits are unaffected. Ad-
dress registers can't be used for byte
data. When an address register is load-
ed, it is first completely cleared. An ad-
dress register may only be used as
source of a word or long word number.
You can get into trouble if you forget
these and other differences between data
and address registers.

Exceptions

Motorola uses the word "exception"
to include interrupts caused by external
devices, errors, and by the TRAP and
TRAPV instructions. The word "inter-
rupt" only refers to external devices re-
questing the CPU's attention. Memory
locations 0-1023 contain the table of
starting addresses of exception-han-
dling routines (called the "exception
vector table"). The first entry is used af-
ter reset and is 8 bytes long. The other
254 entries are 4 bytes long. Some en-
tries are specially used, which leaves 192
to the user. Interrupts have one of seven
levels of priority. If you want more lev-
els of priority, you have to use external
circuitry. Level 7 has the highest priority
and is unmaskable (every time it occurs,

the appropriate exception-handling rou-
tine is done).

The 68000 automatically checks for
some error conditions (divide-by-zero,
illegal instruction, word access from
odd address, and others). When it finds
an error, the processor goes to the ap-
propriate exception-handling routine
that would typically be programmed to
print an error message. This error-
checking is done during execution of
any machine-language program and
can't be shut off.

Instructions

Instructions are one to five words
long and must start on even-numbered
addresses. To save memory, Motorola
made some powerful instructions that
replace several simpler instructions.
Motorola made the instruction set small
so programmers could easily learn and
remember it. Most instructions offer
several different addressing modes. The
instruction format and variations are
consistent to simplify learning them.

To simplify modular-structured pro-
gramming, Motorola provided the
MOVEM (move multiple registers),
LINK, and UNLK (unlink) instruc-
tions. LINK and UNLK maintain

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linked lists of data storage blocks. It's
easier to write relocatable programs for
the 68000 than for the Z80. Some very
useful instructions are multiply, divide,
and CHK (check register against
bounds).

You can do extended precision addi-
tion and subtraction easily. Unlike in
the Z80, data in registers can be rotated
or shifted 1-8 bits if the shift count is in
the instruction, or 0-63 if the shift count
is held in a register. The conditional
branch instructions are far more power-
ful than the Z80's. Some of the 14 con-
ditions are greater than, greater or
equal, equal, less than, less or equal,
and carry.

Data Types

The 68000 has instructions to manip-
ulate five data types: bit, byte (8 bits),
word (16 bits), long word (32 bits), and
BCD (4 bits per binary coded decimal
digit). There are two BCD arithmetic in-
structions: ABCD (add BCD numbers)
and SBCD (subtract BCD numbers).
This is easier for the programmer than
with the way the Z80 does BCD arith-
metic. Because the registers are 32 bits
long and many instructions have 32-bit
operands, the 68000 is often called a
16/32-bit microprocessor. If the data
bus were 32 bits wide, the 68000 would
be a 32-bit microprocessor.

Addressing Modes

Much of the 68000' s power is due to
the wide variety of addressing modes.
The 14 modes have six basic types: reg-
ister direct, register indirect (this is the
most powerful type and even allows in-
dexing), absolute (one- or two-word ad-
dress), immediate (data in instruction or
following words), program counter rel-
ative (allows relocatability), and implied
(USP, SSP, program counter, or status
register suggested by instruction). The
second and fifth types are the most
powerful. Table 1 shows the different
types and the effective address calcu-
lation. The computer calculates the ef-
fective address during execution of the
instruction.

The A0-A6 registers can be used like
stack pointer registers, using the postin-
crement and predecrement types of ad-
dressing. Indexed with offset addressing
is useful for arrays. For indexed ad-
dressing, the content of an address reg-
ister (called the base register) is added to
the content of the index register (a data
or address register) and an 8-bit offset
(also called displacement) given in the
instruction.

122 • 80 Micro, October 1983

After 2 years of extensive research and development
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the NEW INTERACTIVE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

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Using a computer should not be difficult - no more complicated than driving a car.
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Order by Mail or Check Your Local Dealer

IniEE]

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• See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 123

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• 226

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"On Modal 3 w/spaedup by Holmes Eng

Type

1. Regular

2. Postincrement

3. Predecrement

4. With offset

5. Indexed with offset

Effective address calculation

Type

1. With offset

2. With index and offset

EA = (An)

EA = (An), An— An + N

An—An-N, EA = (An)

EA = (An) + d,«

EA = (An) + (Xn) + d,

PC Relative

Effective address calculation

EA = (PQ + d„

EA = (PQ + (Xn) + d,

EA = Effective address

An = Address register

Xn = Index register (data or address register)

N = 1 for byte, 2 for word, 4 for long word.

This adjusts the address register by the length of the data.

( ) = Contents of

*■ Means replaces (i.e., assignment symbol)

di = 8-bit displacement

di« = 16-bit displacement

Table 1. Register indirect and PC relative addressing.

The index register usually holds the
array subscript, which can be incre-
mented or decremented by other in-
structions, and the base register holds
the address of the beginning of the ar-
ray. Separating the base address from
the array subscript allows a program to
work on an array anywhere in memory
as long as the base address is first prop-
erly set.

PC Relative Addressing

Many instructions can use the type of
addressing which allows relocation. To
load the address of a memory location
within 32K bytes of the current address,
use "LEA d(PQ,An" with d = a signed
16-bit number ( - 32768 to 32767) and n
= the number of an address register
(0-6). When you enter a program mod-
ule, you should first save the registers
using MOVEM, and then load the base
address using the LEA (load effective
address) instruction. Motorola appar-
ently expects programmers to keep ma-
chine-language programs under 64K in
length because instructions that use an
offset in address calculations are limited
to a 16-bit offset.

Compatibility

The 68000 can use the 6800 series
support chips such as the 6849 dual den-
sity floppy disk controller, 6845 CRT
controller, and more. If you're familiar
with the Radio Shack Color Comput-
er's hardware, you have a good start at
understanding 68000 systems.

Although not directly compatible

with a 6800 series processor, such as the
6809E, software can be translated di-
rectly. The 68000's instruction set is
supposed to be a superset of (expanded
from) the 6800's.

The Future

The power of the 68000 simplifies As-
sembly-language programming and thus
encourages programmers to support it.
Motorola used microprogramming for
many of the 68000's capabilities. (Mi-
croprogramming means programming
a simple computer to act like a more
complex computer.) Microprogram-
ming isn't noticeable to the user except
in execution speed. If the computer
used circuitry instead of microprograms
to execute instructions, execution would
be faster.

Motorola left room to implement
more instructions using microprogram-
ming and will probably release more
powerful versions of the MC68000.
Versions with higher clock rates are un-
der development. The 68000 doesn't
have block move or search instructions
like the Z80, but that isn't much of a
problem, since those are easily done
using a few instructions. Hopefully,
Motorola will make a version of the
68000 that doesn't require instructions
and data to start at even-numbered
addresses. ■

John Edward Crew (1106 Karin
Drive, Normal, IL 61761) studies phys-
ics at Illinois State University.

124 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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HARDWARE

Using the Model III I/O Bus

by James N. Cameron

The redesigned Model III I/O bus is a
significant improvement over the sys-
tem expansion port of the Model I. The
analog to digital (A/D) converter and
output port circuit given here, com-
bined with the real-time clock, give real-
time control of processes and events,
using the analog input to sense the en-
vironment, and the output ports to con-
trol it.

The Model I required an expansion
interface for external memory, the
RS-232, disk drives, and a printer. This
is all contained within the Model Ill's
case. Thus, the only function left for an

he Model Ill's I/O bus is easier to use than
the system expansion port of the Model I.
This article will help you understand it.

additional "expansion" connector is
external I/O. Since the I/O bus has no
other function, the result is a much-im-
proved, more efficient system. The best
news is that all signal lines are fully buf-
fered, freeing the I/O bus from the

Phi

Abbreviation

Explanation

DBO

Bidirectionally buffered data lines

DB1

DB2

DB3

DB4

DB5

DB6

DB7

Buffered address lines

Input strobe line

OUT

Output strobe line

RESET

System reset (output)

IOBUSINT

External interrupt line (input)

IOBUSWAIT

External wait signal (input)

EXTIOSEL

External input enable (see text)

(n.c.)

Standard Z80 signals

IORQ

Standard Z80 signals

Table 1. The I/O bus pin assignments. All even-numbered pins are grounded.

noise and reliability problems that
plagued the Model I.

The I/O Bus

Table 1 gives the pin assignments for
the I/O bus. Note that the connector is
a 50-pin edge card, on 0.100-inch spac-
ing, with 25 pins (odd numbers devoted
to signals, and the even-numbered pins
all connected to ground.

I was annoyed at first when I couldn't
use my old Model I interface connec-
tors, but this design change has un-
doubtedly served two purposes: There is
no chance of accidentally connecting
any Model I interface to a Model III (it
would only lead to grief, since all the
pins are different). It also allows each
signal to be brought out in a ribbon
cable as, in effect, one of a grounded
pair. This is because odd- and even-
numbered leads alternate in the ribbon
cable, so the even-numbered grounds act
as shielding, and reduce the noise and
cross-talk problems that plagued Model

The Key Box

Model m
16KRAM
Cassette or Disk Basic

126 • 80 Micro, October 1983

My wonderful upgrade offer:

If you bought my accounting software a while back,
it's good news.

If you didn't, it's a good reason to buy it now.

You're probably growing. My software keeps
growing too.

I've tinkered with it right along, improving
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It's a natural outgrowth of my support. Talk to
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No matter when you bought, I'll upgrade any of
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machine, I'll give you a replacement system for
either $25 or the difference between what you paid
for your software originally and the price of the new

software. If you've gone from a TRS-80 Model I to a
Model 11/16 or an IBM PC, say, you get a full credit
for whatever you paid me for your Model I systems.
Just send me your old disks and I'll send you the
new ones.

It's this simple. If you ever buy any of my
software, you'll never lose your investment.

I wish the whole world were that simple.

Taranto

& ASSOCIATES. INC

• 70

Model I, Model III and Model 4 systems: Accounts Payable. Accounts
Receivable. General Ledger, Inventory Control, Invoicing, Payroll.
Model II, Model 11/12/16. CP/M and IBM PC systems: General Ledger,
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^Sf List ot Advertisers on Page 323 80 Micro, October 1983 • 127

I users with long interface cables. I have
used cables of up to 6 feet on the Model
III with no problems, whereas in some
Model I's, 6 inches caused problems.

Using the Bus

The new I/O bus is easy to use, once
you understand its structure and the sig-
nals to make it work. Unfortunately,
Radio Shack does not make it as easy as
they should. First, there is almost noth-
ing about the I/O bus in the standard
manuals that come with the machine.
To learn anything about the I/O bus,
you must buy the service manual for the
Model III, and then you must decipher
the cryptic text section (only about two
pages) that describes the bus.

The first 16 signals (pins 1-31) are
self-explanatory in function, but the
data lines and the address lines are buf-
fered differently (see Table 1). The ad-
dress lines A0-A7 are buffered out
only, as you would expect, by a
74LS244 tri-state buffer. The term "tri-
state" means that instead of the usual
two logic states, high and low, it also
has a third that might be called "off."
Any circuit looking at it in this state
would see a high-impedance barrier.
The address buffers are turned on for
an external circuit to decode them by an
internal control line, ENEXTIO, that is
brought from an internal port. The
ENEXTIO signal is derived from bit 4
of port OEC hexadecimal (hex). To
enable the buffers, execute the follow-
ing instruction: OUT 236,16 or OUT
&HEC, 16.

This step is also necessary for any
transmission of data by way of the data
lines DB0-DB7, since those lines are
also brought out by a tri-state buffer
controlled partly by this same port bit.
What the manual does not say is that
you must repeat this program instruc-
tion just prior to each in or out in-
struction.

If you look at the address decoding
and cassette interface schematics in the
service manual, it's evident that this
port (OEC hex) is also used for several
other system signals, and so apparently
after executing one I/O command,
other numbers are written to this port
which cause bit 4 (ENEXTIO) to go low
again, which in turn requires another
OUT236,16 instruction to set it high
again before the next I/O program step.

Data Lines

The data lines are buffered in a some-
what more complex manner. The chip
used is a 74LS367, a bidirectional tri-
state buffer, and the signals from both

128 • 80 Micro, October 1 983

ENEXT IO and the external signal EX-
TIOSEL are used to control it. With a
high signal from ENEXTIO, the data
buffer turns on, with the buffer lines
directed outwards; that is, for an o ut-
put operation. When EXTIOSEL is
brought low, the data line buffers
switch direction to carry ou t an input
operation. The EXTIOSEL line is an
input line, and you must make provi-
sion for generating this signal externally
in any interface you design.

When only one input port is con-
nected externally, this can be done sim-
ply by NANDing together the IN line
(pin 33) and the port address line. When
several are connected, the same scheme
may be used, but you must use open
collector NAND gates with a pull-up
resistor to the + 5V supply. The circuit
in Fig. 2 illustrates one way to do this.

Other Bus Signals

Of the remaining eight lines, five are
buffered output lines, and three are in-
put lines . The three input lines are EX-
TIOSEL, wh ich has been described;
IOBUSWAIT, which can be used for
slow device synchronization; and INT,
which connects direc tly to the Z80 i nter-
rupt pin. Use the IOBUSWAIT pin
with caution, since the dynamic mem-
ory chips in the TRS-80 require a peri-
odic refresh signal that is inhibited
during the Z80 wait cycle. After a max-
imum of 2 milliseconds, total amnesia
may result, and the manual recom-
mends no more than 500 microseconds.

Although the interface to be de-
scribed does not employ the interrupt
features, a brief description may be use-
ful. For an external interrupt to be rec-
ognized, you must provide not only the
interrupt signal on the I/O bus, but also
a high bit 3 written to the internal port
E0. This sets the ENIOBUSINT signal
internally, whic h is g ated with the exter-
nal interrupt (INT) to provide the
actual interrupt signal to the Z80. There
is also a mode in which the status of the
interrupt signal from the I/O bus may
be tested, but the actual interrupt to the
Z80 is inhibited.

To use this mode, the ENIOBUSINT
signal is not set high, and the port E0 is
accessed as an input port. The interrupt
status is in bit 3. When an interrupt to

the Z80 is generated by enabling

ENIOBUSINT and taking INT low ex-
ternally, the Z80 sends program control
to the interrupt handling routine whose
starting address is stored in RAM mem-
ory locations 403E and 403F. The alter-
nate (inhibited) mode is useful for con-
ditional interrupts, or for use of the
INT line as a status flag or other hand-

shaking signal.

The five r emaini n g buffer ed output
lines a re IN, OUT, RESET, Ml, and
IORQ. I won't discuss the last two, but
information on these signals may be
found in any m anual on the Z80. The
system RESET can be used to reset any
external device synchrono usly w ith the
main CPU, and the IN and OUT signals
are the input and output strobes gener-
ated in the same way as they were for
the Model I.

The designers of the Model III re-
served ports for system use: Only ports
0-127 are available, since ports 80 hex
through OFF hex (128 through 255 deci-
mal) are reserved for system use. The
system-reserved port addresses are only
partially decoded, so that each port ac-
tually uses four port addresses. You
shouldn't need more than 128 input and
128 output ports (the same address may
be used for both an input and a separate
output device), but if necessary, you
could apply some fixes to free up more.
Such modification requires extensive
surgery on the main circuit board, how-
ever, and would not make your local
Tandy repairman too happy.

Application to an External Interface

The result of this buffering and
switching scheme is that you can have
some rather noisy interfaces connected,
but the TRS-80 only recognizes them
when their port address is written to the
address lines, the ENEXTIO is enabled
by writing a 16_to port OE C hex, and the
appropriate IN or OUT line is strobed.

After getting all this figured out, I
proceeded to build the interface shown
in Fig. 1. It is actually a dual function
interface: It has a 12-bit analog-to-digi-
tal converter for measuring the output
of a laboratory meter, and five separate
output lines for controlling a series of
valves. The circuit could easily be
adapted for any application where a
sensor is measured, and other equip-
ment controlled, such as in a green-
house where temperature is monitored,
and the output lines are used to control
fans, louvers, heaters, and so on.

In my application the A/D converter
accepts the output from an ammonia
electrode and pH meter, and the valves
are switched to control an experimental
apparatus that measures the ammonia
excretion rate of aquatic animals.
Under program control, the electrode is
calibrated from two standard reser-
voirs, then the aquarium is sampled
continuously, with data collected, ana-
lyzed, and printed out in graph form for
one-hour periods.

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The first step in the interface design is
to generate the proper completely de-
coded port address signals. This is done
by the 74LS04 hex inverter (Ul, Fig. 1),
74LS30 8-input NAND gate (U2), and
the 74LS138 3-to-8 line decoder (U3).
By inverting each of the high address
lines (A3-A7), the output of the 'LS138
provides addresses 00 hex to 07 hex. The
three unused input lines of the 'LS30
must be tied either to the + 5V supply or
to another input, so that the output goes
low to the EN lines of the 'LSI 38 when
A3-A7 are all low. The high enable line
of the 'LS138 (EN) is connected t o the
output of the NANDed IN and OUT
lines (pins 33 and 35).

Thus, any one of the eight decoded
output lines of the 'LSI 38 goes low only
when its address is stable on the eight
address lines, and either the input or

output strobes go low. The output lines
of the 'LSI 38 are active low. This inter-
face, incidentally, could provide eight
input port addresses and eight separate
output port addresses by simply adding
another 'LSI 38 ano^connecting the IN
to th e low enable (EN) of one and the
OUT to the other. In that case, the
high enable lines should be tied high,
and the output of U2 connected to the
second EN pin of each 'LS138. _

Th e NAND connected to the IN and
OUT lines is an open -collector type, so
it must be tied by a pull-up resistor to
the positive supply. A different NAND
gate, such as a 74LS00, could just as
well be used, but the open-c ollector type
is needed to generate the EXTIOSEL
signal, as explained, and it is just as easy
to use another one of the four gates on
the chip for this purpose. As this inter-

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the Model III Interface described in the text. Only one of four
identical output circuits is shown at the lower right. V K and V+ are 5 V dc, V- is -SV dc, both
regulated. Ql is a 2N3904, Q2 an ECG253 Darlington, and CR1 is a 1N914. Other components
described in text.

AC Line

. yf ?% m Load

Figure 2. Two alternate output control circuits recommended for use with 115V ac equipment
(top) or high voltage/high current dc outputs (bottom). The use of an opto-isolator provides
protection from surges and spikes on the higher voltage line. Separate grounds must be used in the
bottom circuit! PCI can be a Clairex CLM3006A lamp/photocell combination, or one can be
made from an LED and a Radio Shack 0276-116 photocell by wrapping them face-to-face in
opaque electrical tape.

face is connected, port 6 is an output
port, and port 7 is an input port. The
port 7 lines from the 'LSI 38 are con-
nected to the chip-select pin (1) of the
input port (U6, an Intel 8212), _and in-
verted and NANDed with the IN line.
As shown in Fig. 1 , only when both IN
and the port 7 enable lines are low is
the EXTIOSEL line pulled low. Any
number of similar input devices could
be connected to other output enable
lines from the decoder in the future, and
the parallel connection of the open-col-
lector NANDs would act like an OR
function to generate the EXTIOSEL
low signal when any input device is
selected.

The Ports

The ports themselves are both con-
structed with Intel 8212s, one connected
in input port mode, and the other as an
output port. When the input port (U6)
is enabled, data present on its input pins
is latched and presented on the output
data bus. When not enabled, the out-
puts are tri-stated. The other (U7), in
output mode, maintains the last data
"word" written to it in latched form on
its output pins, and when strobed,
latches a new data "word" from its in-
put to its output lines. The input and
output modes are selected with the
mode (MD) and strobe (STB) lines by
tying them either to ground or + 5V.
The chip also offers a choice of high or
low enable; injhis application, the low
enable lines (DS) are used, and the high
enable lines (DS) tied high. Three bits of
the output port are used to control the
A/D converter, leaving five more free
to control external devices. Each line is
turned on (high) by sending a data
"word" with the appropriate bit high,
so that writing a 2 to port 7 would make
only bit 1 high, and a 161 (128 + 32+ 1)
would make bits 0, 4, and 7 high.

The A/D Converter

The A/D converter chip is an Intersil
7109, which is a 12-bit device designed
for 8-bit data buses. The data output
lines are like the tri-state buffers in the
I/O bus, and are turne d on by the con-
trol lines HBEN and LBEN (pins 18
and 19). These control signals are
obtained under software control from
two output lines of the output port 7, as
well as a third contro l signal connected
to the RUN/HOLD pin (26) of U8.
When this pin is tied high, the converter
runs at a rate of about 33 conver-
sions/sec, but when it is pulled low, the
conversion in progress is completed and
held. The software-controll ed se-
quence, then, is to set the RUN/HOLD

130 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Every Z80 assembly-language
programmer needs this book.

Programming in assembly language requires good
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you:

• how to use ROM and DOS routines in your own

programs

• how to perform disk input/output

• how to access the video display and keyboard

• how to write easy-to-use programs

• how to perform arithmetic operations

• how to use the undocumented Z80 instructions
You'll also learn about disk operating systems,
device handling, base conversion, parameter pass-
ing, and more.

TRS^OlZSO Assembly Language Library contains a
library of ready-to-run utility programs that are
worth many times the book's cost. Included with the
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Many of the programs also run on the Model III,

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TRS-80. TRSDOS, Model 1. Model III are registered trademarks of tbe Radio Shack

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ZSO is a registered trademark of Zilog.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 131

high, wait a few milliseconds, set it low,
wait about 33 ms, then rea d the lo w bits
by writing a zero to the LBEN, and
finally read the hi gh bits by writing a
zero to the HBEN.

The high and low bits are then put to-
gether under program control. The Pro-
gram Listing shows the complete data
acquisition sequence, and Table 2 lists
the parts needed to complete the analog
circuitry associated with the 7109 con-
verter^ As given in the Listi ng, RU N/
HOLD is connec ted to bit 1, HBEN to
bit 2, and LBEN to bit 3 of port 7.

In most A/D converter applications,
there is a trade-off between resolution
and speed. In this particular interface, I
needed the high resolution of the 12-bit
converter, but speed was not important,

Part Description

U9 AD590JH, Analog Devices 2.5V

Precision Reference*

Rl 20K, 15-turn cermet trimmer

R2 1M, 5 percent carbon

R3 220K, 5 percent carbon

CI 4.7 jtF, 25V electrolytic

C2 0.01 F, 100V polystyrene

C3 0.15 F, 100V polystyrene

C4 0.33 F, 100V polystyrene

CY1 3.58 MHz TV crystal

*Not required; internal reference may be used.

Table 2. Analog and discrete components re-
quired for the Intersil 7109 analog-to-digital
converter circuit shown in Fig. 1.

700 REM
720 REM
730 REM
7 40 REM
7 50 REM
760 REM
770 REM
7 80 REM
1000 OUT236,16:OUT6 f 2

'Start conversion
1010 FORX=1TO40:NEXTX
1020 OUT236,16:OUT6,4
1030 OUT236,16:X=INP(7)
1040 OUT236,16:OUT6 f 8
1050 OUT236,16:Y=INP(7)
1060 X=X-192

1070 IF X>=32 THEN 1074 ELSE 1078
1074 X=X-32:S=l:GOTO 1080
1078 S=-l

1080 IF X>=16 THEN GOTO 2000
1090 Nl=( ( (X*256)+Y)*S)/1000
1100 PRINT Nl;" VOLTS"
1110 RETURN

2000 PRINT "SIGNAL OUT OF RANGE."
2010 STOP

Sample listing for A/D Converter
control. This can be called as a subroutine
from another program. The PRINT statement
in line 1100 may be omitted, so that the
routine simply returns the voltage value
as Nl.

'Wait

'Enable hi bits

'Read hi bits

'Enable lo bits

'Read lo bits

'Subtract blank DB7 and DB6

'Test sign bit

'Positive if hi

'Overrange escape

•Put hi and lo together

Program Listing. A/D converter program.

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which dictated the choice of the Intersil
7109. This is a quad slope type convert-
er, which is stable and accurate, but rel-
atively slow (30+ ms). Other types may
have conversion times down in the mi-
crosecond range, but the price usually
rises in direct proportion to speed. Also,
if a fast converter is used, and high
sampling rates are desired, the software
must be written in Assembly language,
rather than in "slow" Basic like that
given in the Listing.

For simpler conversion tasks where
12-bit (1 part in 4096) resolution is not
needed, either 8-bit (1 part in 256) or
10-bit (1 part in 1024) converters could
easily be substituted. For the 8-bit
chips, the control sequence would be
easier and would take one or two less
lines from the output port. For even
higher resolution, a moderately priced
chip pair is available from Intersil
(8068A/7104-16) that provides 16 bits
of data out plus the overrange and po-
larity signals. These 18 bits are split into
three group s (8/8/ 2) with one more
control line (MBEN) added for the mid-
dle bits.

Output Control Circuitry

The rest of the lines of the output
port 6 are free, five in all, and I have
used four of them to control some sim-
ple dc solenoid valves. The valves
operate on a minimum of 12V dc, so I
used a couple of transistors for level
shifting and current amplification (they
take a 1 amp current pulse). These out-
put lines, and simple modifications of
the circuitry shown in Fig. 1, could easi-
ly be used to operate relays to control
1 15V ac equipment, but in that case I rec-
ommend an opto-isolator coupling as ad-
ditional circuit protection. A sample cir-
cuit for relay control is shown in Fig. 2.

The power supplies required for this
interface are regulated + 5V and - 5V.
Only about 100 mA are needed for the
+ 5, and a few mA for the - 5, so you
can construct them simply with a small
center tap transformer, a bridge recti-
fier, some filter capacitors, and the 7805
and 7905 voltage regulators. In my cir-
cuit, I used the unregulated + 12V dc
from the transformer to power the
solenoid valves.

Once deciphered, the new Model Ill's
I/O bus is easy to use, and opens up a
wide range of powerful applications. ■

Write to James N. Cameron at P.O.
Box 742, Port Aransas, TX 78373.

132 • 80 Micro, October 1983

for Portable, Personal and Desktop Computers

Available for these popular 8-blt and 16-bll microcomputer formats:

SATISFACTION

GUARANTEED

or Your

Money Back

All CP/M' 8' Computers (SD)

All IBM PC Compatibles

TRS-80 Model 2 (with CP/M)

TRS-80 Model 4 (with CP/M)

Apple II (with CP/M)

Apple lie (with CP/M)

Franklin ACE (with CP/M)

Morrow Micro Decision

Northstar Advantage

Corona PC & Portable

Corona Portable

COMPAQ Portable

Hyperion Portable

Seequa Chameleon

Tl Professional

Columbia MPC

Osborne Executive

Osborne I (SD)

Osborne I (DO)

DEC VT-180

CompuPro

Xero* 820

IBM PC

IBM XT

KayPro II

Kay Pro 10

Call about
other formats

11 ...for several years the defacto standard for

microcomputer software, and still a good example

of some of the better thought-out

software on the market. " —interface Age

Complete

Package of

Software.

Training Aids,

Manuals, and

Users' Newsletter

ONLY

$395

CP/M format

M95

IBM format

Deskto p Accountant

FULL-FEATURE, FULLY-INTEGRATED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
Everything you need to keep the books... at a price you can afford!

Your Bookkeeper. Accountant, and Banker will love you for installing this fine system!

Check these features:

This remarkably-valued Accounting System will manage
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entire bookkeeping process— from the posting of indi-
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Income Statements, Balance Sheets, and other impor-
tant management reports. Desktop Accountant™ gives
you a "Big Company," professional image with printed
invoices, statements, and checks It is user-friendly,
completely menu-driven, offers system-prompted
data entry, and is compatible with both floppy and hard
disks Fealure-for-feature. and dollar-for-dollar it is the
best software value on the market! But don't let the
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because original development costs were recovered
years ago allowing us to sell an excellent product in
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high-quality, reliable software was designed and writ-
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then, it has successfully proven itself in well over
10,000 companies in all 50 states and in 13 foreign coun-
tries It is also used and recommended by hundreds of
bookkeepers, accountants and CPA's, including the
regional offices of several famous "Big Eight" account-
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-JC Bartels President

..!- o n'-gh— Gonmes Tsias

' 'To get anything better we would have had to spend
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—Bob Co>. V P General Mgr. urwis

I minufjcn.-ng :omp»r,i Sjr> Mono Texas ON fill

Here's what you get:

1. A professional-quality, full-feature, fully-integrated
accounting system. 2. Six-to-fourteen diskettes
(depending on your system's disk storage capacity)
3. Four easy-to-follow, self-teaching User's Manuals
(over 540 pages') that are highly rated by satisfied
users. 4. An exclusive, new audio cassette tape with
step-by-step instructions for quick installation and
start-up. 8. "Read Me First" a unique 40-page system
guide and start-up aid. 6. Complete sample data and
sample reports tor practice and training . a big help
to new users 7. FREE 1-year subscription to Users'
Newsletter, "Debits and Credits." It's full of tips, ideas,
news, and useful suggestions from us and other users
Recent issues have run over 20 pages long! 8. FREE
complete Source Code in popular MBASIC so you can
easily customize any program to suit your special needs
8. Telephone "Hot Line" service for helpful Installation
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port has been acclaimed "excellent," "llrst-rate." and
"very courteous and professional" by our users
10. Access to our growing network of Experienced
User Consultants'''' in both the US. and Canada
These qualified, knowledgeable busmesspeopie
themselves own this fine software and are available to
assist you with almost any aspect of installation, train-
ing, operation — or even customization, if desired You'll
receive the latest Directory ol these helpful Consultants

Look who's using it:

Here is a sample (taken from our customer files) of the
wide variety of businesses successfully using this time-
tested, solidly-established, user-proven software

• Swipwg services • CPA/Accounong firms •> Conahwcflon u rjm p aniaa •
wi d Ii im Fionae. • n«w Fioneu • Prwesn • nieuratice Agencee • Shocpng
Canton) ' Machine Shop* • Engin— ring firmt ■ Soft*** Competvsa " Compote.

ce fcete • Dames • So-Mota • Unr.er.rf, Butiml School • Om> Dmceae
■ Bept a> Uhrveterres • Saa teaser • ConvamoM Hoapttt • C.' Ween • P uMc
Ubrery • Cement Planl • InduMrtfl products -Mhulaclu^ngcanpinia* • Mortuary

• Cor* Company • TVi«Mm producers anal <Mr«uior> • Oer» el Store (». Alaalu")

• raa* HWH oroar»a*on . Omamnri Agent ms • Record and Tapa Moras

* Graphics arms • Omce products oompaneje • Rati Eetaea

firme • Ol Products JaOJSietu • kr.strmr.ant Company • rtpdrauac Products com
party • Outdoor Elpeomone company • Marty typaa Ol schools • Chiropractor. •
Ptrjraoans • Landscape's • Las. srree • Restaurants • Plurnomg Companaw ■
Raoroad • Farmer. • Banks • Consistent. . snd many, many mote"

Call for FREE LITERATURE, including sample reports, comparison chart, user letters, etc.
Not sold in stores • Order today by Mail or Phone • Phone Orders Filled Promptly

Orders, Questions, and Literature Requests CALL NOW, TOLL-FREE

«ft 7E7 •T0 1-800-832-2244

'^ rw ■■ ' ■™ B ™ i n ralifnrnia rail l^flO.799.2911

In California call 1-800-732-2311

Please mention
Ad #120-V

A Complete System!

includes all four standard general accounting programs:

GENERAL LEDGER is completely integrated to automatically post
end-o'-month transactions from A/R. A'P and Payroll It prints 1 3 detailed
reports for the entire company, and optional Income Statements for up
to 99 departments. It produces up-to-the-minute comparative financial
statements with current, year-to-date, budget, and last year (month and
YTD ), showing both dollar amounts and percentages, and presents
everything you. your bookkeeper, and your accountant need to know about
the company • G/L automatically reconciles all accounts, and main-
tains extensive, detailed audit trails showing the source of each G/L entry
for quick, easy, tracing • Trial Balance includes all transactions • Flex-
ible Chart of Accounts • True double-entry bookkeeping • Master File
capacity 400 Accounts • Monthly Transactions capacity 1 .000 with 200K
diskette; 3.500 with 500K diskette, 7,000 per Megabyte with a Hard Disk

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE provides Instant, on-line customer
account Information (both current and aged), with complete, timely
invoicing, including open-item (or balance forward) and statement
capabilities It makes the entire billing process fast, easy, and efficient
It quickly identifies your overdue accounts, help* speed collections, helps
control your cash flow, and assists you in making better financial deci-
sions Both detailed and summary customer activity and aging reports
are instantly available • Preprinted forms available for Invoices and
statements • Detailed audit trail • Maintains comprehensive customer
data files • Produces B reports and documents • includes automatic
periodic customer/client billing option which is ideal for service businesses

• Itemized monthly transactions • Master File capacity 400 Customers

• Monthly Transactions capacity 800 with 200K diskette; 3.500 with 500K
diskette. 7.000 per Megabyte with a Hard Disk.

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE maintains complete vendor/voucher
history and includes check-writing capabilities Current and aged
payable reports are available upon command It prepares an extremely
useful cash flow/cash requirements report that greatly improves
management control of your most valuable resource — cash' It prints
checks (on commercially available forms on which your company name,
address and logo can be Imprinted) with comprehensive check stubs
that your vendors will appreciate • Produces 1 1 reports and documents

• Automatic pay selection program allows payment by due date or by
discount date • Manual and automatic checkwriting • Check register

• Detailed audit trail • Itemized monthly transactions • Master File
capacity 400 Vendors • Monthly Transactions capacity: 800 with 200K
diskette; 3,500 with 500K diskette; 7.000 per Megabyte with a Hard Disk

PAYROLL is a complete, easy-to-use professional-quality payroll
system Be the office hero each week when the checks come out on lime!
This program calculates payroll for every type of employe* (hourly,
salaried, and commissioned) and prints payroll checks (with popular,
comprehensive check stubs) with an absolute minimum of input Your
company name and logo can appear on these, too • Stores and reports
comprehensive employee and payroll information • Maintains monthly,
quarterly, and yearly totals for reporting purposes in multiple states* ')

• Offers user-maintainable Federal, State, and local tax tables ) •
W-2 printing • 941 Reporting • Produces 10 reports and documents

• Master File capacity 400 employees An outstanding Payroll package 1

Produces 42 Reports & Documents:

General Ledger I. Chart of Accounts S. C?t«-I ol Accounls *tth summary rJo»»r
amounts 3. Chan ol Accounts with pray year companions 4. Daily Transactions Report
S. itemized Mommy Transactions 8. Balance Sheet 7. Balance Sheet with prior year
comparison 8. Income Statement *. Income Statement wttn prior year comparison
10. Departmental Income Statements) 11. Departmental income StaatmenHs) with poor
year comparison 11. Detail report lor individual accounts 13. Trial Balance Ot aas m s ni
ACCOiintS Receivable I. DaHy Transactions Report 2. invoices (wttn or vrfhout
preprinted forms) S. Statements (with or without pre-pnnted lormsl 4. Summary Aging
Report f . Detailed Aging Report S. itemized Monthly Transactions 7. Detailed Customer
Activity Report 8. Summary Customer Account Report

ACCOiintS Payable I. Daily voucher Report 2. Daily Credit Report 3. Checks
with Detailed stubs 4. Check Register S. General Ledger Transfer Report 8. Cash
Requirements Report 7. Transaction Register a. Open voucher Report S. Aged PayaCHes
Report 10. Detailed vendor Activity Report 11. Summary vendor Account Report

Payroll I. Federal Tax Tables 2. State Tax Tables 3. Payroll checks with stubs
4. Payroll Check Register 5. Monthly Payroll Summary 8. Quarterly Payroll Summary
7. General Ledger Transfer Report 8. Detailed Employee File Listing 8. Produces 941
Worksheet 10. Prints annual W-2 Forms

System Requirements: Either CP/M- or MS-DOS (PC-DOS) •
Microsoft BASIC • 64K RAM • Two disk drives or hard disk • 1 32 column
wide carriage printer, or an 8 'A "xi 1 " printer with compressed print mode
(an Epson MX-80 or similar printer!

Technical Support Hotline (8 AM to 5 PM, Mon.-Fn): (415) 680-8378 "

Send Orders To: 1280-C Newell Avenue, Suite 147-V, Walnut Creek, California 94596

• Whan ordsrtng please mention at memos the Ad number appearing near our telephone number • Orders shipped «*
l.a~3-rl»YlsJ»JlSar«ltja. r ealities lieMsn U add l'.S Sale. la. • Payment by VlSA/MeelerCardtCOOMO'Caahier •

tutors registered Trsde Ms... •

I aaeja t,. -•-■ „.. I

UfS • Add S5 00 lor
Chock • AH Brand Names sis manutac
9*3 Rocay Mountain Sohwere Systeme

100% SATISFACTION GUARANTEE

No-Risk. 30-day Money-Back Guarantee

Order Desktop Accountant and evaluate it yourself for 30 days Test the
performance of each program using our comprehensive Sample Data fries
to enter and process data, query accounts, print checks and reports, and
more Review the five User's Manuals, near the Training Tape, read the
users Newsletter even caU our Technical Support Group with your ques-
tions Vou must be comp/efe/y sat/sfled with Desktop Accountant or you
may return it m good condition with lha Seated Mast* Ditk UNOPENED
(it installs your live data) tor a prompt, courteous complete refund 1

k ROCKY MOUNTAIN
V SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

^^ Specialists in Accounting Software

• See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 133

-COMPUTER SHACK-

SYSTEM II

The ultimate in business programing. A suite of programs written in
machine language consisting of Stock Control, Sales Ledger,
General Ledger, and Purchase Ledger. The sales ledger issues in-
voices in addition to statements.

All ot the four parts of System II will integrate or may be used on
their own. For instance, if the Sales Ledger and Stock Control are
used as an integrated system, then issuing an invoice selling two
widgets, will deduct those two widgets from stock.

Operator usage, particularly input technique, is made so simple
that no training is needed. The operatorand machine interaction
is plainer- on one simple level - The ultimate in user friendliness.

Function changes are not made through a menu. In other words
to change direction you do not have to go back to square one. The
same or similar commands are used throughout the suite. If you
do not know what to do, you can ask a built in utility to tell you
what is available.

For a complete brochure on System II write or call today. Works
on the Model l/lll or 4.

FAMILY TREE

Track down your pedigree with the fast and easy methods
provided by FAMILY TREE, the exciting genealogy program. You
may be surprised and enchanted by the interesting people you
find at the roots of your own family.

It will store seperate data for each particular relative, along with
that persons mother and father, their sex. date of birth, Place of
birth, date of marriage, place of marriage, date of death and place
of death. With all of this information the computer can create
many different reports such as; a list of descendents orancestors
children, siblings or even an entire family chart.

MODEL l/lll tape or disk (32K) $29.95

CHECK WRITER

This easy to use powerful utility, will take the tedium out of the
time consuming task of writing checks, keeping records, and
balancing your account. With 99 categories of expenses, sort in
seconds on check #, amount, budget #, payee or date.

Great for businesses or home use. The printer program is written
in basic for easy modification, while data entry and sorting are
done through machine language subroutines.

DISK ONLY $ 4 9 . 95

PASCAL

The ever popular programing language is brought to the TRS-80
complete in all standards.

We sell Pascal for $49.95. As you will notice, this price is
considerably lower than the competition. This is a very good
version of Pascal. At this low price we hope to sell twice as many
as the competition!

MODEL l/lll DISK $49.95

SUPER SCRATCH PAD

SCRATCH PAD is the perfect combination of a data base
manager and a word processor. Each screen becomes a page
that you can easily flip through, each page has a title (one that you
type in) that appears in the master menu, each title along with it's
respective page can be sorted. There are 1 Macro Keys that can
be defined for any letter, word, or sentence that you like. And talk
about editing, SCRATCH PAD gives you screen editing features
just like a full blown word processor. Its all machine language,
menu drive - VERY easy to use.

DISK ONLY special intro price only $39.95 ($49.95 after October 1)

CYCLE INVOICE SYSTEM

Once each customer is entered, the system takes over, handling
billing, recording payments, printing invoices, and all in all, making
your life a lot easier. First of all, each customer can be billed
weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or on an
annual schedule. Different invoice cycles can be mixed within the
same file. A regular invoice amount is entered for each of these
customers. Of course, an invoice adjustment amount can also be
entered to allow for overdue charges, sur-charges, delinquent
amounts, or credits.

This system is ideal for garbage routes, window washers, land lords
etc.

DISK ONLY.

$149.00

SUPERDIRECTORY

SUPER DIRECTORY the fastest most efficient library catalog
utility on the market. SUPERDIRECTORY will sort your complete
disk file in a matter of seconds on filespec, disk number, or
remarks. It has super fast string search, Reads any normal dos
and density, and many many more features.

MANUAL AND DISK $49.95

DISKS ONLY $1.79

We buy thousands of bulk disks each month for our own
duplication and sales. We would like to offer these disks to you at
tremendous savings, these are Super Quality disks guaranteed
for life. If they ever go bad send them back and we will replace
them FREE. Try some, if you don't like them return them.

1 00 DISKS TYVEK SLEEVES $1 79 95

1 DISKS TYVEK SLEEVES $1 9 95

1 DISKS WITH COLORED PLASTIC SLEEVES. ....... $21.95

10 FLIPPY DISKS (use both sides in a normal drive) . . . $29.95

THREE TO FOUR

Take advantage of the higher speed of the Model 4 basic with this
new utility that will take a basic program written on the Model III
and convert it to work on the Model 4. This program adds all the
spaces around the reserved words but will not adjust any peeks
and pokes

DISK ONLY $24.95

COMPUTER SHACK

1691 Eason • Pontiac. Michigan 48054 ^ 453

Info: (313) 673-8700 • Orders: CALL TOLL FREE (800) 392-8881

Master Charge and VISA OK Please add S3 00 for shipp.ng in the U S. A. - S5.00 for Canada or Mexico • Proper postage outside of U.S. - Canada - Mexico
Dealers: We are distributors for all items in this ad Write for our catalog and price list
CU 124

From Computer Shack, the industry leader in computer games, comes 1 1 great new

games. All of these games will run on Models l/lll and 4.

Almost every order shipped within 24 hours!

JUMBO

You're in the cockpit of a Jumbo 747, preparing for a spectacular flight!
As the one and only pilot, all controls will be in your hands.

Written by a professional programer in conjuction with a BO. AC. pilot,
JUMBO is most definitely the best flight simulation on the market. It's
well done control and indicator board will allow you to feel the plane in
motion.

So whether in the past you've flown or not (in the pilot's seat), you'll
most definitely find JUMBO an adventure as well as a brilliant
educational tool 1 (not protected).

MODEL l/lll TAPE OR DISK $29.95

DIG OUT

UH OH 1 The wackiest game to ever hit an arcade is now invading your
computer 1 As the game begins, you'll find yourself amidst tons of rock
and earth. You must dig your way through the surrounding tunnels and
hunt down the deadly monsters. But watch out!! 1 As the hunter, you lust
might become the hunted. The monsters are strangly powerful, their
touch can destroy and their eggs can obliterate. Besides all this, the
underground is their natual habitat. DIG-OUT is truly another
COMPUTER SHACK classic. In each of its fifteen different levels, DIG-
OUT combines the best sound, fantastic graphics, and above all,
exciting action

TAPE S19.95/DISK $21.95

LIBERATOR

Adventure, excitement, action, danger and even beautiful girls' Liber-
ators got it all' This fantastic arcade game will get your heart pumpin
and your mind moving 1

1982's most popular arcade game, Donkey Kong, comes to life on
your TRS-80 screen through the magic of John Cranes LIBERATOR 1
And if you thought Donkey Kong was fun, wait until you experience
LIBERATOR'S five seperate screens (more than the arcade version)
each utilizing the best sound and graphics possible 1

MODEL l/lll TAPE S19.95/DISK $24.95

MODEL

ASSUALT

Strap yourself into the dimly lit ATV (All Terrain Vehicle), check the
motor, the laser's, and visibility. Now prepare yourself for an under-
ground trip that you won't soon forget. . .If you live! Assault is an
original arcade game designed for the TRS-80 by Bill Dunlevy. It has
some of the quickest and fastest graphics ever seen on a Model l/lll.
The game itself has spiders, little monsters, big monsters,
underground caverns, bags of gold and more. It has over 20 different
screens.
MODEL l/lll TAPE $19.95/DISK $24.95

CYBORG

As a competitor in the famous Cyborg arena you have access to five
power sleds! You must now use these sleds to travel through the
mazes and collect the signal modules. Of course there is nothing that
pleases a crowd more than a little violence, so the makers of the arena
have also installed guardian robots within its limits! Using your shield,
you must destroy them while trying desperately to complete your task.
Cyborg has a total of five different levels, each much more challenging
than the one before. Now CYBORG comes unprotected.
MODEL l/lll TAPE S22.95/DISK $25.95

CLASH ^^B

Once again, one of the markets most creative programers, Bill Dunlevy
has created CLASH, a fantastic new arcade simulation! Mounted upon
your great white winged stallion, prepare yourself for a clash within the
arena. This day, you will be competing against famous riders from all
over the planet. As the tournament begins, there is a frenzie of flapping
wings and bucking horses, but finally all riders are airborn and the
contest has begun. With a firm grasp on the reins, manuever your horse
above the others and then descend upon them. You must dismount the
other riders, before their skill prevails and they dismount you.
MODEL l/lll TAPE $19.95/DISK $24.95

CONVOY

From the creators of DEMON SEED comes a great new game that
promises to keep you on the edge of your seat . . CONVOY 11
A convoy of trucks has been assigned to move food rations for the
troops in the field, but what about the enemy 7 You must protect the
convoy, utilizing the fire power of the armies new super tank, from
enemy fighter planes and helicopters seeking to block and destroy the
convoy. As planes come rocketing down, destroy their bombs and send
them to the ground in flames ^^^

MODEL l/lll . . TAPE $22.95/DISK $25.95

FURY

Written by the twice acclaimed Doug Frayer (co-author of Cyborg and
Jovian), FURY combines strategy and quick nerves with its three totally
different screens. Fury takes you beyond the traditional computer
arcade space fight. Allowing one or two players, sound and graphics
are used to their utmost and the disk version even talks!

MODEL l/lll TAPE $22.95/DISK $25.95

MOON ROVER

Moon Rover is an exciting game played on the moons surface. In your
Rover you must shoot down enemy aircraft jump over wide metiorite
holes and rescue your countrymen from certain death. Moon Rover
has supergraphics and with its many levels of play will neverget boring.
Moon Rover should become one of your favorite games.
MODEL l/lll TAPE $22.95/DISK $25.95

STRONGHOLD

Ken Olson and Larry Chow

In Stronghold you have four cities that have built mobile energy shields

that'll repel the bombs bouncing around the planet. With all the skill you

can muster, protect your city by moving your two shields and stopping

the bombs from hitting your city.

One or two player action with sound and split second graphics that'll

amaze the eye and ear. Thats STRONGHOLD, try it you'll enjoy it!

MODEL l/lll T Ap E S22.95/DISK $25.95

GAUNTLET

One of my favorite games Operating a super tank you must destroy the
enemy. Every building is a barricade every street a battlefield, can you
even hope to defeat the hordes of alien tanks? Very fast graphics and
exciting sound make this game a must for any arcade game player.

MODEL l/lll TAPE $19.95/DISK $24.95

COMPUTER SHACK „„

1691 Eason • Pontiac, Michigan 48054
Info: (313) 673-8700 • Orders: CALL TOLL FREE (BOO) 392-8881

Master Charge and VISA OK Please add S3 00 for shipping in the US A - S5.00 for Canada or Mexico - Proper postage outs.de of U.S. - Canada - Mexico.
Dealers: We are distributors for all items in this ad. Write for our catalog and price list.

CU 124

SCIENCE

Life with the Model II

David G. Faske

If you're tired of sorting your mail-
ing lists and can't look at another utili-
ty, this Model II Life simulation may be
just the thing for you.

John Conway, a mathematician at
Cambridge University, England, devel-
oped Life. It simulates an ecological
system and illustrates the rise, fall, and
changes of a society of living organisms
as they interact with each other and
their environment. The program starts
with a simple population of organisms
and observes their fate as the laws of
ecology are applied to births, deaths,
and survivors. Over time, the popula-
tion exhibits one of three fates: it dies
out from over- or underpopulation, it
becomes stable, or it oscillates in a re-
peating pattern.

Rules

Life starts with a blank screen and
an-invisible grid 24 blocks high by 40
blocks wide. Place any configuration of
occupants (each represented by the let-
ter O) within the playing area. Occupied
spaces are designated by an O, and
empty spaces remain blank. Each space
touches exactly eight others, but occu-
pants die if they touch fewer than two
or more than three occupied spaces. If
three occupied spaces touch an empty
space, a new occupant is born to fill
that space. Births and deaths are
evaluated simultaneously.

136 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Use your computer to
examine the popula-
tion cycles of a commu-
nity of living organisms.

By positioning occupants at the start
of the game, you establish the initial
conditions (generation 0, see Fig. 1).
Life then determines all births and
deaths and displays the resulting gener-
ations, creating fascinating patterns.
Figure 2 illustrates an example of this
process through new generations.

Supervisor Calls

This program takes advantage of the
supervisor calls (SVCs) available with
the Model II's TRSDOS 2.0a. Below is
a brief explanation of the SVCs I used.

KBCHAR is a routine that accepts
characters from the keyboard. It re-
turns to the program immediately,

The Key Box

Model II
64KRAM
Assembly Language
Editor/Assembler

The Spaceship. This pattern travels across the
screen in the indicated direction.

The Glider. This pattern also moves, but at a
slower speed than the Spaceship.

The Figure Eight. This configuration oscillates
with a period of 8 generations.

The Pulsar. This pattern evolves into a Pulsar
with a period of 3 generations.

Traffic Lights. This pattern will evolve into
four blinkers, each with a period of 2 genera-
tions. See Fig. 2 for complete details.

Figure 1. Five different initial generations and
theirfates.

either with or without a character. If a
character is available from the key-
board, the program sets the Z flag and
puts the ASCII code in register B.

KBINIT clears the keyboard buffer.

SETBRK lets you change the break
key processing routine. The computer
removes the old routine's address and
replaces it with the address of the new
routine.

VDCHAR and VDGRAF are video
display routines. They display any ASCII
character in addition to various control
characters recognized by TRSDOS.

VDCHAR displays a single character
at the current cursor position in the scroll
mode. VDGRAF displays an entire buf-
fer of characters in the graphics mode at a
specific row and column number.

VDREAD reads data from the video
display. It also determines the current
cursor position for other routines.

VIDRAM dumps the entire video
display into a RAM buffer. It can also
dump the contents of a buffer to the
display.

BINDEC converts a binary integer
into the ASCII code of its decimal
equivalent.

LOOKUP accepts a 1-byte key as an
argument, and searches a table of
3-byte entries for a match. This routine
compares only the first byte of each en-
try. The other 2 bytes are data.

If a match is found, the routine re-
turns with the Z flag set and the data in
register pair HL. If the 2 bytes are an
address, you can immediately execute a

JP (HL) instruction to perform another
routine.

The Model II owner's manual has a
much more detailed explanation of
each SVC, including parameter lists
and arguments.

Program Overview

In machine-language programs, TRS-
DOS loads register pair DE with the ad-
dress of your program's highest
memory location. I used this address to
initialize the stack pointer (SP register).

The main program comprises two
parts. The first part displays the results
of each generation at maximum speed
without pause between generations. It
evaluates and displays about 10 genera-
tions per second.

The second part of the main program
waits for your prompt before it eval-
uates and displays the next generation.
This lets you single-step through the
generations at your leisure to closely ex-
amine any changes. You can freely
choose between the two modes of
operation.

Several other commands are avail-
able while the main program runs. They
are assigned the functions described
below and are invoked by pressing the
specified key(s).

The break key clears the screen, sets
the 80-column display mode, restores
the original system cursor, and jumps
to TRSDOS READY.

The escape key selects the continuous
mode of operation.

GENERATION

GENERATION 5

1 |

()

»(■

)

■:

ooo

i -

l-F

-K

l-p]

l°l

GENERATION 3

:neration 8

O o

o °

s t

)

o o

l-B

l-G

l-L

1-0

TION

GENERATI

<N <S

<■>

ioo

o()

inn

o .

of)

l-C

l-l-

|-N

l-R

GENERATION 4

GENERATION 9

°o

)W<!

)

}©0

(

>o =

(

)

o O

l-I

i-nLL

I I

l-S

GENER

ATION

GINERATI

N '

LEGEND

» OCCUPIED

*> a

. BIRTHS

(■

»o

300

(

•DEATHS

l-E

l-J

1-0

Generation Intermediate generation

Generation 1 Intermediate generation 1

Generation 2 Intermediate generation 2

Generation 3 Intermediate generation 3

I&I Generation 4 Intermediate generation 4

Generation 5 Intermediate generation 5

Generation 6 Intermediate generation 6

Generation 7 Intermediate generation 7

Generation 8 Intermediate generation 8

Generation 9 Intermediate generation 9

Figure 2. The course of a population through nine generations (generation zero appears in the
upper left corner).

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 137

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The zero key invokes the single-step
operation. The program evaluates and
displays a subsequent generation when
you press any key (except one of the
control keys defined in this section)
while in this mode.

The Fl key clears the screen and calls
the screen editor subroutine. The F2
key freezes the current generation and
calls the screen editor. This way, you
can revert to generation zero or modify

the current generation to a configura-
tion of your choosing. Some patterns
are so delicate that the addition or
removal of one occupant disrupts and
destroys the pattern.

Control-K resets the counter to zero
and enables the counter display routine.
Pressing control-I disables the counter
without resetting it. Control-J enables
the display without resetting the
counter.

00100

00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
00700
00800
00900
01000
01100
01200
01300
01400
01500
01600
01700
01800
01900
02000
02100
02200
02300
02400
02500
02600
02700
02800
02900
03000
03100
03200
03300
03400
03500
03600
03700
03800
03900
04000
04100
04200
04300
04400
04500
04600
04700
04800
04900
05000
05100
05200
05300
05400
05500
05600
05700
05800
05908
06000
06100
06200
06300
06400
06500
06600
06700
06800
06900
07000
07100
07200
07300
07400
07500
07600
07700
07800
07900
08000
08100
08200
08300
08400
08500
08600

TITLE
.COMMENT*

Program Listing. Model II Life.

MACHINE LANGUAGE LIFE

This is a high-speed machine language version of

the game LIFE.

Program by

Dave FasKe

705 Kitterman Road

Port St. Lucie, FL 33450

GLOBAL
GLOBAL
GLOBAL
GLOBAL

SETUP, FATE, LOAD0, MOVEIT, CONVRT

SETBRK, CRSR, NOCRSR, CPL40 , CPL80

GETCHR, VIDRAM, RAMVID, LOOKUP, NEWBRK

SETUP1, DSPLY, COUNTR, KNTINT, KNTOFF, KNTON

; MAIN

START: LD
EX
LD
CALL
CALL

START1: CALL
CALL
LD
CP
JR

REPEAT: CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL

PROGRAM

(STACK) ,SP

DE,HL

SP,HL

SETBRK

DSPLY

LOAD0

SETUP

A, (CHCODE)

■0i

Z,STEP

MOVEIT

CONVRT

FATE

RAMVID

COUNTR

RST

LD
CP
JP
CP
JR
CP
JR

CALL
CP
CALL
CP
CALL
JR
DOTHIS: CALL
CALL
LD
CP
JR

STEP: CALL

CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
STEP2 : CALL

CALL

A, 4

NZ, REPEAT

A,B

Z,START1

Z, DOTHIS

'0'

Z,STEP

0BH

Z, KNTINT
9

Z, KNTOFF
0AH

Z, KNTON
REPEAT
RAMVID
SETUP1
A, (CHCODE)
•0'
NZ. REPEAT

MOVEIT

CONVRT

FATE

RAMVID

COUNTR

GETCHR

A,B

Z, REPEAT

Z,START1

Z, DOTH IS

0BH

Z, KNTINT

0FFH

Z,STEP2

Z, KNTOFF

0FFH

Z,STEP2

;Save Stack Pointer

;Get top of memory into HL

(Initialize the Stack Pointer

;Set new <BREAK> key handling routine

(Display title of program, etc.

; Load array with value

;Get the initial display into RAM

;Get last keyboard char, into A

(Check for single-step request

(If true then jump to STEP

(Transfer it to array

(Convert array from ASCII to Integer

(Start the LIFE cycles

(Display the new generation

(Increment and display counter

(While the program is running, the only

(keyboard input that is accepted

(is <BREAK>,<0>,<F1>,<F2>,<"K>,<"I>, or

(<"J>

,-KBCHAR SVC code

(try and get a character

(REPEAT if no character was there

(Else do this

(Load the chaacter into A register

(Was <F1> pressed?

(Restart if true

(Was <F2> pressed?

(Jump if true

(Single-step request?

(Jump if true

,•" = <CTRL> key

,-0BH = <"K>: Initialize counter

(Call KNTINT if true

;9 « <"I>: Turn counter display OFF

(Call KNTOFF if true

(0AH = <*J>: Turn counter display ON

(Call KNTON if true

(Ignore any other characters

(Display screen without counter display

,-Slightly different from SETUP

(Get last keyboard character into A

(Check for single-step request

(Continue with MAIN PROGRAM if not

(This is the single-step routine

(This causes the program to

(sinqle-step one cycle at a time

;When any key except <ESC> is pressed

(Call counter display routine

(Get a character from the keyboard

(This routine loops until a key is hit

(Put character in A

(Check for <ESC> key

(Go to full-speed mode if true

(Check for <F1> key

(Restart if true

(Check for <F2> key

(Modify screen with this routine

(Check for <*K>

(Initialize counter and display if true

(Was the subroutine called?

(Continue here if true

(Check for <*I>

(Turn off counter display if true

Listing continued

138 • 80 Micro, October 1983

LIVE WIRES FROM
THE UTILITY COMPANY!

INSTANT ASSEMBLER 2.1

The Instant Assembler is a powerful assembly language development system for the
IRS HO. and our new version is better than ever If you are already an assembly language
programmer, its unique design will greatly increase your productivity II you are |ust getting
started, there is no better assembler to help you learn machine language programming
Some of its unique features are immediate assembly, which detects syntax errors as source is
entered, and a compact source format that allows you to write programs nearly three times as
large as other assemblers in the same amount of memory. It produces relocatable code
modules that can be saved on disk or tape and linked together in memory for large ot
modular assemblies It will also assemble to disk. tape, or directly to memory tot immediate
debugging with the built-in debugger You can quickly switch from assembler to debugger
without losing your source The built in debugger will step though your programs one
instruction at a time, showing each disassembled instruction and its effect on the registers and
memory It can even use the symbols in your source code when stepping or disassembling
Our new version will load or save both conventional source files and its own condensed
source format

The Instant Assembler package includes six separate programs The assembler itself
includes the editor and built-in debugger The Linking Loader is included in several versions
fot different memory sizes A stand-alone version of the debugger I MicroMind) is also
included MicroMind can be relocated in memory and has commands to single-step, set
breakpoints, display or alter registers or memory, find bytes or words disassemble to screen
or pnnter, convert between hex and decimal numbers, and write SYSTEM tapes The Instant
Assembler comes with a comprehensive 65 page instruction manual with many examples.

Specify Model I or Model III. TAPE INTASM 2.1 $39.95 on tape

Specify Model I or Model III. DISK INTASM 2.1 $49.95 on disk

INSIDE LEVEL II

The Programmers Guide to the TRS-80 ROMS

INSIDE LEVEL II is a comprehensive reference guide to the Model I and Model III ROMs
which allows trie machine language or Basic programmer to easily utilize the sophisticated
routines they contain Concisely explains set-ups, calling sequences, and variable passage
lor number conversion, arithmetic operations, and mathematical functions, as well as
keyboard, tape, and video routines. Part II presents an entirely new composite program
structure which loads under the SYSTEM command and executes in both Basic and machine
code with the speed and efficiency of a compiler In addition, the 18 chapters include a large
body of other information useful to the programmer including tape formats RAM useage.
relocation of Basic programs. USR call expansion, creating SYSTEM tapes of your own
programs, interfacing of Basic variables directly with machine code, and special precautions
lor disk systems INSIDE LEVEL II was reviewed in the April 1982 issue of 80 Micro which
said "The book has no flaws, it is a perfect gem " Byte Magazine said "I recommend this book
to serious machine language programmers "
Includes updates for Model HI. INSIDE LEVEL II $15.95

DEMON DEBUGGER

DEMON (for DEbugger and MONitor) is a new and sophisticated tool with which you can
explore and debug machine language programs It has two modes of operation. In the STEP
mode, it "emulates" the operation of the Z-80 and allows you to step through any machine
language program one instruction at a time, showing you the address, hexadecimal value,
Zilog mnemonic, register contents, and step count for each instruction This ability is
extremely useful not only in debugging your own programs, but also for examining how
other people's programs work It will even follow program flow right into the ROMs. DEMON
leaves the video screen unaltered so that the program you are stepping through can perform
its display functions unobstructed. STEP mode commands include step (trace), step to a
branch run in step mode at a variable rate, run for a specified number of steps, change flags
or registers, execute a CALL or RST set breakpoints in RAM or ROM. and break when a
number in a defined range appears in any double register. Commands in the MONITOR
mode (all of which are available from the STEP mode) include hex arithmetic, hex to decimal
conversion, block move, fill memory, find bytes, jump to address, disassemble to screen or
printer, load memory from disk or tape, write memory to disk or tape, full screen memory edit
in hex or ASCII, and relocate other programs or itself DEMON also includes a labelling
disassembler with EDTASM format output to either disk or tape. This will generate source
code from programs in memory which can then be altered and reassembled with your
assembler Screen displays may be routed to your line printer for hard copy. Includes a
comprehensive 40 page manual with many examples.
Specify Model I or Model HI. DEMON $29.95 on tape or disk

DUPLICATE SYSTEM TAPES WITH CLONE

Make duplicate copies of almost any tape including Basic. SYSTEM, data lists, assembler
source, or "custom loaders" The file name, load address, entry point, and every byte (in
ASCII format) are displayed on the video screen Model III version allows changing tape
speed so you can make 1500 baud copies of 500 baud programs like SCRIPSIT
Specify Model I or Model HI. CLONE $16.95 on tape. $21.95 on disk

DISK INDEX VERSION 3

Our excellent disk indexing program has now been entirely rewritten in machine language
DISK INDEX will assemble a master index of your entire program library by automatically
reading the program names and free space from each disk. ITie :ndex may then be
alphabetized or searched lor any disk, program, or extension It will alphabetize 2400
programs in less than 50 seconds and will find any program out of 2400 in less than 3
seconds Disks or programs may be added or deleted manually, and the whole index or any
selected part may be printed on paper in several different formats The index itself may also
be stored on disk for future access and update A 48K machine will hold up to 255 disks and
over 2400 programs in each index, and you may build as many indexes as you need There is
no limit to the number of filenames it can read on any one disk It will run on either a Model I
or Model III and catalog disks for either machine regardless of which one is running it, though
Model I owners must have double density to catalog Model III disks It will automatically
recognize any DOS and disk density. DISK INDEX works with any operating system written
for the Model 1 or Model III except CP M, and is extremely fast and easy to use
Specify Model I or Model HI. DISK INDEX VERSION 3 $29.95 on disk

TELCOM

Mumford Micro offers two telecommunications programs TELCOM I has most of the
features needed to communicate with bulletin boards, time share systems, or for file transfers
between two disk- based micros over modems or direct wire It is menu dnven and extremely
simple to use Functions include transmit a disk file, receive a disk file, save received data on
disk, examine and modify UART parameters, 8 programmable log-on messages, automatic
checksum verification of accurate transmission and reception, and many more user conveni-
ences Supports line printers, lowercase characters, XoaXoff protocol, and programmable
character keys

TELCOM II is an expanded version of this program for the most demanding telecommunica-
tions applications. It maintains the same ease of operation and all the features of our original
program, but includes many enhancements The terminal mode now has a help menu and a
large spooler for simultaneous printer output at high baud rates. You can load disk files into
the memory buffer from within the terminal mode, type into the buffer, transmit the buffer
with a single command, and send files a line at a time You can even view the buffer or data
that has already scrolled off the screen TELCOM II has 10 different 40 character programm-
able messages that can each be sent with a single command for auto log-on or auto dialing,
and the messages can include control codes and delays It also has 5 different character
translation tables for filtering and compatibility with different systems
TELCOM II also includes an error correction file transfer mode which is compatible with the
LYN'C program available on CP M systems and the IBM PC TELCOM II will exchange disk
files with any computer running this protocol (including another TRS-80 running TELCOM
II}. and will automatically detect and correct errors in transmission Files can be sent to or
fetched from an unattended computer The extreme ease of use TELCOM 1 is known for has
not been compromised Reconfiguration of the programmable features is done internally
from clear menus for fast, easy operation Both versions of TELCOM come with complete
instruction manuals, which are available separately for $5 to help you decide which program
is best suited to your needs.

Specify Model I or Model HI. TELCOM 1 $39,95 on disk

Specify Model I or Model HI. TELCOM II $69.95 on disk

8748 ASSEMBLER

Assemble programs for the complete Intel MCS-48 family of microcontrollers including the
8741, 8742. 8748, and 8749 on your Model 1. HI, or IV Assembles from a source file written
on your text editor directly to an object file on disk It supports the standard Intel mnemonics
and features conditional assembly and listing, complete expression evaluation, ten significant
characters for symbols, a complete range of pseudo-ops, and informative error messages. It
comes with a comprehensive instruction manual which includes the instruction set for each
component and sample listings for arithmetic and 10 subroutines We also offer plans,
schematic, and software to help you build your own inexpensive 8748 programmer The
8748 is a readily available single chip computer that contains RAM, EPROM, clock oscillator,
a counter/ timer, and 27 I/O lines in a single 40 pin package A complete computer controller
can be built with this one chip, a crystal, three capacitors, and a five volt power supply

Specify Model I or Model III. CASM48 $74.95 on disk

Plans and software for an 8748 programmer $19.95 on disk

4 SPEEDS FOR YOUR MODEL I

The SK-2 clock modification allows CPU speeds to be switched between normal, an increase
of 50%. or a 50% reduction, selectable at any time without interrupting execution or crashing
the program. Instructions are also given for a 100% increase to 3 54 MHz The SK-2 may be
configured by the user to change speed with a toggle switch or on software command It will
automatically return to normal speed any time a disk is active, requires no change to the
operating system, and has provisions for adding an LED to indicate when the computer is not
at normal speed. It mounts inside the keyboard unit with only 4 necessary connections for the
switch option (switch not included), and is easily removed if the computer ever needs service
The SK-2 comes fully assembled with socketed IC's and illustrated instructions
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 139

Listing continued

86700

OAH

»Check for <*J>

08800

CALL

Z,KNTON

;Turn counter display on if true

08900

0FPH

09000

Z,STEP2

09100

STEP

; Ignore any other characters

09200
09300
09400

•COMMENT*

SETUP SUBROUTI

09S00

This subroutine

provides screen editing functions.

09600

Control passes

to this routine whenever you decide

09700

to make changes

in the LIFE enviroment.

09800

•

09900

SETUP:

CALL

CPL40

(Clear the screen and set 40 cpl mode

10000

CALL

KNTINT

(Initialize counter and display routine

10100

SETUP1:

CALL

CRSR

(Set style and mode of the cursor

10200

A,MOVEFR

(MOVEBK, MOVEFR ■ cursor codes

10300

(CHCODE*l) ,A

(Initialize cursor codes for

10400

A.MOVEBK

(FORWARD motion

10500

(CHCODE*2) ,A

10600

KLKY:

A,l

(KBINIT SVC code

10700

P.ST

(Clear all previous keystrokes

10600

CHAR:

CALL

GETCHR

(Get a character from the keyboard

10900

(The character will be In B register

11000

A,B

(Get character into A

11100

:.r

(CHCODE) ,A

(And save character at CHCODE

11200

(27 is <ESC> keyi This starts LIFE

11300

Z, GOBACK

(Return to main program if true

11400

'0'

(<0> requests single-step routine

11500

Z, GOBACK

(Return to (IAIN PROGRAM if true

11600

(Check for <F1> key: Restart if true

11700

Z, SETUP

(<F1> will clear screen and restart

11800

(Check for <F2> key

11900

Z.CHAR

(Ignore it

12000

LKUP:

CALL

LOOKUP

(Keyboard character is in B register

12100

(LOOKUP will jump to correct routine

12200

(for that character

12300

KLKY

(Continue with subroutine

12400

GOBACK

CALL

VI DRAM

(Dump video display into RAM buffer

12500

CALL

NOCRSR

(Turn off the cursor

12600

RET

12700
12800

.COMMENT*

FATE SUBROUTINE

12900

This subroutine

accumulates a sum for every cell

13000

on the screen.

and then either kills it, lets it live.

13100

or causes a new

cell to be filled.

13200

•

13300

FATE:

D,40

(Initialize counters

13400

E,24

Listing continued

The counter display uses five spaces
in the upper right corner of the video
display. It doesn't affect the evaluation
of any generation although it may con-
ceal a portion of the Life display. Use
control-I to reveal the hidden pattern.
Subroutines

Life uses subroutines extensively. A
short subroutine is easier to debug
than a long, complicated program, and
you can easily add new or modified
subroutines. Below are explanations of
the subroutines called from the main
program.

Setup is the screen editor subroutine.
The number zero exits to the program's
single-step mode. Pressing the escape
key invokes the full-speed mode. Hit-
ting the break key returns the program
to TRSDOS READY.

The Fl key clears the screen so you
can restart. Setup ignores the F2 key.
Control-K, control-I, and control- J af-
fect the counter and the counter display.

The numeral keys 1-9 relocate the
cursor to one of nine screen locations.
The four arrow keys position the cur-
sor. Control-F, control-R, control-U,
and control-D insert cursor control
codes into a buffer that determines
where the cursor is positioned after a

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140-80 Micro, October 1983

character is displayed.

Control-F positions the cursor to the
right of a character. Control-R moves
the cursor to the left of a character.
Control-U positions the cursor above
the character, and control-D puts it be-
low the character. The backspace key
provides a destructive backspace corre-
sponding to the current cursor codes in
effect. The space bar provides a de-
structive forward space.

The enter key centers the cursor on
the screen and resets the cursor codes
for forward motion. Pressing any other
key causes an O to be displayed at the
current cursor position. I used an O to
designate an occupant, but you can easi-
ly change this character. You can also
add new functions and control keys. The
Lookup subroutine and service calls
make it easy to insert new code.

The Lookup subroutine is based on the
SVC of the same name. The program
passes one character to this routine as an
argument. The program then searches a
table for a matching character. If it
finds a match, the program loads 2
bytes of data into register pair HL. The
data is the address of a routine associ-
ated with the search argument.

If the program doesn't find the

Listing continued

13500

IX,ARRAY+43

;IX gets address of ARRAY offset by 43

13600

HL,RAMBUF

;HL gets address of RAMBUF

13700

ACCUM:

XOR

;Zero accumulator

13800

ADD

A,(IX-43)

;Begin addition processing

13900

ADD

A,(IX-42)

14000

ADD

A, (IX-41)

14100

ADD

A, (IX-1)

14200

ADD

A, (IX+1)

14300

ADD

A,(IX+41)

14400

ADD

A, (IX+42)

14500

ADD

A,(IX+43)

14600

;Check for births

14700

Z,LIVE

;If true, there will be an occupant

14800

;Check for two neighbors

14900

Z, NODIFF

jNo changes made if true

15000

DIE:

(HL), 1 "

;Fill corresponding RAMBUF with a blank

15100

NODIFF

jGo to count processor

15200

LIVE:

(HL) ,'0'

;Fill corresponding RAMBUF with an '0'

15300

NODIFF

INC

; Increment RAMBUF pointer

15400

INC

; Increment ARRAY pointer

15500

DEC

;Decrement counter

15600

NZ, ACCUM

.•Process ARRAY until done

15700

INC

;Skip 2 elements of this buffer

15800

INC

15900

D,40

; Reset counter

16000

DEC

;Decrement counter: When this counter

16100

;goes to zero, we're done

16200

NZ, ACCUM

;Loop until done

lb300

RET

16400
16500

. COMMENT*

LOAD0 SUBROUTINE

16600

This subroutine

initializes an array with value

16700

16800

LOAD0 :

D,0

.•Register D has the value to be loaded

16900

HL, ARRAY

;HL has the address to be loaded

17000

LI)

BC1092

;BC has the number of bytes to load

17100

HERE1:

(HL) ,D

;Load value into current address

17200

I NC

;Bump address

17300

DEC

;Decrement byte counter

17400

A,B

;See if we're done

17500

;We're not done until B = C =

17600

NZ.HERE1

;Loop to HERE1 until done

17700
17800
17900

RET

;Then return

.COMMENT*

MOVEIT SUBROUTINE

18000

This subroutine

transfers data from one area of

18100

RAM to another.

Data is moved and loaded in a

18200

special pattern

Listing continued

DISPLAYS CORRECT SPELLINGS:

If you don't know the correct spelling,
E W will look it up for you, and display
the dictionary.

VERIFIES CORRECTIONS: If you

think you know the correct spelling of
a word, EW will check it for you before
making the corrections.

HYPHENATES AUTOMATICALLY:

(Optional). Inserts discretionary hy-
phens throughout text.

GRAMMAR & STYLE CHECKER:

(Optional). Identifies 22 types of com-
mon errors. Makes suggested cor-
rections with the stroke of a key.
Runs within EW.

50,000 WORD DICTIONARY: Uses
only 2 !/ 2 bytes per word; add as many
words as you wish.

FAST CORRECTING: In as little as
30 seconds, Electric Webster can return
you to your Word Processing program,
with your text fully corrected and on
your screen.

INTEGRATES: into 11 different word
processing programs: Wordstar, Spell-
binder, Newscript, Lazy Writer, Super-
Scripsit, Scripsit, Electric Pencil, Copy
Art, Superscript, Zorlof, and Magic
Wand ( specify ). Begins proofing at the
stroke of a key; returns you to word
processing automatically.

"The Cadillac"

of spelling checkers
80 Microcomputing, 9/82

VOTED #1: If this sounds too good to
believe, you don't need to take our word
for it. Take the word of the thousands of
80 Micro readers who voted Electric
Webster the #1 spelling checker ( 1/83).
Take the word of the scores of profes-
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about Electric Webster. Or, ask your local
computer or software dealer for a dem-
onstration, and see for yourself!

ACCLAIMED:

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any review in any magazine and I don't
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"In my opinion, the perfect combination
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Performance "Excellent"; Documentation
"Good"; Ease of Use "Excellent"; Error
Handling "Excellent". Info World, 8/82

LOW PRICES:

TRS-80 Electric Webster $ 89.95

w/Correcting Feature $149.95

Hyphenation $ 49.95

Grammar & Style Checker $ 49.95

CP/M or MS/DOS

Electric Webster $209.95

( includes Correcting Feature
and Hyphenation Option)
Grammar & Style Checker $ 49.95

CORNUCOPIA
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 141

Listing continued

18300

18400

MOVE IT?:

A, 24

.•Number of rows to be loaded

18500

HL,RAMBUF

;Sending address

18600

DE,ARRAY+43

.•Receiving address

18700

DOITNW

BC,40

; Number of bytes to copy

18800

LDIR

;Move it now

18900

INC

.•Skip next 2 elements of ARRAY

19000

INC

19100

DEC

.•Decrement row counter

19200

NZ, DOITNW

;Loop to DOITNW until done

19300
19400

RET

.•Return if finished

19500

.COMMENT*

CONVRT SUBROUTINE

19600
19700

This subroutine converts an array of mixed ASCII codes

into an arra

f of integers.

19800

19900

CONVRT:

BC,1092

;BC = Number of bytes to convert

20000

HL, ARRAY

;HL = Address of current byte

20100
20200

LOOP1 :

A,(HL)

;A = Current value being converted

1 '

.-Compare it with ASCII 'blank'

20300

Z.LOOP3

;Jump to LOOP3 if true

20400

.•Compare it with

20500

Z, LOOP 2

;Jump to LOOP2 if true

20600

(HL) ,1

;If not 'blank' or 0, make it a 1

20700

LOOP2:

DEC

;Decrement byte counter

20800

INC

;Bump current address

20900

A,B

;Not done until B = C =

21000

21100

NZ,LOOPl

;Loop until done

21200

RET

;Then return

21300

LOOP 3 :

(HL) ,0

.-Load current address with

21400
21500

LOOP 2

;Go to counter routine

21600

.COMMENT*

SETBRK SUBROUTINE

21700

This subroutine sets up a new <BREAK> key

21800

processing routine.

21900

22000

SETBRK:

A, (06B1H)

;Get current cursor style and mode

22100

(CURSOR) ,A

;and save it here

22200

HL,0

.•Zero removes current <BREAK> processor

.•SETBRK SVC code

22300

A, 3

22400

RST

;The removed address is in HL

22500

HL, NEWBRK

.•Load HL with new <BREAK> address

22600

A, 3

; SETBRK SVC code

22700

RST

;New routine is now enabled

22800

RET

22900

23000

.COMMENT*

NEWBRK SUBROUTINE

23100

This is the new <BREAK> routine. This routine restores

23200

the original

cursor to the system, restores the

23300

SP register.

clears the screen and resets

23400
23500

80 column mode before returning to TRSDOS READY.

23600

NEWBRK:

A, (CURSOR)

;Get original cursor back

23700

(06B1H) ,A

.-Restore it to the system

23800

A, 10

.•Install new cursor in Register 10

23900

OUT

(0PCH) ,A

;o£ the CRTC board

24000

A, (CURSOR)

;Get back the original cursor

24100

OUT

(0FDH) ,A

;Send it to the video controller

24200

CALL

CPL80

.•Clear the screen and set 80 cpl mode

24300

HL, (STACK)

;Get back original stack pointer

24400

SP,HL

;and restore it

24500
24600

RST

; Return to 'TRSDOS READY'

24700

.COMMENT*

CRSR SUBROUTINE

24800

This subroutine changes the current cursor style

24900

and mode. The new cursor will be a full block cursor

25000

with a twice

normal blink rate.

25100

25200

CRSR:

A, 10

.-Register 10 of CRTC board will

25300

OUT

(0FCH) ,A

,-get the new cursor code

25400

A,40H

.-Code for new cursor

25500

OUT

(0FDH) ,A

;Send it to the video controller

25600

(06B1H) ,A

;Put it in the system also

25700

RET

25800
25900

.COMMENT*

NOCRSR SUBROUTINE

26000

This subroutj

ne turns the cursor OFF.

26100

26200

NOCRSR:

A, 10

.-Register 10 of the CRTC board will

26300

OUT

(0FCH) ,A

;get the new cursor code

26400

A.20H

,-Code to turn cursor off

26500

OUT

(0FDH) ,A

.-Send it to video controller

26600

(06B1H) ,A

.-Send it to the system also

26700
26800
26900

RET

.COMMENT*

CPL40 SUBROUTINE

27000

This routine

clears the screen and sets 40 column mode.

27100

27200

CPL40:

B,1FH

.-Clear the screen, set 40 column mode

27300

A, 8

;VDCHAR SVC code

27400

RST

27500
27600
27700

RET

.COMMENT*

CPL80 SUBROUTINE

27800

This routine

clears the screen and sets 80 column mode.

27900

28000

CPL80:

B,1EH

.-Clear the screen, set 80 column mode

28100

A, 8

;VDCHAR SVC code

28200

RST

28300
28400
28500

RET

.COMMENT*

GETCHR SUBROUTINE

28600

This routine

is designed to get a character from

28700

the keyboard

GETCHR will not return until a

28800

character is

available.

28900

29000

GETCHR:

A, 4

;KBCHAR SVC code

29100

RST

; Z flag indicates a character is in B

29200

NZ, GETCHR

,-Loop until a character is available

Listing continued

search character in the table, control
passes to the default routine, Print.
This routine displays an O at the cur-
rent cursor position. The routines FOR-
WRD, REVRSE, Up, and Down insert
cursor control codes in the display buf-
fer CHCODE.

Routines 1-9 load the B and C reg-
isters, and row and column numbers
position the cursor. The Locate routine
then uses these numbers and the
VDGRAF SVC to move the cursor to
the requested location. Pressing the
enter key centers the cursor and resets
the codes in CHCODE. BKSP and
Space provide the destructive back-
space and space functions. The Arrow
routine converts the arrow key codes in-
to graphics mode cursor control codes.

You can easily add new function
codes and routines to the Lookup sub-
routine. Insert the ASCII code of your
new control character to Table fol-
lowed by the address of your new rou-
tine. Insert the new routine anywhere,
or append it to the existing program.
For instance, you might want to add a
routine that produces a specific pattern
at the touch of a button, or randomly
generates populations on the screen.

The LOADO subroutine initializes
the array that evaluates each generation
of Life.

The MOVEIT subroutine transfers
data from the video buffer into the
working array.

The CONVRT subroutine converts
ASCII codes in the working array into
integer values of zero or 1. These values
are used to accumulate the totals that
determine the fate of any occupied
spaces in addition to births in empty
spaces.

Subroutine SETBRK defines a new
break key processing routine. It saves
the system cursor at address Cursor and
installs the address of NEWBRK as the
Life exit routine. This routine restores
the system cursor, clears the screen, sets
the 80-column display mode, and
jumps to TRSDOS READY.

The Fate subroutine evaluates each
generation and determines births and
deaths according to the rules of Life.
Index register DC accesses the values in
the working array. These values corre-
spond to the occupied and empty spaces
on the display. The program accumu-
lates a total for each location in the
display. This total determines the fate
of that location.

The CRSR and NOCRSR subrou-
tines control the type of cursor display
and whether the cursor is on or off.

The CPL40 and CPL80 subroutines
clear the screen and set either the 40- or

142 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Listing continued

29300
29400

RET

;Character will be in B register

; = = = =

=======

===============

= = = = = s= = = = = = = = = - = = = = = - = = = a; = ;= __ = = = __ =;

29500

.COMMENT*

VIDRAM SUBROUTINE

29600
29700

This routine is designed to dump the video display into
a buffer in RAM.

29800

29900

VIDRAM:

B,0FFH

.•Function code: Dump video to RAM

30000

HL,RAMBUF

;HL = Address of the buffer

30IB4
30200

LD
RST

A, 94

; VIDRAM SVC code

30300

RET

30400

30500

.COMMENT*

RAMVID SUBROUTINE

30600
30700
30800

This routine
the video dis

is designed to dump a RAM buffer to
play.

30900

RAMVID:

B,0

.•Function code: Dump RAM to video

31000

HL,RAMBUF

,-HL = Buffer address

31100

A, 94

; VIDRAM SVC code

31200

RST

31300

RET

31400

31500

.COMMENT* LOOKUP SUBRO

UTINE

31600
31700
31800

This subroutine finds a given value in a table

and loads the

corresponding address into HL.

If the given

value isn't found, the routine

31900

displays an '

0' .

32000

32100

LOOKUP:

HL, TABLE

;HL = Address of the table

32200

A, 28

; LOOKUP SVC code

32300

;B register has the search key

32400

RST

;Do it now

32500

NZ, PRINT

;Key wasn't in the table?

32600

(HL)

;SUCESSM Jump to subroutine address

32700

PRINT:

D,0

,-Buffer length =

32800

A, 11

;VDREAD SVC code: Get cursor location

32900

RST

; Row and column are in B and C

33000

HL,CHCODE

;HL = Buffer address

33100

(HL) ,'0'

;Put an '0' there

33200

D,3

.•Buffer length = 3

33300

A, 10

;VDGRAF SVC code

33400

RST

;Put an '0' on the screen

33500

RET

.-Return for another character

33600

33700

.COMMENT*

SUBROUTINES f

or "LOOKUP"

33800

These are the

routines that LOOKUP will iumo to.

33900

The first four insert cursor control codes into

34000

a buffer. The control codes are used to provide

34100

cursor motion

in the SETUP routine.

34200

34300

FORWRD:

HL,CHC0DE+1

;HL = Buffer address

34400

(HL) ,MOVEFR

;Load buffer with a control code

34500

INC

;Bump buffer address

34600

(HL) .MOVEBK

.•Another control code:

34700

RET

.•cancels the first one

34800

REVRSE:

HL,CHC0DE+1

;HL = Buffer address

34900

(HL) ,MOVEBK

.•Buffer gets a control code

35000

INC

; Bump address

35100
35200

(HL) ,MOVEBK

.•Buffer gets another control code:

RET

.•This causes the cursor to back up
;HL = Buffer address

35300

UP:

HL,CHC0DE+1

35400

(HL) ,MOVEUP

.•Buffer loaded with a control code

35500

INC

;Bump current address

35600

(HL) ,MOVEBK

.•Buffer gets its second control code:

35700

RET

.•This causes the cursor to move up
;HL = Buffer address

35800

DOWN:

HL,CHC0DE+1

35900

(HL) ,MOVEDN

,-First control code loaded

36000

INC

;Bump current address

36100

(HL) ,MOVEBK

.•Buffer gets second code

36200

RET

.•This causes the cursor to move down

36300

The next nine

assign cursor motion functions to the

36400

numeric keys.

This allows the cursor to be positioned

36500

in one of nine locations by pressinq a sinqle key.

36600

ONE:

B,23

;Row number for cursor position

36700

C,0

.•Column number for cursor position

36800

LOCATE

.•Cursor routine is here

36900

TWO:

B,23

37000

C,19

37100

LOCATE

37200

THREE:

B,23

37300

C r 39

37400

LOCATE

37500

FOUR:

B,ll

37600

C.0

37700

LOCATE

37800

FIVE:

B,ll

37900

C,19

38000

LOCATE

38100

SIX:

B,ll

38200

C,39

38300

LOCATE

38400

SEVEN:

B,0

38500

C,0

38600

LOCATE

38700

EIGHT:

B,0

38800

C,19

38900

LOCATE

39000

NINE:

B,0

39100

C,39

39200

;

Now the given

row and column co-ordinates are used

39300

;

to position the cursor at the desired location.

39400

LOCATE:

D,0

.•Buffer length is zero

39500

A, 10

.-VDGRAF SVC code

39600

RST

.•This positions the cursor at the

39700

RET

.•specified row and column

39800

;

This routine

centers the cursor and restores

39900

;

normal cursor

motion.

40000

ENTER:

HL,CHC0DE+1

;HL = Buffer address

40100

(HL) ,MOVEFR

;Code to move cursor forward

40200

INC

;Bump buffer address

Listing continued

FOR TRS-80 MODELS 1 , 3 & 4
IBM PC, XT, AND COMPAQ

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And eases your learning with
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Hint: it can integrate to com-
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It's the professionals word
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'See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 143

Listing continued

40300

(HL) ,MOVEBK

;Code to move the cursor back

40400

FIVE

;Now center the cursor

40500

;

This routines

provides a destructive <BACK SPACE> key

40600

with respect

to the current cursor motion codes.

40700

BKSP: LD

HL, (CHCODE+1)

;Get cursor control codes into HL

40800

PUSH

;Save them in the Stack

40900

A, (CHCODE+1)

;Get first control character

41000

XOR

00000001B

;Complement bit 0: Reverse direction

41100

;of cursor motion

41200

(CHCODE) ,A

;Put it in the buffer: New order

41300

A,' '

;Load A register with a 'blank'

41400

(CHCODE+1) ,A

;Put it in the buffer

41500

A,MOVEBK

;Cursor control code: Back up

41600

(CHCODE+2) ,A

;Make it the 3rd buffer character

41700

;Now get the current cursor location

4180

D,0

.•Buffer length =

41900

A, 11

;VDREAD SVC code

42000

RST

;On return, B = row, C = col.

42100

;Overstrike character with a 'blank'

42200

HL, CHCODE

;HL = Address of buffer to be displayed

42300

D,3

;Display 3 characters

42400

A, 10

;VDGRAF SVC code

42500

RST

42600

POP

;Get original codes back ftom the Stack

42700

(CHCODE+1) ,HI

;Restore them to the buffer

42800

RET

;Return to the calling routine

42900

This routine

assigns cursor control to the arrow keys.

43000

ARROW: LD

A, (CHCODE)

;Get character back into A register

43100

ADD

A,0E0H

.•Convert the ASCII code

43200

(CHCODE) ,A

;Put the new chaacter in the buffer

43300

D,0

.•Buffer length =

43400

A, 11

,-VDREAD SVC code

43500

RST

;Current cursor position is returned

43600

;in registers B and C

43700

HL, CHCODE

;HL = Buffer address

43800

D,l

;Buffer length = 1

43900

A, 10

;VDGRAF SVC code

44000

RST

.•Perform the requested movement

44100

RET

44200

;

This routine

prints a 'blank' at the current location.

44300

SPACE: LD

D,0

.•Buffer length =

44400

A, 11

;VDREAD SVC code

44500

RST

.•Cursor position returned in B and C

44600

HL, CHCODE

;HL = Buffer address

44700

(HL), 1 '

;Put a 'blank' there

44800

D,3

;Use the cursor codes too

44900

A, 10

;VDGRAF SVC code: Display a 'blank'

45000

RST

45100

RET

45200
45300

.COMMENT*

This is a one shot routine called once at the

45400

beginning of

the program.

45500

Change this routine to install your own title graphics

45600

in this program.

45700

45800

DSPLY: CALL

CPL40

.•Clear the screen, set 40 column mode

45900

B,10

;B has the row number

46000

C,15

;C has the column number

46100

D,LEN1

;D has the length of the message

46200

HL,MESS1

;HL has the address of the message

46300

A, 10

.-VDGRAF SVC code

46400

RST 8

46500

B,12

;Row is in B

46600

C,14

;Column is in C

46700

D,LEN2

;D has the length of the message

46800

HL,MESS2

,-HL points to the message

46900

A, 10

; VDGRAF SVC code

47000

RST

47100

B,13

;B has row number

47200

C,14

;C has column number

47300

D,LEN3

;D has the length of the message

47400

HL,MESS3

;HL points to the message

47500

A, 10

; VDGRAF SVC code

47600

RST 8

47700

B,24

;Last row

47800

C,19

;Center column

47900

D,0

;Buffer length is

48000

A, 10

; VDGRAF SVC code

48100

RST

48200

CALL

GETCHR

;Wait for keyboard before returning

48300

RET

48400

48500

.COMMENT*

These routines provide a counter to keep track of the

48600

number of eye

les that the enviroment has gone through.

48700

KNTINT

resets the counter to zero and turns it on.

48800

KNTON

turns the counter on but doesn't reset it.

48900

KNTOFF

turns the counter off but doesn't reset it.

49000

COUNTR

is the routine that increments and displays the count.

49100

The RESET1 byte of the routine is switched between

49200

NOP and RET,

depending whether the counter is turned

49300

on or off.

49400

49500

KNTINT: LD

HL,CNTINT

;Set accumulator to

49600

(HL) ,0

49700

INC

49800

(HL) ,0

49900

HL,RESET1

;HL points to display routine

50000

(HL) ,0

,-RESETl byte equal to Z80 code 'NOP'

50100

A,0FFH

.-Load A register with flag

50200

RET

50300

50400

KNTON: LD

HL.RESET1

;HL points to counting routine

50500

(HL) ,0

;RESET1 byte equal to Z80 code 'NOP'

50600

A,0FFH

;Load A register with flag /

50700
50800

RET

;Nothing else is changed

50900

KNTOFF: LD

HL,RESET1

;HL points to counting routine

51000

(HL) ,0C9H

;Set RESET1 byte equal to 'RET' code

51100

;This will cause the routine to return

51200

; immedialtely every time it is called

51300

CALL

RAMVID

.•Restore screen without counter display

Listing continued

80-column display modes.

Subroutine GETCHR uses the KB-
CHAR SVC to retrieve a character
from the keyboard. This subroutine
doesn't return without a character.

The VIDRAM and the RAMVID
subroutines use the same SVC.
VIDRAM dumps the contents of the
display into a designated buffer in
RAM. RAMVID does the opposite.

Life calls the subroutine DSPLY
once near the beginning of the main
program. You can make this subrou-
tine more elaborate if you want to
customize the Life marquee.

Subroutine COUNTR accumulates
and displays the total number of gen-
erations produced since you last set the
counter. Three other subroutines con-
trol and modify this subroutine. KN-
TINT resets the count to zero and turns
on the display function. KNTON and
KNTOFF turn the display on or off,
but do not reset the counter.

The byte at address RESET 1 deter-
mines whether or not the counter is
displayed. KNTINT and KNTON both
set this byte to value zero, the Z80 code
for NOP. KNTOFF sets this byte to
value C9 hexadecimal. The value of this
byte determines whether the count is
displayed or if the routine returns
immediately after incrementing the
count. The Z80 code for RET is C9.

Data

Life's data section defines the value
of the mnemonic codes used through-
out the program. The table used in the
Lookup subroutine is located here at
address Table. RAMBUF is the buffer
that holds the data dumped from the
video display. It also holds the new
data for each generation. Array is the
working array used to hold the integer
value the Fate subroutine uses. The
screen editor routine uses Buffer
CHCODE and contains the character
and cursor codes the program displays.
The COUNTR subroutine uses CNTASC
and CNTINT. The messages displayed
by the DSPLY subroutine are also
stored here.

Conclusion

By experimenting with this program,
you can create a great number and va-
riety of patterns as births and deaths
alter populations before your eyes.
What started as John Conway's scien-
tific simulation is now a fascinating
glimpse at Life.B

David G. Faske can be reached at 705
Kitterman Road, Port St. Lucie, FL
33452.

144 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 145

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Listing continued

51400
51500

RET

A.0FFH

;Load A register with a flag value

51600

51700

COUNTR:

HL, (CNTINT) ;HL holds contents of hex accumulator

51800

INC

.•Increment count

51900

(CNTINT) ,HL ;Restore new value

52000

RESET1:

NOP

;This code will be either

52100

;NOP = 00 or RET = 0C9H

52200

DE,HL

;Get value into DE for next routine

52300
52400

HL, CNTASC ;HL points to 5 byte buffer for ASCII

B,0

;B = is function code for SVC

52500

A, 21

;BINDEC SVC: convert HEX=>Decimal ASCII

52600

RST

.•ASCII will be in CNTASC

52700

B,5

.•Going to check 5 characters maximum

52800

HL, CNTASC ;HL points to ASCII buffer

52900

LOOPC1:

A, (HL)

;Get value into A for comparison
;See if it's a '0'

53000

'0'

53100

NZ,LOOPC2 ;Quit with first non-'0' character

53200

(HL) , •

;Otherwise put a 'blank' there

53300

INC

;Bump address

53400

DJNZ

LOOPC1

; Loop until done

53500

LOOPC2:

D,5

;Maximum of 5 characters in the buffer

53600

B,B

;Row number for display

53700

C,35

(Column number for display

53800

HL, CNTASC ;HL points to buffer of ASCII codes

53900

A, 10

;VDGRAF SVC code

54000

RST

54100

RET

54200
54300

»"•■■■»

■■«■■■"

========

—«-——««=„.«„„.„.„„.....„...„„

54400

.COMMENT*

DATA SECTION

54500

54600
54700

This includes the buffers and arrays used in this

program

as well as the LOOKUP table.

54800

54900

55000

D'SEG

55100

RAMBUF

DEFS

960

55200

ARRAY:

DEFS

1092

55300

CHCODE:

DEFB

20H, 0FDH, 0FCH

55400

CURSOR:

DEFS

55500

STACK:

DEFW

55600

55700

MOVEFR

EQU

0FDH .-Forward cursor motion code

55800

MOVEBK

EQU

0FCH .-Reverse cursor motion code

55900

MOVEUP

EQU

0FEH .-Upward cursor motion code

56000

MOVEDN

EQU

0FFH (Downward cursor motion code

56100

56200

This is

the LOOKUP table

56300

56400

TABLE:

DEFB

■1'

56500

DEFW

ONE

56600

DEFB

• 2 >

56700

DEFW

TWO

56800

DEFB

'3'

56900

DEFW

THREE

57000

DEFB

141

57100

DEFW

FOUR

57200

DEFB

'5'

57300

DEFW

FIVE

57400

DEFB

'6'

57500

DEFW

SIX

57600

DEFB

'7'

57700

DEFW

SEVEN

57800

DEFB

'8'

57900

DEFW

EIGHT

58000

DEFB

'9'

58100

DEFW

NINE

58200

DEFB

0DH

;<ENTER> key

58300

DEFW

ENTER

58400

DEFB

08H

;<BACK SPACE> key

58500

DEFW

BKSP

58600

DEFB

1CH

;<LEFT ARROW> key

58700

DEFW

ARROW

58800

DEFB

1DH

;<RIGHT ARROW> key

58900

DEFW

ARROW

59000

DEFB

1EH

; <UP ARROW> key

59100

DEFW

ARROW

59200

DEFB

1FH

; <DOWN ARROW> key

59300

DEFW

ARROW

59400

DEFB

04H

;<CTP.LXD> key

59500

DEFW

DOWN

59600

DEFB

06H

;<CTRLXF> key

59700

DEFW

FORWRD

59800

DEFB

12H

;<CTRLXR> key

59900

DEFW

REVRSE

60000

DEFB

15H

;<CTRLXU> key

60100

DEFW

60200

DEFB

20H

;<SPACE BAR> key

60300

DEFW

SPACE

60400

DEFB

0BH

;<CTRLXK> key

60500

DEFW

KNTINT

60600

DEFB

;<CTRLXI> key

60700

DEFW

KNTOFF

60800

DEFB

0AH

;<CTRLXJ> key

60900

DEFW

KNTON

61000

DEFB

0FFH

.-END OF LOOKUP TABLE

61100

61200

MESS1:

DEFH

0FAH, '

LIFE'

61300

HESS2:

DEFM

'Program by'

61400

MESS3:

DEFM

'Dave

-aske'

61500

61600

EQU

61700

61800

LEN1

EQU

MESS2-MESS1

61900

LEN2

EQU

MESS3-MESS2

62000

LEN3

EQU

L-MESS3

62100

62200

CNTINT:

DEFW

.•Accumulator for binary count

62300

CNTASC:

DEFS

;5 byte buffer for ASCII conversions

62400

62500

END

START

.•Program begins at START

146 • 80 Micro, October 1983

RUN BASIC PROGRAMS AT

UPE

WITH ZB^vSIC 2*2

THE WORLDS FASTEST TRS-80 BASIC COMPILER from SIM1TEK

BELIEVE IT OR NOT WE'VE ADDED MORE
NEW FEATURES to the ONLY INTERACTIVE
BASIC COMPILER for the TRS-80 1

7. Speed increases of 10-100 times are typical after compilation.

2. Compiled code can be RELOCATED to run anywhere in memory. Code is even
ROMable!

3. ZBASIC 2.2 NOW SUPPORTS BOTH RANDOM and SEQUENTIAL DISK I/O.

4. ZBASIC 2.2 is now a super tool for business programmers: RANDOM /ACCESS
FILES, and PRINT USING statements are supported as well as a HIGH PRECI-
SION MATH package (with no rounding problems).

5. Spec/a/ BUILT-IN MACHINE LANGUAGE COMMANDS to increase program
operation by as much as 1000 times! Special commands are implemented for
fast memory searching (CPDR, CPIR], block memory moves (LDIR, LDDR), in-
putting and printing HEX numbers, inserting MACHINE LANGUAGE into
COMPILED CODE, disabling and enabling interrupts, inverting memory, 76 bit
PEEKs and POKEs, and stack control, debug and much more.

6. ZBASIC 2.2 compiles the ENTIRE PROGRAM into Z-80 machine language.
(Not 8080 code or a combination of BASIC and machine language like some
other compilers.) Clumsy LINKING LOADERS, and RUNTIME MODULES are not
needed; ZBASIC 2.2 creates a ready to run MACHINE LANGUAGE program.
NO ROYALTIES imposed on registered ZBASIC owners.
Typical COMPILATION TIME is TWO SECONDS for a 4K program.
Use TRS-80 Basic to write ZBASIC programs!

Compile some existing programs with only minor changes. (BASIC program-
ming experience is required.)

Fully compatible with both the Model I and the Model III. Mod I compiled
programs work on a MODEL III, and vice-versa. ZBASIC works with
NEWDOS-80, NEWDOS + , DOSPLUS, LDOS, MULTIDOS, ULTRADOS,
TRSDOS etc. (Not TRSDOS Mod I double density)

12. BUILT-IN and much improved MUSIC and SOUND EFFECTS commands.

13. Improved CHAINING for disk users.

14. TIMES now available on DISK version. (Mod I only)

15. ZBASIC 2.2 now has an INPUT @ command (similar to PRINT @).

76. The TAB function will now tab 255 columns on a printer. (BASIC cannot tab
past column 64.)

17. NEWDOS 80 2.0 USERS can use the CMD "dos command" function!
(DOSPLUS may use name "dos command")

18. NEW and EASIER to use USR COMMANDS.

79. New math functions to calculate XOR and INTEGER REMAINDERS of a
DIVISION.

20. Logical S TRING COMPARISONS are now supported.

21. The disk commands INSTR, MID$ ASSIGNMENT are now supported on both
DISK AND TAPE ZBASIC.

22. DEFSTR is now supported.

23. Eight disk files may be opened simultaneously; random, sequential or mixed.

24. LINE INPUTS, is now supported.

25. Invoke the compiler by simply hitting these two keys: ": — "

26. NEW 60 + PACE MANUAL WITH DESCRIPTIONS AND EXAMPLE.

27. ZBASIC 2.2 Comes with CMDFILE/CMD program from MISOSYS, to allow ap-
pending or merging compiled programs and machine language programs from
tape or disk.

ZBASIC 2.2 DOES NOT SUPPORT THESE
BASIC COMMANDS:

1 . ATN. EXP, COS, SIN, LOG, TAN, and exponentiation. (However,
subroutines are included in the manual for these functions.)

2. ERROR. ON ERROR GOTO, ERL, ERR RESUME.

3. No direct commands like AUTO, EDIT, LIST, LLIST ETC, although
these commands may be used when writing programs.

4. Others NOT supported: CDBL, CINT, CSNG, DEFFN. FIX, FRE.

5. Normal CASSETTE I/O. (ZBASIC supports it's own SPECIAL
CASSETTE I/O statements.)

6. SOME BASIC COMMANDS MAY DIFFER IN ZBASIC. For
instance, ENDjumps to DOS READY, STOPjumps to BASIC
READY etc.

7. MEMORY REQUIREMENTS: to approximate the largest BASIC
program that can be compiled in your machine (at one time), enter
BASIC and type: PRINT (MEM-6500)/2. Remember, you can merge
compiled programs together to fill memory.

ZBASIC 2.2 SPEED COMPARISON DEMO

To help give you an idea how fast compiled programs are, we have

included this demo program:

ZBASIC 2.2 DEMO PROGRAM

Time to compile and run complete program :OMIN. 2 SEC.

BASIC Execution speed MOD I , LEVEL II : 7 WIN. 34 SEC.

ZBASIC Execution speed MOD I, LEVEL II :0 MIN. 18 SEC.

BASIC Program size (WITHOUT VARIABLES) : 895 BYTES

ZBASIC Program size (WITHOUT VARIABLES) : 2733 BYTES
(Remember that the ZBASIC program includes an 1879 byte sub-
routine package.) Program shown exactly as compiled and run in
BASIC and ZBASIC.

10 •....„.» ZBPSIC 2.2 EXPMPLE PROGRAM RND TIME TEST=«=====
20 CLS:CLERR100:DEFINT fl-X:DEFSTR Z:DIM PP. (64, 24) , Z (50) : RANDOM
30 flfl=100:BB=-1000:CC=3:DD=-3:EE=-9999:ST«="STRRT TIME "+TIME«
40 FOR I = 1T0127STEP2 :F0R J=,47T01STEP-3 : XX = POINT ( I , J) : SET 
50 XX=(I-J)/CC*(7+I+J> iXX=RBS(INT<RND(I»J>-flfl>+7> iRESET(I,J)
60 XX=PEEK(I+J> : POKE 15360+ 1 +J, J iOUT255,J RND (3»J) : XX = INP ( I )
70 RB*=STR«(I+J) :BP«=LEFT«(RB«, 2) :RR ( I /2, J/2> -VRL (Bfl«> +flfl»3
60 BR«=BR«+RIGHT«(BR«, RND (3) ) : XX = INSTR ( 1 , Bfl«, "9") : XX-SQR < I»J)
90 BP«=MID«(BP»,2,2) :MID« (BP», 1, 1 ) =Z :IF XX THEN 100 ELSE CLS

100 IF LEN(BP«)>3 OR SGN(XX) = 1 RND RSC(BR«)=32 THEN PRINT" +■•"•■" ;

110 IFPOS(0)>62 THEN TRON: TROFF : PRINT ELSE XX=NOT ( RND (99) ) *100

120 R»=INKEY«:IF R*="Y" OR fl*="y" PND 1)120 THEN PRINT"TRUE. . "

130 RESTORE : REPDR, C, Z ( J ) , D:GOSUB170 : G0SUB1 70 : GOSUB170 : GOTO210

140 NEXT :PRINT"»" j :NEXTI :CLS: PRINT9512, ST», "STOP TIME ";TIME«

150 STOP' ============== END OF MPIN TEST LOOP ===========«====.

160 DATR 12345, -1, "TEST", -9999

170 ON RND (6) GOTO 180,190,200,180,190,200

180 RETURN

190 RETURN

200 RETURN

210 ON RND (9) GOSUB 180,190,200,180,190,200,180,190,200

220 GOTO 140

NOTICE ZBASIC 2 OWNERS: vou can upgrade your ZBASIC 2.0 for no charge, lust
send us your original diskette/cassette and $1 5 00 with your registered serial number
and copy of your invoice We will send your ZBASIC 2 2 and updates to your manual

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4897 E. SPEEDWAY, TUCSON, ARIZONA 85712 ^ 12

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-See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 147

SCIENCE

Physically Astronomycal

by Sam Conviser

kygazers will be left starry-eyed as they
use their Color Computers to learn more
about physics and the celestial bodies above.

By combining physics and the discov-
eries of astronomy, computer programs
can calculate anything from a person's
weight on Pluto to the aging rate of a
person traveling at the speed of light.
Or, they can display stars and constella-
tions as they appear in the night sky.

These three Extended Basic Color
Computer programs are for the ama-
teur and professional astronomer
alike. □

Time Travel

Can we travel to the distant galaxies
and set foot on a never-before-seen
world? To reach even the nearest star,
Proxima Centauri, would take about
40,000 years with current technology.
The solution is to develop vehicles that

travel as close to the speed of light as
possible.

Einstein figured, and modern science
has proven, that the closer to the speed
of light that you travel, the less you age
in relation to someone on Earth. Pro-
gram Listing 1 computes the difference
in time passage between you in a space
ship traveling at the speed of light and
someone left home on Earth. You can
use the time frames of years, days, or
hours and velocities of miles per hour
(mph) or miles per second (mps).

The Program

Listing 1 is designed to support one
mathematical equation (see Table 1). T
represents time passage as observed on
Earth, t represents your time passed in
your light ship, V is your velocity, and C

Lines

Description

10-40

Set up titles and introduction

45-59

Choose time measurement

60-78

Choose velocity measurement

90-115

Input data on time and velocity

116-117

These lines check for velocities faster than the speed of light. The value my

computer would accept without giving me an error was 185.92445E3 mps. If

you can get closer I'd be interested in the value.

121-126

Data is sent to subroutines that put it into standard units. I changed all data to

mph and hours for computation.

160-170

Computes data

171-172

Resets data to chosen units

180-220

Answer display

230-358

Subroutines for unit conversions

Table 1. Time travel line descriptions.

is the speed of light in a vacuum or
186E3 mps (see Table 2).

Listing 1 is easily understood. Safe-
guards are included to check for improp-
er entries. A value out-of-bounds or a
word misspelled prevents the program
from continuing to the next prompt or
computation.

Running the Program

Now you are ready to run the pro-
gram. Enter Listing 1 and type RUN.
After the introduction, press the enter
key and input the time reference, spell-
ing the entire word (hours, days, or
years) and press the enter key again.
Choose your velocity reference by typ-
ing MPS or MPH and pressing enter.

Now enter the values you wish to
compute and enter velocity, comma,
time passed (Example — 185E3,10).
Press the enter key and the program
computes the data. The display shows
you the amount of time that passes on
Earth, and your time passed and at

Time reference (hours, days, years)

Velocity Reference (mps, mph)

Your velocity

Earth time passed

Your time passed

Value of sqr(l-V2/C2)

Value of T/X

Original value of T

% speed of light

Table 2. Time travel variable list.

The Key Box

Color Computer
16KRAM
Extended Bask

148 • 80 Micro, October 1983

what percentage the speed of light you
are traveling.

A fascinating part of this program is
apparent as you get closer to the speed
of light. Carry out your decimal places
as far as you can to see the effect. Try
the examples in Table 3 to test your
program.

Further Reading

I recommend that you read the fol-
lowing books to get a better under-
standing of the time dilation concept:
Cosmos by Dr. Carl Sagan, Random
House, pp. 198-199, 200-202, 206-
210, and Conceptual Physics by Paul
G. Hewitt, Little, Brown and Co.,
Chapter 3 I ■

Seasonal Star Systems

Seasonal Star Systems is a four-part
series of programs using high-resolution
graphics (see Program Listings 2-5).
These programs are designed with the
amateur astronomer in mind to help
him identify stars and constellations.

You can choose a star cluster like The
Big Dipper or Virgo or choose to look at
an individual star like Polaris or Vega.
Either way, you'll always see the entire
seasonal sky as an arrow points to your
target object. I'll later show you how to
add your favorite astronomical sights.

Since all four programs run almost
the same, with the only variation being
line numbers and number of star
choices, I will use Program Listing 2 for
all examples and references.

The program, line for line, is very
straightforward. (See Table 4).

When deciding how to enter star lo-

cation data, I read across from left to
right. This way, when viewing a sky, the
computer sweeps across the screen and
leaves the stars behind. In line 920, read
both x and y coordinates at the same
time. You'll need to keep this pairing
system in mind if you want to change
the star locations or add your own as-
tronomical sights.

Enter the program and run it. Choose
a cluster or individual star. Next,
choose the object you want to view and
press enter. You should see the evening
sky as it appears on a clear night in mid-
season. The center of your screen is di-
rectly overhead as long as you are in the
Northern Hemisphere. The top of the
screen is north, bottom is south, right is
east, and left is west. You can use a star
chart to check for stars out of place.

If you do a run and get a blank screen
or dots bunched at the sides of your
screen, look for one number out of
place or missing in the data statements.

If the entire screen is blank or all the
stars are bunched to one side, your error
is in the beginning of the data state-
ments. If half the screen has stars and
the other half is blank or has misplaced
stars, then your problem is in the middle
of your data statements, and so on.

The procedure to add your own sights
to the star charts is simple. As men-
tioned before, each pixel representing a
star has its own coordinates. To add
other stars, follow these simple steps.
First add the object's name to star or
cluster lists and be sure to update all
references to the number of items in the
lists. Then add arrow draw statements
so the program points to the added
object.

Travel Time Passed

Velocity Earth Time Passed

% Speed of Light

10 years

93E3mps 11.549 years

10 days

175E3 mps 29.61 days

94.08

10 hours

200E3 mph 10.0000004 days
Table 3. Examples of time travel data.

.0299

10-20 Clear screen, set up highest resolution graphics (PMODE 4)

25-110 Introduction

120-136 System or individual star viewing selector

150-195 Star choices

200-250 Draw section for pointing arrow in individual star mode

399-521 Star cluster choices

530-740 Draw section for pointing arrow in Systems mode

900-940 Read data and set specific pixels to represent seasonal night sky. Note: The 256

x 192 worksheet was used to position stars

950-980 Star location data

Table 4. Seasonal star line description (for summer season).

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cassettes

• A driver program to make your TRS-80®
video monitor serve as a blackboard for
the instructor.

• A display program for each lesson to
provide illustration and reinforcement for
what you are hearing.

• Step-by-step dissection of complete and
useful routines to test memory and to
gain direct control over the keyboard,
video monitor, and printer.

• How to access and use powerful routines
in your Level II or Model III Basic ROM

AVAILABLE FOR MODEL 1 & 3

REMASSEM it, P ., $74.95

REMASSEM m) $79.95

LEARN TRS-80®

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

DISK I/O

Your disk system and you can really step
out with REMSOFT'S Educational Module,
REMDISK-1, a "short course" revealing the
details of DISK I/O PROGRAMMING using
assembly language. Intended for the student
with experience and assembly language.
COURSE INCLUDES:

• Two 45-minute lessons on audio cassette

• A driver program to make your TRS-80®
video monitor serve as a blackboard for
the instructor.

• A display program for each lesson to
provide illustration and reinforcement for
what you are hearing.

• A booklet of comprehensive, fully
commented program listings illustrating
sequential file I/O random-access file
I/O and track and sector I/O.

• A diskette with machine readable source
codes for all programs discussed in both
Radio Shack EDTASM and Macro
formats.

• Routines to convert from one assembler
format to the other.

Presently available for Model 1 only
REMDISK-1 only $29.95

Dealer inquiries invited

These courses were developed and recorded by Joseph E
Willis and are based on the successlui series of courses he
has taught at Meta Technologies Corporation, the Radio
Shack computer Center, and other locations in Northern Ohio

REMSOFT, INC.

571 E. 185 St.

Euclid, Ohio 44119

(216)531-1338

SHIPPING CHARGES:

$2 50 WITHIN UNITED STATES

$5 00 CANADA AND MEXICO

OTHER FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 20%

OHIO RESIDENTS ADD 6V ? % SALES TAX

TRS-80* IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP

80 Micro, October 1983 • 149

ii Viva el Scripsit espanol!!
Vive la difference!

Turn your TRS-80* into a bil-
ingual word processor! English/
Spanish or English/French with
our hard/soft kit.

Use your Scripsit* or Super-
Scripsit' program in Spanish
or French:

• Full foreign keyboard

• All accented characters on
screen and printer

• All program/user interaction
in Spanish or French

Our bilingual hardware kit main-
tains full compatibility with all
existing software. Comes with
complete instructions. Software
adds on to your regular prog-
ram.

Models II, 12, 16.
Models III, 4 ....

$350.00
$250.00

SQCflTRfl

SOCATRA Inc.

4255 avenue de Courtrai
Montreal, Quebec
Canada H3S 1 B8

(514)735-7079

"Trademarks of Radio-Shack
A division of Tandy Corp.

CALC "HELPER"

FOR THE TRS-80* MODEL III

• Enters -most VisiCalc®
commands with one keystroke.

• Helps inexperienced users of
VisiCalc learn quickly.

• Helps experienced users work
faster.

• Does not alter program on disk
or require knowledge of any
passwords.

• Uses only a few hundred bytes
of VisiCalc® memory.

$29.95

MasterCard & Visa accepted
Wisconsin residents add 5% sales tax
Indicate DOS used and VisiCalc version

The Business Software Team
639 Brookridge Street
Green Bay. WI 54301 • 236

150 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Next, upgrade the For... Next loop
(line 910) to read the additional data. Add
one for each new pair of coordinates.

When drawing an arrow to point out
your object, be sure it doesn't draw over
an already existing object. You're now
ready to add any new objects you may
want to view some night. You can also
use the program with a complete star
chart to catalogue sightings and to re-
cord the best time to view the objects
during any particular season. ■

Personal Planetary Weights

Want to lose a quick 10 pounds?
Take a voyage to Venus. Want to gain
some weight? Take a journey to Jupiter.

This program shows you what you
would weigh on other planets by
comparing the gravity force there to
that on Earth (see Program Listing 6).

One day I was browsing through a used
book store and I came upon an astrono-
my book. I looked through it and found
a chart comparing the gravities of the
planets in our solar system. The table
used Earth's gravity as its basis and the
other planets' gravities were given in
relation to Earth.

For instance, Venus, just a little
smaller than Earth, has a gravity ratio
of .88 when compared to Earth. Jupi-
ter, many times larger than Earth, has a
gravity of 2.65 times that of Earth.

After I saw these figures, I wrote this
program. It multiplies your weight on
Earth by a planet's gravitational rela-
tionship to Earth, and so determines
your weight on that planet. ■

Write to Sam Conviser at 1714
Robinhood, Durham, NC 27701.

Program Listing 1. Time travel.

10 CLS:PRINT@67,"time dialation calculation"

20 PRINT@132, "CALCULATE THE DIFFERENCE IN TIME PASSAGE BETWEEN

YOU MOVING AT RELATIVISTIC SPEEDS AND, A PERSON ON EARTH."

30 PRINT§449, "PRESS enter"

40 INPUT A$

45 CLS:PRINT@100,"ARE YOU MEASURING TIME AS

50 PRINT@164, "YEARS, DAYS OR HOURS?"

54 PRINT8449, "CHOOSE AND PRESS enter"

55 INPUT A$

56 IFA$="YEARS"THEN60

57 IFA$="DAYS"THEN60

58 IFA$="HOURS"THEN60

59 GOTO 45

60 CLS:PRINT@98,"ARE YOU MEASURING VELOCITY AS"
65 PRINT@164, "MILES PER HOUR(ENTER MPH)

70 PRINT@228, "MILES PER SECOND{ENTER MPS)
72 PRINT@449, "PRESS enter"
7 5 INPUTB$

76 IFB$="MPS"THEN90

77 IFB$="MPH"THEN90
7 8 GOTO60

90 CLS:PRINT@7 2,"INPUT YOUR DATA"

100 PRINT@228, "1. VELOCITY OF TRAVELER ( "B$") 2. TIME PAST(

"A$")"

110 PRINT3449, "PRESS enter"

115 INPUTV,T:IFV<=0THEN90

116 IFB$="MPS" AND V>185 . 92445E3 THEN90

117 IFB$="MPH" AND V>6.69E8 THEN90

121 IFA$="YEARS"ANDB$="MPH"THEN3 00

122 IFA$="YEARS"ANDB$="MPS"THEN310

123 IFAS="DAYS"ANDB$="MPH"THEN3 20

124 IFA$="DAYS"ANDB$="MPS"THEN330

125 IFA$= "HOURS "ANDB$= "MPH "THEN3 40

126 IFA$="HOURS"ANDB$="MPS"THEN350
160 X=SQR( (1-(V"2/4.48E17) ) )

170 Y=T/X

171 IFA$="YEARS"THENY=Y/365/24

172 IFA$="DAYS"THENY=Y/24

180 CLS:PRINT@65,"YOUR TIME PAST WAS"M;A$

190 PRINT@131, "EARTH TIME PAST IS"

191 PRINT@195,Y;A$

200 Z=((V/60~2)/186E3)*100

210 PRINT@284," TRAVELERS VELOCITY IS "Z"%"

211 PRINT@348," THE SPEED OF LIGHT"
220 PRINT3449, "PRESS enter"

230 INPUT A$:GOT045

300 U=V

301 M=T

304 T=T*365*24
3 06 GOTO160

Listing I continued

Expensive

EXPENSIVE- The LAW
System Expansion II and built-in "3t^jHB!
comes with a full 32K of 200ns RAM.V?-' '
RS232c 20 MA current loop serial interface.
That's for starters. Next, consider our heavy gauge
steel case, power indicator lamp, gold-plated
connectors, FR-2 glass epoxy circuit board with
solder mask and silk screen legends. Then there is
the parallel printer port, screen printer port, real
time clock, and extra heavy duty onboard power
supply with over current protection, over voltage
protection and thermal shutdown. If that's not
enough then there is the floppy disk controller,
guaranteed operation at a 4MHz CPU speed and
our 6 month warranty. Every one of these features
is STANDARD. This is true system expansion.
You get every 'expensive' feature without
spending more.

CHEAP - Our price is $399.95. Any way you
compare, features or price, LNW's System
Expansion II is the clear winner. The LNW
System has been field tested for over two years
with thousands of users. It works with any DOS, is
100 r , TRS-80 Model I compatible and it works
'right out of the box'. If there is any doubt in your
mind as to whether you should buy ours or the
'other guys', just ask an LNW owner!

WE ARE #7 - Number one in price, features,
reliability, performance and delivery. LNW is
committed to 'expensive' features and quality at
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thorough documentation, and reliability.

LNW Research Corp.

2620 WALNUT Tustin, CA. 92680

made us the number one
manufacturer of system expansion units

and accessories for the Model I computer.

EXPANSION OPTION - 8-inch drive capability
is as easy as plugging in the LN Doubter 5/H
option*. Now you can have any combination of
single- or double-density, single- or double-sided,
8"* and/or 5" disks on-line! 8-inch disk storage
increased to 591,360 bytes - 77-track single-sided,
double-density or 1,182,720 bytes - 77-track
double-density, double-sided.

The LNDoubler's unique 5/8 switch allows you
to boot from 5- or 8-inch system disks and it's
accessible from outside the interface. The $219.95
LNDoubler 5/8 comes with a double-density disk
operating system (DOS+ 3.3.9), complete with
BASIC and utility programs... ready to run your
software.

Each of your present 40-track, single-sided 5-inch
drives will store up to 184,320 bytes (formatted
storage) - that's an 80'-< increase in storage
capacity for only half the cost of just one disk
drive. With three 8-inch double-density,
double-sided drives your Model I will have 3.75
Megabytes of online storage - that's more storage
than a Model II or Model III!

^32

(714)641-8850 (714)544-5744

•M" drive operation requires special tattle. H"
double density requires S.MMHl CPU speed up
modification or LNW-80 4MH? computer

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152 • 80 Micro, October 1983

DISK III

Internal floppy disk subsystem for Model III & 4 (in-
cludes controller, power supply, cabling, bracket and
all associated mounting hardware).

DISK III KIT — Without drive 8299.95

DISK III KIT - With 1 drive (ss. dd) 449.00

DISK III KIT - With 2 drives (ss, dd) 699.00

EXTERNAL FLOPPY

DISK DRIVES (ss.dd) 899.00

80 Track or 2 sides add. per dr 1 00.00

80 Track and 2 sides add. per dr 200.00

EXTERNAL Power supply & enclosure only 64.90
VR-RS232C 80.00

Model III & 4 - Direct replacement for 26-1 148

MODEL 4

HARD DISK gi 6 49.oo

laasEna-,

(5 MEG FIXED)

5+5 MEG FLXED
10 MEG FIXED
10+10 MEG FLXED
15 MEG FIXED
15+15 MEG FLXED

8995.00

1590.00
1 249.00
1999.00

1449.00

•^W.OO

Model 4 - 64K. 2 drive, VR-RS232C

Equivalent to 26-1069 g 1649.00

16K to 64K RAM upgrade kit 96.00

64K to 128K RAM upgrade (includes PAL) 110.00
PAL only for 64K to 1 28K upgrade 34.95

ADAPTOR MODULES for: 8 1 50.00

TRS-80 Mod I. Ill, 4, LXW-80, -II,

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Boot ROM for Model III. 4
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34.95

150.00

SPECIAL BUYS OX COD & PREPAID ORDERS ONLY:

EPSON FX80, MX80. MX 1 00 CALL

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C ITOH TRACTOR 22b 00

MX80 RIBBON 9.95

MX 100 RIBBON 19 95
C ITOII & DIABLO RIBBONS 7.50

EPSON GRAPIITR AX 75 00

PAPER 9 1 2 x 1 1 FANFOLD 2' l ! lo

PAPER 14 7 hx 11 OREENBAR 34.95
PRINTER CARLES 25.00

OKJDATA MICROLIXE 82A 48! 1.00
( HODA TA MICR( U.IXE 83A 699.00
PERCOM DOUBLER II 169.00

PERCOM DATA SEPARAT( )R 29 95

DOS-PLUS OPERATIX( i
SYSTEM 149.95

VERBATIM 525-01 26.90

DC HAYES

SMAKTMf )I >EM 300 229.00

DC HAVES

SMARTMODEM 1200 569.00

LXW RESEARCH (FULL LIXE)CALL

Call Toll Free • 800-345-8102

Published prices reflect cash discount All prices ua- subject

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^See List ot Advertisers on Page 323

VR DATA - WEST

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1-405-638-8664

80 Micro, October 1983 • 153

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• See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 155

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FREE 5 MEG HARD DRIVE

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Just purchase one of our integrated software pack-
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• See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

Box 11721 San Francisco. CA 94101 (415) 681-9371

80 Micro, October 1983 • 157

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158 • 80 Micro, October 1983

■

■■

■

Heart of I EXAS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Toll Free 1-800-433-5184

Texas 1-817-274-5625

TCS Model IV, 64K, 2 Disks

Systems come with 180 Day TCS Warranty

$1499

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Enhanced Model IV Operating System Enhanced Model IV Operating System

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and functionally
identical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores tor Jhundreds more

' CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with gold

plated contacts
• POWER SUPPLY is the dnest switching type available
■ MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables
' DISK DRIVES are Tandon, the same ones used by Radio Shack

40 track, double density, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller. Power Supply. Mounting Hardware & Instructions

2 Controller, Power Supply Hardware & one 40 track Tandon Drive

3 Controller, Power Supply. Hardware, two 40 track Tandon Drives

3a Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40s)

3b Kit three but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s)

S.'.O
$429
$598
$791
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1 1 Controller Power Supply, Mounting Hardware, one 40 Track Tandon Drive $479

12 Controller Power Supply Mounting Hardware, two 40 Track Tandon Drives $649

12A Kit 12 but with two 80 Track Tandon Drives $629

12B Kit 12 but with two 160 Track Tandon Drives $849

'RS RC •»□. lipment below has original 90 day Manufacturer's Limited Warranty

MODEL 12 and MODEL 16

MODEL 12. 1 drive . .... $CALL

MODEL 12 2 drives ... $CALL

TCS MODEL 12 Version. 2 Tandon drives (like the original) TCS Warranty . $2995

MODEL 16B... Support up to 6 users. Run your whole office with
hard disk capabilities for about $1000 per used

MODEL 16B. 1 drive $CALL

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Model 12 and Model 16 Accessories

'28K memory board (256K Max ) $629

128K exira memory chips (RS) $269

128K extra memory chips (TCS) $189

Xenix Microsoft Multi-user Basic $269

Xenix Accounting Software $CALL

Xenix Multiplan Spread Sheet Software $263

Mil. 12 to M16 multi-user upgrade kit $1339

DT'l V.deo Terminal $629

MODEL IV

MODEL IV 16K Cassette $825

MODEL IV 64K 2 drives RS 232 $CALL

Model III Color Computer

All Radio Shack equipment is shipped from our store
in Brady, Texas

inn

CABINET is industrial grade heavy guage metal safety fused, and comes
with gold plated external connector with extender cable

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $199

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $299

160 Irack (dual sided 80 track $399

1 DRIVE Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $269

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $369

160 Irack (dual sided 80 track) $449

2 DRIVE Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $399

80 track (dual sided 40 tracks) $599
160 track (dual sided 80 tracks) $799

Drives in cabinets come assembled
and tested with power supply Order
cable separately

BARE DRIVES ONLY

40 track single sided

80 track (dual sided 40 track)

160 track (dual sided 80 track)$CALL
$165 8 inch Slimline sgi dbi sided SCALL

$CALL Winchester Hard Drives 5 Meg $399

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HARD DISK DRIVES Complete from $1649

Single and multiuser HARD DRIVES for all brands of computers
One or several computers can share A HARD DISK.

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Mod III IV HARD DRIVES

5 Megabytes $1390

10 Megabytes $1690

15 Megabytes $1990

20 Megabytes $2490

ATARI DISK DRIVES
Single Density $395

Double Density $549

Tl 99/4 DISK DRIVES

S.nqle Densit, $379

TRS-80 DMP PRINTERS

Rmpi§8 DMP 2100

nMP9nn DAISY WHEEL II

nMPdnn DAISY WHEEL 210

DMP 500 DAISY WHEEL 410

MODEMS - RS - I $122 II ..$199

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P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

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Payment by cashier's check money order or certified check Call tor credit card $
No tax out of state Texans add 5*0 Prices subject to change at any time

HL^Ll

M„

■

REVIEW

DOSPLUS 3.5

by John B. Harrell ID

f you're ready for an operating system with
capabilities far beyond TRSDOS, you should
consider DOSPLUS 3.5 for the Models I and ffl.

• *••

DOSPLUS 3.5

Micro Systems Software Inc.

4301-18 Oak Circle

Boca Raton, FL 33431

Models I and III

$149.95

DOSPLUS 3.5 is the newest— and
one of the best — disk operating systems
for the Models I and III. I'm impressed
with it.

DOSPLUS 3.5 isn't just an extension
of the TRSDOS operating system; it's a
totally different concept. It offers
device independence, letting you switch,
kill, reassign, and reconfigure in-
put/output devices at will. You can also
install filters on any device, letting you
alter data as it moves between the device
and the computer.

DOSPLUS 3.5 suffers no reduction
in operating speed over TRSDOS 1.3.
In fact, the difference in speed between
this system and TRSDOS is enough to
make you want to buy it. Where TRS-
DOS 1.3 takes exceedingly long to per-
form even simple back-up operations,
DOSPLUS performs the task in much
less time.

I won't attempt to explain the fea-
tures of DOSPLUS that also exist in
TRSDOS. Where similar functions
exist, I'll explain those features of DOS-
PLUS that extend the basic functions of
the commands.

DOSPLUS comes in a binder designed
to lie flat on your work area. The binder

160 • 80 Micro, October 1983

has seven sections that provide a com-
prehensive discussion of the operating
system.

The introduction to the system con-
tains a brief description of the manual
and leads into a subdivision that de-
scribes the sequence of booting the
master disks and creating a back-up.

The reference manual comes with
either one double-density disk contain-
ing the Model III operating system or
two single-density disks with the Model
I operating system. A user addendum
helps the Model I user with double-
density drives construct a disk with the

full system on it. This addendum also
provides some information omitted
from the reference manual.

The remainder of this section is a
detailed discussion of file, drive, and
device specifications (called filespec,
drivespec, and devicespec in subsequent
references). Filespecs are basically iden-
tical to those used with TRSDOS. DOS-
PLUS 3.5 allows eight special charac-
ters in a filespec in addition to normal
characters.

DOSPLUS defines its communica-
tions resources as character devices or
drive devices. The system has six char-
acter devices and eight drive devices
available (see Table 1). These devices
don't all have driver routines, so they
aren't directly available for use as in-
put/output devices.

The first group is character ori-
ented— DOSPLUS performs input/
output one byte at a time. The second

Character

-Oriented Devices:

$00

KI < — Input from the keyboard device

SOI

DO — > Output to the video device

$02

PR — > Output to the printer

$03

RS < — > Input/Output from the serial interface

$04

U 1 — User assigned device number 1 (unassigned)

$05

U2 — User assigned device number 2 (unassigned)

Drive Devices:

$00

Floppy,Dden,Size = 5, Sides = 1 .Step = 0.PD = 0,MD

$01

1 Floppy.Dden, Size = 5,Sides=l, Step = 2,PD = 1,MD

$02

2 Floppy,Dden,Size = 5,Sides= l,Step = 2,PD = 2,MD

$03

3 Floppy.Dden.Size = 5,Sides = 1 .Step = 2.PD = 3.MD

$04

4 NIL (typically unassigned or NIL)

$05

5 NIL (for devices four through seven)

$06

6 NIL (unless a hard disk is)

$07

7 NIL (installed)

Table 1. DOSPLUS devices.

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Heart ofTEXAS

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P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

Toll Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625

group (drive devices) are file oriented.
They're used to move one file at a time.

You can make files perform as char-
acter-oriented devices allowing these
drive devices to function as members of
the first group. This means that you can
link character devices with or totally
route them to/from files for character
data transmission.

DOSPLUS allows commands in
upper- or lowercase letters or a mixture
of both: tbasic, TBASIC, and TbAsIc
are all equivalent. The command struc-
ture can be very general. Each com-
mand has a default syntax consisting of
the command, the input/output (I/O)
field, the parameter field, and the com-
ment field:

COMMAND (FROM) source-field (TO) destina-
tion-field (USING) wildmask (parameters)
(-comment)

The I/O field immediately follows
the command and specifies the direction
of data movement and the files/de-
vices affected. You can change the nor-
mal syntax of the command's I/O field
by using the optional delimiters From,
To, and Using to override the expected
positions.

The Using portion of those com-
mands that allow this field is the filespec
wildmask — a partial filespec containing
wildcard characters. Wildmasks limit
global commands to a subset of the files
contained on a single disk or all avail-
able disks.

You can specify more than one com-
mand on the same command line by
separating them with a semicolon. This
lets you enter powerful command
strings without using the Do command.

Older disk operating systems like
TRSDOS use fixed structures governing
the devices that the system device con-

trol blocks (DCBs) address. It's ex-
tremely difficult to route input or out-
put to a device other than the naturally
assigned device, or to build and install
customized device drivers.

DOSPLUS classifies all devices into a
character-oriented category (including
files). You can use each device in this
category in place of another of the same

"The manual's

technical information

section provides a complete

description of how to write

drivers for a disk drive

device and a character

device. "

type by using a few simple commands.
This allows the use of devicespecs or
drivespecs in places where other oper-
ating systems allow only filespecs.

For example, you can use the DOS-
PLUS Kill command to kill a device or
a drive as well as a file. This effectively
removes the device from the system's
resources.

Many commands in the DOSPLUS
library use this feature and allow full in-
put/output redirection. The ability to
assign a devicespec or a drivespec adds a
great deal of flexibility to this system.

Library Commands

Many DOSPLUS commands have
names similar to their TRSDOS coun-
terparts (see Table 2). Don't let this
mislead you. These commands are, in

Library Commands

Append

Assign

ATTRIB

Auto

Boot

Break

Build

CAT

Clear

Clock

CLS

CONFIG

Copy

Create

Date

Debug

DIR

Dump

Error

Filter

Force

Forms

Free

Join

Kill

LIB

List

Load

Pause

PROT

Rename

Reset

RS-232

Screen

System

Time

Verify

DOSPLUS Utilities

Back-up

Convert

Crunch

DIRCHECK

Diskdump

Diskzap

Format

Help

Label

Map

Patch

Restore

SYSGEN

Tape

Trap

Table 2

. DOSPLUS commands.

general, far more powerful than in
TRSDOS. For example, the DOSPLUS
command KILL :0 USING ! (ECHO =
Y) performs a global kill operation of
all visible files contained on drive zero,
echoing the killed file names to the
video.

The Using part of the I/O field speci-
fies the wildcard mask ! that matches
every visible filespec in the directory. To
make optimal use of the flexible com-
mand structure, you could shorten this
to: KILL !:0,E. The recognition of the
wildmask character overrides the posi-
tioning of the I/O field members and
the comma sets off the parameter field
from the command.

The commands to manipulate device-
specs and drivespecs and assign alter-
nate paths for input/output are Assign,
Join, Force, and Reset. Join connects
the specified devices to receive the same
byte simultaneously or to link two input
devices so that one unit supplies data
for the other. You can also use Join to
join the device to a disk file (remember
that DOSPLUS treats disk files as char-
acter-oriented devices).

For example, you can use the com-
mand: JOIN (FROM) @DO (TO) @PR
to provide a printout of all items dis-
played to the video. The command Join
alone provides a listing of the current-
status of the character-oriented devices
and their driver addresses (see the first
part of Table 1 for a partial example).

The Force command diverts output
from the previously assigned device and
sends it to the new device. This allows
the redirection of input and/or output
paths for the system's devices. For ex-
ample, the command FORCE (FROM)
@PR (TO) filespec reroutes the output
from the printer to the filespec disk file.
Force without any I/O field provides a
listing similar to Join.

Reset restores a device or disk drive to
the previously assigned driver. This dis-
solves any Joins or Forces in effect for
the specified device and restores the
default or initial driver to service. Reset
without any other fields performs a
global reset of all devices.

Assign installs drivers for a device or
drive. This command lets you install a
nonstandard driver for any device or
drive in the system.

The driver is a program that controls
the input/output from a specific device
or drive, such as hard disk drives. Once
you install the driver program on a
device by using the Assign command,
you can assign the same driver to other
devices by using the Assign command
without allocating more memory.

Assign requires that the driver pro-

162 • 80 Micro, October 1982

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gram be in a loader format machine-
executable file. The Assign command
loads this driver into memory and the
program executes the routine.

The manual's technical information
section provides a complete description
of how to write drivers for a disk drive
device and a character device.

CONFIG controls the attributes of
the drive devices, such as the floppy
disks and hard disk drives. The second
part of Table 1 is a listing the CONFIG
command provides of the floppy disk
drive configuration for my system. With
the exception of density and drive type,
you can alter the parameters using the
CONFIG command (the disk driver pro-
vides automatic density recognition).

CONFIG's second major function is
to let the system accept hard drives.
CONFIG lets the user set up a hard disk
drive in any configuration the hardware
allows, including sophisticated parti-
tioning of the data set on the hard disk
drive.

The Filter command lets you estab-
lish a filter on an input or output device
to translate data during its progress
along the data path. Under DOSPLUS,
filters are translation tables the driver

uses for a device to convert the in-
put/output data from one form to
another.

Creating a filter file is easy. Use the
Build command (or a word processor
that writes an ASCII file output to the
disk) and create the file by entering the
translation table in the following man-
ner using hexadecimal constants or
quoted literals:

41 = 61

"A" = "a"
41 = "a"

Each line above represents the same
code conversion. Translation codes can
have places on the same line when sepa-
rated by a semicolon.

CAT and DIR allow full display con-
trol of various directory formats. DOS-
PLUS uses two of these commands to
display either an abbreviated directory
consisting of file names or a full direc-
tory listing all pertinent attributes of the
files. The command syntax is

DIR (FROM) drivespec (TO) filespec/devicespec
(USING) wildmask (parameters).

The To portion of the command
allows full redirection of the output,
and the wildmask selects any subset of
the directory for display. These are
powerful features — the command DIR !
TO @PR prints the entire visible direc-
tory for every disk mounted in the
system. Also, the directory can option-
ally display invisible, system, and killed
files in sorted or unsorted order.

The Load command contains power-
ful extensions. Load lets you load and
execute a core-image file. A core-image
file is distinguished from the normal
loader file (CMD) by the lack of loader
control codes.

The core-image file is written to disk
in exactly the format in which it resides
in memory. The normal loader file con-
tains control codes that let the system
loader place it properly in memory. You
can load and execute files from a disk
without an operating system resident on
the disk in a single-drive system.

Customizing DOSPLUS

The powerful System command has
three functions: to display the values of
certain memory parameters, to set cus-
tomizing parameters, and to build a file

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164 • 80 Micro, October 1983

of the custom configuration you've de-
signed. This method configures your
system for hard disks on each boot — a
configuration file would save the oper-
ating system's pertinent information.

On any system boot, DOSPLUS uses
the system drivers provided in the read-
only memory of the TRS-80. The spe-
cialized drivers and functions load only
when you ask for them. This lets Micro
Systems Software alter the driver any
time without making extensive modifi-
cations to the operating system, and
provides greater flexibility in their sup-
port of your needs.

To get the specialized keyboard,
video, printer, and serial driver fea-
tures, you must assign them to their ap-
propriate devices. This includes any fil-
tering you want to do on the input or
output from these devices. You must
assign the drivers for support of your
hard disk or other specialized input
device.

Next, you must configure the drive
devices properly. Drives zero through 3
are generally floppy disks; 4 through 7
are reserved for hard disks. You must
properly establish the parameters for
each drive in the system. Then set the

parameters controlled by the Forms (for
the line printer) and RS-232 (serial in-
put/output) commands for your de-
sired values.

Before you can build the configura-
tion file, you must examine the specific
parameters changed by the System com-
mand. The Date, Time, and Logo pa-
rameters control the logo display and
the date/time prompts on any reset.

Blink engages and disengages the cur-
sor blink function. Caps sets the default
status of the case for a system reset.
Cursor lets you set a value to use for the
system cursor. High establishes the top
of available memory. Step sets the de-
fault drive stepping rate — it sets all
drives to this rate on a reset.

Save immediately makes the status of
Blink, Caps, and Cursor permanent.
Port and Mode output the value of one
8-bit byte to the specified port; auto-
matic speed-up modifications love this.

After all this tedious work, use the
System command to write this system
configuration to your specified disk file.
If you call your file CONFIGR/CMD,
System CONFIGR/CMD writes the
status information to the disk and the
command CONFIG R automatically

loads all attributes and resets the system
to this status.

You can specify many different con-
figurations on the same disk and change
the system in seconds by specifying any
one of them.

Utilities

The DOSPLUS system disk contains
14 utilities. The utility package contains
the back-up and formatting routines
normally found on a disk operating
system.

Convert copies from alien system for-
mat disks to DOSPLUS disks. This lets
DOSPLUS copy files from other
double-density systems, display the
directory of double-density disks, and
make a single-density Model I disk
readable under Model III DOSPLUS.

DIRCHECK checks the target disk's
directory for errors and repairs some of
them. The command format conforms
to the normal DOSPLUS command
structure. DIRCHECK can repair most
errors in the file entry table, the hash in-
dex table (HIT), and the granule alloca-
tion table (GAT).

DOSPLUS contains two utilities to
manipulate and edit disks. Diskdump

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166 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Command Key Command Function

< ENTER > Execute file— if no CMD extension is found

then assume file is Basic— load and run the
file under Basic.
< SPACE > &

< ENTER > Force CODIR to execute the file as a CMD

file even if no CMD extension is present.
< BREAK > or

< CLEAR > Exit CODIR.

<A> Get a directory of the specified drive of all

visible and invisible files in sorted order.
<C> Copy the file to the specified drive.

< D > Get an unsorted directory from the drive

specified— pressing shift D causes the
display to also contain invisible files.

< F > Display the Free space map for the drive

specified.

< H > Display a Help listing of the command

keys on the command line.

< J > Activate a Do file for job chaining — same

as typing DO "filespec".

< K > Kill the specified file.

< L > List the file to the video screen and then

restore to the directory display.

< M > Modify the specified file by running

Diskdump.

< O > Load the CMD or CIM file to memory.
 Print the file to the printer.

<R> Rename the specified file.
<S> Search the directory for the partial filespec
or extension entered.

< V > View (display) the copyright and license

notice then restore the screen.
<Z> Zero the file.

Table 3. Cursor-oriented directory version 2. 1.

lets you display or modify the contents
of any disk file by sectors. You don't
need to know the file's location on the
disk — the system finds it for you. If
you're familiar with NEWDOS80, this
is similar to the "display file sectors"
mode of Superzap.

Diskzap provides access to the disk
structure on a cylinder/sector basis.
Diskmap provides functions to fill sec-
tors with a specified byte, copy sectors
from one part of the disk to another,
print selected sectors, verify read and
check sectors, format a selected track,
and display or modify disk sectors.

DOSPLUS has a very powerful Help
command that displays the command
syntax then lists each allowable parame-
ter with a brief description of its func-
tion. If you enter only the command
Help, the routine displays a menu de-
scribing those system commands for
which help is available.

The Map utility provides a list of the
disk spaces allocated to files by cylin-
der/sector. The format is:

MAP (FROM) drivespec (TO) filespec/device-
spec (USING) wildmask (parameters).

This is similar to the format of the direc-
tory commands and Map performs es-
sentially the same functions.

It displays each directory file entry,
showing the cylinder/sector informa-
tion for each extent present. You can
display the cylinder/sector information
in octal or hexadecimal.

DOSPLUS provides a versatile Patch
utility capable of applying modifica-
tions to any load module (typically a file
with the /CMD extension). You can
direct Patch to read the changes from a
disk file or use it in the interactive mode
by typing the changes in from the key-
board.

The Restore utility reclaims files that
you've killed. This works in most cases,
because DOSPLUS only zeros the first
byte of the file primary directory entry
(FPDE) when performing a kill opera-
tion. The entry is otherwise intact and
available (hence, CAT and DIR com-
mands display killed files).

Restore has some limitations. The file
will be intact only if you haven't written
to the disk in the interim. Restore re-
claims only the first occurrence of the
file in the directory. If you've created

and killed the file several times, the
reclaimed information might not be
correct.

The SYSGEN command places the
DOSPLUS system in the proper format
on any DOSPLUS-compatible media.
You must first properly configure and
format the drive. SYSGEN copies sys-
tem files to the destination media to
create a system disk. SYSGEN lets you
include an optional filespec contain-
ing a bootstrap program on the new
system disk.

Tape, a general tape/disk utility,
reads or writes a cassette tape, reads or
writes a disk file, displays the load map
for the file, or relocates the load ad-
dresses and adds an appendage to move
the file to the correct area. This is much
the same function as LMOFFSET
(NEWDOS80) or CMDFILE (LDOS).

The powerful utility COD1R (Cursor
Oriented Directory) allows a full direc-
tory display and many single-key com-
mands to manipulate these files (see
Table 3).

Languages

DOSPLUS contains a powerful fea-
ture called JCL (job control language).

This is another computer language for
control of the computer's functions,
either the disk operating system or any
applications programs.

JCL performs a wide variety of func-
tions, though they aren't an integral
part of the disk operating system.

You must load JCL into high memo-
ry prior to executing any of these proce-

"...CODIR allows a full
directory display and many
single- key commands. .."

dures. You can do this by loading the
JCL program into high memory and
using the System command to save this
as a configuration file. Once you install
JCL, you can execute any JCL proce-
dure by using the DOS command: EX
JCL-Proc-Name (expressions).

JCL isn't another form of chaining
commands, such as the Do command.
JCL lets the user write complex proce-
dures including the use of substitutional
parameters and conditional execution.

JCL commands place character strings
into the keyboard queue from the JCL
procedure itself or by reading them
from a disk file. This lets JCL execute a
DOS utility or command and maintain
complete control over the input phase
of the program.

The Disk Basic supplied with the
DOSPLUS system is an extension of
TRSDOS Disk Basic. DOSPLUS in-
cludes all the features in the TRSDOS
Disk Basic system and many other
enhancements to the interpreter (see
Table 4).

The two Basic interpreters on the
DOSPLUS system disk are TBAS1C
and Basic. TBASIC is a subset of the
Basic interpreter and provides all the
functions normally found in TRSDOS
Disk Basic. Basic is the full extended
Disk Basic interpreter implemented
under DOSPLUS.

Basic uses overlays to give you the
widest range of features available.
TBASIC is totally memory resident and
about 3K smaller in size.

The remaining features I'll discuss
are those in Table 4, which are available
only from Extended Basic.

The CMD string feature executes the

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 167

string as a DOS command. When ex-
ecution of the command is complete,
control returns to your Basic program.
All program statements and variables
remain intact unless the executed com-
mand conflicts in the memory areas
where Basic is resident. Most DOS-
PLUS commands won't interfere.

The DI and DU commands let you
move or duplicate full Basic statements
in the program store. DI is the delete
and insert command that moves the
program line from the specified line
number to the target line number. DU is
the duplicate command that simply
duplicates the specified line at the target
line location.

You enter the shorthand commands
from the BASIC READY prompt.
They allow easier editing and manipula-
tion of the program text. A nonalpha-
betic command must be the first char-
acter typed on the current command
line. You can place the alphabetic com-

mands anywhere in the command line
and Basic correctly interprets them.

The TRON command is a greatly en-
hanced tracing function. Executing it
engages the Basic single-step trace func-
tion. Unlike some other single steppers,
TRON displays the part of the program
line it will execute next and waits for
you to press any key. You single-step
through each individual statement, not
each program line.

A disadvantage to this method is
failure to preserve the screen contents
prior to break-pointing the execution.
The screen format becomes a jumble of
program statements, trace output, and
program output. This small annoyance
doesn't detract from the absolute power
of this function.

The RENUM, REF, M, and SR com-
mands allow easy manipulation of all or
part of the Basic programs. CMD" RE-
NUM" quickly renumbers all or part of
the program. CMD" REF" provides a

Extended Disk Basic Features

Command

Function

CMD"string"

Execute a DOS command from Basic.

Delete and insert a Basic program line.

Duplicate a Basic program line.

Shorthand

See the shorthand commands below.

RENUM

Renumber Basic program text.

Tab

Expanded Tab function.

TRON

Expanded Trace function.

REF

Cross-reference variables, line numbers, or

keywords.

Dynamic variable display.

CMD"M"

Global editing of Basic program text.

CMD"0"

Basic sort verb.

Input®

Controlled screen input (string).

Labels

Indirect label addressing.

Error Messages

Detailed error message display.
Basic Shorthand Commands

Command

Function

; (semicolon)

List the first line of the program.

Shift-up arrow

List the first line of the program.

/ (slash)

List the last line of the program.

down arrow

List the next line of the program.

up arrow

List the preceding line of the program.

Abbreviation for List (L 10- 100).

Abbreviation for Delete (D 10- 100).

Abbreviation for Edit (E10).

Abbreviation for Go (G1000).

Abbreviation for Auto (A 100).

Abbreviation for Next (N Test).

R or R"

Abbreviation for Run (R"Games").

Abbreviation for Load (L"Games").

Abbreviation for Save (S"Games").

Abbreviation for Kill (K"Games").

. (period)

List the current program line (List.).

, (comma)

Edit the current program line (Edit.).

Table 4. Extended Disk Basic features and commands.

cross-reference listing of a single vari-
able, line, or keyword; all variables; all
line numbers; and all keywords.

The CMD"M" function provides a
dynamic variable dump of all currently
allocated simple variables (not arrays).
The CMD"SR" function performs
global editing of the program text or
quickly locates and lists all references to
a particular string.

The CMD"0" function provides a
powerful sort verb that sorts any type of
data into ascending or descending
order. The sort command uses key and
tag arrays in the sort.

The key arrays determine the final
outcome of the sort. For example, if
you specify three keys for ascending
order, all entries sort by order on the
first key. If you obtain equal matches
on the first key, the second key specifies
sorting order, and so on.

The tag arrays tag along with the key
arrays. When the order of the key ar-
rays changes, the order of the tag arrays
changes accordingly.

An extremely powerful feature of
DOSPLUS Basic is the controlled
screen input using the Input® state-
ment. The format is:

INPUT® < position >, "prompt", field-length,
item-type;var$.

The position, prompt, and field-
length entries are self-explanatory. The
item-type specifies whether the input
field is numeric or alphanumeric.

In this part of the command, you can
also specify a "return on field full"
mode. The input variable must be a
string variable for either input type.
This statement creates a visible field of
underline characters of the specified
field length. The item-type flag restricts
input characters. This allows the
replacement of many worn out IN-
KEY$ routines.

Last, Extended Basic allows the use
of named statements as the target of
GOTO and GOSUB statements. This is
extremely valuable in developing well-
written code. The programmer can con-
centrate on the program's content and
doesn't have to worry about main-
taining the references (line numbers) of
subroutines.

Drivers and Filters

The external drivers are the heart of
sophisticated device control. These
drivers provide many features unavail-
able in the ROM drivers. This is particu-
larly important on the Model I where
ROM drivers are most restrictive.

The keyboard driver (KI/DVR) ex-

168 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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tends the ROM driver to add variable
debounce and repeat delays, variable key
repeat rate, macro key expansions, and
character filtering. You can generate all
ASCII character codes with KI/DVR in-
stalled by using the control key.

You can also install macro-key
definitions with this driver. The key
definitions are created in an ASCII file
and are installed when you initially load
the driver. To use each key, press the
clear key in conjunction with the desired
key. The macro definition appears.
Macro-key definitions can call other
macro keys.

DO/DVR is the video driver and
implements special cursor support
(blinking cursor) and lowercase support
for the Model I.

The combined printer driver PR/
DVR offers parallel and serial support,
spooling, automatic pagination, and in-
denting. The default driver is for paral-
lel printers, so you must specify the
serial driver.

The driver directs serial output to the
RS-232 port. Spooling of printed out-
put goes to a memory buffer only. The
operating system specifies the buffer
size when the driver is assigned and you
can't change it unless you reconfigure
the system.

One of the most interesting drivers on
DOSPLUS is FILE/DVR. This driver
allows a file resident on any disk drive
to act as another disk drive device. You
configure the device as a hard disk and
you can perform all possible disk opera-
tions on this file disk except floppy disk
functions such as Back-up and Format.
This driver's primary use is with hard
disk drives. It partitions the drive and
allows efficient use of disk space while
maximizing the available directory
space. Because of the indirect access
necessary with this structure, using file
disks slows file access significantly.

Evaluation

DOSPLUS has its problems. The
technical documentation in the system's
reference manual is very detailed;
however, in one important area, it's
confusing and vague. The set-up and
operation of hard disk systems with
DOSPLUS is scattered throughout the
manual and the technical section on
partitioning does little good if the user
can't get his hard disk system operating.

One nice feature not provided by the
external keyboard driver is a type-ahead
feature. This lets the user overtype the
system and input the next step it should
perform while the system completes the
last command.

Also, the keyboard/video drivers
170 • 80 Micro, October 1983

provide lowercase support on the
Model I and DOSPLUS doesn't have
even a minimal lowercase driver in the
system on power-up. The keyboard/vid-
eo drivers occupy high memory and
conflict with some applications pro-
grams that have fixed machine-lan-
guage appendages in this area. This pre-
vents the use of lowercase in some
applications.

The spooler is memory-resident only.
You must allocate an inordinate
amount of memory to the spooler to
prevent printer delays or the spooler
soon becomes full with the computer
still output-bound to the printer.

DOSPLUS's Debug monitor is essen-
tially the same as the TRSDOS Model I
monitor and doesn't have some of the
more advanced features of Model III
Debug.

"... the technical

information. . .provides the

advanced programmer with

the complete details

to fully integrate any

program with DOSPLUS. "

The Copy function doesn't provide a
simple mechanism for copying selected
files from one data disk to another in a
two drive system. With the job control
language, you can generate a make-shift
routine to perform this function.

One significant and confusing restric-
tion exists in the use of Basic named
statements. The name isn't supposed to
contain any Basic keywords. However,
the example in the user's addendum
contains a keyword and executes fine
until the ON GOTO statement encoun-
ters an out-of-range value.

The user receives a cryptic syntax er-
ror in the affected line. A simple solu-
tion is to alter the Name command
structure to search for the name of a line
as a string enclosed in quotation marks.

The machine-language sort is ex-
tremely powerful. You can easily speci-
fy significantly large and complex sorts
with one statement. One omission that
could greatly improve the sort routine's
speed is an indirect sort where the only
data movement is the index array.

On the positive side, the technical in-
formation section of the user's manual
is excellent. It provides the advanced

programmer with the complete details
necessary to fully integrate any program
with DOSPLUS.

The section also contains a detailed
description of the use of file/device con-
trol blocks, and two important ex-
amples of writing self-relocating driver
programs for drives and other devices.

The user's reference manual is well-
written in laymen's terms. Even the
novice can easily operate the complex
system functions. Unfortunately, the
manual has no cross-references of perti-
nent areas. This feature would improve
the manual's quality greatly.

DOSPLUS provides one utility in an
attempt to maintain compatibility with
other systems. Label reads one Basic
source file from disk and resolves all
named statements into syntactically cor-
rect Basic programs with line numbers.
This allows transportability of Basic
source code.

The Disk Basic system's extended er-
ror facility is excellent. DOSPLUS flags
the error with full extended error mes-
sages, points to the offending state-
ment, and displays only the erroneous
part of the long statement (from one
colon to the next).

User support from Micro Systems
Software gets a big plus. I received the
Model III version of the operating sys-
tem for this review. It didn't run well on
my Model I. After contacting Micro
Systems Software, I received the Model
I version within a couple of days— not
bad for mail from Florida to New
Hampshire.

I liked DOSPLUS 3.5. It's easy to use
and learn if you're experienced with [he
TRSDOS family of operating systems.
Those users just entering the microcom-
puter world will need a little more ef-
fort — but not too much — to learn this
system.

The advanced user will find plenty
to keep his interest; DOSPLUS 3.5
provides a fine basis for applications
programming. And the novice will
find DOSPLUS 3.5 a good initial
system to own.

With DOSPLUS 3.5, Micro Systems
Software has now provided a relatively
stable, compatible, and functionally
similar operating system for each Radio
Shack computer in the Z80 processor ser-
ies. With today's hardware capabilities,
this allows an unheralded ability to
transfer data among these processors. ■

Contact John Harrellc/o 80 Micro, 80
Pine St., Peterborough, NH 03458.

an advanced personal computer

Basic S599 kit (not shown) includes:

• Software compatibility with TRS-80 Model III and Model
IV, plus CP/M

• 128k RAM card (64k normal plus 64k bank-selectable),
less RAM

• 80 x 24 and 64 x 16 U/L case alphanumeric displays
(software selectable)

• Z-80 CPU, with bootstrap ROM and hardware/software
selectable 2 MHz and 5 MHz clock

• High resolution 512 x 256 graphics circuitry, with
alphagraphics (less 16k high resolution RAM)

• Disk controller for any mix of up to four disk drives
(5- 1 /j"/8", single/double sided, single/double density,
built-in/external)

• Parallel printer and light pen interfaces.

• Built in audio

• Provisions for readily available system ROM

• Tan polyurethane enameled metal enclosure, with
power supply

• Standard typewriter keyboard, plus numeric keypad

• CPU board, with six expansion slots

• Parts kit, including ICs, sockets, fasteners and
mounting hardware

• Assembly manual

Complete S1699 kit shown includes:

• High-resolution 12" green screen monitor

• Two SSDD slimline 5-V4" floppy drives and power
supplies

• Hand rubbed, solid walnut end panels

• RS232 Interface board

• System ROM

• 128K system and user RAM

• 16k high resolution graphics RAM

Additional Options

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floppy drives and power supply

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floppy drives, enclosure, power supply

• 128k bank selectable RAM board (for 256K total)

• 4164 RAMs

• Monitor

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• Hard disk host adapter (available 10/83)

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537 East Main Street • Lancaster. Ohio 43130 • Tel: (614) 687-1019 .u 3

TRS-80 is a Tandy trademark CP'M is a Digital Research trademark Dealer Inquiries Invited

80 Micro, October 1983 • 171

■See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

TECHNIQUE

'•)

LOAD 80

Sorting in Place

by George Reardon

When memory is too small for your
random access disk file and you don't
have extra disk space, you must sort it
"in place." Here's how.

Many articles have been published
about sorting technique, usually how to
sort data in memory. Some tell how to
sort key data from random access disk
files in memory. But with disk systems,
the in-memory sort is only half of the
problem. After you sort the key data in
memory, you must still rearrange the
complete records in the disk file, a prob-
lem often overlooked.

The problem can be serious when
your disk file consumes all or most of
your available disk space. You may not
have room for an index file or for a
sorted duplicate of your disk file.

In that instance, you must rearrange
the existing disk file in place, without
using any additional disk space. The
program provided here performs such
an in-place rearrangement. It runs on
any Model I, II, or III disk system with
a fixed-length records file.

Program Operation

The program performs a tag sort of
your disk records. It loads key data
fields from each disk record into a
string array, with the number of the
original position in the file attached
to the end of the string. An in-memory
sort of the the array is then performed.
After the sort, the strings are stripped of
the key data, leaving only the tags (the
numbers of the original positions in the
disk file) in the string array.

The next section of the program (lines
10000-10050) rearranges the disk file
172 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Learn how to sort data
"in place" when you
have too little memory for
a random-access disk file.

according to the "map" provided by
the tags. The logic of this routine is
trickier than you might suppose. It is
based on the fact that every unsorted list
of n elements contains from one to INT
(n/2) subsets of out-of-place elements,
which can each be sorted into complete-
ly correct order. Table 1 illustrates this
principle.

The rearrangement routine moves
records one subset at a time. It looks for
a subset by finding an out-of-place item
in the array. Then it moves records
within the subset, going from one ele-
ment to the next and marking as sorted
the records it moves until it finds itself
back at the starting point, which means
that all elements of the subset are in
their correct places. Then the routine

Sorted list

Unsorted List

Subset 1

D
E

Subset 3

D Subset 2

Table 1. Sort logic.

looks for another subset.

I've made compromises with speed to
make the program compatible with
three TRS-80 models and with early ver-
sions of TRSDOS. I assume 256-byte
physical records, requiring subrecord
calculations before each Get instruc-
tion. The CMD"0" sort command of
Model III TRSDOS 1.3 is not available
in Models I or II, so I used a Basic in-
memory shell sort.

To sort faster, Model III owners can
substitute lines 100-170 with:

100CMD"O",L,S$(l).

Model II owners can substitute the
line below for the original line 150 to
speed up the sort slightly:

1 50 C4 = C3 + B:IFS$(C4) < S$(C3)THEN
SWAP$(C3),S1(C4):C3 = C3 - B:IFC3>0
THEN 150

I used the MID$ instruction extensive-
ly to avoid delays caused by Basic's
"garbage-collection" process.

The program maximizes its sorting ca-
pacity by using one array for three pur-
poses: the original tagged strings, the tag
number array, and the double-index ar-
ray (in which each string element con-
tains two numbers). You can ensure

The Key Box

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 173

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614 N HARDING

WICHITA KANSAS 67208

is a trademark of Tandy Corporation

maximum available memory by request-
ing only one file (not variable) when you
enter Basic from TRSDOS.

Using the Program

When you use this program, you have
to enter some information twice. The in-
formation is used first to determine how
much string space should be reserved.
When the string space is re-
served with a Clear instruction, the in-
formation you entered is erased and
must be reentered.

You can move logical records as long
as 256 bytes because the buffer splits
each record into two fields during the
rearrangement routine. However, be-
cause the tag sort adds 2 bytes to the
strings to be sorted, you may not specify
a key field length greater than 253 bytes.

This should not detract from the pro-
gram, since you do not need a tag sort
or an in-place rearrangement routine if
you can fit that much data into
memory.

The rearrangement routine is the
heart of this program. The logical ap-
proach of that section can be applied in
many other ways to achieve greater
speed, multikey capability, descending
sorts, sorts of compressed numeric
variables, and even sorts when the key
fields do not fit completely into
memory. ■

George Reardon (1450 Ranchero
Drive, Sarasota, FL 33582) is a self-
employed insurance broker and custom
programmer.

10 CLS:CLEAR50 0:DEFINTA-Z:PRINT"DISK SORT IN PLACE" : PRINT: PRINT"YO

U WILT, HAVE TO GIVE THE COMPUTER SOME INFORMATION TWICE" : F0RKK=1T0

2500:NEXT

20 CLS:F=l:GOSUB15 000:CLS:GOSUB11000:CLOSE:Z!=MEM-20 0-3*L:IFZ!>3 27

67THENZi=32767

22 IFZ!<L*(LK+2)THENCLS:PRINT"INSUFFICIENT MEMORY — PROGRAM TERMI

NATED" : CLOSE: END

25 Z=Zi :CLEARZ : DEFINTA-Z : GOSUBl 5000 : CLS : GOSUB110 00

30 IFSKFBTHENB1 = 1:M1 = 0:GOTO50ELSEB1 = FB

40 IFLK=<S1-B1+1THENM1=LK:B2=1:M2=0:GOTO80ELSEM1=S1-B1+1

50 IFFB=<S1+1THENB2=1ELSEB2=FB

60 M2=LK-M1

7 REM LOAD ARRAY ROUTINE

75 CLS:PRINT"LOADING KEY DATA"

80 DIMSS(L) :TE$=STRING$(KL,32) : F0RX=1T0L : S $ ( X) =TE$ : NEXT: F0RX=1T0L :

T=X:GOSUB13000:MID$(S$(X) ,1,M1) =MID$ ( Fl $ ,B1 ,Ml ) :MID$(S$(X) ,Ml+l,M2

)=MID$(F2$,B2,M2) :MID$(S$(X) ,LK+1 , 2) =MKI $ (X) :NEXT

90 REM SORT ROUTINE

95 CLS:PRINT"SORTING"

100 B=l

110 B=2*B: IFB<LTHEN110

120 B=INT( (B-l)/2) :IFB=0THEN190

130 C1=L-B

140 F0RC2=1T0C1:C3=C2

150 C4=C3+B:IFS$(C4) <S$ (C3) THENMID$ ( TE$ , 1 , KL) =S$ (C3) :MID$(S$(C3) ,1

,KL)=S$(C4) :MID$(S$(C4) , 1 , KL) =TE$ : C3=C3-B: IFC3>0THEN150

160 NEXT

170 GOTO120

180 REM REARRANGEMENT ROUTINE

190 CLS: PRINT" PREPARING TO REARRANGE"

10 000 F0RW=1T0L:SS(W) =RIGHT$ ( SS ( W) ,2) : NEXT: F0RW=1T0L : V=CVI ( LEFTS ( S

$(W) ,2) ) :S$(V) =S$(V)+MKI$(W) : NEXT: Dl$=STRING$ ( SI , 32) : C1$=D1 $: El S=D

1$:D2S=STRING$(S2,3 2) : C2$=D2$: E2 $=D2$

10005 CLS:PRINT"REARRANGING"

10010 FORX=lTOL:W=X:V=CVI(LEFTS(S$(W) ,2) ) : IFV=0ORV=WTHEN10050

10020 Z=V:T=W:GOSUB13 000:MID$(D1$,1,S1) =F1$: MID$ ( D2$ , 1 ,S2) =F2$:T=Z

: GOSUBl 3000 :MID$( CI $,1, SI) =Fl$ : MID$ (C2$ , 1 ,S2) =F2$ : T=W: GOSUBl 3 000 : L

SETF1$=C1$:LSETF2$=C2$:PUT1,J:MID$(S$(W) ,1,2) =MKI$(0)

1003 Y=CVI( RIGHTS (S$(W) ,2) ) : I FY=ZTHENT«=Y: GOSUBl 3000 : LSETF1 $=Dl$ : F

2$=D2$:PUT1,J:MID$(S$(Y) , 1 , 2) =MKI $ ( 0) :GOTO10050

10 040 T=Y:GOSUB13 000:MID$(E1$,1,S1)=F1$:MID$(E2$,1,S2)=F2$:T=Y:GOS

UB13000:LSETF1S=D1$:LSETF2S=D2$:PUT1,J:MID$(D1$,1,S1) =E1 $: MIDS ( D2 $

,1,S2)=E2$:MID$(S$(Y) ,1,2) =MKI$(0) : W=Y : GOTO10030

10050 NEXT:CLOSE:CLS:PRINT"SORT COMPLETED" : CLEAR0 : END

10990 REM SUBROUTINES

11000 Sl=INT(LR/2)+l:S2=LR-Sl:OPEN"R",l,NF$:L=N*LOF(l) :T=L

11010 GOSUB13 00:IFF1$=STRING$(S1,0) ANDF2S=STRING$(S2,0)THENT=T-1:

GOTO11010ELSEL=T: RETURN

13000 J=INT( (T-1)/N)+1:M=T-N*(J-1) :FIELD1, ( (M-l) *LR)ASS$, (Si) ASF1$

, (S2)ASF2$:GET1, J: RETURN

15000 CLS: INPUT"LENGTH OF LOGICAL RECORD", -LR

15010 INPUT"NUMBER OF LOGICAL RECORDS PER SECTOR" ;N

15020 INPUT"LENGTH OF KEY DATA FIELD" ; LK: KL=LK+2 : IFLK>253THENPRINT

"KEY FIELD MAY NOT EXCEED 253 BYTES" : GOTO15020ELSEIFF=1THEN15040

15030 INPUT"POSITION IN LOGICAL RECORD OF FIRST BYTE OF KEY FIELD"

;FB

15040 LINEINPUT'NAME OF FILE? ";NF$

15050 PRINT:LINEINPUT"ARE THESE ANSWERS CORRECT (Y/N)? ";X$:IFX$<>

"Y"THEN15000ELSERETURN

Program Listing. Disk sort program.

174 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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TRS-80 Model I is alive and well at the Micromint.
We still have the expansion interfaces you need!

Disk-80
Expansion Interface

As featured in Garcia s Circuit Cellar
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Reviewed in March 82 "80 Microcomputing"

DSK01 Disk-80 Expansion interlace

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OSK02 Disk-80 Expanstion interface
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A&T 380 00

DSK03 Disk 80 Complete Kit with

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DSK05 Printer/ Power Supply

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The Disk-80 Expansion Interface is the
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The Disk-80 controls up to four 35 to 77 track
minidisk drives, and contains a hardware data
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with mini-disk controller. 32K expansion
memory, power supply, optional Centronics
compatible printer port, real time clock and
buffered bus expansion connector.

"Reviewing Disk-80 is almost incongruous,
because any comments can be summarized
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Kitsz, 80 Microcomputing. March 1982.

All interlaces are Radio Shack hardware and
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All units include user's manual, power sup-
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Dealer Inquires Invited

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For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793

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Comm-80

As featured in Ciarcia s Circuit Cellar
Byte Magazine. May and June 1980

The COMM-80 is the only interlace you
need to turn your TRS-80 Model I into a
time sharing terminal with provisions for a
printer. The COMM-80 combines the most
used features of the RS expansion inter-
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• RS-232-C Serial output port (50-19200 baud)
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TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

•See List ot Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 175

SCIENCE

The Biobox

by J.J. Barbarello

Biofeedback monitors electronically
measure body variations resulting from
stress and tension. In day to day living,
you consciously vary your behavior
(thoughts, mood, and so on). A bio-
feedback monitor can relay the effect of
those variations on your tension level.
This information denotes which varia-
tions help you reduce stress and tension
by practicing conscious control of those
emotions.

You can build a biofeedback inter-
face for your Model II, present the soft-
ware that lets you use the interface,
store the results of each use, and docu-
ment your progress in tabular and
graphical formats.

The interface is fairly simple and in-
expensive to build. It monitors the
change in skin resistance between two
adjacent fingers on your hand, a pa-
rameter directly proportional to your
tension level. The interface is battery
powered for safety and requires no
modification of the Model II.

The Hardware

You measure skin resistance (which
I'll call "R Bio") with two probes con-
nected to a hardware interface (the
"biobox"). The biobox connects to the
parallel printer port of the Model II (see

Construct a biofeedback
interface and learn to
monitor and control daily
stress and tension.

Fig. 1). Its input comes from the port's
prime pin. Alternately (for Model lis
with the newer version Floppy Disk
board, Model 12s, and Model 16s), the
input can come from the port's strobe
pin (pin 1).

The biobox's output goes to the
port's p.e. (paper empty) pin (which
normally looks for an input from a
printer signalling that it is out of paper).
A machine-language monitor program,
which I'll also describe, controls these
pins.

Under software control, the port's
prime pin sends a short 5-volt positive
pulse to the biobox. The CMOS NAND
gate IC2a senses this pulse. A NAND
gate connected as in Fig. 1 simply acts as
an inverter, reversing the state of the in-
put signal. Note that the 9-volt battery
powers IC1 directly, but the CMOS
NAND gate receives its power from the
5.6-volt Zener diode source (R2 is re-
quired to properly bias the Zener).

(GRE'I 'prime II

NOTE I C2 °CD40i I

PIN 7 = GR0UN0
PIN 14* V z

Thus, any input voltage above 2.8 volts
(half the supply) triggers the NAND
gate. Also, IC2b's output level is com-
patible with the Model II's TTL (5-volt)
logic level.

Prior to the prime pulse, IC2a's input
is at zero volts, making its output 5.6
volts. This high logic level keeps IC1 in
an untriggered state. When the com-
puter generates the prime signal, the
output of the NAND gate decreases to
zero volts for a short time, triggering
IC1 (a 555 timer IC). Alternately, if you
use the strobe pin as an input, it can be
connected directly to pin 2 of IC1.
Strobe is normally at the 5-volt level,
keeping IC1 in an untriggered state.
When you send a pulse to the strobe
pin, it also goes to zero volts for a short
time, triggering IC1.

When triggered, IC1 begins its timing
cycle. Capacitor CI receives charge
from the 9-volt source through the
resistance combination that the subject's
fingers and Rl provide. (Rl provides a
minimum resistance if you short the
bioprobes, represented by R Bio,
together.) When the charge on CI
reaches 6 volts (2/3 the supply voltage),
a comparator inside IC1 rapidly
discharges CI. The time required to
charge CI to 6 volts is approximately R
* C seconds, where R is specified in
megohms and C in microfarads. Since

176

Figure I. Schematic diagram of the biobox.
80 Micro, October 1983

The Key Box

Model II

64KRAM

Basic

Editor/ Assembler

Ammicro introduces
the first letter quality printer for $680
that can also be used as a typewriter.

The MICRO WRITER Daisy wheel printer.

There was a need for a low cost letter quality machine that would
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The Microwriter's print qualitv is identical to the finest office
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• S«« List ol Advert/sirs on Pag« 323

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corp

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Msr

MKROWRIT«»4lrj*m*i"< *-~»

C ,.,.<..» I'AKA KIS 10 » j >r«imu>k .

80 Micro, October 1983 • 177

C and Rl remain constant, the duration
of the timing cycle is directly propor-
tional to the value of R Bio.

Prior to the timing cycle, pin 3 of IC1
is at zero volts. NAND gate IC2b in-
verts this zero-volt level to provide a

5.6-volt output to the Model II. During
the timing cycle, pin 3 of IC1 rises to 9
volts. Resistors R3 and R4 form a volt-
age divider which provides 4.5 volts to
the NAND gate IC2b. Since the NAND
gate inverts the voltage level, the output

00010

*********************************************

00020

SOURCE=BIO/SRC - OBJ=BIO/CMD *

00030

Version 1.0 5 Mar 1983 *

00040

c 1982 by J.J. Barbarello *

00050

Biofeedback Monitoring Interface *

00060

Machine Language Driver. For use *

00070

with BIOBOX Hardware. *

00080

00090

*********************************************

00100 (

)RG

0F050H

00110 I

A f 129

TURN OFF

00120 (

)UT

(255) ,A

REAL TIME CLOCK.

00130

(0F095H)

HL;Save HL counter

00140

HL,0

Initialize

00150

DE f l

Registers.

00160

A,0

Send A pulse

00170 (

)UT

(0E0H) ,A

To the Line Printer's

00180 ]

A, 8

"PRIME" Pin (# 26) ,

00190 (

)UT

(0E0H) ,A

(PRIME Stays at Logic 1) .

00200 LOOP

A, (0E0H)

Get status of "Printer".

00210

JIT

6, A

Check Bit 6 ("Paper Empty")

00220

NZ,DONE

If set, jump to "DONE".

00230 1

\DD

HL,DE

Increment HL Counter.

00240

C,Done

If Count FFFFH, Return.

00250

..D

B,2

Must delay here so count

00260 WAIT I

)JNZ

WAIT

is not too high!

00270

LOOP

Not done yet. Go back.

00280 DONE I

DE,HL

Save count in DE.

00290

HL, (0F095H) ;Get addr of variable.

00300

(HL) ,E ;Put Count LSB in variable.

00310

HL ;Get ready for MSB.

00320 I

(HL) ,D ;Put Count MSB in variable.

00330 I

IET

;Return to BASIC Program.

00340

00350

RESTORE PROPER "PRIME" LOGIC LEVEL

00360

00370

A,0

00380 (

)UT

(0E0H) ,A

00390 I

<ET

00400 1

:nd

Program Listing 1. BIO/CMD driver.

R1,R2,R3,R4 10,000 ohm, V* watt resistor

CI 1 .0 nF dipped tantalum capacitor

VR1 1N5232 (5.6-volt Zener diode)

IC1 555 timer integrated circuit

IC2 CD401 1 quad 2-input CMOS NAND gate IC

Bl 9- volt battery clip

Connector AP Products Header #929975 (see text)

Hardware Items:

Snap-in 9-volt battery holder

5 feet of #24 AWG stranded speaker wire

1 package Velcro fastener strips (Radio Shack P/N 64-2345)

1 '/2-inch by 1 !4-inch piece of household aluminum foil

Two #4-40 by V* -inch machine screws

Two #4-40 nuts

Four #6 flat washers

One printed circuit board (see text)

NOTE: A kit of all items listed above and a minimum system disk containing the BIO/CMD
and BIO programs is available for $39.95 from the author. NJ residents add 6 percent sales tax.
A similar Model I/III kit is available. Write for details.

Table 1. List of materials needed.

pin is at zero volts. When the time cycle
is complete, pin 3 of IC1 returns to zero
volts and IC2b's output returns to 5.6
volts.

The result is that for each time IC1 is
triggered, the p.e. output produces a
negative pulse whose duration is directly
proportional to the resistance across R
Bio. When R Bio decreases (as with in-
creased sweating caused by tension), the
resultant output pulse is shorter. When
R Bio increases (as with increased
calm), the output pulse is longer. The
duration of the output pulse is a direct
measure of level of calm (or an inverse
measure of tension). Knowing this, all
you need do is create a software con-
troller to send a pulse via the prime (or
strobe) pin and measure the time until
the p.e. pin returns to its normal high
state. You can use this data in a subse-
quent program as a basis for determin-
ing the current level of tension.

The Software Controller

There are two separate elements of
software. The first is a machine-language
software controller. Under normal cir-
cumstances, the interface produces a
pulse of about 100 milliseconds. To de-
termine minor variations in the pulse
width, your software must produce a
significant count within that time span.
In addition, there are no Basic com-
mands that allow you to address the

Figure 2. Printed circuit board pattern.

n n n , <j^W bioprobes

Figure 3. Component side of printed circuit board.

178 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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IBM is a trademark of IBM Corporation

printer port's prime pin directly. So,
machine-language is the only viable
approach.

However, once you obtain the count
data, Basic is more than adequate to
provide feedback to the human subject.
So the main biofeedback monitor pro-
gram (the second element of software)
is a Basic program.

Building the Biobox

Figure 2 is a full-scale printed circuit
board (PCB) pattern used to make the
biobox PCB. You must make the single
connector from AP Products Header
#929975, a 36-contact per row, dual-
row female header. The header is cut so
that 19 contacts per row remain, and it
fits properly in the Model IPs parallel
printer port. The biobox is self-
contained on the PCB; it requires no
case and plugs directly into the printer
port connector.

However, if you're using the strobe
pin, you must first modify the PCB pat-
tern. Remove the trace (line) between
pin 4 of IC2 and pin 2 of IC1 . Then add
a trace to connect pin 2 of IC1 to pin 1
of the printer port connector (the sec-
ond pin from the left on the bottom row
of pins).

Using Fig. 3 as a guide, mount the
components on the component side
(without the copper pattern) of the
finished PCB (see Table 1 for identifica-
tion of the components). Pay special at-
tention to the orientation of IC1, IC2,
VR1, and CI; these components are po-
larized and you must orient them as
shown. Then mount a 9-volt battery
holder and a 9-volt battery clip on the
copper pattern side of the PCB.

There is no power switch; to apply
power, simply connect the battery clip
to a 9-volt battery.

At this point, inspect your soldering.
The IC leads and connector pins are
very close together (0.1 -inch spacing).
Be sure you solder each lead, but that
there are no solder bridges.

The last item to construct (and per-
haps the most important) is the bio-
probe set. It consists of two identical
bioprobes attached to the index and
middle fingers of one hand. Its only
purpose is to make electrical contact
with the skin surface. You'll need the
material listed in Table 1 and an Exacto
knife.

Before you begin, slit between the con-
ductors on one end of the zip cord. Grasp
the two conductors and "unzip" the wire
to a length of about 7 inches. Make a knot
at the end of the separation.

Now, to make a bioprobe, follow
these steps: Cut a 1 1/4- by 3/4-inch

180 • 80 Micro, October 1983

piece of loop material from one of the
3- by 1-inch loop pieces. Cut one of the
3- by 1-inch hook pieces to 3- by 3/4-
inches. Using the Exacto knife, cut a
1/8-inch square in one of the short ends
of each of the pieces just formed (see

Fig. 4).

Get a 1 1/2- by 1-inch piece of alumi-
num foil. Remove the blue backing pa-
per from the loop piece and place the
aluminum foil on the self-sticking sur-
face of the loop piece. Trim off the ex-

Software Controller
Line Descriptions

The Software Controller

The software controller (BIO/CMD) is shown in Program Listing 1.
Line 100 indicates the starting address (0F050 hexadecimal (hex)) in the
protected memory area of the Model II. Lines 1 10 and 120 send data to
port OFF hex, the memory bank select register, non-maskable interrupt
mask register, and video enable. The contents of this memory address
determine if the program can read the keyboard, if the video display is on
or off, if the real time clock is running and whether you've selected the
80- or 40-character display mode. Data sent to this port turns off the real
time clock interrupts while maintaining all other parameters.

If the clock were not disabled, it would periodically interrupt program
operation. During these interruptions, the driver would not be counting,
but the biobox timing cycle continues, though the count is incorrect. So,
before triggering the biobox, the program disables the clock. When you
return from the controller, TRSDOS automatically reenables it.

Line 130 saves the address of the Basic variable to which the count is
transferred (i.e., the "X" in X = USR (0)). Line 140 loads the HL register
(where the program stores the count) with zero. Line 150 loads the DE
register with 1 (the value by which the count increases each time). Lines
160-190 send the pulse to the prime pin.

Line 200 starts the timing loop. Here, the program loads the printer port
status into the A register, then checks bit 6 (the p.e. pin) to see if it's high.
If it is, line 220 passes execution to line 290 (DONE). Otherwise, line 230
adds 1 in the DE register to the count in the HL register. If the program
counts a value greater than 65535 (FFFF hex), a cany occurs. Line 240
checks for this and, if found, also passes execution to DONE. This condi-
tion lets the monitor break out of an endless count if the p.e. pin is never
triggered. Since the routine is fast, you must delay somewhat to get the
count in a useable range. Lines 260 and 270 create a short delay. Then line
270 returns execution to the beginning of the timing routine.

When the count is done, line 280 transfers it to the DE register for tem-
porary storage. Then the program retrieves the address of the Basic
variable and loads it into the HL register in line 290. The count then
passes, in least significant bit-most significant bit form, to that variable in
lines 300-320. Finally, line 330 returns execution to Basic.

After the main biofeedback program ends, you must reset the prime pin
to a high level; otherwise the program won't print its results. Lines
370-390 reset the prime pin and return to Basic.

In the strobe pin version, the following lines are changed:

00160

A, 1

; Create a STROBE pulse and send

00170

OUT

(0E1FD.A

; it to the printer port.

00180

NOP

; Lines 180, 190, 370, and 380 are

00190

NOP

; not necessary so they've

00370

NOP

; been replaced with NOPs.

00380

NOP

The Biofeedback Monitor Program

Program Listing 2 monitors your responses in Basic. Line 10 loads the
machine-language monitor and defines the entry points of 0F050 hex
(monitor) and 0F07C hex (restore proper prime level). Line 40 opens a disk
file that maintains the results of all trials you want to store. The program

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 181

cess foil. On the end of the hook piece
with the 1/8-inch square, measure back
1/2 inch and make a cut just deep
enough so the 1/2- by 3/4-inch of back-
ing paper can be removed. Remove the
blue backing piece, leaving the rest
intact.

Place the loop piece on the exposed
self-stick surface of the hook piece so
the 1/8 inch squares align and the alu-
minum foil is in the middle (see Fig. 5).
Make a single puncture in the aluminum
within the 1/8-inch square. Do not re-
move the aluminum; you only want to
be able to insert a screw. Insert a
#440- by 1/4-inch screw through the
1/8-inch square so that the screw head
rests against the Velcro. Place a single
#6 washer over the end of the screw.

Strip 3/4 inch of insulation from one
conductor on the separated end of the
zip cord. Wrap the exposed wire around
the screw end so that the insulation ends
at the surface of the washer. Place
another washer on the screw over the
wire. This creates a "sandwich" with
the washers on the outside and the wire
in between.

Secure the assembly with a #4-40 nut.
Don't rotate the screw while tightening
the nut. The aluminum foil makes con-
tact with the screw in the 1/8-inch
square and you don't want to break this
contact. Remove the remaining blue
backing from the Velcro. Now handle
the self-stick material until it no longer
adheres.

Repeat the preceding steps to make
an identical bioprobe. You will now
have the two bioprobes on the separated
end of the zip cord. Strip 1/4 inch of in-
sulation from the two conductors on the
free end of the zip cord and attach either
conductor to either of the two remain-
ing holes in the PCB. This completes
construction of the biobox.

Creating BIO/CMD

If you have an editor/assembler
available, you can use Listing 1 to create
BIO/CMD. If not, you use TRSDOS'

HOOK PIECE

Figure 4. Overview of bioprobe set.

WIRE LEAD

MACHINE NJT
.^- WASHERS
LOOP PIECE

HOOK PIECE /

MACHINE SCREW -^

TRS-8C
F050
F060
F070
F080
F090
FOAO
KOBO
FOCO
PC
2800

Model II DEBUS Program

FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

FF C+ FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

SP SZHPNC A? BC DE HL IX IY AF ' BC ' DE " HI/

21FE 000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

Figure 6. Debug screen before entering BIO/CMD machine code.

Figure 5. Side view of bioprobe set.
182 • 80 Micro, October 1983

fields the buffer into five variables. Al is the initial mood you identify, an
integer between two and nine. A2 is the initialization count the interface
obtains, a single-precision number between zero and 65535. A3 represents
the final count obtained at the end of the session. A4 is the increment (an
integer) and A5 is the total elapsed time of the session in seconds.

Line 40 also obtains the date and formats it for presentation. Line 50
obtains the current time. The first request for time accesses the disk; subse-
quent requests do not. Therefore, this initial request accesses the disk as it
rotates due to previous requests to load BIO/CMD and open the disk file;
subsequent requests do not. This is simply a device to avoid additional
wear on the disk.

The remainder of line 50 and the lines that follow (through line 120)
create the screen display. The monitor consists of a graph-type presenta-
tion. The area formed by the X axis is divided into 10 increments, with the
first labelled "CALM" and the last "TENSE". The Y axis is also divided
into 10 increments, each indicating increased tension. One hundred boxes
(10 boxes by 10 boxes) populate the area formed by the X and Y axes.
Each vertical stack of 10 boxes represents a major mood change; each box
within the stack represents a minor mood change. The object is to con-
sciously cause all boxes to disappear.

Line 130 asks if you want instructions. Should you request them, execu-
tion jumps to line 600. Lines 600-710 present the instructions on two
separate screens. The first screen asks you to press any key to continue
(i.e., GOSUB 720 in line 680). After both screens have appeared, line 710
clears the screen, sets a flag (FLG = 2), and returns execution to line 60 to
redraw the monitor presentation. Note that line 120 skips the instructions
prompt if the flag is greater than zero.

Line 150 erases the copyright notice, and line 160 asks for an evaluation
of your initial mood. Line 170 only accepts a number between two and
nine. The program uses the number entered in line 180 to define C (col-
umn), while R (row) is initially set to five, the highest value on the Y axis.
In addition, line 180 clears the error message area (screen line 3) and turns
off the cursor.

Line 190 erases all boxes to the right of the stack corresponding to the
initial mood specified. Line 200 tells you where initialization takes place,
sets the flag (if it hasn't been set previously), and triggers the interface once
(i.e., X = USR(0)) to bring the prime pin down to zero volts (its normal
state is 5 volts). Then lines 210 and 220 interrogate the interface five times,
take an average of the results, and use this number as the initial count
(XO = X Old, or old count). The program determines other variables here
also. INC (or increment) is the quantum number. For instance, if the in-
itial count is 16000 and the range selected is 5, it calculates the increment as
16000/(10* (5 + 5)), or 160. To add or remove a box, the count must
change by at least 160. XL is the other calculated variable (XL = X (low
count)). This number corresponds to a fully calm mood (where all boxes are
erased). Line 230 clears the initializing prompt and sets the start time (TS$).
Lines 240-420 make up the monitoring routine. Line 240 displays a
small dot above the last box remaining (e.g., the 10th box in stack 5 if 5
were selected as the initial mood). Line 260 retrieves the cur rent st atus of
the interface. If it returns a zero, the monitor counted past 0FFFF hex or
didn't count at all. In either case, a fault has occurred in the hardware, and
line 260 forces a jump to the Error Trap routine starting at line 550.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 183

Line 270 scans the keyboard, and if you have pressed any key, it gets the
current time (TF$ = Final Time). If you have pressed the Fl key, line 280
triggers a restart after asking if you want to save the results (i.e., GOSUB
800). If you have pressed the F2 key, line 290 causes the program to jump
to the End Session routine at line 900. If you've pressed no keys (or any
key other than Fl or F2), the program erases the locating dot at line 300.
Printing and erasing the locating dot causes a blinking effect.

Line 310 checks to see if the count has changed by more than the incre-
ment. If not, the program jumps to line 420, where a delay proportional to
the current count occurs before returning to the beginning of the monitor-
ing routine.

In use, the time to remove or add a box due to change in mood may be
significant. The locating dot blinks with each pass through the monitoring
routine for two reasons. First, its blinking rate indicates your current
mood. The faster it blinks, the more tense you are; the slower it blinks, the
calmer you are. Second, it assures you that something is happening; you
might otherwise think the computer is caught in an endless loop.

If the count changes by more than one increment, line 320 checks for an
increasing count (calming) and, if so, jumps to line 380. Otherwise the
program continues in line 340 where XO increases by one. R increases too,
and the program erases one box and checks for the bottom of the stack. In
this case, C decreases by five to point to the next stack on the left. Line 350
checks to see that all boxes are removed and, if not, delays via the
subroutine at line 500. It then returns to line 330 to see if it must remove
another box (i.e., if X is still more than the updated XO). If not, the pro-
gram jumps to line 410 and creates the proportional delay before returning
to the start of the monitoring routine.

If the monitor identifies a decreasing count in line 320 (more tense), the
program jumps to line 380. Then R decreases, adding one box, and checks
for the top of the stack. C increases by five to point to the new stack on the
right. Line 390 checks to see if all 100 boxes are present and, if so, adds no
more. Line 400 decreases XO by one, adds the new box, delays, and then
returns to line 320 to see if another box must be added (i.e., X is still less
than the updated XO).

The error trap starting at line 550 serves two purposes. If the program
encounters an error during a Top-of-Form command or normal printing,
it displays an error message and you can resume printing after you correct
the error. If the program encounters any other error, you can reset or
restart it.

Lines 800-850 store results of the session. Line 830 extracts the total
time by evaluating TS$ (the start-time string) and TF$ (the ending-time
string). Line 840 fills the buffer and adds the data to the end of the file.
Line 850 clears the message line and returns to the calling portion of the
program.

Debug and Dump utilities to create it as
follows:

From TRSDOS READY, type DE-
BUG ON, hit the enter key, type
DEBUG, and press the enter key.

When the Debug presentation ap-
pears, press the M key and then press
F050 (do not press the enter key).

When the presentation of Fig. 6 ap-
pears, press the Fl key. The cursor
jumps to the first position on the F050
line. For the prime pin version, type in
the following characters exactly (do not
press the space bar or the enter key and
make sure the caps key is on):

3E8 1 D3FF2295F02 1 0000 1101 OO3FOOD3F03E08
D3E0DBE0CB772009 1 938060602 1 DFE 1 8F 1 EB
2A95F0732372C93EOOD3EOC9

For the strobe pin version, use these
characters:

3F81D3FF2295F02100001101003F01D3F 10000
0000D BF0CB772009 1 938060602 1 0FE 1 SF 1 E B
2A95F0732372C9O0OOO0OOC9

Check to ensure that you entered all
characters correctly. If not, move the
cursor with the arrow keys to the incor-
rect entry and type in the proper charac-
ter. When everything is correct, press
the F2 key.

Press the escape key. Then press the O
key. When TRSDOS READY appears,
type DUMP BIO/CMD [START =
F050,END F0801 and hit the enter key.

Type DIR, hit the enter key, and note
that you have a new file named
BIO/CMD.

You may now enter Basic, and type in
and save the BIO program.

Using the Biobox

Enter Basic with at least one file buffer
available (i.e., BASIC F:l). Using the
disk with both the BIO and BIO/CMD
programs, type RUN" BIO". Plug the
biobox into the printer port so that the
battery is on the bottom. The area should
be quiet, and you should relax yourself by
loosening tight clothing, removing your
shoes, and so on.

Sit in a comfortable position that pro-
vides arm and elbow support. For best
results, your hand should be clean and
dry, and the room temperature should be
around 70 degrees F. Wrap one bioprobe
snugly around your index finger so the
aluminum foil covers your fingerprint.
Wrap the other bioprobe around your
middle finger on the same hand.

The program title (Biofeedback Mon-
itor) appears at the top of the screen. The
graph-like monitor with its 100 boxes ap-
pears in the middle along with the ques-

184 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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tion INSTRUCTIONS (Y/N)? at the
bottom of the screen. If you press Y, the
first page of the instructions appears
below the title. At the bottom, the prompt
PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE ap-
pears. When you read the instructions
and press a key, the second page of in-
structions appears. Note that you can
restart by pressing the Fl key, or end by
pressing the F2 key.

When you again press any key as in-
structed, the program returns to the ini-
tial presentation. But now the program
prompts "Select Initial Mood (2-9) — "
This is where you would be if you had
answered no to the instructions prompt.

Consider the mood you are in. If
average, select 5. If you're calmer than
normal, try a lower number. If you're
more tense, select a higher number.
When you press the number you've
chosen, all boxes to the right of that
stack disappear. In addition, a dot ap-
pears above that stack and the message
INITIALIZING at the bottom of the
screen. After a short time, the message
disappears and the dot begins blinking.

As your mood changes, the program
either adds or removes boxes. (The dot
always appears above the last box added

Continued on p. 189

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Lines 900-940 let you review results on file, return to the monitoring
function, or end the program. If you decide to end the program, line 940
clears the screen, closes the data file, resets the prime pin, and ends the
program. If you choose to return to monitoring, line 920 causes the pro-
gram to jump to line 60. If you choose the remaining function (review
results on file), you must indicate if you want a hardcopy record of the
review (as requested in line 930).

The review results function extends from line 1020 through line 1220.
Line 1020 resets the prime pin (to enable the printer), sets dimensions of a
data array, and determines if more than 70 records are on file. This func-
tion creates an X-Y graph on the screen and scales the Y-axis based on the
data to be presented. (If the program used a fixed Y-axis, you would not
recognize minor data variations.) The X-axis allows a maximum of 70
data points. Line 1020 checks the file length and, if greater than 70,
branches to the subroutine at line 950.

Line 960 cites the number of records on file and lets you select a start
record. Line 980 equates the variable BG to this record number. Line 990
equates FI to either the last record on file (if there are less than 70 records
after BG) or the number 70 (if there are 70 or more records after BG) and
then returns.

Line 1030 gets the records for display and stores them in the D array.
Line 1040 calculates the average time to calm by one box (a measure of
how effective your efforts were). Lines 1050-1070 scale the Y-axis based
on the range of data to be presented. Lines 1080-1 130 draw the graph on
the screen, while line 1 140 plots the data on the graph.

Line 1 150 asks if you want hardcopy and, if not, returns to the End Ses-
sion routine. When you select hardcopy, line 1150 advises you to prepare
the printer and press any key when ready. When you press a key,
TRSDOS' Screen command sends the screen contents to the printer. The
Screen command does not allow the graphics of the X-Y axes to be
printed, but substitute periods instead (see Fig. 7). Once the graph is com-
plete, lines 1160-1220 print the statistics (also shown in Fig. 7), bring the
paper to the top of the next page, and transfer execution to the End Ses-
sion routine. ■

BIOFEEDBACK TREIID GRAPH-
Y Y-Axis " Average seconds to calm by one block.

- - - Mar 12.1983
X-Axis ■-- Trial #

35
3C

' c
5

•15
-20
•25
K'
-35

ATISTICS

>•••••••<

TRIAL

- #

BOXES -

ELAPSED

AVG TIME TO

START

END

SECONDS

CALM BY 1 BLK

150

^1.53

204

18.72

356

4.50

•'i

.: .?

3.36

-6.15

•

2 31

19-43

568

11.58

.,-.

7.52

5 • 7 3

16 ; .

4.74

Figure 7. BIO printout.

186 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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•338

Continued from p. 186

or at the last box removed.) Try to con-
centrate on calming yourself by think-
ing of a pleasant situation or a tranquil
scene. At first you may actually tense up
somewhat; biofeedback takes practice!
Now bite your lip or otherwise cause
mild pain. Note that boxes begin ap-
pearing, indicating tension. Also note
that you tend to tense up much faster
than you calm down. With practice
you'll be able to consciously remove all
boxes on the monitor.

If you want to stop the particular
trial, press the Fl key; RESTART ap-
pears at the top of the screen. At the
bottom the program asks if you want to
STORE RESULTS? (If you answer
positively, the disk activates.) When
you make your choice, the program re-
turns to the initial screen. If you want to
end or review the stored results, press
the F2 key. The screen clears below the
title and presents three choices, Review
Results, Continue Monitoring, or End.
If you select End, the message SES-
SION ENDED appears, the disk file is
closed, the prime pin is reset, and the
program ends. If you press F2 by mis-
take, or want to continue, press C to
continue monitoring.

If you press R (Review Results), the
program asks if you want hardcopy. If
you respond yes, the program performs
a Forms set.

After you provide your answer, the
screen clears and the biofeedback trend
graph appears. At the bottom of the
screen you will see the question DO
YOU WANT HARDCOPY (Y/N)?.
Answer yes or no accordingly. If you
answer no, the program returns to the
Review Results, Continue, or End ques-
tion. If you answer yes, the program
asks you to prepare your printer and
signal when ready. It prints the trend
graph along with a tabular list of re-
sults. If the program encounters any
printing fault, the message PRINTER
NOT READY. PRESS ANY KEY TO
CONTINUE appears at the bottom of
the screen. You can then correct the
fault and continue printing. After prin-
ting is completed, the program returns
to the Review Results, Continue, or
End question.

Summing It Up

With the use of the biobox and the
BIO program, you can change your
Model II into a sophisticated biofeed-

Conlinued on p. 192

Program Listing 2. BIO (Basic biofeedback program).

BIOFEEDBACK PROGRAM

NAME: BIO

LATEST REVISION: # 2, 18 FEB 1983

NOTE: Requires BioBox II Hardware and BIO/CMD Ut

REM**
REM**
REM**
REM**
REM**
REM**
ility

7 REM**

8 REM

10 CLS:CLLAR1 000: SYSTEM-LOAD BIO/CMD" : DEFUSR=6,HF0 50 : DEFUSR1 = &HF0

7C:0N ERROR GOTO 5 50

20 PRINTCHR$(2) ;TAB(22) ;"B IOFEEDBACK MONITOR":

PRINT STRING$(79,150) :DIM D(l,l)

40 DEFSTR A:OPEN n D",l, "BIO/DAT", 14:FIELD 1 , 2ASA1 , 4ASA2 , 4ASA3 , 2AS

A4,2ASA5:DTE$=MID$(DATE$,4,3) +" " +MIDS (DATE$ ,7 , 2) +", "+MID$ (DATES

,9,4)

50 AI=TIME$:DtFINT C , I ,R: A=STRING$ ( 4 , 154) +" " : F0RI=1T01 : AL=AL+A

:NEXT

60 PRINT@(4,0j ,CHR$(24) ;:FORI=5 TO 15 : PRINTS ( I , 15) ,CHR$ ( 135) : NEX

70 PRINT@(15,15) ,CHR${131) ;CHR$(138) ;

80 FORI=17T065STEP5:PRINT@(15,I) , STRINGS ( 4 , 150) ;CHR$(138) ; :NEXT

90 FOR 1=5 TO 14:PRINT@(I,17) ,AL; : NEXT

100 AX=CHRS(159)+" TENSE":FORI=7T013:PRINT@(I, 12) ,MID$(AX, 1-6,1)
; : NEXT

110 FOR 1=1 TO 10:PRINT@(16, 13+1*5) ,; : PRINTUSING" # # ";I;:NEXT

120 PRINT@(17,17) ,"CALM";TAB(62) ; "TENSE" : PRINT@ ( 20 ,0) ,STRING$(79

,150) ; :IF FLG>0 THEN 150

130 PRINT@(22, 30) , "INSTRUCTIONS (Y/N) ?";

140 GOSUB 750:IF AI="Y" THEN 600

150 PRINT@(3,0) ,CHR$(23) : PRINTCHR$ ( 23) ;

160 PRINT@(22, 20) ,CHR$(1) , -"Select initial mood

23);

170 AI=INPUT$(1) :IF ASC(AI)=2 THEN 900ELSE IF VAL(AI)<2 OR VAL(A

I)>9 THEN 170ELSE PRINT AI

180 PRINT@(3,0) ,CHR$(2) ;CHR$(23) ; :C=VAL ( AI) *5+12 : R=5 : CC=VAL ( AI)

190 FOR 1=5 TO 14:PRINT@(I,C+5) ,CHR$(23) ; :NEXT

200 PRINT@(22,0) ,CHR$(23) ;TAB(30) ; " INITIALI Z ING" ; : Y=0 : FLG=2 : X=US

R(0)

210 FORI = lT05:PRINT(a(R-l,C+2) ,CHR$(144) ; :X=USR(0) : PRINT@ (R-l ,C+2

)," ";:IF X<0 THEN X=65535+X

220 Y=Y+X:NEXT:XO=Y/5:INC=XO/(10*(CC+5) ) :XL=XO-CC*INC*10

230 PRINT@(22,0) ,CHR$(23) ; :TS$=TIME$

240 PRINT@(R,C) ,A; : PRINTS ( R-l ,C+2) ,CHR$(144) ;

250 'CALM DOWN: X INCREASES - TENSE UP: X DECREASES

260 X=USR(0):IF X<k> THEN X=X+65535 ELSE IF X=0 THEN ERROR 1

270 AR=INKEYS:IF AR=""THEN 300ELSE TF$=TIME$

(2-9) ...";CHR$(

280 IF ASC(AR)=1 THEN PRINT@ ( 3 , 32) ,CHR$ ( 26 ]

RESTART,

! CH

:FLG=2:GOTO 8(

R$(25):IF FLG=1 THEN 80ELSE GOSUB 8t

290 IF ASC(AR)=2 THEN 900

300 PRINT@(R-l,C+2) ," ";

310 IF ABS(XO-X) <INC THEN 420

320 IF X<au THEN 380' TENSING UP

330 IF X<XO THEN 410' CALMING DOWN

340 PRINTER, C) ,CHR$(23) ; : XO=XO+INC : R=R+1 : IF R=15 THEN R=5:C = C-5

350 IF C>=17 THEN GOSUB 500:GOTO 330ELSE TF$=TIME$

360 PRINT@(9, 30) , "MAXIMUM CALM ATTAINED. ": GOSUB 800 : PRINTS ( 1 , 18

), "Press [Fl] to RESTART, or [F2] to END SESSION...";

370 AR=INPUT$(1) :IF ASC(AR)=1 THEN 280ELSE IF ASC(AR)=2 THEN 290

ELSE 370

380 R=R-1:IF R=<4 THEN R=14:C=C+5

390 IF C>62 THEN C=62 : R=5 :GOTO 410

400 XO=XO-INC:PRINT@(R,C) ,A; :GOSUB 500:GOTO 320

410 X=XO

420 FOR 1=1 TO (X-XL) * 500/XL : NEXT : GOTO 240

47 REM

480 REM**************

UTILITY SUBROUTINES

******************

Listing 2 continual

TRS-80 Model II DEBUG Program

F050 3E 81 D3 FF 22 95 FO 21 00 00 11 01 00 )E 00 DJ ..."..!....

F060 EO 3E 08 D3 EO DB EO CB 77 20 09 19 38 06 06 02 w ..I

F070 10 FE 18 Fl EB 2A 95 FO 73 23 72 C9 3E 00 D3 EO *..sH'r.

F080 C9 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

F090 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

FOAO FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

FOBO FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

FOCO FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 00

PC SP SZHPNC AF BC DE HL IX IY AF ' BC ' DE ' HI,'

2800 21FE 000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

Figure 8. Debug screen after entering BIO/CMD machine code.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 189

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I isiing 2 continued

4 90 REM

500 REM** DELAY LOOP

510 FOR Z=l TO 100:NEXT:RETURN

550 REM** ERROR TRAP

560 IF ERR=42 OR ERR=56 THEN PRINTS ( 23 ,20) ,CHR$ ( 23) ;CHR$ ( 26 ) ; " P

RINTER NOT READY ."; CHRS ( 25) ; " Press ANY key to continue ..."; :AI=

INPUT$(1) .-RESUME 1150

570 PRINT@(3,20) ,CHR$(26) ;" ERROR OCCURRED. Press [Fl] to RESET.

.. n ;CHR$(25) ;

580 AI=INPUT$(1) :IF ASC(AI)<>1 THEN 580ELSE PRINTS ( 3 , ) ,CHR$ ( 23 )

: PRINTCHR$( 23) ;: RESUME 80

600 REM** INSTRUCTIONS

Englishtown, NJ n :

620 PRINT@( 5,4) , "The Biofeedback System II measures and displays

your changes in mood. Bef orebeginning , check that the hardware
interface is attached, and power is applied."

630 PRINT"Next, attach one Bioprobe to your index finger above t
he first joint. Then placethe remaining Bioprobe on your middle
finger above its first joint. ": PRINT

640 PRINT" When you have finished reading these instructions
, you'll be asked the " :PRINT"question " ;CHR$( 34) ; "Select initia
1 Mood (2 - 9) .. .";CHR$(34) ;". Select a number between 2 (CALM)
and 9 (TENSE) . ";

650 PRINT"If you are in an average mood, select 5. If you're cal
mer, select a lower number(like 3). If you're more tense than a
verage, select a higher number (like 8)."

660 PRINT:PRINT" Your mood is represented by the 100 blocks
on the display. When you select your initial mood, the higher te
nsion-indicating blocks will disappear. The"

670 PRINT"ooject is to relax and, in the process, make all the b
locks disappear. If you increase tension, the blocks will begi
n reappearing. A Blinking dot will remind"

680 PRINT"you where you currently are. The more tense you get, t
he faster it blinks. The calmer you get, the slower it blinks."
:GOSUB 720

690 PRINT@(5,0) ,CHR$(24) ; :PRINT@(8,0) ," If a fault occurs in t
he BioBox hardware (Ex: Bioprobes come loose, power not ap
plied) , a message will appear and let you re-start by pressing [
Fl] .":PRINT

700 PRINT" It you wish to re-start at any other time, also pre
ss the [Fl] key. " :PRINT:PRINT" When you wish to end the sessio
n (or review results), press the [F2] key.":GOSUB 720
710 PRINT@(2,0) ,CHR$(24) ; :FLG=2:GOTO 60
720 REM** PRESS ANY KEY

730 PRINT@(23, 28) , "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE. ..";: AI=INPUT$ ( 1) : P
RINT@(20,0) ,CHR$(24) ; :RETURN
750 REM** YES/NO INPUT

760 AI=INPUT$(1) :NU=(ASC(AI) MOD 32)+64:IF NU<>89 AND NU<>78 THE
N 760ELSE AI=CHR$(NU) rPRINTAI; : RETURN
800 REM** STORE RESULTS
810 FLG=1:PRINT@(22, 32) , "STORE RESULTS (Y/N) ?..."; :GOSUB 750

820 IF AI="N" THEN PRINTS ( 22 , 0) ,CHR$ ( 23 );: RETURN

83 T=(VAL(LEFTS(TF$,2) ) -VAL ( LEFT$ (TS$ , 2) ) ) *3600+ ( VAL (MID$ (TF$ ,4

,2) )-VAL(MID$(TS$,4,2) ) ) *60+VAL (RIGHT$ (TF$ , 2) ) -VAL (RIGHTS (TS$, 2)

)

840 LSET A1=MKI$(CC) :LSET A2=MKS$ ( Y/5) : LSET A3=MKS$ (X) : LSET A4=M

KI$(INC) :LSET A5=MKI $ (T) : PUT l,LOF(l)+l

85 PRINT? (2 2,0) , CHRS (23) ; : RETURN

900 REM** END SESSION

910 PRINT@(0,0) ,CHR$(24) ; : PRINTTAB( 22) ; "B IOFEEDBACK

M O N I T O R M :PRINT STRINGS ( 7 9 , 150) : PRINT? ( 10 , 15) ,CHR$ ( 26 ) ; " R

b ;^hR$(,25) ; "eview Results, " ;CHR$ ( 26) ; " C " ;CHR$(25) ; "ontinue Mo

nitoring, or " ;CHR$(26) ; " E " ;CHR$( 25) ; "nd. . . " ;

920 AI=INPUT$(1) :AI=CHR$( (ASC ( AI) MOD32) +64) :PRINTAI; : IF AI="C" T

HEN 60 ELSE IF AI = "E" THEN 940 ELSE IF AIO"R" THEN 920

930 PRINT?(12,20) ,"Will you be wanting Hardcopy? (Y/N) . . . " ; :GOSU

B 750:PRINT@(14,35) ,"WAIT. . ."; :IF AI="N" THEN 1000 ELSE PRINT@(1

4,0) ,CHR$(23) ; :SYSTEM"FORMS L=66":GOTO 1000

940 PRINT? (2,0) ,CHR$(24) ; : PRINT? ( 10 ,3 2) , "SESSION ENDED. ": PRINT? (

18,0) , ; :X=USR1(0) : CLOSE: END

950 REM** SELECT TRIAL RANGE

960 PRINT?(3,3) ,CHR$(24) ; "File contains" ; LOF ( 1) ; "tr ials , of whic

h only 70 can be displayed at any one time. " : PRINT"Select a star

t trial number (EX: Selecting 5 will cause trials 5 through 74 t

o":PRINT"be displayed)."

970 PRINT?(12, 29) , "START TRIAL NUMBER? ..."; CHR$ ( 23) ;: LINE INPUT

ST$

980 BG=VAL(ST$) :IF BG<1 OR BG>LOF(l)-l THEN 970 ELSE PRINT?(14,3

5) ,"WAIT.

990 IF BG+69>LOF(l) THEN FI=LOF ( 1 ) -BG+1 : RETURN ELSE FI=70:RETURN

1000 REM** DATA PLOTTING ROUTINE

1010 REM** A1=RANGE:A2=START CNT:A3=END CNT: A4=INCREMENT: A5

=ELAPSED TIME

1020 ERASE D:X=USR1(0) :DIM D(5,70):IF LOF(1)<70 THEN BG=l:FI=LOF

(1) ELSE GOSUB 950

l.iMinn 2 ionnntieil

190 • 80 Micro, October 1983

FRICTION FEED for your EPSON

MX-80 or RX-80

• Converts your printer to friction feed
of SINGLE SHEETS or ROLL PAPER.

• Fits other printers based on Epson models
(IBM PC, Commodore. H-P Dot Matrix, etc.

• Simple installation; all you need is a
screwdriver (no soldering).

• Tractor Feed remains
undisturbed.

only $39.95

ADD $2.00 FOR SHIPPING
CA Residents add 6% sales tax

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE • QUANTITY RATES AVAILABLE

MICRO-GRIP

3164 DUMBARTON AVENUE, DEPT. 80 "*"
SAN BERNARDINO, CA 92404

PHONE (714) 864-6643

UNITED SOFTWARE
ASSOCIATES

PRESENTS

ULTRA TERM

A FULL FEATURED TERMINAL PROGRAM

The Ultra Term communications package is one of the easiest to
use and most versatile communications programs available for the
TRS-80. It includes a full featured intelligent terminal program, with
all the popular features of competing programs costing two to three
times as much, and some new features that can't be found
anywhere else at any price. Ultra Term also includes a self
relocating host program, and hex conversion utilities for bulletin
board downloading. Some of Ultra Terms unique features are:

• Supports both manual and auto dial modems.

• Exclusive Ultra Term direct to disk file transfer mode, allows
unattended operation at the receiving computer

• Exclusive split screen feature allows simultaneous two way
communications without confusion.

• Line printer support with a IK print buffer

• Half and full duplex support.

• Universal ASCII format file transfer with a 33K Buffer

• A full featured host program.

ULTRA TERM

$59.95

• LYNX MODEM $249.00

INFOEX 80

$99.95

• ANCHOR 1-300 $99.00

M TERM

$69.95

• HAYES 300 $249.00

COMMBAT

$44.95

• HAYES 1200 $619.00

MODEM GAMES

$19.95

• ORCHESTRA 85/90 $89.00

• PIANO SOFTWARE $34.95

ORDERS 305/965-3496 BBS 305/842-2687

COD ADD $3.00 TECHNICAL INFOR 305/842-8805 (5-9 EST)

734 Flamingo Way. North Palm Beach. FL 33408

CONVERT YOUR SERIAL PRINTER TO PARALLEL

CONVERT YOUR PARALLEL PRINTER TO SERIAL

The U PI serial printer interfaces allow an ASCII serial printer
to be connected to the parallel printer port of the TRS-80
computers or any other computer which has a Centronics
compatible parallel printer port.

Software compatability problems which normally result
when a serial printer is used are totally eliminated because,
the computer "thinks" that a parallel printer has been con-
nected. Special driver programs and changes to the operat-
ing system are not required with computers designed to
work with a parallel printer.

The UPI interfaces are completely self contained and ready
to use. A DB25 socket mates with the cable from your serial
printer. The ribbon cable attaches to the parallel printer
port of your computer. The UPI interfaces convert the out-
put of your parallel printer port into serial data in both the
RS232-C and 20 ma. loop formats. Switch selectable features
include:

• Linefeed after Carriage Return

• Handshake polarity (RS232-C)

• Nulls after Carriage Return

• 7 or 8 Data Bits per word

• 1 or 2 Stop Bits per word

• Odd, Even, or, No Parity

• Baud rates 110 to 9600

LPI-3VB for TRS-80 I & III $149.95

UPI-2VB for TRS-80 II & 16 $149 95

UPI-3VB-6 for TRS-80 I & III with 6 ft. cable $159.95

UPI-2VB-6 for TRS-80 II & 16 with 6 ft. cable $159.95

Models for most other computers available at $159.95

NEW SERIAL TO PARALLEL INTERFACES

The SPC SERIAL to PARALLEL interfaces convert serial ASCII
data into parallel format for use with Centronics type paral-
lel printers. A DB25 socket accepts serial data from your
computer. The 36 contact ribbon connector plugs into your
parallel printer. Can be used to add a second parallel printer
port to computers which reliably support both serial and
parallel printers.

Switch selectable options include the following:

• 7 or 8 Data Bits per serial word

• Odd or Even parity for serial word

• Parity or No parity for serial word

• 1 or 2 Stop Bits per serial word

• 300. 600. 1200. 2400, or 4800 BAUD

SPC-1 as described above
SPC-CC with DIN plug and cable
for the TRS-80 Color Computer

$89.95
$69.95

All prices U.S. funds. VISA, MASTER CARD, COD, Purchase
Orders accepted from schools, major corporations, and
government agencies. Shipping and Handling on U.S.
orders $4.00. Ten day return period. Ninety day warranty.

Lii

BINARY DEVICES

11560 TIMBERLAKE LANE
NOBLESVILLE, IN 46060
(317)842-5020 ^106

TRS-80 is a trademark ot TANDY

Continued from p. 189

back monitoring system. Not only can
you use the system for real-time moni-
toring, but you can save the results and
track your progress over an unlimited
number of trials. By reviewing these re-
sults, you may find it possible to deter-
mine events and conditions in your dai-
ly life which add to tension and stress.

Once you've recognized such events
and conditions, their management may
be only a step away. Even without these
benefits, the biobox makes for a relax-
ing interlude and can be a lot of fun
when used with family and friends. (Try
using it as a lie detector at your next
party!)

In a future issue, 80 Micro will pre-
sent a biobox for the Model I and
Model III. It includes all features of the
Model II version, except for the trend
graph and permanent storage. How-
ever, the presentation will fully explain
the program involved and provide hints
on how you can include permanent
storage for your own configuration
system. ■

Contact J. J. Barbarello at R.DJ1,
Box 241H, Tennent Road, English-
town, NJ 07726.

I wing 2 aHUimutd

1030 FOR 1=1 TO FI:GET 1 , I+BG-1 : D( 1 , I ) =CVI (Al) :D( 2, I) =CVS (A2) :D(

3,I)=CVS(A3) :D(4,I)*CVI(A4) :D( 5 , I) =CVI ( A5)

1040 D(0,I)=D(5,I)/((D(3,I)-D(2,I))/D(4,I))

1050 NEXT:HI=0:LO«O:FORI=1TOFI:IF D(0,I)>HI THEN HI-D(0,I) ELSE

IF D(0,I)<LO THEN LO«D(0,I)

1060 NEXT:HI=HI-HI MOD 10+SGN( HI ) *10 : LO=LO-LO MOD 10+SGN( LO) *10 :

HI-INT(HI) :LO=INT(LO) :RNG=ABS ( HI-LO) :FORI = 5TO100STEP5 : IF RNG/K2

2 THEN STP=I ELSE NEXT

1070 IF ABS(HI) >ABS(LO) THEN MAX-HI ELSE MAX=LO+20*STP

1080 CLS:FOR 1=2 TO 22: PRINT@( I , 0) , ; : J=MAX- ( 1-2) *STP: PRINTUSING"

###»"; J: NEXT

1090 PRINT@(0,10) ,"B IOFEEDBACK TREND GRAPH

- - - - ";DTE$
1100 PRINTS (1,5) ,"Y Y-Axis = Average seconds to calm by one b
lock. X-Axis = Trial I"

1110 FORI-2 TO 22:PRINT$(I,5) ,CHR$(135) ; : NEXT: PRINT? ( 23 , 5) , ; :PRI
NTUSING"!!";BG;

1120 PRINTGU2,5) ,CHR$(131) ; :FORI»6 TO 75:IF IMOD5=0 THEN PRINT?
(22,1) ,CHR$(134) ; :NEXT ELSE PRINTS ( 22 , I ) ,CHR$ ( 138) ;: NEXT
1130 PRINT?(22,77) ,"X";

1140 FOR 1=1 TO FI:J=(MAX-D(0,I) ) /STP: J=INT( J+3) : PRINT? (J, 1+5) ,"
*"; :NEXT

1150 PRINT?(23,20) ,CHR$(23) ;TAB(28) ; "Do you wish HARDCOPY? (Y/N)
... n ;:GOSUB 750:IF AI="Y" THEN PRINT? ( 23 ,28) , "PREPARE PRINTER. P
ress ANY key to begin. .."; :AI=INPUT$(1) :PRINT?(23, 20) ,CHR$(23) ; :
SYSTEM"SCREEN" ELSE 900

1160 LPRINT:LPRINTTAB(20) ; "********* STATISTICS *****
*****":LPRINT TAB(20) ; STRING$ ( 42 , "-") : LPRINTTAB( 20) ; "TRIAL - t
BOXES -";TAB(40) ; "ELAPSED" ; TAB ( 50) ; "AVG TIME TO" : LPRINTTAB ( 20) ; "

• START END SECONDS CALM BY 1 BLK"
1170 LPRINT TAB(20) ; STRINGS ( 42 ,"-" )
1180 FOR 1=1 TO FI

1190 LPRINT TAB(20) ; : LPRINTUSING" I ##"; BG+I-1 ;: LPRINT TAB(27)j:L
PRINT USING"!!! ";D(1,I)*10;

1200 ED«D(1,I)*10-INT((D(3,I)-D(2,I))/D(4,I))-1:IF ED>100 THEN E
D=100 ELSE IF ED<0 THEN ED=0

1210 LPKINT USING"###";ED; :LPRINT TAB ( 40) ;: LPRINT USING" ###♦#" ;D
(5,1) ; :LPRINT TAB ( 51) ;: LPRINT USING"!!* . • •" ;D ( , I )
1220 NEXT : SYSTEM "T": GOTO 900

CONVERT YOUR TRS-80 MODEL I, III, OR 4 INTO A

DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM

Now you can develop Z-80 based,
stand-alone devices such as games
robots, instruments and peripheral
controllers, by using your TRS-80 as a
development system The DEVELOP-
MATE plugs into the expansion con-
nector of your TRS-80 and adds
PROM PROGRAMMING and IN-
CIRCUIT-EMULATION capabilities to
your system (with or without expan-
sion interface)

Complete instructions and sample
schematics are included to help you
design your own simple stand-alone
microcomputer systems THESE
SYSTEMS CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS
FOUR ICs one TTL circuit for clock
and reset, a Z-80 an EPROM, and one
peripheral interface chip.

When the In-Circuit-Emulation
cable is plugged into the Z-80 socket
of your stand-alone system, the sys-
tem becomes a part of your TRS-80
You can use the full power of your
editor/assembler's debug and trace
program to check out both the hard-
ware and the software Simple test
loops can be used to check out the
hardware, then the system program
can be run to debug the logic of your
stand-alone device

Since the program is kept in TRS-80
RAM, changes can be made quickly
and easily When your stand-alone
device works as desired, you use the
Developmate's PROM PROGRAMMER
to copy the program into a PROM
With this PROM, and a Z-80 m place of
the emulation cable, your stand-alone
device will work by itself

The DEVELOPMATE is extremely
compact Both the PROM programmer
and the In-Circuit-Emulator are in one
small plastic box only 3 2" x 5.4" A
line-plug mounted power supply is
included The PROM programmer has
a personality module" which defines
the voltages and connections of the
PROM so that future devices can be
accommodated However, the system
comes with a universal" personality
module which handles 2758. 2508 (8K).
2716, 2516 (16K). 2532 (32K), as well
as the new electrically alterable 2816
and 48016 (16K EEPROMs)

The COMPLETE DEVELOPMATE
81. for Model I. with software, power
supply, emulation cable. TRS-80
cable, and "universal" personality
module $329

DEVELOPMATE 83, Model III/4 version,

same as above $329

PM2 PERSONALITY MODULE for

2732A EPROM $15

PM3 PERSONALITY MODULE for
2764 EPROM $15

Instruments *m

172 Otis Avenue Dept M. Woodside,

CA 94062

(415) 851-1172

Masle' Charge and Visa phone orders accepted
California residents please add 6 V sales tax

192 • 80 Micro, October 1983

^E^acmi jkz==-jtm\ t*-^m-a\

^-uM-X l S pk^^M^(

SUPER SOFTWARE FOR THE TRS 80 MODELS II, III, 4, 12, and

NOW MODEL 16

- S P E C I A_L -
MAKE YOUR MODEL III OR MODEL 4,
IBM-PC COMPATIBLE!

under the UCSD p-System. Read and write IBM-PC p-System

disks with the:

Model III p-System AND Holmes Engineering VID 80 dmi

Board (SAVE $40 - WAS $635) $595

Gives you 64K and 80 x 24 screen (compiler separate)

AND JUST RELEASED!!!

Model 4 p-System $650

Full development system, choice of compiler

THE UNIVE RS AL OPERATING SYSTEM
UCSD p-S YSTEM

Version IV. 1 ■ Full development system includes:

Full screen editor, file handler, interpreter, assembler and
linker. Over 1000 pages of documentation.

Radio Shack Model II,' 12t $650

Radio Shack Model II, 1 12t w - Corvus interface . . $850

' comes standard with Pascal compiler
Radio Shack Model 16t (68000 side, Ram disk) . . $850

f - choice of compilers

Compilers also available separately:

Pascal . . $375 Fortran . . $350
Basic . . $225
Lisp Interpreter $100

UTILITY PROGRAMS

Operating system format exchange programs

Convert data and text files from one OS format to
another.

TRSDOS to p System S100

CP/M to p-System S100

IBM 3741 to p System $285

UTILITY PROGRAMS (Continued)

Disassemblers - Z80, 6502, 68000 $100

Corvus Hard-disk Drivers - 5, 10, 20 MB S200

MOD II, 12 (Watch for III. 4 and 16 drivers soon!)

PFAS - Keyed ISAM file handler $225

ASE - Advanced System Editor $150

Programmable function keys, disk based file area
CRTForm (tm) - The Bug Killer $450

Let your computer generate your screens & I/O source

code.

SOFTWARE PRODUCTS
INTERNATIONAL

A family of FULLY intergrated
software packages

LogiQuest III - Relational Data Base . ' — — . "". " $495

55 fields/record, 15 sort/find criteria

Create & work with virtual files from multiple data bases
ProCalc Financial Planning $350

Allows extremely large models, disk based data base
Asset • Accounting $1250

Sophisticated accounting package, GL, AR, AP, IC

Interfaces with LogiQuest, ProCalc & LogiCalc

Modules available separately (each) $390

DBtool interface $695

Allows you to write programs which will interface to the

data base of all the above programs.

LOGICALC

Financial modeling & spreadsheet

A superb speadsheet that goes well beyond others at
a superb price. This is the spreadsheet chosen by IBM
for their own sales force to sell. For the:
Models II, III, 4, 12 . Was $190. . NOW . . $98
Model 16 $190

-APPLICATION

DATEBOOK Appointment Scheduling
Personal DateBook

Format available for 9 persons S150

Datebook II - Formal available for 27 persons . . . S295

MILESTONE Project, Time Scheduling S295

Up to 300 activity subroutines with over 30,000

time units. Best features from PERT (program evaluation

and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method)

EPICS Executive Planning $250

Includes Schedule Overview, Personal Scheduler, Document
Tracking System, Tickler File, Index Scheme, Name &
Address File, Questionanes/Data Tabulator, Personal
Analysis Management System, and Project Planning Tool

IMP • Instant Mathematical Programming $250

Program generator used to solve simultaneous lineai &
nonlinear equations, linear programming problems and others.
Designed for engineers, scientists & mathematicians.

trademark of Tandy Corporation.

PCD Supports Systems Software on DEC LSI 11. Radio Shack Models II, 3. 4

12 & 16, Altos, Terak, IBM PC. Apple II +, & Sage.
' UOS is a trademark of SofTech Microsystems,
UCSD p-System is a trademark of the University of California.
IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines.
Vid 80 is a trademark of Holmes Engineering.

S PROGRAMS-

PDBase Database Management $245

Uses English like commands to review and display the
data base. Procedure files can be store; data security
allows levels of access.

CPR Text Formater $195

Designed for use with UCSD p-System text editor or
Advanced System Editor for maximum control over raw
text formatting & printing

Nutri Calc (tm) (PRICE CUT 60%) $129

Allows you to manage diets of any number of people,
calculates caloric intake, stores recipes & menus, and
computes schedules for weight loss or gain.

MAILER $125

More than just another mailing list. Allows mail-merge with
form letters you prepare yourself.

CAN ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR AN ADDITIONAL
PROCESSOR IN MANY CASES!

COD or MONEY ORDER

.-433

PCD Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 143
Penn Yan, N.Y. 14527
(315) 536-7428

IAD 80

LET LOAD 80
AND COLOR LOAD 80

RESCUE YOU

In the dawn of the computer age programmers needed the
patience of Job to manually keyboard all the major program
listings from a single issue of 80 MICRO.

Then LOAD 80 burst onto the scene and exploded that
practice. Today thousands of TRS-80* owners use LOAD 80
cassettes and disks every month. These time-conscious com-
puterists spend more time enjoying all the benefits of those
80 MICRO programs.

LOAD 80 programs come directly from 80 MICRO giving
you complete and detailed documentation right there in the
magazine. And now, the new disk transfer system allows
Model III users to run LOAD 80 disks without conversions.

Save close to 30 % on the single issue price by subscribing to
LOAD 80 today (choose either monthly cassettes or disks) .

Color Computer users can now order our Third Color
Volume containing programs from the August, Septem-
ber and October issues of 80 MICRO (available September
1983) . Also available is the "Best of '82" cassette, containing
Color Computer programs from the 1982 issues of 80
MICRO.

Start enjoying all the benefits of the programs in 80
MICRO without all the programming hassles. Fill out the
attached order form and send it to LOAD 80, 80 Pine Street,
Peterborough, NH 03458. Or call toll free and use your
MasterCard, Visa, American Express.

** ATTENTION MODEL III USERS**

New, Improved Operating System!
— Ready To Run!!

1-800-258-5473

NEW DISK TRANSER SYSTEM ALLOWS LOAD 80 TO NOW BE RUN ON MODEL III SINGLE DRIVE
UNITS WITH NO CONVERSIONS NECESSARY!!

LOAD 80 is simply the Ming from 80 MICRO. Use the KEYBOX accompanying each article as your guide to system configurations. LOAD 80
runs on the ' TRS-80 Model I and Model III computers only. COLOR LOAD 80 runs on the ' TRS-80 Color Computer only. ' TRS-80 and Color
Computer are trademarks of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp.

Yes! Send me the October LOAD 80

□ Disk $21.47 □ Cassette $11.47
Price includes postage and handling.

Foreign air mail please add $.45 per item for postage and handling.

Please enter my subscription for one year, beginning
with this month's issue.

□ Disk $199.97 □ Cassette $99.97

Foreign air mail please add $25 per subscription for postage and handling.

DCheck/MO DMC DVisa DAE

10-83

Card#_

Exp. date

Signature.
Name

Address

City-

State,

Yes! Send me COLOR LOAD 80

□ 1st Color Volume (Jan, Feb, March) @ $11.47

□ 2nd Color Volume (Apr, May, June) @ $11.47

□ 3rd Color Volume (August, September, October) (

□ "Best of '82" at $16.47

Price includes postage and handling.

Foreign air mail please add $.45 per item for postage and handling.

DCheck/MO DMC DVisa DAE

QC10-83

$11.47

Cardiff

Exp. date.

Signature.

Name,

Address
City

State,

_Zip_

LOAD 80*80 PINE ST.-PETERBOROUGH, NH 03458

COLOR LOAD 80*80 PINE ST. 'PETERBOROUGH, NH 03458

Directory of

Software Manufacturers

and Distributors

Here is a list of manufacturers and distributors of TRS-80-compati-
ble software. (Our hardware directory appeared in July, p. 297.)
Manufacturers are listed first, in alphabetical order, followed by dis-
tributors.

Only those companies that responded to the directory questionnaire
are included.

Software
Manufacturers

AString Systems
6475 Tamarind Circle
Ortando, FL 32811
305-351-0428

Custom software
Data-base management
Education
Report generators

ABS Suppliers
3352 Chelsea Circle
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
313-971-1404

Diagnostic for disk system

Games

Programming aids

Technical publications

L'tiliiies

Word processors

Acorn Software Products Inc.
1945 Callows Road, Suite 205
Vienna, VA 22180
703-556-9788

Education

Games

Utilities

Word processors

Action Computers
85 Factory St.
Nashua, NH 03002
603-883-5369

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

196 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll/personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order/invoice

Report generator

Sales

Scientific

Simulator

Utilities

Word processing

Adventure International
722 Commerce Circle
I^ongwood, FL 32750
305-830-8194

Cash management

Data-base management

Games

Mail lists

Report generator

Scientific

Utilities

Algorithmic Associates
P.O. Box 244
Bedford, MA 01730
617-646-4615

Custom software

Games

Plotting/graphics

Algorix Software

Box 11721

San Francisco, CA 94101

415-387-3131

Compilers

Data-base management
Operating systems
Programmer aids

Simulators

Utilities

Alpha Products
79-04 Jamaica Ave.
Woodhaven, NY 11421
212-296-5916

Games
Scientific

Alphanetics
P.O. Box 339
Forestville, CA 95436

707-887-7237
Accounting

The Alternate Source
704 N. Penn Ave.
Lansing, MI 48906
800-248-0248

Cash management

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Interpreters

Operating systems

Program generators

Programmer aids

Report generators

Typesetting

Utilities

Word processing

Analytical Processes Corp.
635 Main St.
Nassau Building
Montrose, CO 81401
303-249-1400

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Custom software

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Inventory control

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Tax software

Utilities

Anitek Software Products
P.O. Box 1136
Melbourne, FL 32935
305-259-9397

Word processing

Apparat Inc.

4401 S. Tamarac Parkway

Denver, CO 80237

303-741-1778

Operating systems
Programmer aids
Utilities

Astro-Star Enterprises
5905 Stone Hill Drive
Rocklin, CA 95677
916-624-3709

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Custom software

Education

Scientific

Word processing

Chuck Atkinson Programs
Route 5, Box 277-C
Benbrook, TX 76126
817-249-0166

Accounting
Cash management
Financial analysis
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Sales

Aton International Inc.
260 Brooklyn Ave.
San Jose, CA 95128
408-554-9922

Bisync packages for the

Model 11/16
Custom software
Operating systems
Utilities

Autel Electronic Co.
146 Wisconsin NE
Albuquerque, NM 87108
505-255-6451

Data-base management

Games

Plotting/graphics

Scientific
Utilities

Avalon Hill
Microcomputer Games
4517 Harford Road
Baltimore, Ml) 21214
301-254-9200

Education

Games

Banana Soft

1601 Wildwood Drive

Fallston, MD 21047

301-879-8149

Games

Basics and Beyond Inc.
Pinesbridge Road, Box 10
Amawalk, NY 10501
914-962-2355

Education
Games

Utilities

Bayesian Investment Services
757 Santa Rosita
Solana Beach, CA 92075
619-755-6225

Financial analysis

Becker Electronics Inc.
108 W. Franklin St.
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
919-942-7959

Education
Scientific

Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.
541 W. 6th St.
Azusa, CA 91702
213-969-4112

Data-base management
Financial analysis
Scientific
Statistics, research

Bible Research Systems
8804 Wildridge Drive
Austin, TX 78759
512-346-2181

Bible study aids
Data-base management
Education

Big Five Software
14619 Victory Blvd.
Van Nuys, CA 91411
213-782-6861

Games

Bi-Tech Enterprises
10B furlough Road
Bohemia, NY 11716
516-567-8155

Billing

Custom software

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Blechman Enterprises
7217 Bernadine Ave.
Canoga Park, CA 91307
213-346-7024

Amway Product programs

Howard Bowe
16 Lombardi Place

Amity ville, NY 11701
516-691-0156

Custom software
Programmer aids
Scientific
Utilities

Robert J. Brady Co.
Routes 197 & 450
Bowie, MD 20715
301-262-6300

Programming book

Business Problem Solvers
250 Richards Road
Kansas City, MO 64116
816-471-8660

Custom software
Gambling aids
Inventory control
Programmer aids
Purchase order, invoice
Utilities

Canty & Associates
8909 Beilington Road
Pensacola, FL 32504
90*478-0765

Accounting

Budget and forecast

Financial analysis

Operating systems

Utilities

Word processing

Cedar Software
1943 Woodson Court
Centerville, OH 45459
513^35-5966

Games

Century Software Systems

1875 Century Park East, Suite 1730

Los Angeles, CA 90067

213-879-5911

Accounting
Budget and forecast
Cash management
Custom software
Data-base management
Financial analysis
Inventory control

Chromasette Magazine

P.O. Box 1087

Santa Barbara, CA 93102

805-963-1066

Budget and forecast

Compiler

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Interpreters

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

P.O. Box 1448

Santa Barbara, CA 93102

805-962-6271

Budget and forecast
Compilers
Education
Financial analysis

Games

Interpreters

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Color Software Services
P.O. Box 1708
Greenville, TX 75401
214-154-3674

Accounting

Budget and forecast

Custom software

Education

Games

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Scientific

Communications Electronics

Box 1002

Ann Arbor, MI 48106

313-9944444

Cash management
Custom software

Compucover

P.O. Box 324

Mary Esther, FL 32569

904244-5238

Preventive maintenance software

Compusoft Publishing
1050-E Pioneer Way
FJ Cajon, CA 92020
619-588-0997

Computer books

Computer Applications Unlimited

Box 214

Rye, NY 10580

800-354-5400

Custom software
Games

Programmer aids
Utilities

Computer /Business Services
28333 Suburban Drive
Warren, MI 48093
313-751-6291

Custom software

Inventory control

Medical

Purchase order, invoice

Computer Discount
West Milford Mall
West Milford, NJ 07480
201-728-8080

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Financial management

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Computer Generated Data,
Division of Wagener Enterprises Inc.
5541 Parliament Drive, Suite 206
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
804497-1165

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Computer Services of Danbury
P.O. Box 993, 1 Franklin St.
Danbury, CT 06810
203-743-1299

Communications

Computer Shack
1691 Eason
Pontiac, MI 48054
800-392-8881

Billing

Cash management

Games

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Computerware
4403 Manchester Ave.
P.O. Box 668
Encinitas, CA 92024
714436-3512

Accounting

Billing

Cash management

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Interpreters

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

Computone Data Systems Inc.
1532 Elbridge St.
Philadelphia, PA 19149
215-744-5582

Dietary planning

Compuware Corp.
1008 Abington Road
Cherry Hill, NJ 08034
609-428-2309

Utilities

80 Micro, October 1983 • 197

Conex Electro Systems Inc.
1602 Carolina St.
Bellingham, WA 98227
206-734-4323

Real estate programs

Control Craft Inc.
P.O. Box 123
Muskego, WI 53150
414-784-9027

Custom software
Games

Program/data security
Utilities

Cook Laboratories Inc.
375 Ely Ave.
Norwalk, CT 06854
203-853-3641

Duplicating services

Cornsoft

6008 W. Keystone

Indianapolis, IN 46220

317-257-3227
Games

Cornwall Computer Systems Inc.

4 Cornwall Drive

East Brunswick, NJ 08816

201-238-5757

Apartment management system

CPAids Inc.
1640 Franklin
Kent, OH 44240
216-678-9015

Accounting
Payroll, personnel
Tax planning aids

CRB Microtools
14835 North First Ave.
Phoenix, AZ 85023
602-993-3999

Compilers
Custom software
Intelligent terminal
Programmer aids
Utilities

Creative Computer Center
1236 E. Colonial Drive
Orlando, FL 32803
800-327-9294

Accounting
Banking

Budget and forecast
Cash management
Cost accounting
Custom software
Education
Financial analysis
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Programmer aids
Purchase order, invoice
Sales

Custom Data
P.O. Box 1066
Aiamogordo, NM 88310
505-134-1096

Church donation program
Custom software

198 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Custom Software
9 Martin Road
Poughkeepsie, NY 12601
914-462-7098

Games

Utilities

Cybernetics Inc.

8041 Newman Ave., #208

Huntington Beach, CA 92647

714-848-1922

Accounting

Billing

Payroll, personnel

Program generators

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Utilities

D.B. Software Co.
11840 N.E. Brazee
Portland, OR 97220

503-255-7735
Accounting
Billing

Cash management
Cost accounting
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Purchase order, invoice

Data Management Systems
211 N. EI Camino Real, 101C
Encinitas, CA 92024
619-942-0744

Data-base management
Programmer aids
Utilities

Data Strategies Inc.

332 South Juniper St., Suite 210

Escondido, CA 92025

619-489-9218

Data-base management

Dental

Medical

Word processing

Datacom Computer
3318 West 61st St.
Cleveland, OH 44102
216-281-8820

Custom software
Data-base management
Report Generators

Datamate Company
4135 S. 100th East Ave.
Tulsa, OK 74145
918-664-7276

Financial analysis
Programmer aids

Datasoft Inc.

9421 Winnetka Ave.

Chatsworth, CA 91311

213-701-5161

Games

DCS Software
86 Mansel Drive

Landing. NJ 07850
201-398-8281

Accounting
Custom software
Games
Inventory control

Payroll, personnel
Order control
Purchase order, invoice
Sales
Utilities

Design Enterprises of San Francisco

P.O. Box 14695

San Francisco, CA 94114

415-282-8813

Word processing

Dilithium Press
P.O. Box E
Beaverton, OR 97075
800-547-1842

Books on software

Discovery' Games
3936 W. Highway 36
St. Paul, MN 55113

612-488-6843
Games

DLP Co.

36798 Wetheridge Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45230
513-232-7791

Accounting

Billing

Cash management

Custom software

Financial analysis

Insurance

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Utilities

Dorsett Educational Systems Inc.
P.O. Box 1226
Norman, OK 73070
415-321-0000

Education

EAP Co.
P.O. Box 14
Keller, TX 76248
817-498-1242

Utilities

Early Games

Suite 140, Shelard Plaza North

Minneapolis, MN 55426

800-328-1223

Education
Games
Preschool software

Easi Software Inc.
Windsor Court
Jackson, NJ 08527
201-367-5735

Custom software
Engineering software
Plotting/graphics
Scientific

Educational Software Library Inc.

3262 Park Lane

King of Prussia, PA 19406

215-337-3298

Education

Eigen Systems
Box 10234
Austin, TX 78766
512-837-4665

Communications

Compilers

Custom software

Games

Program /data security

Report generators

Scientific

Utilities

Word processing

FJtech Associates
2466 Moreno Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90039
213-663-0347

Bill of materials processor
Inventory control
Manufacturing control systems
Manufacturing, labor

collection system
Order control
Purchase order, invoice

En-Joy Computer Products
P.O. Box 1535
Goleta, CA 93116
805-735-1941

Education

Medical

Program generator

Programmer aids

Utilities

Epyx Inc.
1043 Kiel Court
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
408-745-0700

Games

B. Erickson Software
P.O. Box 11099
Chicago, IL 60611
312-276-9712

Games
Utilities

Esmark Inc.

507 East McKinley

Mishawaka, IN 46544

219-255-3035

Games

ETS Center
P.O. Box 651
35026-A Turtle Trail
Willoughby, OH 44094
216-946-8479
Utilities

FGA Software
74 Meyer Road
Hamilton, MA 01956
617-468-1634

Data-base management

Education

Games

Utilities

Word processing

Donald M. Fielding
2207 NW 61 Place
Margate, FL 33063
305-972-6744

Utilities

It's Simple. . . CALL AND SAVE MONEY

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CONVENIENT
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Telemarketing Works For You

f FRANKLIN

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from SCALL

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• See List ol Advertisers on P$g* 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 199

Is your filing system a

BLACK HOLE?

Do you file documents, never to see them again? Do you
spend hours trying to locate the right reference, report, or
client record? If you do. MAP is the solution to your
problems.

The MAP product line includes programs
that:

Build and edit text files

Quickly search free text files

Query structured data files

Create flexible databases

Sample Applications

Office filing systems
Indexing references
Litigation support
Client or patient records

1 Cross referencing of research notes

• Mailing lists

• Journal abstracts

• Inventory control
Catalogs

Prices range from $35.00 to 5 195 00.

Programs for TRSDOS and CP-'M operating systems.

Send for a brochure on MAP*s free-text information

retrieval programs and new database management

system.

We will include a brief explanation of our unique signature
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SOFTSHELL Corporation

The Small Computer Specialists for Professionals
P.O. Box 18522, Baltimore. MD 21237

CIRCLE COMPUTERS

15% DISCOUNT ON MOD l/lll SOFTWARE

FROM BIG FIVE & SOFT SECTOR MARKETING

DISK DRIVES WITH POWER SUPPLIES AND CASES

TANDON TM100-1 40TRK SINGLE SIDE 19900

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TANDON TM100-3 80TRK SINGLE SIDE 299 00

TANDON TM10O4 80TRK DOUBLE SIDE . 379 00

TEAC DUAL SIDED 40TRK 25900

REMEX 40TRK SINGLE SIDED 29900

WE ALSO HAVE 2 DRIVES IN A DOUBLE CASE CALL FOR PRICES
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TANDON TM100-1 40TRK SINGLE SIDE 16900

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REMEX 40TRK

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Bizgroph

The Grofyx Solution" for your Business

Powerful Graphics. BIZGRRPH is o
self-prompting business graphing pro-
gram designed to work exclusively with
Grofyx Solution. Micro-Labs' Grofyx
Solution is o plug-in, clip on board which
gives you 98,304 points in o 512 x 192
matrix . That's sixteen times as many
points as a standard Model Mil improve
your business with clear, occurate
graphs. Perfect for managers, small
businessmen and analysts. The BIZ-
GRRPH package can dispioy Line Graph,

Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Rrea Plot,
Histogram Plot, and Scatter Plot. Data
con be entered from the keyboard or
disk files - including VisiCalc .

Quality GrafyH. Select graph type,
enter data or file name, select options,
and a graph is quickly displayed in
amazingly fine detail. Multiple data sets
can be combined on one graph. Another
unique feature is the ability to dispioy the
hi-res screen along tuith the normal text
and low-res screen.

Versatile GrafyH. BIZGRRPH is a
flexible program providing automatic

labeling of X and V axis points using 85
characters/line. Forecasting future trends
is possible using line fitting, quadratic,
and third order linear regression
analysis. Data smoothing using moving
averages is also possible. The finished
graph can be saved on disk or printed
on any of 20 popular printers.

The Grofyx Solution package is shipped
from stock and includes the board, 44
programs, and a 54 page manual oil for
$299.95. The BIZGRRPH program,
somple graphs, and manual is $98.
Shipping is free on pre-paid or COD
orders. (Tx. res. odd 5% sales tax.)

"VwCat,T<eqKt«re<3 TM VbCtip Aft ^Bff acla

Micro-Labs, Inc. 214-235-0915

902 Pinecrest, Richardson, Texas 75080

200 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Fireside Computing Inc.
5843 Montgomery Road
Elkridge, MI) 21227
301-796-4165

CAI authoring systems
Education

Five Stones Software
P.O. Box 1369
Station B, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada KIP 5R4
613-238-1299
Games

Forthright Software
278 Connecticut Ave.
Newington, CT 06111
203-677-3826

Color Computer graphics

package
Custom software
Education
Games

Operating systems
Scientific
Utilities

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
Star Route 2
WythevuTe, VA 24382
703-228-5800

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Education

Financial analysis

Insurance

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Funsoft Inc.
28611 Canwood
Agoura, CA 91301
213-991-6540

Games

Gamester Software
9 Southmoor Circle
Kettering, OH 45429
914-634-1821

Accounting

Budget and forecast

Custom software

Data-base management

Data communications

Diagnostic

Mailing list

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Word processing

Good-Lyddon Data Systems
5486 Riverside Drive
Chino, CA 91710
714-980-1563

Accounting
Billing

Budget and forecast
Cost accounting
Custom software
Financial Analysis
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Gooth Software
3931 South Bemiston
St. Louis, MO 63105

314-727-2229

Income tax program

H & E Computronks
50 North Pascack Road
Spring VaBey, NY 10977
914-425-1535

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generator

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.
5835 Peachtree Corners East
Norcross, GA 30092
40+449-8791

Communications

Hexagon Systems

P.O. Box 397, Station A

Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 2N2

604-682-7646

Utilities

Word processing

Holman Data Processing
32059 W. Lincoln
Oroville, CA 95965
916-533-5992

Accounting
Billing

Holmes Engineering
33555 South 3200 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84119
801-261-5652

Accounting

Financial analysis

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Word processing

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers
P.O. Box 23825
Pleasant HOI, CA 94523
415-680-7888

Banking

Cost accounting

Custom software
Data-base management
Financial analysis
Inventory control
Program generators
Programmer aids
Report generator

Horizons Software
P.O. Box 4792
Springfield, MO 65808
417-831-5673

Games

Howe Software
14 Lexington Road
New City, NY 10956
914-634-1821

Accounting

Budget and forecast

Custom software

Data-base management

Data communications

Diagnostic

Mailing list

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Word processing

HPB Vector Co.

130 Center St.

East Stroudsburg, PA 18301

717421-3061

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Data-base management

Interpreters

Operating systems

Program/data security

Report generators

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Hurricane laboratories Inc.
5149 Moorpark Ave.
San Jose, CA 95129
408-257-8676

Accounting

Data-base management

Education

Inventory control

Linewriter

Medical

Pretty print

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Word processing

ICM Industries

10529 Connaught Drive

Carmel, IN 46032

317-872-1827

Custom software
Games

Program/data security
Programmer aids
Utilities

ICR FutureSoft
1718 Kingsley Ave. #3
Orange Park, FL 32073
904-269-1918

Communications
Data-base management
Inventory control
Program generators

Programmer aids
Report generators

U.S.

625 Cedar St.

Rock Springs, WY 82901

307-382-9742
Custom software
Inventory control

Individual Systems Inc.
P.O. Box 343
Downers Grove, IL 60515
312-968-2337

Data-base management
Inventory control
Programmer aids
Purchase order, invoice

Infocom Inc.
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138
617-192-1031

Games

Instant Software Inc.
Route 101 & Elm St.
Peterborough, NH 03458
603-924-9471

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Simulators

Utilities

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
P.O. Box 7186
Wilmington, DE 19803
215-358-3735

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program generators

Project management and

manufacturing
Purchase order, invoice
Sales
Scientific
Utilities
Word processing

Interface Technology

P.O. Box 383

Des Plaines, IL 60017

312-297-2265

BSR X-10 operating system

Intergraphics Inc.
106-A South Columbus St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-683-9414

Typesetting software

Interpro Corp.
P.O Box 4211
Manchester, NH 03108
603-669-0411

Games

80 Micro, October 1983 • 201

Mail list system
ROM emulator
Utilities

Intracoior Communications
6048 Horizon Drive
East Lansing, MI 48823
517-351-8537

Games

J & M Systems Ltd.
137 Utah, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87108
505-265-5072

Custom software

Disk alignment program

J. EU & Associates
635 South Hennessey
New Orleans, LA 70119
504-286-6448

Custom software
Education

J.F. Consulting

74355 BuIIon wood
Palm Desert, CA 92260
619-346-2051

Education

Medical

Plotting/Graphics

Prografh generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Utilities

Word processing

Khadin & Co.
1420 W. Shaw #B
FresmsCA 93711
209-221-1118

Education

Krell Software

1320 Stony Brook Road

Stony Brook, NY 11790

516-751-5139

Education
Games

Libra Laboratories Inc.
3495 Main St.
Metuchen, NJ 08840
20M94-2224

Accounting

Billing

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Plottting/graphics

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulator

Lindbergh Systems
41 Fairhill Road
Holden, MA 01520
617-852-0233

Communications
Utilities

Little Bee Educational Programs
P.O. Box 262
Massillon, OH 44646
216-832-1097

Education

202 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Lizcon Trading

32949 So. 300 W.

Salt Lake City, UT 84115

801-484-8179

Accounting
Billing

Custom software
Integrated invoicing/inven-
tory/accounts receivable
Inventory control
Medical

Purchase order, invoice
Video tape rental software

LNW Research Corp.
2620 Walnut
Tustin, CA 92680

714-544-5744
Plotting/graphics
Scientific

Special LNW80 software
Utilities

I. oho Drives International
358 S. Fairview Ave.
Goleta, CA 93117
805-683-1576

LDOS and SmalDOS operating
systems

Logical Systems Inc.
8970 N. 55th St.
P.O. Box 23956
Milwaukee, WI 53223
414-355-5454

Education

Inventory control

LDOS

Mail list manager

Programmer aids

Management Services
2901 Oendenen
Longview, TX 75601

Commodities
Custom software
Financial analysis
Simulators

Manhattan Software Inc.
P.O. Box 1063
Woodland Hjlls, CA 91365
213-704-8495

Accounting
Cash management
Cost accounting
Data-base management
Financial analysis
Games

Inventory control
Purchase order, invoice

Marathon Software
P.O. Box 1493
Jacksonville, TX 75766
214-586-8212

Games

Football prediction

Mark Data Products
24001 Alicia Parkway, #226
Mission Viejo, CA 92691
714-768-1551
Games

Master Electronics Inc.
154 N. 5th St.
Raymondville, TX 78580
512-689-5536

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Word processing

Maxtek Inc.

2908 Oregon Court, BWg. G-3

Torrance, CA 90503

213-320-6604

Plotting/graphics

Judson D. McClendon
844 Sun Valley Road
Birmingham, AI 35215
205-853-8440

Surveying

McClintock Corp.

P.O. Box 430980, SW 62nd Ave.

Miami, FL 33143

305-666-1300

Energy management
Engineering
Project management
Scientific

Meca

56677 Sunset Ave.

Yucca Valley, CA 92284

619-365-7686

Data-base management
Education
Inventory control

Med Systems Software
P.O. Box 3558
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
800-334-5470

Education

Games

Medical

Plotting/graphics

Utilities

Word processing

MedComp Inc.
142 Crescent St.
Brockton, MA 02402
617-583-M80

Billing

Medical

Utilities

Jerry Medlin & Associates
310 S. Jefferson St.
Napa, CA 94559

707-255-1475
Accounting

Melbourne House Software Inc.

333 E. 46th St.

New York, NY 10017

212-190-7957

Games

Menlo Systems

3790 El Camino Real #221

Palo Alto, CA 94306

415-856-0727

Plotting/graphics
Simulators

Micon Micro Systems
P.O. Box 360

Azle.TX 76020
817-444-2533

Accounting

Billing

Custom software

Inventory control

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Micro Architect Inc.
% Dothan S(
Arlington, MA 02174
617-643-4713

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Custom software

Data-base management

Inventory control

Mailing list

Medical

Payroll, personnel

Kogrammer aids
rchase order, invoice
Report generator
Utilities
Word'processing

Micro-Computer Sales Corporation
Box 53376, 223 Fairway Drive
Fayetteville, NC 28305
919-483-2003

Accounting

Amusement game management

Billing

Country club management

Custom software

Insurance

Inventory control

Mailing list

Management

Medical

Payroll, personnel

Property management

Vet management

Micro-80 Inc.

2665 N. Busby Road

Oak Harbor, WA 98277

206-675-6143

Amateur radio

Budget and forecast

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Utilities

Word processing

Micro-Labs Inc.

902 Pirn-crest
Richardson, TX 75080
214-235-0915

Custom software
Pfotting/graphics

Micro Mainframe

11325 Sunrise Gold Circle

Rancho Cordova, CA 95670

916-635-3997

Accounting

Billing

Education

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Simulators

Utilities

Micro Projects Engineering Co.
10810 W. Washington Blvd.
Culver City, CA 90230
213-202-1865

Custom software
Utilities

Micro Software

205 Dumaine Court. #105

Fort Walton Beach, FL 32548

904-862-5588

Data-base management

Micro Software Systems
1815 Smokewood Ave.
Fullerton, CA 92631
714-526-8435

Plotting/graphics

Micro Systems Software
2905-B Homestead Road
Santa Clara, CA 95051
408-984-0660

Utilities

Micro-Tax

P.O. Box 4262

Mountain View, CA 94040

415-964-2843

Federal and California State
Income Tax

MicroTech Exports Inc.
467 Hamilton Ave., Suite 2
Palo Alto, CA 94301
415-324-9114

Utilities

The Micro Works Inc.
P.O. Box 1110
Del Mar, CA 92014
619-942-2400

Games

Language (Color Forth)

Programmer aids

Utilities

Misosys

P.O. Box 4848

Alexandria, VA 22303

703-960-2998

Compilers
Operating systems
Plotting/graphics
Utilities

M-P-Software

(Formerly Micro Pro Systems)

Route 2, Box 533

Cumming, GA 30130

404-887-6814

Accounting

Banking

Custom software

Education

Games

Utilities

Mumford Micro Systems
Box 400

Summerland, CA 93067
805-969-4557

Custom software

Photo typesetting interface

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Scientific

Utilities

R.E. Musser & Sons
2816 Texas Ave.
Simi Valley, CA 93063
213-882-9264

Custom software

Home inventory for insurance

Sales

Utilities

Nanus Systems Corp.

P.O. Box 24344, 5981 W. Cadillac

Speedway, IN 46224

317-244-4078

System reference cards

National Integrated Software

Services Inc.

8800 E. Arapahoe Road

Englewood, CO 80112

303-694-1994

Budget and forecast

National Software Marketing Inc.
4701 Mckinley St.
Hollywood, FL 33021
305-625-6062

Accounting

Billing

Business management

Custom software

Games

Inventory control

Medical

Purchase order, invoice

Simulators

NC Software

7216 N. Boone Ave.

Minneapolis, MN 55428

612-533-8862

Communications
Custom software
Plotting/graphics
Programmer aids
Utilities

Nepenthe Programs
44 Third Ave., Suite F
Chula Vista, CA 92010
714425-5501

Accounting

Billing

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Word processing

New Classics Software
239 Fox Hill Road
Denville, NJ 07834
201-625-8838

Compiler
Inventory control
Purchase order, invoice

New Generation Software
241 North Hills Drive
North Him, WV 26101
304-428-7098

Accounting
Budget and forecast
Custom software
Education
Financial analysis
Games
Medical
Plotting/graphics

Options-80
Box 471-E
Concord, MA 01742

Stock option analysis

PAB Software Inc.
6827 Kirkdale Drive
Fort Wayne, IN 46815
219-485-6980

Education
Plotting/graphics
Programmer aids
Scientific ■

Pacific Office Systems of

Mountain View

2265 Old Middlefield Way

Mountain View, CA 94043

415-493-7455

Personal income tax interview
program

Peggytronics

381 First St.

Los Altos, CA 94022

408-737-2253
Custom software
Plotting/graphics
Utilities

Pel/Tek
P.O. Box 1026
Southampton, PA 18966
215-947-2334

Games

Word processing

Personal Micro Computers Inc.

475 Ellis St.

Mountain View, CA 94043

415-962-0220

Budget and forecast
Word processing

Phantasy
Box 02205
Cleveland, OH 44102

Games

Phase One Systems Inc.
7700 Edgewater Drive, #830
Oakland, CA 94621
415-562-8085

Communications
Compilers

Data-base management
Inventory cdntrol
Operating systems
Program /data security
Program generators
Report generators
Utilities

Philadelphia Consulting Group Inc.
P.O. Box 102
Wynnewood, PA 19104
215-649-1598

Communications
Utilities

Pickles & Trout
P.O. Box 1026
Goleta, CA 93116
805-685-4641

Operating systems

Picotrin Technology Inc.
3531 San Castle Blvd.
Lantana, FL 33462
305-586-2377

Utilities

Pi on Inc.

74 Appleton St.

Arlington, MA 02174

617-648-1717

Utilities

Pioneer Software
1746 NW 55th Ave., #204
Lauderhill, FL 33313
305-739-2071

Custom software

Games

Music generator and editor

Plotting/graphics

Program generators

Programmer aids

Utilities

Word processing

Platinum Software
P.O. Box 833

Pittsburgh, NY 12901
518-643-2650

Programmer aids
Utilities

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

7360 N. Lincoln Ave.
Lincoln wood, IL 60646
312-647-4)988

Accounting

Billing

Financial analysis

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Powersoft, Div . of Breeze/QSD Inc.
11500 Stemmons Fwy., Suite 125
Dallas, TX 75229
214484-2976

Custom software

interpreters

Operating systems

Program/data security

Programmer aids

Utilities

Word processing

Precision Prototypes
410 E. Roca
Refugio, TX 78377
512426-4758

Banking

Calendar

Football scouting report

Loan amortization

Mailing list system

Utilities

80 Micro, October 1983 • 203

Pro/Am Software
220 Cardigan Road
CentervOe, OH 45459
513435-M80

Disassemblers
Utilities

Process Control Technology
8030 Lorraine Ave., #328
Stockton, CA 95210
209-952-6576

Accounting

Billing

Custom software

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Program Innovations

P.O. Box 1368, 400 N. Walnut St.

Lumberton, NC 28358

919-739-3680

Custom software
Insurance
Plotting/graphics
Premium finance insurance
Programmer aids
Utilities

Programmer's Institute
P.O. Box 3191
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
919-967-0861

Accounting

Cash management

Data-base management

Education

Games

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Utilities

Prosoft

P.O. Box 560

North Hollywood, CA 91603

213-764-3131

Data-base management

Games

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Utilities

Word processing

Prototype Machine Works
7741 Alabama Ave., #8
Canoga Park, CA 91304
213-346-6711

Plotting/graphics
Scientific

Quality Software & Consulting
P.O. Box 11355
El Paso, TX 79924
915-751-7638

Communications

Rabeo Enterprises
806 Freedom Cirde
Harleysville, PA 19438
215-368-1866

Custom software
Modification of stock programs

Racet Computes Ltd.
1330 V GlasseU, Suite M
Orange, CA 92667
714-997-1950

Compilers

204 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Interpreters

Operating systems

Programmer aids

Scientific

Utilities

Word processing

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
7070B FarreU Road SE
Calgary, Alberta T2H 0T2
Canada
403-253-6142

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Financial analysis

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Program/data security

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Real Software Co.
P.O. Box 401
Hopedale, MA 01747
617-393-6281

Games
Education
Plotting/graphics
Simulators

Refware, Division of
David Whitney Associates
P.O. Box 451
Chappaqua, NY 10514
914-238-88%
Word processing

Reliable Cash Register Inc.

415 Millbury St.

Worcester, MA 01607

617-755-8084
Communications
Custom software
Retail inventory control

Rem Industries Inc.
9420 B Lurling Drive
Chatsworth, CA 91311
213-341-3719

Custom software

Forms generators

Home inventory for insurance

Utilities

Remarkable Software Inc.
1781 Fifth St.
Muskegon, MI 49441
616-728-9100

Color Computer magazine
Typesetting service

Remsoft Inc.
571 E. 185th St.
Euclid, OH 44119
216-531-1338

Education
Insurance

Rockware Data Corporation
P.O. Box 401710
Dallas, TX 75240
214-5964)588

Accounting

Amortization

Tax and pension plan

Rogo Computer Products
4752 De Beers Drive
El Paso, TX 79924
915-751-7638

Communications

Rontei Corp.
903 Shady Drive, SE
Vienna, VA 22180
703-281-1061

Games
Programmer aids

Sandpiper Software
P.O. Box 336
Maynard, MA 01754
617-568-8641

Accounting
Custom software
Education
Games

Inventory control
Point of sale

See-Thru Enterprises
933 Frank Ave.
Windsor, Ontario, Canada
519-735-2995

Education
Light pen software
Music Program
Plotting/graphics

Semi Disk Systems
P.O. Box GG
Beaverton, OR 97075
503-642-3100

Installation software for Semi Disk

Serious Personal Computing
P.O. Box 7059
Nashua, NH 03060
603-888-1376

Accounting
Compilers
Custom software
Education
General business
Inventory control
Operating systems
Scientific
Utilities

Shawmut Systems
105 Circle Drive
Somerset, MA 02726
617-672-9794

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Custom software

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

The Smallsystem Center

P.O. Box 268

New Hartford, CT 06057

203-482-3689

Custom software
Data-base management
Education
Plotting/graphics
Program/data security
Program generators
Programmer aids
Sales

Utilities

Small System Design
225A Lowell Road
Hudson, NH 03051
603-880-1322

Text editing
Word processing

Soft Images
200 Route 17
Mahwah, NJ 07430
201-529-1440

Custom software

Education

Games

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Softbyte Computing
Box 217

Wallingford, CT 06492
203-288-2036

Data-base management

Education

Food coupon shopping list

Plotting/graphics

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

So ft ouch

3200 Polaris, Suite 3

Las Vegas, NV 89102

702-367-2033

Utilities

Software Affair
858 Rubis Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94087
408-730-1030

Music synthesizers

Software Concepts
105-106 Preston Valley
Shopping Center
Dallas, TX 75230
214-458-0330

Data-base management

Games

Plotting/graphics

Utilities

Word processing

Software Models
23913 Bowl Road
Crestline, CA 92325
714-338-5075

Budget and forecast

Custom software

Financial analysis

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

VisiCalc templates

Spectral Associates
141 Harvard Ave.
Tacoma, WA 98466
206-565-8483

Compilers
Education
Games

Operating systems
Program generators
Programmer aids
Scientific

* \

WORD GRAPHICS

DATA PROCESSOR

Copy Art II has earned the "Professional
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Certification #1633

1 RECOMMENDED 1

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Columns

Sorting

Graphics

Math

Graphic Characters

Justify/Proportional

Super/Sub Script

Underlining

Change Character Size or

Pitch Easily!
Help Command
Electric Webster Integration
Headers/Footers
Page Numbering
Edit Basic Programs

DOS Commands Like Dir,

Kill & Free
Hi-Res Graphics Supported on

Most Printers with Capability
Free Mail List Program Allows

Merging Names with

Form Letters
Scripsit File Loader
Imbed Printer Control Codes
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Okidata 80, 82A, 83A, 84, 92, 93 Brother HR-1 Daisy Wheel

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This Report Card was
done for CopyArt
Version One (since
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s a word processor
with integral graphics
capabilities, CopyArt is
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80 MICRO, Sept 82

call toll free

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SPECIFY PRINTER WHEN ORDERING

COPYART 1 49.95 Visa/MC/AMEX

Extra printer drivers 19.95

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Hardware Requirements TRS-80 Mod I, III or IV

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SIMUTEK

Computer Products Inc.

4897 E. Speedway Tucson, AZ 85712
(602)323-9391 ..64

■See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 205

GRADE BOOK

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Simple comprehensive

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IBM-PC
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Jeopardi TRS-80 l/lll "9 95
Factor Laoei (CAI) TRS 80 l/lll «29 95
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visa-

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•207

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Foreign Computer
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You have a large technical audience that
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microcomputer information the Wayne
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Provide your audience with the maga-
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World Wide Media

386 Park Ave. South

New York. N.Y. 10016

Phone— (212) 686-1520

Telex— 620430

~TRS80 color

From trie January 1961 issue ot the CSRA Computer
Club newsletter

There was some amusement at the Novem-
ber meeting when the Radio Shacfe repre-
sentatives stated that the software m the (
ROM cartridges could not be copied This
month s 68 Micro Journal reported Ihey had
disassembled the programs on ROM by
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tape They promise details ne«t month Never
ten a hobbyist something can t be done' This
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68 MICRO JOURNAL

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131 A East Ormnjre St.
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Subscription.
Problem?

80 Micro does not keep subscription
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Please send a description of the prob-
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Than* you and enioy your subscription

206 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Continued

Utilities

Word processing

Standard Microsystems Inc.
136 Granite Hill Court
Langborne, PA 19047
215-968-5966

Data-base management
Investment analysis

Star-Kits

P.O. Box 209

Mt. Kisco, NY 10549

914-241-0287

Cash management

Games

Operating systems

Utilities

Word processing

Star Value Software
12218 Scribe Drive
Austin, TX 78759
512-837-5498

Cash management
Investment analysis

Starrs-80

P.O. Box 2163

E. Peoria, IL 61611

309-694-7075

Custom software
Data-base management
Financial analysis

Storybooks of the Future

P.O. Box 4447

Santa Clara, CA 95054

415-386-5184

Education

STSCInc.

2115 E. Jefferson St.

Rock villc. MD 20852

301-984-5000

APL*Plus/80 application
development system

Sublogic Communication Corp.
713 Edgebrook Drive
Champaign, II, 61820
217-359-8482

Education

Games

Plotting/graphics

Simulators

Utilities

Swallow Software
P.O. Box 502
Florence, AL 35631
205-766-0030

Games

Swayback Software
Box 1531

Merchantville, N.J 08109
609-778-0811

Custom software
Data-base management
Program generators
Programmer aids
Report generators
Utilities

T & D Software
144 W. 28th St.
Holland, MI 49423
616-396-7577

Education

Games
General business

T.C.E. Programs
P.O. Box 2477
Gaithersburg, MD 20879
301-963-3848

Custom software

Education

Plotting/graphics

Taranto & Associates Inc.

121 Paul Drive

San Rafael, CA 94903

415-172-2670

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Word processing

Telexpress Inc.

Route 130 & Beverty-Rancocas

WiDingboro, NJ 08046

609-877-4900

Communications
Insurance

Program generators
Report generators

Think Software Inc.
572-810 W. Broadway
Vancouver, B.C., Canada V5Z 4C9
604-261-7261

Financial analysis

Thoughtware Publishing

(Formerly Data Train)

P.O. Box 669

Grants Pass, OR 97526

503-476-1467
Accounting
Billing
Budget

Cash management
Cost accounting
Custom software
Education
Financial analysis
Interpreters
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Program/data security
Program generators
Purchase order, invoice
Report generators
Sales
Utilities

Transformation Technologies

194 I oik wood Lane
Bloomingdale, IN 60108
312-351-1210

Cash management

Utilities

Word processing

Trend Software Co.
P.O. Box 741

Bloomfield Hills, MI 48013
313-540-8143

Games

Triple-D Software
P.O. Box 642-A
Layton, UT 84041
801-546-2833

Compilers

Custom software

Education

Games

Home knitting

Operating systems

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Tsasa Inc./Powerbyte Software

2 Chipley Run

West Berlin, NJ 08091

609-346-3063

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

L'nivair Inc.

9024 St. Charles Rock Road

St. Louis, MO 63114

314-126-1099

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Education

Financial analysis

Insurance

Inventory control

Legal time and billing

Medical

Payroll, personnel

Property management

Purchase order, invoice

Real estate multi-list

Sales

Universal Data Research Inc.
2457 Wehrie Drive
Buffalo, NY 14221
716-631-3011

Accounting

Billing

Church contributions

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Interpreters

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel
Purchase order, invoice:
Report generators
Utilities

V ideo Ironies of Sarasota Inc.
1725 S. Tamiami Trail
Sarasota, FL 33579
813-953-2332

Tax

Yolks-80 Software Inc.
202 Packets Court
Williamsburg, VA 23185
804-220-0005

Communications
Custom software
Data-base management

Utilities

Western Operations
395 N. Hay den Bay Drive
Portland, OR 97217
503-289-1133

Operating systems
Programmer aids
Utilities

John Wiley & Sons
605 Third Ave.
New York, NY 10158
212-850-6542

Billing

Data-base management

Education

Utilities

Williams Enterprises
3101 Cheverly Ave.
Cheverly, MD 20785
301-773-3015

Bible teaching

Windham Software Inc.
29/31 Ivanhill St.
Willimantic, CI 06226
203-456-3530

Budget and forecast
Cash management
Dental office system
Medical office system

Xitex Corp.
9861 Chartwell
Dallas, TX 75243
214-349-2491

TRS-80 to standard bus (CPU)
driver handshaking software

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.
2 Penn Plaza, Suite 1500
New York, NY 10121
212-244-3100

Data-base management
Interpreters
Programmer aids
Utilities

80 Micro, October 1983 • 207

Software
Manufacturers

Product

Accounting

Action Computers

Alphanetics

Analytical Processes Corp.

Chuck Atkinson Programs

Canty & Associates

Century Software Systems

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

CPAids Inc.

Creative Computer Center

Cybernetics Inc.

D.B. Software Co.

DCS Software

DLP Co.

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Holman Data Processing

Holmes Engineering

Howe Software

Hurricane Laboratories Inc.

Instant Software Inc.

Institute for Scientific

Analysis Inc.
Libra Laboratories Inc.
Lizcon Trading
Manhattan Software Inc.
Jerry Medlin & Associates
Micon Micro Systems
Micro Architect Inc.
Micro-Computer Sales Corp.
Micro Mainframe
M-P-Software

National Software Marketing

Nepenthe Programs

New Generation Software

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

Process Control Technology

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Rock ware Data Corp.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Sandpiper Software

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Universal Data Research Inc.

Banking

Action Computers

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Creative Computer Center

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance

Computers

Micro Architect Inc.

M-P-Software

Precision Prototypes

Shawmut Systems

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Billing

Action Computers

208 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Analytical Processes Corp.

Baudy House

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Shack

Computerware

Cybernetics Inc.

D.B. Software Co.

DLP Co.

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Holman Data Processing

Instant Software Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Lizcon Trading

MedComp Inc.

Micon Micro Systems

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.

Micro Mainframe

National Software Marketing Inc.

Nepenthe Programs

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

Process Control Technology

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Shawmut Systems

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Universal Data Research Inc.

John Wiley & Sons

Budget and Forecast

Action Computers
Analytical Processes Corp.
Astro-Star Enterprises
Canty & Associates
Century Software Systems
Chromasette Magazine
CLOAD Magazine Inc.
Color Software Services
Computer Discount
Computer Generated Data
Creative Computer Center
Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
Good-Lyddon Data Systems
H & E Computronics
Howe Software

Instant Software Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-80 Inc.

National Integrated Software
Services Inc.

New Generation Software

Personal Micro Computers Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Shawmut Systems

Software Models

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Cash Management

Action Computers
Adventure International
The Alternate Source
Astro-Star Enterprises
Chuck Atkinson Programs
Century Software Systems
Communications Electronics
Computer Discount
Computer Generated Data
Computer Shack

Computerware

Creative Computer Center

D.B. Software Co.

DLP Co.

Freedom Micro Systems Inc.

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Co.

Instant Software Inc.

Manhattan Software Inc.

Micro Architect Inc.

Nepenthe Programs

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Shawmut Systems

Software Models

Star-Kits

Star Value Software

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Transformation Technologies

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Windham Software Inc.

Compilers

Action Computers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Computer Discount

CRB Microtools

Eigen Systems

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Company

Misosys

New Classics Software

Phase One Systems Inc.

Racet Computes Ltd.

Serious Personal Computing

Spectral Associates

Triple- D Software

Universal Data Research Inc.

Cost Accounting

Action Computers

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Creative Computer Center

D.B. Software Co.

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

HPB Vector Co.

Instant Software Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Manhattan Software Inc.

Nepenthe Programs

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Univair Inc.

Custom Software

Action Computers
Algorithmic Associates
The Alternate Source
Analytical Processes Corp.
AString Systems
Astro-Star Enterprises
Aton International Inc.
Bi-Tech Enterprises
Howard Bowe
Business Problem Solvers
Century Software Systems
Color Software Services
Communications Electronics
Computer Applications Unlimited
Computer Business Systems

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

Control Craft Inc.

CRB Microtools

Creative Computer Center

Custom Data

Datacom Computer Sales &

Supplies
DCS Software
Easi Software Inc.
Eigen Systems
J. Eli & Associates
Forthright Software
Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
Good-Lyddon Data Systems
H & E Computronics
Hon Finance & Insurance

Computers
Howe Software
ICM Industries
U.S.
Institute for Scientific

Analysis Inc.
J & M Systems Ltd.
Libra Laboratories Inc.
Lizcon Trading
Management Services
Micon Micro Systems

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro Projects Engineering Co.

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.

Micro- Labs Inc.

M.P. Software

Mumford Micro Systems

R.E. Musser & Sons
Marketing Inc.

NC Software

Nepenthe Programs

New Generation Software

Peggytronics

Pioneer Software

Powersoft, Div. of
Breeze/QSD Inc.

Process Control Technology

Program Innovations

Quality Software & Consulting

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Reliable Cash Register Inc.

REM Industries Inc.

Sandpiper Software

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

The Smallsystem Center

Soft Images

Starrs-80

Swayback Software

T.C.E. Programs

Thoughtware Publishing

Triple-D Software

Univair Inc.

Universal Data Research Inc.

Volks-80 Software Inc.

Data-Base Management

Action Computers
Adventure International
Algorix Software
The Alternate Source
AString Systems
Autel Electronic Co.
Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.
Bible Research Systems
Century Software Systems
Computer Discount
Computer Generated Data
Computerware
Data Management Systems

Continued

WHS

MOUNIMN

Of BUSIHISS

WMMH

Because it's there. And it'll be
there until you have Easy CaJc.
Business Analysis and Master
Plot . . . three essential addi-
tions to the modern profession-
al's survival gear. Why spend
endless hours forecasting, cal-
culating and graph-plotting
when Instant Software's busi-
ness programs can do it for you?
At a fraction of the time. And at
a fraction of what you'd expect
to pay.

GfiAvtS

MASTER PLOT.

BUSINESS ANALYSIS!

Get forecasting capabilities previously
available only on large computers. This
flexible, professional time series analy-
sis and forecasting package lets you:
•Forecast and analyze sales.
•Perform product and business
planning.
•Analyze stock, trends and growth

rates.
•Research business cycles.
• Forecast spending and energy con-
sumption.
Plus much more! Analyze and forecast
like a pro with Business Analysis.
Requires: TRS-80 Model I and III 32K
Tape*0140RS75.00
Disk "0152RD $99.95

EASY CAJLC M^«_i^_
Turn your TRS-80 Into an electronic
spreadsheet!

•Write numeric data into simple
rows and columns on your screen.
•Add. subtract, multiply, divide or
exponentiate single values or rows
and columns.
•Calculate percentages and sum-
mations of rows or columns.
•Enter and save entire series of

calculations.
•Handles up to 600 figures.
Written for non-computerists. Easy to
understand instructions. Easv to use.
Requires: TRS-80 Disk 48K

Model I: "0269RD $49.95
Model III: "0369RD $49.95

Get your point across graphically with
this professional graph-plotting and
printing package.

•Enter graph data from keyboard
equations or from your BASIC
programs.
•Plot up to 10 sets of data on the

same graph.
•Create your own plotting symbols.
•Choose any number of horizontal

and vertical lines.
•Select your own number of inter-
polated points between your data
points.
•Print graphs any size from 1 x 1 to
7 x 24 inches.
Plus much more! Make your charts and
graphs the easy wav. with Master
Plot.
Requires: TRS-80* Model I only

48K Disk Epson * • MX-80
printer with Graphtrax
"0435RD $149.95

"Epson Is a trademark of Epson Amrnca. 'TRS-80 Is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division ol Tand\ Corp
I — "

YES! I want to conquer that mountain!

Send me: "0269RD @ S49.95 «0369RD @ S49.95

*0435RD<8>$ 149.95 *0152KD <g S 99.95 TJ140R @ S75.00

< heck/MO
Amer. Ex.

LMC

CVISA

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

CARD* .

STATE

ZIP

INTERBANK".
Add 82 SO postage and handling SIGNATURE _

EXP. DATE,

Instant Software ,

33ABBC

-800-258-5473
Rte. 101 & Elm Street
Peterborough, NH 03458 ..we

• Set List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro. October 1983 • 209

FREE

business software
directory

• Radio Shack's Model 1, 2, 3 & 16

• CPM: Xerox, Alto...

• IBM Personal Computer & compatibles

"(DBMS) is GREAT!"

-publisher of 80-US

"(GL) superior to either the Osborne (SBSG & Taranto) or
Radio Shack.. . MAIL-X has a greater capacity .. .more
flexible than (R.S.)" -columnist of 80-microcomputing

"imperceptively fast ... (DBMS) is a good and reliable
workhorse" -publisher of Interface Age

Data base manager, integrated accounting package (AR, AP,
GL & Payroll), inventory, word processing, and mailing list.
Compare and be selective ! Top-quality software at mass-
production prices !

J^f

Micro Architect Inc.

Great Pine Ave. Burlington, MA 01803

617-273-5658

• 149

Author
author^

The call for authors is out!

Wayne Green Books announces a De-
cember 31, 1983 deadline for submit-
ting manuscript proposals for the up-
coming publication list. Ideas for book-
length manuscripts about any micro-
computer system or area of electronics
will be considered. In addition to pay-
ment and royalties, we offer our distri-
bution channels and the marketing
support your book deserves.

Send proposals or requests for a copy
of our Writer's Guide to:

Editor, Wayne Green Books

Peterborough, NH 03458.

Or call toll-free 1-800-343-0728.

MICRO DESIGN INTRODUCES

REMOVABLE

WINCHESTER HARD DISK SYSTEM

For the TRS-80, IBM & Apple Computer

FEATURES

• Approximately nine times faster than standard floppy disk drives

• Mix & Match Fixed & Removable drives for a custom system
» Up to 45 megabyte on-line storage • Builuin error detection & correction.

Starting
At

$1299

Tex. Res. Call 512-441-7890

MICRO DESIGN

6301 Manchaca Rd. Suite B • Austin, TX 78745

1-800-531-5002

Data Strategies Inc.

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

FGA Software

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

Howe Software

HPB Vector Co.

Hurricane Laboratories Inc.

ICR Futuresoft

Individual Systems Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Manhattan Software Inc.

Meca

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-80 Inc.

Micro Software

Phase One Systems Inc.

Prosoft

Quality Software & Consulting

The Smallsystem Center

Softbyte Computing

Software Concepts

Standard Microsystems Inc.

Starrs-80

Swayback Software

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Universal Data Research Inc.

Volks-80 Software Inc.

John Wiley & Sons

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Education

Acorn Software Products Inc.

Action Computers

Analytical Processes Corp.

Astro-Star Enterprise

Avalon Hill Microcomputer Games

Basics & Beyond Inc.

Becker Electronics Inc.

Bible Research Systems

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Color Software Services

Creative Computer Center

Dorsett Educational Systems Inc.

Early Games

Educational Software Library Inc.

En-Joy Computer Programs

FGA Software

Fireside Computing Inc.

Forthright Software

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

H & E Computronics

Hurricane Laboratories Inc.

Instant Software Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
J. Eli & Associates
J.F. Consulting

Khadin & Co.
Krell Software

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Little Bee Educational Programs

Meca

Micro-80 Inc.

Micro Mainframe

M-P-Software

New Generation Software

PAB Software

Quality Software & Consulting

Real Software Co.

Remsoft Inc.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Sandpiper Software

ScreenPlay

See-Thru Enterprises

Serious Personal Computing

The Smallsystem Center

Soft Images

Softbyte Computing

Spectral Associates

Storybooks of the Future
Sublogic Communication Corp.
T & D Software
T.C.E. Programs
Thoughtware Publishing
Triple- D Software
Univair Inc.
John Wiley & Sons

Financial Analysis

Action Computers

Analytical Processes Corp.

Chuck Atkinson Programs

Bayesian Investment Services

Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.

Canty & Associates

Century Software Systems

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Creative Computer Center

Datamate Co.

DLP Co.

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Holmes Engineering

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

Instant Software Inc.

Management Services

Manhattan Software Inc.

Micro-80 Inc.

New Generation Software

P. Tree Enterprises

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Software Models

Starrs-80

Think Software Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Tsasa lnc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Games

ABS Suppliers

Acorn Software Products Inc.

Action Computers

Adventure International

Algorithmic Associates

Alpha Products

The Alternate Source

Analytical Processes Corp.

Autel Electronic Co.

Avalon Hill Microcomputer Games

Banana Soft

Basics & Beyond Inc.

Big Five Software

Cedar Software

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Color Software Services

Computer Applications Unlimited

Computer Shack

Computerware

Control Craft Inc.

Cornsoft

Custom Software

Datasoft Inc.

DCS Software

Discovery Games

Early Games

Epyx/ Automated Simulations Inc.

B. Erickson Software

Esmark Inc.

FGA Software

Five Stones Software

Forthright Software

Funsoft Inc.

Gamester Software

Instant Software Inc.

Manhattan Software Inc.

Mark Data Products

Melbourne House Software Inc.

The Micro Works Inc.

Micro-80 Inc.

M-P-Software

National Software Marketing Inc.

New Generation Software

Pel/Tek

Phantasy

Pioneer Software

Prosoft

Quality Software & Consulting

Real Software Co.

Rontel Corp.

Sandpiper Software

ScreenPlay

Soft Images

Software Concepts

Spectral Associates

Star-Kits

Sublogic Communication Corp.

Swallow Software

T & D Software

Trend Software Co.

Triple-D Software

Insurance

Action Computers
Computer Discount
DLP Co.

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
H & E Computronics
Micro-Computer Sales Corp.
Program Innovations
Remsoft Inc.
Univair Inc.

Interpreters

Action Computers

The Alternate Source

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Computer Discount

Computerware

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Co.

Phase One Systems Inc.

Powersoft, Div. of Breeze/QSD Inc.

Racet Computes Ltd.

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Data Research Inc.

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Inventory Control

Action Computers

Analytical Processes Corp.

Chuck Atkinson Programs

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Business Problem Solvers

Century Software Systems

C.F. Kerchner & Associates Inc.

Color Software Services

Computer/Business Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

Creative Computer Center

D.B. Software Co.

DCS Software

Eltech Associates

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

Hurricane Laboratories Inc.

ICR Futuresoft

U.S.

Individual Systems Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 211

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Lizcon Trading

Manhattan Software Inc.

Meca

Micon Micro Systems

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.

Micro Mainframe

National Software Marketing Inc.

Nepenthe Programs

New Classics Software

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

Process Control Technology

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Sandpiper Software

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Univair Inc.

Universal Data Research Inc.

Medical

Action Computers
Computer/Business Systems
Computer Discount
Data Strategies Inc.
En-Joy Computer Programs
H & E Computronics
Hurricane Laboratories Inc.
J.F. Consulting
Lizcon Trading
MedComp Inc.
Micro Architect Inc.
Micro-Computer Sales Corp.
National Software Marketing Inc.
New Generation Software
ScreenPlay
Univair Inc.
Windham Software Inc.

Operating Systems

Action Computers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

Apparat Inc.

Aton International Inc.

Canty & Associates

Computer Discount

Computerware

Forthright Software

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Co.

Micro Mainframe

Misosys

Phase One Systems Inc.

Pickles & Trout

Powersoft, Div. of Breeze/QSD Inc.

Racet Computes Ltd.

Serious Personal Computing

Spectral Associates

Star-Kits

Triple-D Software

Universal Data Research Inc.

Western Operations

Payroll/Personnel

Action Computers

Chuck Atkinson Programs

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

CPAids Inc.

Creative Computer Center

Cybernetics Inc.

D.B. Software Co.

DCS Software

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

212 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Holmes Engineeering

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.

Micro Mainframe

Nepenthe Programs

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

Process Control Technology

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Shawmut Systems

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Univair Inc.

Universal Data Research Inc.

Plotting/Graphics

Action Computers

Algorithmic Associates

Analytical Processes Corp.

Autel Electronic Co.

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Computer Discount

Computerware

Compuware Corp.

Easi Software Inc.

H & E Computronics

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

J.F. Consulting

Libra Laboratories Inc.

LNW Research Corp.

Menlo Systems

Micro- Labs Inc.

Micro Software Systems

Misosys

Mumford Micro Systems

NC Software

New Generation Software

PAB Software Inc.

Peggytronics

Pioneer Software

Program Innovations

Prosoft

Prototype Machine Works

Real Software Company

ScreenPlay

See-Thru Enterprises

The Smallsystem Center

Soft Images

Softbyte Computing

Software Concepts

Sublogic Communication Corp.

T.C.E. Programs

Program/Data Security

Action Computers

Computer Discount

Computerware

Control Craft Inc.

Eigen Systems

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Co.

Phase One Systems Inc.

Powersoft, Div. of Breeze/QSD Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

The Smallsystem Center

Thoughtware Publishing

Program Generators

Action Computers

The Alternate Source

Computer Discount

Cybernetics Inc.

En-Joy Computer Programs

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

ICR Futuresoft

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

J.F. Consulting
Phase One Systems Inc.
Pioneer Software
The Smallsystem Center
Spectral Associates
Swayback Software
Telexpress Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing

Programmer Aids

ABS Suppliers

Action Computers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

Analytical Processes Corp.

Apparat Inc.

Howard Bowe

Business Problem Solvers

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Computer Applications Unlimited

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

CRB Microtools

Creative Computer Center

Data Management Systems

Datamate Co.

DCS Software

DLP Co.

En-Joy Computer Programs

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

ICM Industries

ICR Futuresoft

U.S.

Individual Systems Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

J.F. Consulting

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro Mainframe

The Micro Works Inc.

Mumford Micro Systems

NC Software

Nepenthe Programs

PAB Software Inc.

Pioneer Software

Platinum Software

Powersoft, Div. of Breeze/QSD Inc.

Program Innovations

Prosoft

Racet Computes Ltd.

Rontel Corp.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

The Smallsystem Center

Soft Images

Spectral Associates

Swayback Software

Triple-D Software

Western Operations

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Purchase Order, Invoice

Action Computers
Analytical Processes Corp.
Bi-Tech Enterprises
Business Problem Solvers
Color Software Services
Computer /Business Services
Computer Discount
Computer Generated Data
Computer Shack
Computerware
Creative Computer Center
Cybernetics Inc.
D.B. Software Co.
DCS Software
Eltech Associates
Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
Good-Lyddon Data Systems
H & E Computronics
Holmes Engineering

Howe Software

Hurricane Labs Inc.

Individual Systems Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

J.F. Consulting

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Lizcon Trading

Manhattan Software Inc.

Micon Micro Systems

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro Mainframe

National Software Marketing Inc.

Nepenthe Programs

New Classics Software

Plus Computer Technology Inc.

Process Control Technology

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Shawmut Systems

Software Models

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Triple- D Software

Tsasa Inc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Universal Data Research Inc.

Report Generators

Action Computers

Adventure International

The Alternate Source

AString Systems

Computer Discount

Cybernetics Inc.

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

Eigen Systems

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

HPB Vector Co.

ICR Futuresoft

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

J.F. Consulting

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Micro Architect Inc.

Phase One Systems Inc.

Swayback Software

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Telexpress Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Data Research Inc.

Sales

Action Computers

Chuck Atkinson Programs

Bi-Tech Enterprises

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

Creative Computer Center

Cybernetics Inc.

DCS Software

Freedom Micro Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Holmes Engineering

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Micon Micro Systems

Micro Mainframe

R.E. Musser & Sons

Phis Computer Technology Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

The Smallsystem Center

Softbyte Computing

Software Models

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Tsasa Inc./Powerbyte Software

Univair Inc.

Scientific

Action Computers

Adventure International

Alpha Products

Astro-Star Enterprises

Autel Electronic Co.

Becker Electronics Inc.

Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.

Howard Bowe

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Easi Software Inc.

Eigen Systems

Forthright Software

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Co.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

LNW Research Corp.

McClintock Corp.

Mum ford Micro Systems

PAB Software Inc.

Prototype Machine Works

Racet Computes Ltd.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Serious Personal Computing

Soft Images

Softbyte Computing

Spectral Associates

Simulators

Algorix Software

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Computer Discount

H & E Computronics

HPB Vector Co.

Instant Software Inc.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

Management Services

Menlo Systems

National Software Marketing Inc.

Real Software Co.

Soft Images

Softbyte Computing

Sublogic Communication Corp.

Utilities

ABS Suppliers

Acorn Software Products Inc.

Action Computers

Adventure International

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

Analytical Processes Corp.

Apparat Inc.

Aton international Inc.

Autel Electronic Co.

Basics & Beyond Inc.

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Howard Bowe

Business Problem Solvers

Canty & Associates

Chromasette Magazine

CLOAD Magazine Inc.

Color Software Services

Computer Applications Unlimited

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Shack

Computerware

Control Craft Inc.

CRB Microtools

Custom Software

Cybernetics Inc.

Data Management Systems

DCS Software

DLP Co.

EAP Co.

Eigen Systems

En- Joy Computer Programs

B. Erickson Software

ETS Center

FGA Software

Donald M. Fielding

Forthright Software

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Hexagon Systems

Howe Software

HPB Vector Co.

Hurricane Laboratories Inc.

ICM Industries

U.S.

Instant Software Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Interpro Corp.

J.F. Consulting

Lindbergh Systems

LNW Research Corp.

MedComp Inc.

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-80 Inc.

Micro Mainframe

Micro Projects Engineering Co.

Micro Systems Software

The Micro Works Inc.

Microtech Exports Inc.

Misosys

M-P-Software

Mumford Micro Systems

R.E. Musser & Sons

NC Software

Nepenthe Programs

Peggytronics

Phase One Systems Inc.

Philadelphia Consulting Group Inc.

Pion Inc.

Pioneer Software

Platinum Software

Powersoft, Div. of Breeze/QSD Inc.

Precision Prototypes

Pro/Am Software

Program Innovations

Prosoft

Racet Computes Ltd.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Rem Industries Inc.

Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

ScreenPlay

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

The Smallsystem Center

Soft Images

Softouch

Software Concepts

Spectral Associates

Star-Kits

Sublogic Communication Corp.

Swayback Software

Thoughtware Publishing

Transformation Technologies

Triple-D Software

Tsasa Inc./Powerbyte Software

Universal Data Research Inc.

Volks-80 Software Inc.

Western Operations

John Wiley & Sons

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Word Processing

Action Computers
The Alternate Source
Anitek Software Products
Astro-Star Enterprises
Canty & Associates
Chromasette Magazine
CLOAD Magazine Inc.
Computer Discount

80 Micro, October 1983 • 213

Computerware

Data Strategies Inc.

Design Enterprises of San Francisco

Eigen Systems

FGA Software

H & E Computronics

Hexagon Systems

Holmes Engineering

Howe Software

HPB Vector Co.

Hurricane Laboratories Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Software
Distributors

ABS Suppliers
3352 Chelsea Circle
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
313-971-1404

Games

Programmer aids

System diagnostic package

Technical publications

Utilities

Word processing

Ace Computer Products of Florida Inc.
1640 NW 3rd St.
Deerfield Beach, FL 33441
305-427-1257

Data Communication

Action Computers
85 Factory St.
Nashua, NH 03062
603-883-5369

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program change

Program /data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order/invoice

Report generator

Sales

Software operations check

Word processing

Alamo Computer Co.

1234 Avant

San Antonio, TX 78210

512-534-7782
Radio Shack software

J & M Systems Ltd.

J.F. Consulting

Micro Architect Inc.

Micro-80 Inc.

Nepenthe Programs

Pel/Tek

Personal Micro Computers Inc.

Pioneer Software

Powersoft, Div. of Breeze/QSD Inc.

Prosoft

Racet Computes Ltd.

Algorithmic Associates
P.O. Box 244
Bedford, MA 01730

617-646-4615
Custom software
Games
Plotting/graphics

Algorix Software

P.O. Box 11721

San Francisco, CA 94101

415-387-3131

Compilers

Data-base management

Operating systems

Programmer aids

Simulators

Utilities

Alpha Products
79-04 Jamaica
Woodhaven, NY 11421
212-296-5916

Games
Scientific

The Alternate Source
704 N. Penn. Ave.
Lansing, MI 48906
800-248-0284

Budget and forecast
Cash management
Cost accounting
Custom software
Data-base management
Education
Games

Operating systems
Plotting/graphics
Programmer aids
Report generators
Scientific
Word processing

American Small Business Computers
118 S. Mill St.
Pryor, OK 74361
918-825^*844

Accounting

Billing

Compiler

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Games

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Simulators

Refware Div. of David Whitney

Associates
ScreenPlay
Small System Design
Soft Images
Software Concepts
Spectral Associates
Star-Kits

Taranto & Associates Inc.
Transformation Technologies
Tsasa Inc./Powerbyte Software

Utilities

Word processing

Amflex Products & Services
P.O. Box 852

Adrian, MI 49221
517-423-7112

Accounting

Billing

Cash management

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Word processing

Anitek Software Products
P.O. Box 1136
Melbourne, FL 32935
305-259-9397

Word processing

Astro-Star Enterprises
5905 Stone Hill Drive
Roc Win, CA 95677
916-624-3709

Budget and forecast
Cash management
Custom software
Education
Scientific
Word processing

Banana Soft

1601 Wildwood Drive

Fallston, MD 21047

301-879-8149

Games

Basics & Beyond Inc.
Pines bridge Road, Box 10
Am a walk, NY 10501
914-962-2355

Education
Games

Utilities

Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.
541 W. 6th St.
Azusa, CA 91702
213-969-4112

Data-base management
Financial analysis
Scientific
Statistics, research

Bi-Tech Enterprises Inc.
10B Carlough Road
Bohemia, NY 11716
516-567-8155

Accounting

Continued

214 • 80 Micro, October 1983

The Original GREEN SCREEN

The eye-pleasmg Green Screen tits over the front ot your
TRS-80 Video Display ana gives you improved contrast with
reduced glare you get bright luminous green characters and
graphics like those featured by more expensive CRT units
Don't contuse the Original Green Screen with a piece of thin
film stuck to the face of your video tube, such as that adver
tised by others The Original Green Screen is mounted in a full
frame perfectly matched to the color and texture of the
TRS-80 Video Display It is attached with adhesive strips
which do not mar your unit in any way

The full frame design of the Original Green Screen "squares
oft" the face of your video display and greatly improves the
overall appearance of your system

(Specify whether tor Model I or Model III/

THE GREEN-SCREEN $15.95

Add $1 50 for postage and handling

Terms Check or money order no CODs or credit cards, please Add amount
shown tor postage and handling to price ot the item All items shipped within 48
hours by lirst class or priority mail Virginia residents add <"/• sales tan ^162

Micro-Mega ■ P.O. Box 6265 • Arlington, Va 222Q6

WANTEDf

"Buyers & Well pay the shippin

•CALL FRElH800) 6544058-

"Call For Reduced Prices At Various Quantities"

\ferbatim.

&l" sin side 045
4 dblden. L

ci" dbl- side 050
°4 dbl-den. J

el" sin-side 045
°# Quad J

quad

dbl side h 45

quad T

sin-side 095

sin-den. L

sin side 040

dblden «#

dblside

rltjkJun

8"
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Head Cleaning

Kits... 940

, Refills. 1450

395

Dyson

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sin- side

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^45

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We Stock

"Bulk-Packed"

Diskettes

« Scotch'

" sin-side
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°4 dblden.

a- sin-side
sin den.

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035

3 2 - 5

045

3°-°
395

Prices perea.
10 per box the

Dis1<ette4

Connection

Disk Minder

•Smoked Plastic
•Holds 75 Disks

17«*ea

Dealer Inquiries
Welcomed

PC Box 'b "»
Betrwi, OK
73008

^f^ '(Continental U.S. only. Add 3* on urders under 40"?) £J[

Continuous
Checks,

Statements,
and Invoices

for Desk-Top Computers

• Compatible with software from over 300
sources. Or program to NEBS standard
forms yourself.

• Continuous Micro-PerP Letterheads and
matching continuous Envelopes provide
a clean, trim look.

• Also, diskettes, continuous labels, other
supplies and accessories.

• Our policy is to process forms printed
with your name within 6 working days.
Then ship direct to you (We pay shipping
charges on prepaid orders).

QUALITY PRODUCTS

SMALL QUANTITIES AT LOW PRICES

MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE

FREE Full-color, catalog

fast service by mail or phone
TOLL FREE 1 + 800-225-9550

(Mass. residents 1 + 800-922-8560)

COMPANY

street

city state. 2ip

SOFTWARE BRAND

WCKAGE. 0OOWN

1 1 PROGRAMMING

computer"brand

MODEL

PLAN TO PURCHASE WITHIN

YOUR LINE OF BUSINESS

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

I MOST OFTEN USE MY COMPUTFR FOP
I I WORD PROCESSING I I ACCOUNTING I I OTHER.

• 533 |

-See List ot Advertisers on Page 323

15109
V 1983 • Z1S

TRS-80 Model 4

Super Business System

System Includes:

Model 4 64K

2 Disk Drives

EPSON FX-80 Printer

Super Scriptit A

Printer Driver

Profile Plus

3200 Sheets Fan Fold Paper

Box of 3M Diskettes

3M Head Cleaner

• Printer Cable

• Printer Stand

• Lemon Surge Protector

• Computer Dust Cover

• Printer Dust Cover
U$t Prici $3489

Only $ 2888

11MB1

15 Marshall Hill Road. Wast Milford Mall
West Milford. New Jersey 07480-219
In New Jersey Call 201-728-8080 ^ 133

PROTECT YOUR TRS-80 MOD III* KEYBOARD

FLEXA-LOK

PROTECT YOUR $2000 INVESTMENT FOR UNDER $20!

PLEXA-LOK slips up and over the keyboard -
then gently snaps into position.

Your valuable computer is protected from objects and spills directly on lop ol keyboard
whicri could cost hundreds of dollars to repair 1

PLEXA-LOK allows your secretary to go on break without having to worry about visitors
accidentally destroying their hours (and your $) of work

PLEXA-LOK

ENHANCES looks of your
system

PROTECTS keyboard from
dust

30-DAY GUARANTEE

ALLOWS computer to
remain or while unattended

KEYBOARD protected
from kids

HIGH QUALITY

Acrylic

SCHOOLS - A MUST!

INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL
$19 95 Prepaid UPS

Continental USA

CA limn Add «•» Taa
Mo» 4-4 WW

Mkaq

M •-'•.! ■ ■•■ i «': N

MOM *Bi too 50c

MmkCm and v«a *c«pi»o

\>«T UK IKHMI>

PO BOX I300E

SAN ANOREAS CA 95249

(2091 754 1800

•336

Daisy wheel quality

without daisy wheel

I expense. 1

You need the quality print that a daisy wheel
printer provides but the thought of buying one makes vour
wallet wilt. The Selectric™ Interface, a step-by-step guide to
interfacing an IBM Selectric I/O Writer to your microcom-
puter, will give you that quality at a fraction of the price.
George Young, co-author of Microcomputing magazine's
popular "Kilobaud Klassroom" scries, offers a low-cost al-
ternative to buying a daisy wheel printer.
The Selectric™ Interface includes:

• step-by step instructions

• tips on purchasing a used Selectric™

• information on various Selectric™ models, in-
cluding the 2740, 2980, and Dura 1041

•dn\er software for Z80, 8080, and 6502 chips

• tips on interfacing techniques

With The Selectric Interface and some background in elec-
tronics, you can have a high-quality, low-cost, letter-quali-
ty printer. Petals not included.

Credit card orders call TOLL-FREE 1-800-258-5473. Or

mail your order with payment plus $1.50 shipping and

handling to: Wayne Green Inc. Attn: Retail Book Sales,

Peterborough, NH 03458.

Dealer inquiries invited. ^ _

ISBN 0-88006-051-4 128pages qSlZ.97

□ Yes, I want Selectric Interface (BK7388). Enclosed is $12.97 per
copy plus $1.50 for shipping and handling.

□ MASTER DVISA DAMEX

Card #_
Signature
Name __

Expires

Address
City

State and Zip

All orders shipped UPS if complete street acklrcM A^VgQ*

33AB8S

216 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Alarm service package

Billing

Budget and forecast

Bulletin board

Communications

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Host program

Interpreter

Inventory control

Mailing list program

Operating systems

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Utilities

Vehicle maintenance

Word processing

Howard Bowe

16 I.omhardi Place

Amityville, NY 11701

516-691-0156

Custom software

Enhancements to Model I & III Basic

interpreters
Operating systems
Programmer aids
Scientific
Utilities

BV Engineering
P.O. Box 3351
Riverside, CA 92509
714-781-0252

Cash management
Custom software
Data-base management
Electronic engineering
Scientific
Utilities

Cheever Microware
4120 Mcknight Road
Texarkana, TX 75503
214-832-4251

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compiler

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Interpreters

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

CMD Micro Computer Services Ltd.

10447-124 St.

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5N 1R7

403-488-7109

Accounting

Data-base management

Games

Utilities

Word processing

Color Software Services
P.O. Box 1708
Greenville, TX 75401
214-454-3674

Accounting

Budget and forecast

Cost accounting

Custom software

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Scientific

Utilities

Communications Electronics
Box 1002-Dept. WG
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
313-994^444

Cash management
Custom software

Compumax Inc.
P.O. Box 7239
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-854-6700

Accounting

Bill of materials processor

Data-base management

Education

Inventory control

Materials requirement planning

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Compusoft Publishing
1050-E Pioneer Way
El Cajon, CA 92020
619-588-0996

Books

Computer Center
31 E. 31st St.
New York, NY 10016
212-889-8130

Compilers

Data-base management

Games

Inventory control

Operating systems

Purchase order, invoice

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Computer Discount
West Milford Mall
WestMilford, NJ 07480
201-728-8080

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Program generatoYs

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processors

Computer Generated Data
Division of Wagener Enterprises Inc.
5541 Parliament Drive, #206
Virginia Beach, VA 23462
804-497-1165

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Inventory control

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Computer Peripheral Resources
P.O. Box 834-9105-925E
Oak Harbor, WA 98277
206-679-4797

Purchase order, invoice
Utilities

Computer Services of Danbury
P.O. Box 993, 1 Franklin St.
Danbury, CT 06810
203-743-1299

Accounting

Billing

Cash management

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

The Computer Store Inc.
5153 S. Peoria
Tulsa, OK 74105
918-747-9333

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

80 Micro, October 1983 • 217

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics '

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Computerware
4403 Manchester Ave.
P.O. Box 668
Encinitas, CA 92024
714-436-3512

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

Coosol Inc.

2845 Mesa Verde East, #1

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

714-545-2216

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Word processing

Cosmopolitan Electronics Corp.
5700 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
313-668-6660

Custom software
Interpreters
Operating systems
Utilities

Creative Computer Center Inc.
1236 E. Colonial Drive
Orlando, FL 32803
800-327-9294

Accounting
Banking

218 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Budget and forecast
Cash management
Cost accounting
Custom software
Education
Financial analysis
Games
Insurance
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Programmer aids
Purchase order, invoice
Sales

Custom Software
9 Martin Road
Poughkeepsie, NY 12601

Games

Utilities

Cybernetics Inc.

8041 Newman Ave., #208

Huntington Beach, CA 92647

714-848-1922

Accounting
Financial analysis
Inventory control
Program generators
Purchase order, invoice
Report generators
Sales
Utilities

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.
601 Belleville Ave.
Belleville, VI 07109
201-751-8444

Accounting

Billing

Cash management

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

Data Strategies Inc.

332 S. Juniper St., Suite 210

Escondido, CA 92025

619-489-9218

Data-base management

Dental

Medical

Word processing

Data Technology Industries
701-A Whitney St.
San Leandro, CA 94577
415-638-1206

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program /data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processors

Datacom Computer
Sales & Supplies
P.O. Box 02294
Cleveland, OH 44102
216-281-8820

Accounting

Custom software

Games

Inventory control

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Word processing

Decision Science Software Inc.
865 Castle Ridge Road
Austin, TX 78746
512-327-1463

Education

General

Medical

Operations research

Purchasing

Scientific

Statistics

Dilithium Press
P.O. Box E
Beaverton, OR 97075
800-547-1842

Books with cassettes/disks

Discovery Games
936 W. Highway 36
St. Paul, MN 55113
612-488-6843

Games

DLPCo.

6798 Wetheridge Drive

Cincinnati, OH 45230

513-232-7791

Accounting
Billing

Cash management
Custom software
Financial analysis
Payroll, personnel
Programmer aids
Utilities

DSI/Cyzern
P.O. Box 1225
FayetteviUe, AR 72702
501-521-0281

Accounting

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Medical

Scientific

Utilities

Word processing

Duck Co.
1691 Eason
Pontiac, MI 48054
800-392-8881

Billing

Cash management

Compiler

Games

Operating systems

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

EAP Co.
P.O. Box 14
Keller, TX 76248
817-498-4242

Operating systems
Utilities

Easi Software Inc.
2 Windsor Court
Jackson, NJ 08527
201-367-5735

Custom software
Engineering
Plotting/graphics
Scientific

Endicott Software
P.O. Box 12543
Huntsville, AL 35802
205-881-0506

Education
Games

Stock analyzer
Utilities

En-Joy Computer Programs
P.O. Box 1535
Goleta, CA 93116
805-735-1941

Education
Medical
Music teacher
Program generators
Programmer aids
Utilities

Lawrence S. Epstein Associates
1169 59th St.
Brooklyn, NY 11204
212-236-3173

Custom software

B. Erickson Software
P.O.Box 11099
Chicago, IL 60611
312-276-9712

Games
Utilities

Esmark Inc.

H & E Computronics

I.J.G. Inc.

High-resolution typesetting

507 E. McKinley

50 N. Pascack Road

1953 W. 11th St.

Medical

Mishawaka, IN 46544

Spring Valley, NY 10977

Upland, CA 91786

Plotting/graphics

219-255-3035

914-425-1535

714-946-5805

Program generators

Games fjb»

Accounting

Programmer aids

Ranking

Data-base management

Utilities

Exatron Corp.

Billing

Games

Word processing

181 Commercial St.

Budget and forecast

Interpreters

Sunnyvale, CA 940*6

Cash management

Utilities

J & M Systems Ltd.

408-737-7111

Compilers

Word processing

137 Utah, N.E.

Accounting

Cost accounting

Albuquerque, NM 87108

Data-base management

Custom software

I.J.S.

505-265-5072

Games

Data-base management

625 Cedar St.

Word processing

Utilities . .

Education

Rock Springs, WY 82901

Financial analysis

307-382-8742

JMC Software Distributors

FGA Software

Games

Custom software

1025 Industrial Drive

74 Meyer Road

Insurance

Inventory control

Bensenville, IL 60616

Hamilton, MA 01936

Interpreters

Programmer aids

Accounting

617-468-1634

Inventory control

Utilities

Billing

Data-base management

Medical

Books

Education

Operating systems

Individual Systems Inc.

Cash management

Games

Payroll, personnel

P.O. Box 343

Custom software

Utilities

Plotting/graphics

Downers Grove, IE 60515

Financial analysis

Word processing

Program/data security
Program generators

312-968-2337

Data-base management

Games

Sales

Donald M. Fielding

Programmer aids

Inventory control

Simulators

2207 NW 61st Place

Purchase order, invoice

Programmer aids

Utilities

Margate, FL 33063

Report generators

Purchase order, invoice

305-972-6744

Sales

Utilities

Scientific

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

J.M.S. Corp.

Simulators

P.O. Box 7186

Box 18083

William Fink

Utilities

Wilmington, DE 19803

Pittsburgh, PA 15236

1105 N. Main St., #24-B

Word processing

215-358-3735

Games

Gainesville, FL 32601

Accounting

904-377-4847

Heart of Texas

Billing

Khadin & Company

Education

Computer Systems Inc.

Budget and forecast

1420 W. Shaw #B

Games

1900 E. Randol Mill Road, #114

Cost accounting

Fresno, CA 93711

Arlington, TX 76004

Custom software

209-221-1118

Fireside Computing Inc.

817-274-5625

Data-base management

Education

5843 Montgomery Road

Accounting

Education

Alkridge, MD 21227 '

Compilers

Inventory control

Krell Software

301-796-4165

Data-base management

Manufacturing control

1320 Stony Brook Road

CAI authoring systems

Games

Payroll, personnel

Stony Brook, NY 11790

Education

Interpreters

Plotting/graphics

516-751-2474

Inventory control

Program generators

Education

Five Stones Software

Medical

Programmer aids

P.O. Box 1369

Payroll, personnel

Project management

Laredo Systems Inc.

Ontario KIP 5R4

Program generators

Purchase order, invoice

2264 Calle de Luna

Canada

Programmer aids

Report generators

Santa Clara, CA 95050

613-238-1299

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

408-980-1888

Games

Report generators
Sales

Scientific
Utilities

Operating systems

Utilities

Word processing

Fort Worth Computers and Video

Word processing

Interpro Corp.

Libra Laboratories Inc.

377 Plaza, HWY 377

P.O. Box 4211

495 Main St.

Granbury, TX 76048

Hon Finance &

Manchester, NH 03108

Metuchen, NJ 08840

817-573-4111

Insurance Computers

603-669-0477

201-494-2224

Accounting
Banking

P.O. Box 23825
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523

Custom software
Games

Accounting
Billing

Billing

415-680-7888

Programmer aids

Custom software

Budget and forecast

Auto dealer finance and

Utilities

Data-base management

Cash management

insurance

Education

Compilers

Banking

Intracolor Communications

Inventory control

Cost accounting

6048 Horizon Drive

Payroll, personnel

Custom software

Credit report generator

East Lansing, MI 48823

Plotting/graphics

Data-base management

Custom software

517-351-8537

Purchase order, invoice

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Report generators

Financial analysis

Program generators

Sales

Games

Programmer aids

JDL Software

Scientific

Insurance

Report generators

P.O. Box 33006

Simulators

Interpreters

Raleigh, NC 27606

Inventory control

ICM Industries

919-782-9650

Lindbergh Systems

Operating systems

10529 Connaught Drive

Data-base management

41 Fairhill Road

Payroll, personnel

Carmel, IN 46032

Utilities

Holden, MA 01520

Programmer aids

317-872-1827

617-852-0233

Purchase order, invoice

Custom software

J.F. Consulting

Communications

Report generators

Games

74355 Button wood

Compilers

Sales

Program /data security

Palm Desert, CA 92260

Forth systems from MMS

Utilities

Programmer aids

619-346-2051

Interpreters

Word processing

Utilities

Games

Utilities

80 Micro, October 1983 • 219

Logical Systems Inc.
11520 N. Port Washington
Mequon, WI 53092
414-241-3066

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Inventory

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program /data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Marathon Software
P.O. Box 1493
Jacksonville, TX 75766
214-586-8212

Football prediction

Mayday Software

P.O. Box 66, Rock Creek Road

Phillips, WI 54555

715-339-3966

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Operating systems

Programmer aids

Utilities

Word processing

Judson D. McClendon
844 Sun Valley Road
Birmingham, AL 35215
205-853-8440

Surveying

MedComp Inc.
142 Crescent St.
Brockton, MA 02402
617-583-4480

Compilers
Operating systems

Jerry Medlin & Associates
310 S. Jefferson St.
Napa, CA 94559

707-255-9475
Accounting

220 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.
P.O. Box 53376, 223 Fairway Drive
Fayetteville, NC 28305
919-483-2003

Accounting

Amusement game management

Billing

Country club management

Custom software

Insurance

Inventory control

Mailing list

Payroll, personnel

Property management

Vet management

Micro Data Supplies
22295 Euclid Ave.
Euclid, OH 44117

216-481-1600
Accounting
Billing
Compiler
Cost accounting
Data-base management
Education
Games
Interpreters
Operating system
Payroll, personnel
Sales
Utilities
Word processing

Micro-80 Inc.

2665 N. Busby Road

Oak Harbor, WA 98277

206-675-6143

Amateur radio

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Utilities

Word processing

Micro Management Systems Inc.
2803 Thomasville Road E.
Cairo, GA 31728
912-377-7120

Accounting

Billing

Compilers

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Word processing

Micro Projects Engineering Co.
10810 Washington Blvd., Suite C
Culver City, CA 90230
213-202-1865

Operating systems

Micro Software

205 Dumaine Court, Suite 105

Ft. Walton Beach, FI. 32548

904-862-5588

Data-base management

Micro Software Systems
1815 Smokewood Ave.
Fullerton, CA 92631
714-526-8435

Plotting/graphics

Micro-Tax

P.O. Box 4262

Mountain View, CA 94022

415-964-2843

Federal and California income tax packages

MicroTech Exports Inc.
467 Hamilton Ave., Suite 2
Palo Alto, CA 94301
415-324-9114

Utilities

The Micro Works Inc.
P.O. Box 1110
Del Mar, CA 92014
619-942-2400

Games

Programmer aids
Utilities

Misosys

P.O. Box 4848

Alexandria, VA 22303

703-960-2998

Operating systems

Utilities

Word processing

MTS Enterprises
P.O. Box 5%
Nlceville, FI. 32578
904-678-3328

Accounting

Church administration

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Games

Inventory control

Plotting/graphics

Scientific

Utilities

Word processing

NC Software

7216 Boone Ave. N.

Minneapolis, YIN 55428

612-533-8862

Communications
Custom software
Plotting/graphics
Programmer aids
Utilities

New Generation Software
241 N. Hills Drive
North Hills, WV 26101
304-428-7098

Accounting
Budget and forecast
Custom software
Education
Financial analysis
Games
Medical
Plotting/graphics

National Integrated Software Services Inc.
8800 E. Arapahoe Road
Englewood, CO 80112
303-694-1994

Budget and forecast

Nocona Electronics
600 E. Highway 82
Nocona, TX 76255
817-825-4027

Accounting

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MAKE IT

EASY

SAVE

your copies of

micro

Your magazine library is your prime reference source— keep it
handy and keep it neat with these strong library shelf boxes.
They are made of white corrugated cardboard and are dust resis-
tant. Use them to keep all your magazines orderly yet available
for constant reference.
Self-sticking labels are available for the following:
80 Micro 73 Magazine Radio Electronics

Microcomputing QST Personal Computing

inCider CQ Byte

Desktop Computing Ham Radio Interface Age
One box |BX1000) is $2.00, 2-7 boxes (BX1001) are $1.50 each,
and 8 or more boxes (BX 1002) are $1.25 each. Be sure to specify
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micro 8

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SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGES $2.00 per order up to and

including a quantity of eight 25« for each additional box ordered. □

A MAGICAL INTRODUCTION

TO COMPUTING.

COMPUTER

'COMPUTER

CARNIVAL has arrived, vJith 60 easy-to-use TRS-80 Level II BASIC
programs for children of all ages. Characters like Sugar Louie and Madam Zelda
will help your child expand his or her creativity and develop keyboard skills through
games, puzzles, and educational quizzes.

COMPUTER CARNIVAL by Richard Ramella features:

•LARGE, READABLE TYPE
•SHORT, EASY-TO-TYPE PROGRAMS
•SPIRAL BINDING

To make the adventure even more
j|w enjoyable, take along CARNIVAL
lllllll^ COMPANION, a ready-

to-load cassette that lets your
children spend more
time playing and
less time typing.

,<2!

CARNIVAL

(book only) BK7389 $16.97 COM-'

PUTER CARNIVAL and CARNI-1

VAL COMPANION (book and cassette?

CC7389 $24.97. Add $2.00 shipping

and handling. Dealer inquiries invited

Call TOLL-FREE 1-800-258-5473

WAYNE GREEN BOOKS,
PETERBOROUGH, NH 03458

DCOMPUTER CARNIVAL
and CARNIVAL COM-
PANION (book and
cassette) CC7 389 $24.97'
DCOMPUTER CARNIVAL^
(book only) BK7389 $16.97
(include $2.00 per order for shipping
and handling charges) □ Payment Enclosed
D MC O VISA D AMEX Card /

S**"

* A WAYNE GREEN PUBLICATION

Photocopy ot coupon is
acceptable tor ordering.

•TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shock di-

ixiStai

of Tandy Gwp.

33AB8C

UPS dettvcry if complete
street address is provided

222 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Continued

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll/ personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Omikron Systems
1127 Hearst
Berkeley, CA 94702
415-845-8013

Interpreters
Operating systems
Programmer aids
Word processing

Options-80
Box 471-E
Concord, MA 01742

Stock option analysis

P. Tree Enterprises
2701C W. 15th St., Suite 269
Piano, TX 75075
214-867-5656

Financial analysis

PAB Software
6827 Kirkdale Drive
Fort Wayne, IN 46815
219-485-6980

Education
Plotting/graphics
Programmer aids
Scientific

Pan American Electronics
1117 Conway Ave.
Mission, TX 78572
512-581-2765

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll/personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Utilities

Word processing

Peggytronics

381 First St., Suite 5147

Los Altos, CA 94022

408-737-2253

Custom software
Plotting/graphics
Utilities

Phantasy
Box 02205
Cleveland, OH 44102

Games

Phase One Systems Inc.
7700 Edgewater Drive, #830
Oakland, CA 94621
415-562-8085

Oasis system software and utilities

Pioneer Software
1746 NW 55th Ave., #204
Lauderhill, FL 33313
305-739-2071

Custom software

Games

Plotting/graphics

Program generators

Programmer aids

Utilities

Word processing

Powersoft

11500 Stem mo ns Fwy., Suite 125

Dallas, TX 75229

214-484-2976

Data-base management

Operating systems

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Utilities

Word processing

Pro/Am Software
220 Cardigan Road
Centerville, OH 45459
513-435-1480

Disassemblers

Utilities

Prosoft

P.O. Box 560

North Hollywood, CA 91603

213-764-3131

Data-base management

Games

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Utilities

Word processing

Quality Software & Consulting Inc.
P.O. Box 11355
Kansas City, MO 64112
816-765-4297

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Games

Property management system

Rabco Enterpises
806 Freedom Circle
Harieysville, PA 19438
215-368-4866

Operating systems
Plotting/graphics
Stock programs
Word processing

Racet Computes Ltd.
1330 N. GlasseU, Suite M
Orange, CA 92667
714-997-4950

Operating systems

Utilities

Word processing

Radio Ranch Inc.
RR3

Polo, IL 61064
815-946-2371

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Word processing

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
7070 B Farrell Road SE
Calgary, Alberta, T2H 0T2
Canada
403-253-6142

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

Interpreters

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Real Software Company
P.O. Box 401
Hopedale, MA 01747
617-393-6281

Education Continued

80 Micro, October 1983 • 223

Games

Plotting/graphics

Simulators

Refware
P.O. Box 451
Chappaqua, NY 10514
914-238-8896

Education
Reference thesaurus

Reliable Cash Register Inc.

415 Millbury St.
Worcester, MA 016077
617-755-8084

Cash management
Custom software
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Purchase order, invoice
Utilities

Softbyte Computing
Box 217

Walling ford, (I 06492
203-288-2036

Data-base management

Education

Food coupon shopping list

Plotting/graphics

Sales

Science

Simulators

Softouch

3200 Polaris, Suite 3

Las Vegas, NV 89102

702-367-2033

Utilities

Software Affair
858 Rubis Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94087
408-730-1030

Music synthesizers

Software Concepts
105-106 Preston Valley SC
Dallas, TX 75230
214-158-0330

Custom software

Data-base management

Games

Inventory control

Plotting/graphics

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

Software Etcetera
19973 Ventura Blvd.
Woodland Hills, CA 91364
213-702-8061

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Insurance

224 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Interpreters

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Scientific

Simulators

Utilities

Word processing

Software Models
23913 Bowl Road
Crestline, CA 92325
714-338-5075

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Financial analysis

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

VisiCalc templates

Southwest Systems
44-3rd Ave., Suite F
Chula Vista, CA 92010
714425-5500

Accounting
Billing

Cash management
Cost accounting
Inventory control
Payroll, personnel
Purchase order, invoice
Word processing

Spectral Associates
141 Harvard Ave.
Tacoma, WA 98466
206-565-8483

Education

Games

Operating systems

Scientific

Utilities

Word processing

SRA-Science Research
Associates Inc.
115 N. Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
312-9847000

Education

Games

Programmer aids

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
23995 Freeway Park Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48024
313-477-7586

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Word processing

Star-Ware

Route 5 Box 277-C

Benbrook, TX 76126

817-249-0166

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compiler

Cost accounting

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Games

Interpreters

Inventory control

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Simulators

Word processing

Sublogic Communication Corp.
713 Edgebrook Drive
Champaign, IL 61820
217-359-8482

Education

Games

Plotting/graphics

Simulators

Utilities

Swayback Software
Box 1351

Merchantville, NJ 08109
609-778-0811

Custom software
Data-base management
Program generators
Programmer aids
Report generators
Utilities

Taranto & Associates Inc.

121 Paul Drive

San Rafael, CA 94903

415-472-2670

Accounting

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Purchase order, invoice

Report generator

Sales

Word processing

T.C.E. Programs Inc.
P.O. Box 2477
Gaithersburg, MD 20879
301-963-3848

Custom software
Education

T & D Software
144 W. 28th St.
Holland, MI 49423
616-396-7577

Education
Games
General business

Telexpress Inc.

Rt. 130 & Beverly-Rancocas

Will in S boro, NJ 08046
609-877-4900

Communications
Insurance

Program generators
Report generators

Tenon Software Services
1910 Faii-view Ave. E., Suite 205
Seattle, WA 98108
206-3240116

Accounting
Cost accounting
Custom software
Payroll, personnel
Utilities

Thoughtware Publishing

(Formerly Data Train)

P.O. Box 669

Grants Pass, OR 97526

503-476-1467
Accounting
Billing
Budget

Cash management
Cost accounting
Custom software
Data-base management
Education
Financial analysis
Interpreters
Inventory control
Operating systems
Payroll, personnel
Plotting/graphics
Program/data security
Program generators
Programmer aids
Purchase order, invoice
Report generators
Sales
Utilities
Word processing

Universal Software

Applications Inc.

13001 Cannes

St. Louis, MO 63141

314-878-1277
Accounting
Billing

Cash management
Compilers
Cost accounting
Custom software
Data-base management
Inventory control
Medical

Operating systems
Payroll, personnel
Programmer aids
Purchase order, invoice
Report generators
Scientific
Word processing

Van Horn Office Supply

P.O. Box 1060

Van Horn, TX 79855

915-283-2920

Accounting
Billing

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Attach old label where indicated and print new address in
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delivery.

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-j

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< City

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print NEW address here.

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GET EXPRESSED

AND OWN TRS FOR LESS I
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LOAD 80 CASSETTES & DISKS - Back Issues

If you have not yet ordered any
Load 80 tapes or disks and wish
you had, don't worry. We are
now offering a "BACK ISSUE"
inventory clearance. You can
order nearly any Load 80 start-
ing from September of 1982 to
date. We do have limited quan-
tities, so order early to avoid
disappointment! Back issues of
80 Micro are also available.
With complete documentation
found in the companion maga-
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culty loading any of the pro-
grams listed on Load 80.

Please send the following:

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10-83

• See List ot Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 225

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Compilers

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Education

Financial analysis

Games

Inventory control

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Programmer aids ■

Purchase order, invoice

Sales

Word processing

Vespa Computer Outlet
16727 Patton
Detroit, MI 48219
313-538-1112

Data-base management
Games

Inventory control

Operating systems

Utilities

Word processing

VolksMkro Computer Systems Inc.
202 Packets Court
Williamsburg, VA 23185
804-220-0005

Communications
Data-base management
Utilities

VR Data Corp.
777 Henderson Blvd.
Folcroft, PA 19032
800-345-8102

Data-base management

Williams Enterprises
3101 Cheveriy Ave.
Cheverly, MD 20785
301-773-3015

Bible teaching

Windham Software Inc.
29 Ivanhfll St.
Willimantic. CT 06226
20S456-3530

■Dental
Medical
Utilities

X L Systems
Suite 5, 151 Bldg.
Peterborough, NH 03458
603-924-9471

Accounting

Banking

Billing

Budget and forecast

Cash management

Cost accounting

Custom software

Data-base management

Financial analysis

Insurance

Inventory control

Legal

Medical

Operating systems

Payroll, personnel

Plotting/graphics

Program/data security

Program generators

Programmer aids

Purchase order, invoice

Report generators

Sales

Utilities

Word processing

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.
2 Penn Plaza, Suite 1500
New York, NY 10121
212-244-3100

Custom software
Data-base management
Interpreters
Programmer aids
Utilities

Software

Distributors

Product

Accounting

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Am flex Products & Services

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

CMD Micro Computer Services Ltd.

Color Software Services

Compumax Inc.

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

Computerware

The Computer Store Inc.

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Cybernetics Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

DLP Co.

DSI/Cyzern

Exatron Corp.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Freedom Technology International

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
IJG Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
JMC Software Distributors
Libra Laboratories
Micro-Computer Sales Corp.
Micro Data Supplies
Micro Management Systems Inc.
MTS Enterprises
New Generation Software
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rimes Computer Products
Sandpiper Software
SBSG Inc.

226 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Seneca Electronics

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

Software Etcetera

Southwest Systems

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Tenon Software Services

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Banking

Action Computers

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

The Computer Store Inc.

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

E.B, Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Seneca Electronics

Shawmut Systems

Software Etcetera

Star-Ware

Billing

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Am flex Products & Services

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DLP Co.

Duck Co.

Fort Worth Computers and Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

JMC Software Distributors

Libra Laboratories

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.

Micro Data Supplies

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Rimes Computer Products

Seneca Electronics

Shawmut Systems

Software Etcetera

Southwest Systems

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Budget and Forecast

Action Computers

The Alternate Source

Astro-Star Enterprises

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Data Technology Industries

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Fort Worth Computers and Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Freedom Technology International

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

National Integrated Software Services Inc.

New Generation Software

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Inc.

Seneca Electronics

Shawmut Systems

Software Etcetera

Software Models

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

PUT YOUR

TOS-80*

IN CONTROL

Interface your TRS-80 to out-
side devices. Learn with the
projects in TRS-80 as a Con-
troller. You can use your
computer to control lights,
switches, and even a small
computer you build yourself.

All it takes is a minimum
knowledge of electronics and
programming. Circuits are
simple. Most programs are
fewer than fifteen lines long.
The instructions are clear and
fully illustrated with photo-
graphs, schematics, and
figures.

Jerry O'Dell has designed
these projects to be
both easy and
inexpensive. You
don't need disk
drives, plotters,
digitizers or
other fancy
units.

You don't have to be
an expert and you
don't have to be rich.

All you need is a TRS-80
Model III with 16K RAM. Level
II BASIC, and a few other
parts that you will no doubt
find useful at a later date. (You
can also use a Model I. with
the conversions provided in an
appendix.) The components
you'll need are all readily
available.

The book begins with a de-
scription of the Model III and
Z80 and all the chips, circuits,
prototyping boards, and other
devices used in TRS-80 inter-
facing. There are also helpful
suggestions throughout for ex-
panding the projects into more
complex applications.

Jerry W. O'Dell. Ph.D.. is a
psychology professor at East-
ern Michigan University. He
has published many articles,
including several in 80 Micro
and the Encyclopedia for
the TJRS-80.

BK7394 $12 97 soft cover
7 by 9 approx. 176 pp.
ISBN0-880O6-O61-1
Wayne Green Books 1983

Credit card orders call TOLL-FREE
1-800-258-5473 or mail your order
with payment of $12.97 each plus
$1 .50 per book shipping and

handling to: Wayne Green Book
Sales. Peterborough. NH 03458

Dealer inquiries invited

BOOKS

< 'heck the Im>x on the
coupon tor your FREE
WAYNE GREEN
BOOKS 1983
RETAIL CATALOG.

GTS HOOKS

Put my TRS-80 in control. Please rush me copies

of TRS-80 as a Controller (BK7394) at $ 1 2.97 each

□ Enclosed is $12.97 per copy plus $1 50 for shipping and
handling. D Please send me a 1983 retail catalog.

MASTERCARD MC bank "

1 VISA AMEX

Card * Expires

Signature

Name

Address

City

.Zip.

Stale

All orders shipped UPS if complete street address is given.

33AB8T

80 Micro, October 1983 • 227

Van Horn Office Supply

Cash Management

Action Computers

The Alternate Source

Am flex Products & Services

Astro-Star Enterprises

B.V. Engineering

Cheever Microware

Communications Electronics

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DLP Co.

Duck Co.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

JMC Software Distributors

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Radio Ranch Inc.

Seneca Electronics

Shawmut Systems

Software Etcetera

Software Models

Southwest Systems

Star-Ware

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Compilers

American Small Business Computers

The Alternate Source

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Computer Discount

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DSI/Cyzern

Duck Co.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Technology International

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-L.yddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Lindbergh Systems
MedComp Inc.
Micro Data Supplies
Micro Management Systems Inc.
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera
Star-Ware

Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply

Cost Accounting

Action Computers
Cheever Microware
Color Software Services
Computer Discount
Computer Generated Data
The Computer Store Inc.
Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.
Data Technology Industries
Fort Worth Computers & Video

228 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Freedom Technology International

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Micro Data Supplies

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Seneca Electronics

Software Etcetera

Southwest Systems

Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates

Tenon Software Services

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Custom Software

Action Computers

Algorithmic Associates

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Astro-Star Enterprises

Bi-Tech Enterprises

B.V. Engineering

Cheever Microware

Color Software Services

Communications Electronics

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Cosmopolitan Electronics Corp.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

DLP Co.

DSI/Cyzern

Easi Software Inc.

Lawrence S. Epstein Associates

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems
Inc.

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

Howard Bowe

ICM Industries

I.J.S.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Interpro Corp.

JMC Software Distributors

Libra Laboratories

Mayday Software

Micro-Computer Sales Corp.

MTS Enterprises

NC Software

New Generation Software

Pan American Electronics

Peggytronics

Pioneer Software

Quality Software and Consulting Inc.

Radio Ranch Inc.

Reliable Cash Register Inc.

Sandpiper Software

SBSG Inc.

Seneca Electronics

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

Software Concepts

Software Etcetera

Swayback Software

Taranto & Associates Inc.

T.C.E. Programs Inc.

Tenon Software Services

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Data-Base Management

Action Computers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Robert R. Belanger Ph.D.

Bi-Tech Enterprises

B.V. Engineering

Cheever Microware

CMD Micro Computer Services Ltd.

Compumax Inc.

Computer Center

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Strategies Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DSI/Cyzern

Exatron Corp.

FGA Software

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Technology International

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
IJG Inc.

Individual Systems Inc.
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
JDL Software
Libra Laboratories
Mayday Software
Micro Data Supplies
Micro-80 Inc.

Micro Management Systems Inc.
Micro Software
MTS Enterprises
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Powersoft
Prosoft

Quality Software & Consulting Inc.
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products
Seneca Electronics
Software Concepts
Software Etcetera
Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
Star-Ware
Swayback Software
Taranto & Associates Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing
Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply
Vespa Computer Outlet
VolksMicro Computer Systems Inc.
VR Data Corp.
XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Education

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Astro-Star Enterprises

Basics & Beyond Inc.

Color Software Services

Compumax Inc.

Computer Services of Danbury

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Decision Science Software Inc.

Endicott Software

En-Joy Computer Programs

EGA Software

William Eink

Fireside Computing Inc.

Eon Worth Computers & Video

Forthright Software

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Freedom Technology International

L.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Khadin & Co.

Krell Software

Libra laboratories

Logical Systems Inc.

Micro Data Supplies

Micro 80 Inc.

MTS Enterprises

New (ieneration Software

Nocona Electronics

PAB Software

Pan American Electronics

Quality Software & Consulting Inc.

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Real Software Co.

Refware

Remsoft Inc.

Rimes Computer Products

Sandpiper Software

Seneca Electronics

Serious Personal Computing

Soft byte Computing

Software Etcetera

Spectral Associates

SRA-Science Research Associates Inc.

Sublogic Communication Corp.

T & D Software

T.C.E. Programs Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

3G Company Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Financial Analysis

Action Computers

Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.

Cheever Microware

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Cybernetics Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DIP Co.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good -I yddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics

Hon Finance & Insurance Computers

JMC Software Distributors

Micro-80 Inc.

Micro Management Systems Inc.

New Generation Software

Nocona Electronics

P. Tree Enterprises

Pan American Electronics

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Rimes Computer Products

Seneca Electronics

Software Etcetera

Software Models

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Star -Ware

Thoughtware Publishing

Van Horn Office Supply

Games

ABS Suppliers

Algorithmic Associates

Alpha Products

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Banana Soft

Basics & Beyond Inc.

Bi-Tech Enterprises

CMD Micro Computer Services Ltd.

Color Software Services

Computer Center

Computer Services of Danbury

Ehe Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Custom Software

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Dat acorn Computer Sales & Supplies

Discovery Games

DSI/Cyzern

Duck Co.

Endicott Software

B. Erickson Software

Esmark Inc.

Exatron Corp.

FGA Software

Five Stones Software

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Forthright Software

Gamester Software

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems Inc.

ICM Industries

IJG Inc.

Interpro Corp.

lntracolor Communications

JMC! Software Distributors

JMS Corp.

Mayday Software

Micro Data Supplies

Micro-80 Inc.

The Micro Works Inc.

MIS Enterprises

New Generation Software

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Phantasy

Pioneer Software

Prosoft

Quality Software & Consulting Inc.

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Real Software Co.

Rimes Computer Products

Sandpiper Software

Seneca Electronics

Software Concepts

Software Etcetera

Spectral Associates

SRA-Science Research Associates Inc.

Star -Ware

Sublogic Communication Corp.

T & D Software

3G Company Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Vespa Computer Outlet

Insurance

Computer Discount
Creative Computer Center Inc.
D. A. & D. Sales Inc.
Data Technology Industries
Fort Worth Computers & Video
Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
E.B. Garcia & Associates
Good-Lyddon Data Systems
H & E Computronics Inc.
Micro-Computer Sales Corp.
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Remsoft Inc.
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera
Telexpress Inc.

Interpreters

American Small Business Computers

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Computer Discount

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Cosmopolitan Electronics Corp.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
IJG Inc.

Lindbergh Systems
Micro Data Supplies
Nocona Electronics
Omikron Systems
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera
Star-Ware

Thoughtware Publishing
XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Inventory Control

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Color Software Services

Compumax Inc.

Computer Center

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Cybernetics Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Freedom Technology International

80 Micro, October 1983 • 229

E.B. Garcia & Associates
Good-Lyddon Data Systems
H & E Computronics Inc.
Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
U.S.

Individual Systems Inc.
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Libra Laboratories
Logical Systems Inc.
Micro Management Systems Inc.
MTS Enterprises
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products Ltd.
Sandpiper Software
Seneca Electronics
Serious Personal Computing
Shawmut Systems
Software Concepts
Software Etcetera
Southwest Systems
Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing
Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply
Vespa Computer Outlet

Medical

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Computer Discount

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Data Strategies Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Decision Science Software Inc.

DSI/Cyzern

En-Joy Computer Programs

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Micro Management Systems Inc.
New Generation Software
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera
Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
Taranto & Associates Inc.
Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply
Windham Software Inc.

Operating Systems

Action Computers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Computer Discount

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

230 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Coosol Inc.

Cosmopolitan Electronics Corp.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Duck Co.

EAP Co.

Forthright Software

Freedom Technology International

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Laredo Systems Inc.

Logical Systems Inc.

Mayday Software

MedComp Inc.

Micro Data Supplies

Micro Management Systems Inc.

Micro Projects Engineering Co.

Misosys

Nocona Electronics

Omikron Systems

Pan American Electronics

Rabco Enterprises

Racet Computes Ltd.

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Seneca Electronics

Serious Personal Computing

Software Etcetera

Spectral Associates

Star-Tronic Distributor Co.

Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.

Thoughtware Publishing

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Vespa Computer Outlet

Payroll/Personnel

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Cheever Microware

Color Software Services

Compumax Inc.

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DLP Co.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

Freedom Technology International

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Libra Laboratories
Micro Data Supplies
Micro Management Systems Inc.
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products
Seneca Electronics
Shawmut Systems
Software Etcetera
Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.
Tenon Software Services
Thoughtware Publishing
Universal Software Applications Inc.

Van Horn Office Supply

Plotting/Graphics

Action Computers

Algorithmic Associates

The Alternate Source

Computer Discount

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Easi Software Inc.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories

MTS Enterprises

NC Software

New Generation Software

Nocona Electronics

PAB Software Inc.

Pan American Electronics

Peggytronics

Pioneer Software

Prosoft

Radio Ranch Inc.

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Real Software Co.

Seneca Electronics

Softbyte Computing

Software Concepts

Software Etcetera

Sublogic Communication Corp.

Thoughtware Publishing

Program/Data Security

Action Computers

Computer Discount

Data Technology Industries

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

ICM Industries

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Seneca Electronics

Software Etcetera

Thoughtware Publishing

Program Generators

Action Computers

Cheever Microware

Computer Discount

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Hon Finance & Insurance Computers
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Pioneer Software
Radio Ranch Inc.
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera
Sway back Software
Telexpress Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing

Programmer Aids

ABS Suppliers

Action Computers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Howard Bowe

Cheever Microware

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Creative Computer Center Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

DLP Co.

En-Joy Computer Programs

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Hon Finance & Insurance Computers
ICM Industries
U.S.

Individual Systems Inc.
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Interpro Corp.
Logical Systems Inc.
Mayday Software
The Micro Works Inc.
NC Software
Nocona Electronics
Omikron Systems
PAB Software Inc.
Pan American Electronics
Pioneer Software
Powersoft
Prosoft

Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera

SRA- Science Research Associates Inc.
Star-Ware
Swayback Software
Thoughtware Publishing
Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply
XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Purchase Order, Invoice

Action Computers

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Color Software Services

Compumax Inc.

Computer Center

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Center Inc.

Cybernetics Inc

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

Duck Co.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.
Freedom Technology International
E.B. Garcia & Associates
Good-Lyddon Data Systems
H & E Computronics Inc.
Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Individual Systems Inc.
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Libra Laboratories
Micro Management Systems Inc.
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Powersoft
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products
Seneca Electronics
Shawmut Systems
Software Concepts
Software Etcetera
Software Models
Southwest Systems
Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing
Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply

Report Generator

Action Computers

The Alternate Source

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

Compumax Inc.

Computer Discount

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Cybernetics Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Fort Worth Computers & Video

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Hon Finance & Insurance Computers
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Libra Laboratories
Micro Management Systems Inc.
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Seneca Electronics
Software Etcetera
Star-Ware
Swayback Software
Taranto & Associates Inc.
Telexpress Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing

Sales

Action Computers
American Small Business Computers
Amflex Products & Services
Cheever Microware
Color Software Services
Computer Discount
Computer Generated Data
Computer Services of Danbury
The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

Creative Computer Centers Inc.

Cybernetics Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Duck Co.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Micro-Systems Inc.

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
JMC Software Distributors
Libra Laboratories
Micro Data Supplies
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products
Seneca Electronics
Softbyte Computing
Software Concepts
Software Etcetera
Software Models
Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing
Van Horn Office Supply

Scientific

Alpha Products

The Alternate Source

Astro-Star Enterprises

Robert R. Belanger, Ph.D.

Howard Bowe

B.V. Engineering

Color Software Services

Computer Discount

Coosol Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Decision Science Software Inc.

DSI/Cyzern

Easi Software Inc.

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Forthright Software

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.

Libra Laboratories

MTS Enterprises

Nocona Electronics

PAB Software Inc.

Pan American Electronics

Seneca Electronics

Softbyte Computing

Software Etcetera

Spectral Associates

Universal Software Applications Inc.

Simulators

Algorix Software

American Small Business Computers

Computer Center

Computer Discount

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Coosol Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Fort Worth Computers & Video

80 Micro, October 1983 • 231

CREATE: forms, labels and form letters.

This machine code word processor can
even ADD/SUBTRACT bookkeeping columns.

Change, delete, add, insert, move, copy
(characters/lines/blocks) of text fast.

SELECT: margins, page length, number of
copies, tabs, center lines / page, line
spacing and LEGAL PAPER LINE NUMBERING.

MODEL I users get: Model III shift key
controlled upper / lower case letters!!

EASIER to USE than other systems. Only
8 keys control 96* of the LW features!!

TRY a LW for 3 MONTHS. If not satisf-
ied return it. We will refund all but
S3. 50 to cover postage / handling. IF
YOU CAN NOT RETURN IT, DO NOT BUY IT.

C. A. of N. Y. rates his LW purchase as
"one of the best buys I have made. "!

TAPE 16K Model I/III systems $23.99
DISK 32K Model I/III systems $37 99

WE PAY: tax / US postage on ALL ord«

Verbatim MD525 01 disks: 10 for $25.95
Microsette CIO tape+box: 20 for $13.95

»BD

AUrt-Llkr LnHrprJitl 2 4 HOUR

5905 Stone Hill Dr.
Rocklin, CA 95677

Computer Phone
(916) 624-3709

$$ WE WILL NOT BE $$

UNDERSOLD

EPSON

RX80, MX80FTIII, MX100FTIII,

FX80, and "NEW" FX100

CALL-LOWEST PRICES IN USA

PRINTERS

Gemini 10X

.$329

.$499

Okidata82A

$419
.$520

Okidata 92

8510 Prowriter(P)

.$385

8510 Prowriter(S)

.$569

1550(P)

.$679

1550(S)

.$759

Brother HR 1

CALL

Brother HR 15

CALL

Smith-Corona TP1 (LQP) ....

. $549 ;

MODEMS

Hayes 300 Baud

.$209

i Hayes 300/1 200

.$485

Novation Smartcat

.$487

300/1200

! Shipping and Handling ■ Add 3%

M/C & Visa ■ Add 3%

C.O.D.'s- Add $2.00

THE COMPUTER STORE

Dept. 345

3941 B South Bristol Street

Santa Ana, CA 92704

(714)261-1383

,-•244

E.B. Garcia & Associates

H & E Computronics Inc.

Libra Laboratories

Nocona Electronics

Pan American Electronics

Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Real Software Co .

Seneca Electronics

Softbyte Computing

Software Etcetera

Star-Ware

Sublogic Communication Corp.

Utilities

ABS Suppliers

Algorix Software

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Basics & Beyond Inc.

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Howard Bowe

B.V. Engineering

Cheever Microware

CMD Micro Computer Services Ltd.

Color Software Services

Computer Center

Computer Discount

Computer Generated Data

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Cosmopolitan Electronics Corp.

Custom Software

Cybernetics Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Technology Industries

DLP Co.

DSI/Cyzern

Duck Co.

EAP Co.

En- Joy Computer Programs

Endicott Software

B. Erickson Software

Exatron Corp.

FGA Software

Donald M. Fielding

Forthright Software

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
IJG Inc.
U.S.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Interpro Corp.
JDL Software
JMC Software Distributors
Lindbergh Systems
Logical Systems Inc.
Mayday Software
Micro Data Supplies
Micro-80 Inc.
MicroTech Exports Inc.
The Micro Works Inc.
Misosys

MTS Enterprises
NC Software
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Peggytronics
Pioneer Software
Powersoft
Pro/Am Software
Prosoft

Racet Computes Ltd.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.

Rimes Computer Products

Seneca Electronics

Serious Personal Computing

Shawmut Systems

Softouch

Software Concepts

Software Etcetera

Spectral Associates

Star-Ware

Sublogic Communication Corp.

Swayback Software

Tenon Software Services

Thoughtware Publishing

Vespa Computer Outlet

Volks Micro Computer

Windham Software Inc.

XYZT Computer Dimensions Inc.

Word Processing

ABS Suppliers

Action Computers

The Alternate Source

American Small Business Computers

Amflex Products & Services

Anitek Software Products

Astro-Star Enterprises

Bi-Tech Enterprises

Cheever Microware

CMD Micro Computer Services Ltd.

Computer Center

Computer Discount

Computer Services of Danbury

The Computer Store Inc.

Computerware

Coosol Inc.

D. A. & D. Sales Inc.

Data Strategies Inc.

Data Technology Industries

Datacom Computer Sales & Supplies

DSI/Cyzern

Duck Co.

FGA Software

Fort Worth Computers & Video

Freedom Technology International

E.B. Garcia & Associates

Good-Lyddon Data Systems

H & E Computronics Inc.

Heart of Texas Computer Systems

Inc.
IJG Inc.

Institute for Scientific Analysis Inc.
Mayday Software
Micro Data Supplies
Micro-80 Inc.

Micro Management Systems Inc.
Misosys

MTS Enterprises
Nocona Electronics
Pan American Electronics
Pioneer Software
Powersoft
Prosoft

Rabco Enterprises
Racet Computes Ltd.
Radio Ranch Inc.
Rainbow Software Services Ltd.
Rimes Computer Products
Seneca Electronics
Software Concepts
Software Etcetera
Southwest Systems
Spectral Associates
Star-Tronic Distributor Co.
Star-Ware

Taranto & Associates Inc.
Thoughtware Publishing
Universal Software Applications Inc.
Van Horn Office Supply
Vespa Computer Outlet End

232 • 80 Micro, October 1983

|^\^l I frees your computer for other oper-

ations while our "BASIC BUFFER" manages your

printer BASIC BUFFER offers 64K with FIFO COPY

and ERASE. It comes complete with power supply
and cables for most computers and printers. (Specify
manufacturer and model number of both when
ordering.)

A real value at ONLY $279.95 + shipping.
Also Available with 16K

ATTENTION, CoCo OWNERS

Stop changing Printer & Modem Cables! Our PARAL-
LEL PRINTER INTERFACE provides SWITCH SELECT-
ABLE PRINTER or MODEM operations. It features
switchable baud rates from 300 to 9600; comes
complete with power supply, modem cable &
"CENTRONICS" type printer cable.

Introductory Price ONLY $74.95 + shipping.

#%l%l% computer
pvll products, inc.

P.O. DRAWER 55868

HOUSTON. TEXAS 77055

(713) 956-0207 - 20

ORDER DIRECT FROM US OR FROM YOUR INDEPEN-
DENT COMPUTER RETAIL STORE.
For more information circle reader card number 20.

'^P^ selling

stands.

Selling 80 Mi-
cro will make mon-
ey for you. Consider the
facts:
Fact #1: Selling 80 Micro in-
creases store traffic— our dealers
us that 80 Micro is the hottest-
computer magazine on the news-

Fact #2: There is a direct correlation between
store traffic and sales — increase the number of people
coming through your door and you'll increase sales.
Fact #3: Fact #1 + Fact #2 = INCREASED $ALE$,
which means more money for you. And that's a fact.

For information on selling 80 Micro, call 800-343-0728
and speak with Ginnie Boudrieau, our bulk sales man-
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 233

TUTORIAL

Making Hay with Arrays

by Karl Townsend

Most of us associate the term "ran-
dom access" with disk operation. In
almost any DOS manual, you'll find a
section on opening a file for random ac-
cess, fielding, putting, getting, and so
on — all words relating to random filing
and retrieving of records.

To achieve all the advantages of ran-
dom access means you must lay out
many dollars for that disk subsystem
with its controller. This generally trans-
lates into staying with sequential tape
files and their problems.

Even if you cannot afford disk opera-
tion at present, you can use the benefits
of random access without disk.

All you need is Level II cassette-based
16K TRS-80. You can do it with 4K but,
as we will substitute memory for disk,
more memory is better.

Random Ideas

Some time ago, I wanted to write a
checkbook maintenance program tai-
lored to my own requirements such as
account structure, balancing, and entry
methods. Most of all, I wanted to work
on any record— enter, edit, delete— with-
out constantly reading tape files. In
other words, I wanted a random access
operation, but purchasing even one disk
drive was out of the question.

It occurred to me that if I was willing
to accept the normal tape load and save
procedure for initial input and final out-
put, I could achieve most of the features
I wanted with an array.

An array is a series of numbered
pigeonholes for data storage and re-
234 • 80 Micro, October 1983

At last, you can use
random access to store
and retrieve data even if
you don't have disk drives.

trieval on demand. Usually, you enter
data in a For... Next loop. A loop
again works through the array to re-
trieve data step by step. Between storing
and retrieving, you might sort or rear-
range data.

Figure 1 shows a simple array. To
look at the data contained in any
given record, just call the proper
number and print the data. For exam-
ple, to find Ed's telephone number, just
type Print A$(3).

If you next want Andy's number,
simply Print A$(l). This is just as ran-
dom as disk files.

After retrieving the record from the
array, you can rewrite it, edit parts, or
delete it. You have complete control of
the selected record's contents. Then
write the record back into the array
using a form such as Input A$(4). This

tucks any changes into the pigeonhole
designated.

You must know where each record is
located in order to read it. For this pur-
pose, you need an index. How else do
you know Tony's telephone number is
in record 5? How to set up an index for
general use is a topic all its own, but if
you know the locations of your records,
you can read them in any order.

Available memory size limits use of
the array for this type of operation.
With more memory you can use a larger
array. To make maximum memory
available, use program compressing
tricks such as eliminating spaces, using
multistatement lines, and so on.

Now Organize Those Checks

How can you apply these concepts to
checkbook records? (Figure 2 shows
some typical checkbook records.)

A checkbook has a natural indexing
system — the check number. These
unique numbers refer to specific records
and are in sequential order (as in an
array).

Start out by dimensioning an array to
hold your records: 100 DIM A$(100,5).
This statement sets aside room for 101

A$(l) Andy —368 1234
A$(2) Dan —257 1598
A$(3) Ed -257 4587
A$(4) Sam —887 3254
A$(5) Tony -665 1227

Figure I. An array.

The Key Box

Models I and ffl
16KRAM
Cassette Basic

check records, each containing six
fields.

Remember, arrays start with the zero
position. For example, A$(0,0) is a
usable array position. You might as well
use the zero position because it uses
memory space whether you put data in
it or not.

Record 4 in our array might look like
Fig. 3. A check for $45.98 to Anderson
Lumber on Sept. 25 is for house repairs.
The check has not yet been returned by
the bank, so an N appears in the can-
celled field. Each record (check) from
zero to 100 is laid out in the same
pattern.

To find any given check, just call its
array location and print it. For example:

200 FOR 1 = TO 5: PRINT A$(4,I): NEXT I

prints the contents of record four on
your screen.

Suppose you want to access checks by
check number, rather than by some ar-
bitrary array location number. Assume
you start with check number 361. Array
location 361 does not exist, so you must
convert 361 to fit within the array. Since
check number 361 is the first check, put
it in location zero.

100 DIM A$( 100,5)
110FC = 361

Line 110 calls the first check (FC)
number 361. To reference this or any
other check number, use this constant
(FC) to convert it to an array location.
How does that work? Below is an exam-
ple of how you might locate and print a
selected check.

500 INPUT "ENTER CHECK NUMBER TO

BE PRINTED";CN
510 CP - CN - FC
520 FOR I = TO 5: PRINT A$(CP,I): NEXT I

Enter the check number 365 at the
prompt. The program subtracts the first
check number (FC) from the check
number entered (CN) to give the check's
position (CP) in the array. In this case:
365 minus 361 equals 4; the check you
want is in A$(4,x). The first few checks
in the array are found as follows:

Location

Heading Contents

A$(4,0)

Check number 365

A$(4,l)

Date 810925

A$(4,2)

Made to: Anderson Lumber

A$(4,3)

Amount $45.98

A$(4,4)

Account House repairs

A$(4,5)

Cancelled? Y/N N

Figure 3. Record 4.

Check

Position

361

362

363

364

365

366

Entering newly written checks fol-
lows a similar pattern.

600 INPUT "ENTER CHECK NUMBER" ;CN

610 CP = CN - FC

62OA$(CP,0) = CN

630 INPUT "DATE??";A$(CP,1)

640 INPUT "MADE TO??";A$(CP,2)

650 INPUT "AMOUNT??" ;A$(CP,3)

660 INPUT "ACCOUNT??";A$(CP,4)

670 INPUT "CANCELLED Y/N ??";A$(CP,5)

As each check is entered, the first check
(FC) number is subtracted from the
check number (CN), resulting in the ar-
ray position number (CP) used to store
the record.

Cancelling a check using the check
number is even easier.

700 INPUT "ENTER CHECK NUMBER TO

BE CANCELLED" ;CN
710 CP = CN - FC
720A$(CP,5) = "Y"

Set up editing to suit your own needs,
but you must still use the first check
(FC) for locating records. A very simple
editing method is to call the record of
the check and write over the stored in-
formation just as if you were making an
original entry. This saves installing an
edit module in your program.

Deposits are not usually numbered.
To use this scheme, give them a number
and, using a separate array, treat

No. Date

Made To:

Amount Account

Cancelled

361 810813

Gas Co.

$ 35.39 house

362 810919

80 Micro

$ 18.00 computer

363 810920

City

$219.25 taxes

364 810920

Church

$ 50.00 contrib.

365 810925

Anderson L

umb

$ 45.98 house rep.

366 810930

Jones College

$210.00 education

Figure 2.

Checkbook records.

deposits just like checks.

DIM B$(25,3)

B$(DP,0) = DEPOSIT NUMBER

B$(DP,1) = DATE

B$(DP,2) = SOURCE

B$(DP,3) = AMOUNT

The deposits position (DP) is again
set up by placing early in the program a
notation showing the number of the
first deposit (FD). Subtracting this from
each deposit number (DN) gives the
proper array position.

Enter service charges as a negative
deposit with a notation in the source
location. ;

There is no need to sort the data. You
insert the data in checkbook order;
therefore, they are ordered as you
would normally use them. This saves a
sort routine and its attendant problems.

You do not have to enter checks in
any particular order. If, for example,
you carry some prenumbered checks in
your wallet and use them long after
some subsequent number; it does not
matter. The array position for each
check remains blank until you use it.
Higher numbered checks simply go into
their allocated slots above the unused
checks.

To close out a section of your check-
book record and start a hew one, as you
might do at the beginning of a new year,
just save the current file for future refer-
ence, set the first check (FC) to the first
check number of the new year, and set
the first deposit statement (FD) to the
first deposit of the new year. The first
deposit of the new year should be the
balance from the previous year.

Finally

For true random access of unse-
quenced data, you must develop an ex-
ternal index that you can then sequence
on selected key data elements. Chaining
records is one method of accomplishing
this.B

Karl Townsend can be reached at 103

Knollwood Drive, Lansdale, PA 19446.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 235

SCIENCE

f <ggp }

LOAD 80

Brief Exposures

by Brian Durell

A tachistoscope is a device used in
psychological studies to present visual
displays of words and letters for care-
fully controlled brief periods of time.
Such displays are useful in studying
phenomena related to short-term mem-
ory and perception.

I have simulated a tachistoscope us-
ing a 16K Model I. I developed the pro-
gram to provide a simulated laboratory
experience for my students. It is entirely
menu driven and modularized.

The User's Eye View

The program begins with credits and a
short introduction. To advance from one
page to the next, press any key or the

Chokes

1) Investigation Suggestions

2) Random Displays

3) Prepared Displays

4) Quit

Type the number of your choice

Figure I. Main menu.

Improve your percep-
tion and short-term
memory by using your com-
puter as a tachistoscope.

number of your choice from a menu.

The main menu is shown in Fig. 1 . It
lets you select suggestions for carrying

Suggestions for Investigations

1) Start with some random letter series.
How many consecutive letters can you see
each time?

2) Try varying the length of time of the
display.

What effect does that have on the number
of letters which you can see?

3) Repeat 1) and 2) with prepared letter
displays.

Press any key to continue

Figure 2. Investigation suggestions page.

Change Timing

You may change the timing for the display to be anything from

1 to 500 ticks.

Each tick is the equivalent of about .004 seconds.

(It takes about 250 ticks to make up a second.)

At present the timing is set at 150 ticks.

Do not use decimals or fractions in setting the number of ticks.

How many ticks would you like (1-500):?

Figure 4. Change timing page.

out an investigation, random displays,
or prepared displays. It also provides a
clean way out of the program with a
quit selection.

Selecting the suggestions option pro-
duces the page shown in Fig. 2. Select-
ing random displays leads to the menu
shown in Fig. 3. Selecting prepared dis-
plays leads to essentially the same menu
except the heading indicates prepared
rather than random displays.

Choice 1 of the Random Displays
menu generates a random string of 25
letters. The screen clears and a line of 25
asterisks is flashed three times in ap-
proximately the middle of the screen.
This helps you orient your attention to
the place where the random letters are
displayed. For a fraction of a second, a
string of 25 letters such as

YDKVHSDSICSOJXEAKFHGQPWPH

Random Displays

1) Generate new display

2) Repeat previous display

3) Show display for confirmation

4) Change timing

5) Return to choices

Type the number of your choice

Figure 3. Random displays menu.

The Key Box

Model I and in

16KRAM

Cassette or Disk Bask

236 • 80 Micro, October 1983

appears in place of the asterisks and
then the Random Displays menu re-
appears.

Choice 2, repeat the display, is pro-
vided in case you are distracted at a cru-
cial moment or want to repeat the same
display in order to attend to another
part of it. Usually you will write down
as many consecutive letters as you are
able to see. Psychologist G.A. Miller's
research indicates that you should be
able to see from five to nine letters in
any given brief exposure. Option 3,
show display for confirmation, lets you
check your observation.

You can change the timing of the
display using option 4. It puts the page
shown in Fig. 4 on the screen. When
you type a new number, the display
menu, Fig. 3, returns to the screen.

Long exposures, a second or more in
duration, will increase the number of
letters you will be able to see. Most users
will be surprised to discover that the
time has to decrease to 1/100 second or
less before much degradation in their
ability to see letters occurs. Choice 5 re-
turns to the main menu.

Working with prepared displays dif-
fers from the random displays only in
that the strings of letters are not ran-
domly generated. They are prepared in
advance. The prepared displays are in
data lines starting at line 5000 (see the
Program Listing).

There are several types of prepared
displays. Some look much like random
strings of letters. However, they are ac-
tually unrelated words strung together.
In some cases, spaces are left between
the words.

In other prepared strings, the words
are related and form sentences or
sentence fragments. These also may ap-
pear with the words run together or with
spaces between the words. Other strings
are familiar phrases that also may ap-
pear with or without spaces between
the words.

Psychological Lessons

The main psychological point that
this application reveals is Miller's
"magical number seven plus or minus
two," which shows the limitation that
exists in our ability to perceive visual in-
formation in brief exposures. The pro-
gram demonstrates the fact that we can
see as much in 1/100 second as we can
in about 1/2 second.

The most interesting point is that the
prepared displays indicate that percep-
tion is an active, not a passive, process.
When the displayed material is familiar
to us, we see much more of it. This is due
to prior learning and our active seeking

PROGRAM. END

Program Listing. Tachistoscope.

10 > TACHISTOSCOPE BY BRIAN DURELL 30 OCT

15 CLEAR 1000

20 GOSUB 100: ' PROGRAM. BEGIN

30 GOSUB 200: ' CHOICES (1,C)

40 IF QUITFLAG = THEN 30

45 CLS

50 END: ' —

99 '

100 • PROGRAM. BEGIN ROUTINE

110 GOSUB 300: ' TITLE PAGE

120 GOSUB 40 0: ' INSTRUCTIONS

130 ■ INITIALIZE VARIABLES

135 RANDOM

140 TIME = 150

145 DISPLAYS = "PFMBTELNUDABRQLNBOHFWZMBK"

150 NUM =21: ' CURRENT NUMBER OF PREPARED DISPLAYS

155 DIM TALLY(NUM)
160 FOR I =1 TO NUM

16 5 TALLY (I) =

17 NEXT I
195 RETURN

300
302
305

SUGGESTIONS
RANDOM DISP

PREP. DISP.

"*** TACHISTOSCOPE ***'

"BY"

"A. B. DURELL"

"UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO'

199 '

200 ' CHOICES ROUTINE

205 GOSUB 500: ' DISPLAY CHOICES

210 IF CHOICE = 1 THEN GOSUB 600 ELSE 220:

215 GOTO 245

220 IF CHOICE = 2 THEN GOSUB 700 ELSE 230:

225 GOTO 245

230 IF CHOICE = 3 THEN GOSUB 800 ELSE 240:

235 GOTO 245

240 IF CHOICE = 4 THEN QUITFLAG = 1

245 RETURN

299 '

i TITLE PAGE

CLS

PRINTS 148,
310 PRINTS 286,
315 PRINTS 345,
320 PRINTS 468,
325 PRINTS 668,

330 FOR I = TO 500: NEXT I: ■ DELAY LOOP -

335 RETURN

399 '

400 i INSTRUCTIONS

405 CLS

410 PRINTS 404, "DO YOU WANT INSTRUCTIONS? (Y OR N)

415 GOSUB 1500: ' GET KEYPRESS

420 IF KEYPRESS = "N" THEN 495

425 IF KEYPRESS = "Y" THEN 435 ELSE GOSUB 1300:

430 GOTO 415

435 PRINTS 20,"*** TACHISTOSCOPE ***

440 PRINT: PRINT "A TACHISTOSCOPE IS USED TO STUDY MEMORY PHENOM
ENA."

445 PRINT "A SERIES OF LETTERS WILL BE PRESENTED BRIEFLY ON THE

SCREEN."

450 PRINT "TRY TO READ AS MANY LETTERS AS POSSIBLE EACH TIME."

455 PRINT "WRITE DOWN THE LETTERS WHICH YOU SEE. THEN CHECK THE

M OUT."

460 PRINT "YOU MAY CHOOSE TO SEE RANDOM SERIES OF LETTERS, OR PR

EPARED"

SERIES OF LETTERS. YOU MAY REPEAT A PARTICULAR DISPL

ERROR MSG

'YOU WISH, OR YOU MAY CHANGE THE LENGTH OF TIME FOR WH
'THE LETTERS ARE DISPLAYED. YOU MAY ALSO RECALL A SER

465 PRINT

AY IF"

470 PRINT

ICH"

475 PRINT

IES"

480 PRINT "TO CONFIRM YOUR IDENTIFICATION. 1

485 PRINTS 970, "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"

490 GOSUB 1500

495 RETURN

499 '

500 • —
505 CLS
510 PRINTS 148,"*** CHOICES ***"

515 PRINTS 280, "1) INVESTIGATION SUGGESTIONS"

520 PRINTS 344, "2) RANDOM DISPLAYS"

525 PRINTS 408, "3) PREPARED DISPLAYS"

530 PRINTS 472, "4) QUIT"

535 PRINTS 660,"### TYPE THE NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE ###"

540 GOSUB 1000: ' GET CHOICE

545 RETURN
599 '
600
602 CLS

DISPLAY CHOICES

SUGGESTIONS FOR INVESTIGATIONS

605 PRINTS 20,"### SUGGESTIONS FOR INVESTIGATIONS ###'

Using continued

80 Micro, October 1983 • 237

Listing continued

610 PRINT? 133, "1) START WITH SOME RANDOM LETTER SERIES."

615 PRINTS 200, "HOW MANY CONSECUTIVE LETTERS CAN YOU SEE EACH TI

ME?"

620 PRINTS 325, "2) TRY VARYING THE LENGTH OF TIME OF THE DISPLAY

625 PRINTS 392, "WHAT EFFECT DOES THAT HAVE ON THE NUMBER OF LETT

ERS"

630 PRINTS 456, "WHICH YOU CAN SEE?"

635 PRINTS 581, "3) REPEAT 1) AND 2) WITH PREPARED LETTER DISPLAY

S."

640 PRINTS 970, "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE";

6 45 GOSUB 1500: ' GET KEYPRES$

6 50 RETURN

699 ■

700 i RANDOM DISPLAYS

705 CLS

710 PRINTS 84,"*** RANDOM DISPLAYS ***"

715 GOSUB 900: • DISPLAY MENU

720 GOSUB 1100: ■ GET DISPLAY CHOICE

725 IF CHOICE - 1 THEN GOSUB 1600 ELSE 735:

730 GOTO 705

735 IF CHOICE - 2 THEN GOSUB 1700 ELSE 745:

740 GOTO 705

745 IF CHOICE - 3 THEN GOSUB 1800 ELSE 755:

750 GOTO 705

755 IF CHOICE - 4 THEN GOSUB 1900 ELSE 765:

760 GOTO 705

765 RETURN: ' BACK TO CHOICES

799 ■

800 " PREPARED DISPLAYS

805 CLS

810 PRINTS 84,"*** PREPARED DISPLAYS ***"

DISPLAY MENU

' GET DISPLAY CHOICE

1 GOSUB 1200 ELSE 835: ' —

NEW DISPLAY

REPEAT DISP.

CONFIRM DISP.

CHANGE TIMING

830

835

2 GOSUB 1700 ELSE 845:

4 GOSUB 1900 ELSE 865 :

BACK TO CHOICES

NEW DISPLAY

REPEAT DISP.

CONFIRM DISP.

CHANGE TIMING

910 PRINTS 344, "2]

915 PRINTS 408, "3]

920 PRINTS 472, "41

925 PRINTS 536, "5)

815 GOSUB 900:
820 GOSUB 1100:
825 IF CHOICE =

GOTO 80 5

IF CHOICE -
840 GOTO 80 5

845 IF CHOICE - 3 GOSUB 1800 ELSE 855:
850 GOTO 805
855 IF CHOICE
860 GOTO 805
865 RETURN: '

899 '

900 ' DISPLAY MENU

902 PRINTS 128,STRING$(63,95)

905 PRINTS 280, "1) GENERATE NEW DISPLAY"

REPEAT PREVIOUS DISPLAY"

SHOW DISPLAY FOR CONFIRMATION"

CHANGE TIMING"

RETURN TO CHOICES"
930 PRINTS 660,"##» TYPE THE NUMBER OF YOUR CHOICE ###"
935 RETURN

999 '

1000 i GET CHOICE

1010 GOSUB 1500: ' GET KEYPRES$

1020 IF ASC(KEYPRESS) > 48 AND ASC (KEYPRESS) < 53 THEN 1050:

CHECK FOR KEYPRESS >0 AND <5

103 GOSUB 1300: * ERROR MESSAGE

1040 GOTO 1010: ' GET NEW INPUT

1050 CHOICE - VAL(KEYPRESS)
1060 RETURN

1100 ' GET DISPLAY CHOICE

1105 GOSUB 1500: ' GET KEYPRESS

1110 IF ASC(KEYPRESS) >4B AND ASC (KEYPRESS) < 54 THEN 1125:

CHECK FOR KEYPRESS > AND < 6

1115 GOSUB 1300: ' ERROR MESSAGE

1120 GOTO 1105: ' GET NEW KEYPRESS

1125 CHOICE - VAL (KEYPRESS)
1130 RETURN

1199 ■

1200 ■ NEW PREPARED DISPLAY

1205 CLS

1210 GOFLAG -

1215 FOR I - 1 TO NUM: ' CHECK FOR UNUSED DISPLAYS

1220 IF TALLY (I) - THEN GOFLAG - 1
1225 NEXT I

1230 RANUMBER - RND(NUM): ' PICK A DISPLAY RANDOMLY —

1235 IF GOFLAG - THEN 1250

1240 IF TALLY (RANUMBER) - 1 THEN 1230:

CHECK IF UNUSED

1245 TALLY (RANUMBER
1250 RESTORE

1255 FOR I - 1 TO RANUMBER
126 READ DISPLAYS: ' -
1265 NEXT I

1, i mark AS USED

SELECT FROM DATA STATEMENTS

1270 GOSUB 1700:

FLASH DISPLAY

of information from the display.

If you doubt this, have a friend re-
place the prepared displays with equiva-
lent material from a foreign language
with which you are not familiar. Your
performance will decline to the random
display level. What you see depends in
large part on what you already know. In
some situations, believing is seeing.

The Program

The program operates through sub-
routines. The subroutines are labeled
where the actual code appears and at the
point where the routine is called. Each
subroutine starts with a line number
that is a multiple of 100. All subroutines
are short and most call other sub-
routines.

' What you see depends

in large part on what

you already know.

In some situations,

believing is seeing. "

Listing continued

I used long variable names for easier
readability. This puts an extra strain on
the programmer but should make it
much easier to change the program
later. You must keep track of the first
two letters of the variable names as
these are the only letters that Level II
Basic sees.

The format of this program will be
the despair of memory-packing pro-
grammers. It is wasteful of memory
space, as many comments, spaces be-
tween words and variable names, and
indented For . . . Next loops are includ-
ed. Such extravagance does not get the
maximum amount of program into a
minimal memory capacity, but it lets
you decipher and modify your code
after several months of working on
something else.

The executive portion of the program
is contained in lines 15-50. The Clear
instruction reserves some memory for
string manipulation. The subroutine at
line 100 initializes variables, displays the
title page, and checks to see if you want
instructions.

238 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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By now, that shouldn't come as any surprise.
After all, we invented digital printers for the 1964
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Since then, we've built more print mecha-
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Including the world's smallest printers, the
world's most reliable printers and the world's
first disposable print head.

And today we are proud — but not surprised
— to say that the world's best selling printers
for small computers
have the Epson name
right on the front.

But the really
amazing fact about
Epson printers is this:
they don't cost any
more than other
printers. In fact, they

New Epson RX and FX dot matrix

frequently cost less.

Here's how we got to be the world's best-
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the way we've done business for almost 20 years.

Only one printer can claim to be "number one."
And measured by popular acceptance, by techno-
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Please call (800) 421-5426 for the dealer nearest you. In California, (213) 539-9140.

-97

80 Micro, October 1983 • 239

Line 145 is included as a precaution
against a user who might request to
have a display shown for a second time
or for confirmation as his very first
choice, before any display has been
generated. The display in line 145 will
almost never be used, but if a user
should choose to begin in such a curious
manner the program will not crash.

In line 150, the variable NUM is set to
the number of prepared displays stored
in data statements with line numbers in
the 5000 series. Line 4995 carries a re-
minder to change the value of NUM if
you change the number of prepared
displays.

Tally, lines 155 and 165, is an array
used to tally the use of the prepared
displays. These displays will be pre-
sented in random order, but all of them
will be used before any one is repeated.
Tally and the code using it in the
subroutine at line 1200 ensure that the
prepared displays will be used in this
manner.

The subroutine at line 200 displays
the basic choices menu and calls sub-
routines appropriate to your choice.
The program simply continues to exe-
cute this subroutine and any subrou-
tines that it calls as long as the quit flag

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accepted

MCS SOFTWARE

809 Parkway. Conway. Arkansas 72032
Phone:501-327-4443 ,, Q ,

Listing continued

1295
1299
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1399
1500
1510
1520
1530
1600
1605
1610
1615
1620
1625

1630

1635

1640

1645

1655

1699

1700

1705

1710

1715

1720

1725

1730

1735

1740

1745

1750

1755

1760

1795

1800

1805

1807

1810

1815

1820

1825

1899

1900

1905

1910

1915

1925

1930

1935

1940

D. "

1950

1955

1960

1965

ER OF

1970

1975

1985

1999

2000

2005

2006

RETURN
i

1 ERROR MESSAGE

FOR J = TO 3

PRINTS 970,"ItI INVALID INPUT. TRY AGAIN III")

FOR I = TO 500: NEXT I: * DELAY LOOP

PRINTS 970,STRING$(35,32) ;

FOR I = TO 100: NEXT I: ' DELAY LOOP
NEXT J
RETURN

' KEYPRESS

KEYPRES$ = INKEY$

IF KEYPRESS - "" THEN 1510

RETURN

' GENERATE RANDOM DISPLAY

LASTLTRS = ""
DISPLAYS = ""
FOR I = 1 TO 2 5

LTR$ = CHR$(64 + RND(26)): ■ CHOOSE RANDOM LETTER

IF LTR$ = LASTLTR$ THEN 1620: ' NO SAME CONSECUTIVE

LETTERS

LASTLTR$ = LTR$

DISPLAYS = DISPLAYS + LTR$: ' BUILD DISPLAY

NEXT I

GOSUB 1700: ' FLASH DISPLAY

RETURN

■ FLASH DISPLAY

CLS

FOR I = 1 TO 3

PRINT CHR$(23): ' LARGE PRINT

PRINTS 390,STRING$(25,42) : ' FLASH STARS

FOR J = 1 TO 500: NEXT J: ' DELAY LOOP —

CLS

NEXT I

PRINT CHR$(23): ■ LARGE PRINT

PRINTS 390. DISPLAYS

FOR I = 1 TO TIME: NEXT I: ' DELAY LOOP

CLS

FOR I = 1 TO 1000: NEXT I: ' DELAY LOOP

RETURN

' SHOW DISPLAY FOR CONFIRMATION

CLS

PRINT CHR$(23): ' LARGE PRINT

PRINTS 390, DISPLAYS

PRINTS 710, "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"

GOSUB 1500: ' GET KEYPRESS

RETURN

CHANGE TIMING

07
10
15
17
20
22
25
30
'35
40
145
150

CLS

PRINTS 84,"*** CHANGE TIMING ***"

PRINT STRING$(64 f 95)

PRINT "YOU MAY SET THE TIMING FOR THE DISPLAY TO BE ANYTHIN

PRINT "FROM 1 TO 500 'TICKS'.

PRINT "EACH 'TICK' IS THE EQUIVALENT OF ABOUT .004 SECONDS.

PRINT "THAT IS, IT TAKES ABOUT 250 TICKS TO MAKE UP A SECON

PRINT "AT PRESENT THE TIMING IS SET AT ";TIME; " TICKS."

PRINT "DO NOT USE DECIMALS OR FRACTIONS IN SETTING THE NUMB

TICKS"
PRINT

GOSUB 2000: ' GET NEW TIME SETTING

RETURN

' GET NEW TIMING

PRINTS 836, "HOW MANY TICKS WOULD YOU LIKE ( 1 - 500 ):"
PRINTS 900, "TYPE THE NUMBER AND THEN PRESS THE 'ENTER' KEY

INPUT TICKS

IF TICKS = "" THEN 2095

IF LEN (TICKS) > 3 THEN GOSUB 1300 ELSE 2022

PRINTS 943,STRING$(7,32) ;

GOTO 2005

ERFLAG =

FOR I = 1 TO LEN (TICKS)

TESTS = MID$(TICK$,I,1) : ' TEST EACH CHAR.

IF ASC (TESTS) > 47 AND ASC (TESTS) < 58 THEN 2045
ERFLAG = 1

NEXT I

IF ERFLAG = 1 THEN GOSUB 1300 ELSE 2060

Listing continued

240 • 80 Micro, October 1983

remains set at zero. Choice 4, Quit,
changes QUITFLAG to one, clearing
the screen and terminating program
execution.

The PRINT® instruction is a screen-
formatting device that prints a string
starting at a specified screen location.
The 1,024 screen print locations (16
lines of 64 characters each) are num-
bered 0-1,023.

I use the STRING$(n,m) function to
print repeated strings of the same char-
acter where n gives the number of
repetitions of the character and m is the
ASCII code of the character. For in-
stance, STRING$(5,32) prints a string
of five blanks. I wish more commercial
programs included this feature, particu-
larly for strings of blanks, as counting
blanks is difficult when they do not line
up near non-blank characters.

CHR$(23) is a control code that turns
on double-sized letters on the screen dis-
play. This display mode is canceled by a
CLS (clear screen) command. ■

Write to Brian Durell c/o Faculty of
Education, University of Toronto, 371
Bloor St. West, Toronto, Ontario M5S
2R7, Canada.

Listing continued

2052

PRINT? 943 ,STRING$(7,32)

2055

GOTO

2005

2060

IF VAL (TICK$) <1 OR VAL (TICKS) > 500 THEN GOSUB 1300 ELSE

2062

PRINT? 943,STRING$(7,32)

2065

GOTO

2005

2070

TIME

= VAL (TICK$)

2095

RETURN

2099

4989

4990
4995

IN LINE 150. UPDATE THAT VARIABLE WHEN ADDING OR

DELETING DISPLAYS.

5000

DATA

WANTHORSEFIRETALKWOMANHIT

5010

DATA

FROWNBOYTESTCARFOOTMIXTAR

5020

DATA

BLOTWITCHGAMEDOGMOTORWISH

5030

DATA

HUNGRYHORSESEATGRASSOFTEN

5040

DATA

WILDMENHUNTFATBOARSFORFUN

5050

DATA

MILD FARM BOOK STRING HAT

5060

DATA

FOAM TROT BOSS HEM STRIKE

5070

DATA

OLD CATS CHASE OLDER MICE

5080

DATA

LONG BINS HOLD MUCH GRAIN

5090

DATA

RAIN IN SPAIN STAYS MAINL

5100

DATA

FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEAR

5110

DATA

ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY

5120

DATA

TH I SF I NEDAYWI LLSOONBEGONE

5130

DATA

RATHOMESHOPSALTDOLLCRAYON

5140

DATA

WHENIFALLINLOVEITISAUGUST

5150

DATA

STUDENTS READ SILLY PAPER

5160

DATA

ITS MAINLY BECAUSE OF THE

5170

DATA

DONT LEAVE HOME WITHOUT I

5180

DATA

KEEP YOUR SUNNY SIDE UP

5190

DATA

GIVETHEMTHEOLDSOFTSOAPNOW

5200

DATA

TAPERULERSHIRTRUGSHELFOWL

Micro-Designs System- Upgrade
for the TRS Model III and 4

The Micro-Design TRS-80 upgrade includes Micro-Design's exceptional MDX-6 disk
controller board, one 40 Track Disk Drive, necessary installation cables and hard-
ware. Will also control external 8" Disk Drive Systems.

Fo« MOIU iNfOAMAliON & Full lilfRAILRl

CaII or Writ?

MICRO-DESIGN

6301 Manchaca Road, Suite B
Austin, Texas 78745

loll Foil

1-800-531-5002

* Texas Res, c all 512-441 78J fl n

■See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 241

«,..::•;. •'■ .f,i

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(DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK DRIVES ADD $75.00)

SHUGART NEW SLIMLINE DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK W/CASE & POWER SUPPLY $299.00

SHUGART NEW SLIMLINE DOUBLE SIDED 80 TRACK W/CASE & POWER SUPPLY $379.00

TANDON SINGLE SIDED SLIMLINE 8" DISK DRIVE W/DUAL CASE & POWER SUPPLY $545.00

TANDON DOUBLE SIDED SLIMLINE 8" DISK DRIVE W/DUAL CASE & POWER SUPPLY. . . . $625.00

TWO DRIVE CASES AVAILABLE AT VARIED PRICES
TWO DRIVE 5 1/4" CABLE (FOR MOST COMPUTERS) $23.99 WITH GOLD PLATED CONNECTORS

DV'S COLOR COMPUTER 1st DRIVE ONLY $389.00

ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON TEAC & SHUGART DRIVES/180 DAYS ON TEC & TANDON

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MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARD $89.00

PRINTER PRICES

WE'RE NOT GOING OT MAKE YOU CALL FOR PRICES - HERE THEY ARE IN BLACK AND WHITE!!!

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PRINTER CABLE 10' LONG W/GOLD PLATED CONNECTORS STARTING AT $25.99

DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS AVAILABLE AT VARIED PRICES

Visit our two
retail locations at:

886 Ecorse Road
Ypsilanti, MI 48197

(313) 426-5086/(313) 482-4424
or

WE CARRY TRS80. LNW. EPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

180 Days Parts and Labor Warranty
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

Free Shipping in the U.S.

»D£o

D'SPLAYED

48 Contiguous States

?il i2S 5 2ll 5noco TO ORDER. Call (313) 426-5086 or (313) 482-4424 or (517) 542-3280
Litchfield, MI 49252 (517) 542-3939 (517) 542-3947

(5 1 7) 542-3280 OR WRITE: DISPLAYED VIDEO 111 MARSHALL ST., LITCHFIELD. MI 4§252
(517) 542-3939

C\ 1 7\ ** A9 **Qd 7 "TRS^O to • trademark of the T.ody Corporation

\9 M. i f 9VmT9iW^ i ^ o2 Price* & Specifications subject lo change without notice

DVS EXCLUSIVE "YOU CANT LOSE" SIX MONTH WARRANTY!

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DISPLAYED VIDEO IS DRIVING DOWN PRICES ON DISK!

DISPLAYED VIDEO is now offering TRS-80' MODEL 4 with TANDON/TEC/TEAC disk drives, one of the most reliable
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OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2299.00/128K. .. $2379.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four internal drives of any configuration available to achieve up to 4 meg of disk storage CALL

MODEL ID/4 Internal Two Drive Kit: Includes controller board, dual drive mounting bracket, dual power supply, all hardware

cable; and connectors (gold plated) & TEC Drive $399.00

4 DRIVE KIT MINUS DRIVE $349.00

MODEL 100 8K $679.00 24K $839.00

DVS MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARDS. ..$89.00

Visit our retail location at:

111 Marshall Street
Litchfield, MI 49252
(313) 426-5086
(313)482-4424
(517) 542-3280
(517) 542-3939
(517) 542-3947

WE CARRY IRS 80. IBM, LNW. EPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS

D ISPLAYED
DEO

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

DVS SIX MONTH

PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY

Authorized Dealership at:
1 1 1 Marshall Street, Litchfield, Michigan 49252 PI 42

To Order Call (313) 426 5086; (313) 4824424; (517) 542 3280

(517) 542 3939; (517) 542 3947

OR WRITE:

Displayed Video, 1 1 1 Marshall St.. Litchfield. Ml 49252

' TRS80 ii a trademark iM the Tandy Corporation Prices subject to change without notice

GAME

(ft*]

LOAD 80

In Search of

by James Blatt

Hidden-word puzzles have become a
popular pastime and a proven educa-
tional tool. They provide a fun way to
improve spelling and word-recognition
skills. I wrote a program called Word-
search that generates this type of puzzle
(see Program Listing).

Wordsearch creates puzzles with up
to 25 hidden words, using either stan-
dard- or double-sized letters. It prints
puzzles in a square matrix along with a
list of words hidden in the puzzle. The
program produces any number of copies
of the same puzzle or different versions
of the puzzle using the same word list.

Using Wordsearch

To use Wordsearch, you first have to

The recent popularity
of word search games
has brought them from
paperbacks to computers.

type in your list of words. Enter words
one at a time, using letters only. You
must enter two-word phrases, hyphen-
ated words, or words containing apos-
trophes or other punctuation marks as a
single word without spaces or punctua-
tion. Wordsearch accepts up to 25
words and runs automatically after you

Program Listing. Wordsearch.

10 CLStCLEAR 1200:DEFINT A-Z

219 DIM WS(26):DIM A$(32,32)

30 RANDOM

40 PRINT STRING$(64,"*")

50 PRINTsPRINT TAB(23) "WORD SEARCH - 2.1"

55 PRINT TAB (23) "JAMES BLATT 3/18/83"

60 PRINTtPRINT STRING5 ( 64 , " •■ )

70 GOSUB 6000:GOSUB 1000:GOSUB 2000:GOSUB 3000:GOSUB 4000:GOSUB 50

00:GOTO 9000

80 CLS:PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO DO ANOTHER ONE? (Y/N)";

90 INPUT XS:IF X$ = "Y" THEN 30 ELSE END

1000 CLS:X = 1: PRINT "ENTER WORDS USING LETTERS ONLYl":PRINT "DO N
OT USE SPACES, HYPHENS, OR APOSTROPHES. ": GOSUB 6000

1020 CLS:PRINT "TYPE 'Q' AND PRESS ENTER IF NO MORE WORDS."

1030 PRINTtPRINT "WHAT IS WORD ";X;

1040 INPUT W$(X)

1050 IF X = 25 THEN PRINT "NO MORE WORDS ALLOWED. ": GOSUB 6000:RETU

1060 IF W$(X) - "Q" THEN X = X-l: RETURN

1070 X - X+l:GOTO 1020

Listing continued

enter the 25th word. To make a puzzle
with fewer than 25 words, enter Q after
you type in your last word.

When you finish entering your word
list, the program organizes the words
from longest to shortest and determines
the puzzle matrix size.

The program initializes the matrix
with a zero in each space. A random
routine then attempts to insert each
word on the list into the matrix, begin-
ning with the longest word. As the
matrix fills up, a word being inserted
may encounter a word already in place.
When this occurs, the program com-
pares the letter about to be inserted with
the letter already in position. If the let-
ters match, the insertion continues. If
they don't, the program backs out and
tries another random insertion.

It is possible, though unlikely, that a
word won't fit into the puzzle. The pro-
gram displays the number of the words
it tries to insert, along with the number
of attempts at insertion. If it hangs up

Continued on p. 248

The Key Box

Models I, II ,

and 111

VOL RAM

Bask

Printer

244 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Listing continued

2000 M = X:A = 0:B = 0:S = 0:GOSUB 7000

2010 FOR X = 1 TO M:A = A+LEN ( W$ (X) ) :NEXT X

2020 B = LEN(W$(1) )

2030 S = INT(SQR(A) )+2:IF S < B THEN S = B

2040 IF S < M THEN S = M

2050 S = S+4:IF S > 32 THEN PRINT "CAN'T HACK IT":GOSUB 6000:END

2055 GOSUB 8000

2060 RETURN

3000 CLS:FOR X = 1 TO M:Y =

3010 Y = Y+1:R = RND(14)-1:K = INT(R/3):IF R > 11 THEN K = K+R-12

3020 PRINT @ 512, "LOCATING WORD ";X;" ATTEMPT NUMBER ";Y

3040 X$ = INKEY$:IF X$ = "A" THEN GOSUB 5000:GOSUB 9000

3042 K = K+l:ON K GOTO 3050,3120,3190,3260,3330,340

3045 NEXT X:RETURN

3050 L = LEN(W$(X)):H = RND(S):C = .0 : E = 0:F = 0:R$ = "0"

3060 VI = RND(S-L)-1

3070 FOR C = 1 TO L:V = Vl+C

3075 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) = ASC(MIDS(WS(X) ,C,1) ) THEN E = H:F = V:R$ =

A$(H,V)

3080 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) <> 48 AND ASC(A$(H,V)) <> ASC (MIDS ( W$ ( X) ,C , 1)

) THEN 3100

3090 A$(H,V) = MIDS(W$(X) ,C,1) :NEXT C:GOTO 3045

3100 C = C-1:IF C = THEN GOTO 3010

3110 V = V-1:IF E = H AND F = V THEN A$(H,V) = R$:GOTO 3100

3115 A$(H,V) = "0":GOTO 3100

3120 L = LEN(W$(X)):H = RND(S):C = 0:E = 0:F = 0:R$ = "0"

3130 VI = RND(S-L)-1

3140 FOR C = 1 TO L:V = S-Vl-C

3145 IF ASC(AS(H,V)) = ASC (MID$ ( W$ ( X) ,C , 1) ) THEN E = H:F = V:R$ =

A$(H,V)

3150 IF ASC(AS(H,V)) <> 48 AND ASC(AS(H,V)) <> ASC ( MIDS (W$ ( X) ,C , 1)

) THEN 3170

3160 A$(H,V) = MID$(WS(X) ,C,1) :NEXT C:GOTO 3045

3170 C = C-1:IF C = THEN GOTO 3010

3180 V = V+1:IF E = H AND F = V THEN A$(H,V) = R$:GOTO 3170

3185 A$(H,V) = "0":GOTO 3170

3190 L = LEN(W$(X) ) :V = RND(S):C = 0:E = 0:F = 0:R$ = "0"

3200 HI = RND(S-L)-1

3210 FOR C = 1 TO L:H = Hl+C

3215 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) = ASC (MID$ ( W$ ( X) ,C , 1) ) THEN E = H:F = V:R$ =

A$(H,V)

3220 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) <> 48 AND ASC(A$(H,V)) <> ASC ( MIDS (W$ ( X) ,C , 1 )

Listing continued

Definitely THE BEST of the space
games for the TRS-80 MOD l/lll

• 1 ,2 or 3 SIMULTANEOUS players!

• Each piloting a seperate space ship

• Incredibly realistic graphics!

• Fast arcade responce!

• Options individually selected!

• Meteors • Blackhole Gravity

• Flying Saucers • Objects & Mines

• Bounce or Wrap-Around Screen

• Weapons: Missiles or Lasers

• Difficulty options selectable!

• # of Saucers . Saucer Speed

• Space Ship Power • Gravity Force

• Meteor Speed • Fuel Supply

• Weapon Supply • Laser Length

• Sophisticated ship controls!

• Variable thrust level • Rotation • Flip

• Fire left or right barrel • Hyperspace

• Cooperative or Competitive!

• Numerous scoring options

• 1 player can fly 2 ships - 1 with each hand'
■k Alpha & Trisstick compatable * Sound

32K Disk $29 95 or 16K Tape $26.95

Specify MOD I or III. 22 page manual included

California residents add 6% sales tax.

Outside USA (except Canada) add $10.00

SOFT SYSTEMS
& CONSULTING

PO BOX 60031 Santa Barbara. CA 93160

L If Pit

II LEVEL IV MEANS FOUR LEVELS OF EXCELLENCE II

/QURUTY yVRLUE ^/SERVICE ^SUPPORT

PREMIUM GRADE TRSQO'S

BIIII DINS A PREMIUM GRADE MICROCOMPUTER 19 A CLAIM FEN COMPANIES CAN
MAKE. AND EVEN FEWER CAN BACKUP. WE DO IT EVERY DAY. EACH LEVEL IV
COMPUTER SYSTEM IS CAREFULLY ASSEMBLED FROM PRE-TESTED COMPONENTS OF
THE HIGHEST OUALITY. AND TESTED FOR PERFORMANCE TO A LEVEL FAR ABOVE
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DELIVERED WITH THE FAMOUS LEVEL IV 90 DAY LIMITED, PARTS AND LABOR
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A LEVEL IV COMPUTER IB DESIGNED TO BE COMPLETELY COMPATIBLE WITH THE

MOUNTAIN OF SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE READILY AVAILABLE FOR IT. ANY ITEM

THAT WORKS ON OR ATTACHES TO, A STANDARD R/S UNIT WILL FUNCTION WITH
OUR VER8I0N.

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. M0D3 AND M0D4 DISK UP-GRADE AND MEMORY KITS

BUILDING A MODS OR M0D4 WITH THE ADOVC CAPABILITIES I FRTAINLY MAKES
IT A PREMIUM GRADE UN I I , BUT OUR MOST IMPORTANT PRODUCT 19
nfTHR-THE-SALE-SERVICE-AND -SUPPORT.

NOW FOR THE SURPRISE. BASE PRICE FOR OUR 64K M0D4 IS ONLY 51599.00

REMEMBER LEVEL IV MEANS 'QUALITY "VALUE "SERVICE «8UPP0RT

SOME MAY GET CLOSE TO OUR PRICES. BUT NONE WILL MATCH OUR VALUES.

«0 U U (B

r a u in
u « ~ u

K X>~

•- t-K K

IlUI

U. O •>

O s> t-

»-X

> O fc. 3
K Z X O

« o u

v- am

1 U 4. ~

m k a

> «

X X 3»-

-OOB

K>M

o c a

o X4»0
• u _J

OX3>

o - m a:
-amm

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n j t> u
• • X

II *■

k o i
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o a. I «

• • • •

3 COMPANY STORE LOCATIONBi

MAIL «. PHONE ORDER CENTER
32429 SCHOOLCRAFT ROAD
LIVONIA, MICHIGAN 4S1S0

COMPUTER BALES CENTER
182 NORTH 20TH STREET
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134 SOUTH FRONT STREET
DOMABIAC, NICHIBAN 4*047

ASK ABOUT OUR

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WE ACCEPT PAYMENTS BY VISA, M/C, CHECK, COD

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COMPUTER

SHOPPING CENTER

■See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 245

EARLY

SAMS

FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

Nine educational and entertaining
games controlled by a single pro-
gram. Even very young children can
select a game, play It, and select a
different game.. .ALL BY THEMSELVESI

• PICTURE MENU GIVES CHILDREN
CONTROL

• MATCH NUMBERS AND LETTERS

• COUNT COLORFUL BLOCKS

• ADD AND SUBTRACT STACKS OF
BLOCKS

• LEARN THE ALPHABET

• PRACTICE SPELLING NAMES

• COMPARE SHAPES

• DRAW AND SAVE COLORFUL PIC-
TURES

The large numbers and letters fill the
screen with color. Children enter
single key stroke responses and get
immediate visual and musical feed-
back. Hints are provided when ap-
propriate. Beyond just teaching
children basic skills, EARLY GAMES
makes them feel comfortable as they
control the computer. Designed for
children ages 2va to 6 years old.

EARLY GAMES offers the child a
diverse selection of activities which
stimulate the process of problem
solving as well as foster Individual
creativity.

Pamela Bach, Director
Youth World Day Care Center

I took EARLY GAMES home for my kids
and they really liked Itl It held their at-
tention and they learned from Itl

Jeanette Frltze
Computer Saleswoman

EARLY GAMES can help children
learn new concepts, information,
and skills and also Introduce them to
the joys and benefits of home com-
puters.

Peter Clark, faculty

Institute of Child Development

University of Minnesota

All nine games for $29.95
(Minnesota residents add 5% sales tax)

Apple II Plus

IBM Personal Computer

Atari 24K Disk or 16K Cassette

TRS-80 Model I/Ill 32K Disk or 16K Cassette

TRS-80 Color Computer 16K Disk or Cassette

VISA.Ma«terCard

EARLY GAMES

educational software

Suite 140E

Shelard Plaza North

Minneapolis, MN 56426

1-800-328-1223

Minnesota residents call:
612-544-4720

Listing continued

) THEN 3240

3230 A$(H,V) = MID$(W$(X) ,C,1) :NEXT C:G0TO 3045

J* 40 C = C-i:IF C = THEN GOTO 3010

3250 H » H-liIF E = H AND F = V THEN A$(H,V) ■ R$:GOTO 3240

3255 A$(H,V) = "0":GOTO 3240

3260 L - LEN(W$(X)):V - RND(S) :C - 0:E = 0:F - 0:R$ = "0"

3270 HI - RND(S-L)-1

3280 FOR C - 1 TO L:H = S-Hl-C

3285 IF ASC(AS(H,V)) = ASC(MID$(W$(X) ,C,1) ) THEN E « H:F - V:R$ -

A$(H,V)

3290 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) <> 48 AND ASC(A$(H,V)) <> ASC (NID$ (W$(X) ,C,1)

) THEN 3310

3300 A$(H,V) = MIDS(W$(X) ,C,1) :NEXT C:GOTO 3045

3310 C = C-1:IF C - THEN 3010

3320 H = H+1:IF E « H AND F = V THEN A$(H,V) - R$:G0T0 3310

3325 A$(H,V) = "0":GOTO 3310

3330 L = LEN(WS(X)):C - 0:E - 0:F - 0:R$ = "0"

3340 HI = RND(S-L)-1:V1 - RND(S-L)-1

3350 FOR C - 1 TO L:H - H1+C:V - S-Vl-C

3355 IF ASC(AS(H,V)) - ASC (MID$ (W$ (X) , C, 1) ) THEN E = H:F - V:R$ -

A$(H,V)

3360 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) <> 48 AND ASC(AS(H,V)) <> ASC (MID$ ( W$ (X) ,C, 1)

) THEN 3380

3370 A$(H,V) = MID$(W$(X) ,C,1) :NEXT C:G0T0 3045

3380 C - C-ltIF C - THEN 3010

3390 H - H-liV - V+1:IF E - H AND F «■ V THEN A$(H,V) - R$:GOTO 338

3395 A$(H,V) = "0":GOTO 3380

3400 L = LEN(W$(X)):C - 0:E - 0:F = 0:R$ = "0"

3410 HI = RND(S-L)-1:V1 - RND(S-L)-1

3420 FOR C = 1 TO L:H - H1+C:V - Vl+C

3425 IF ASC(AS(H,V)) « ASC (MIDS(W$ (X) ,C, 1) ) THEN E - H:F = V:R$ =

A$(H,V)

3430 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) <> 48 AND ASC(A$(H,V)) <> ASC (MID$ (W$ (X) ,C,1)

) THEN 3450

3440 A$(H,V) - MID$(WS(X) ,C,1) jNEXT C:GOTO 3045

3450 C « C-1:IF C ■ THEN GOTO 3010

3460 H - H-llV - V-1:IF E = H AND F - V THEN A$(H,V) = R$:GOTO 345

3465 A$(H,V) = "0":GOTO 3450

4000 FOR V - 1 TO S:F0R H = 1 TO S

4010 CS = "AABCDDEEEFGHIIJKLMNNOOOPRRSSSTTUVWY"

4020 R » RND(35)

4030 IF ASC(A$(H,V)) <> 48 THEN 4050

4040 A$(H,V) = MID$(C$,R,1)

4050 NEXT H:NEXT ViRETURN

5000 CLS:B$ - CHR$(32):P -

5010 ST% - PEEK(14312) AND 240

5020 IF ST% <> 48 THEN PRINT "PRINTER NOT ON LINE" : INPUT "PRESS EN

TER TO CONTINUE" ;X$

5022 INPUT "DO YOU WANT LARGE PRINT ? (Y/N) ";X$

5024 IF XS - "Y" THEN GOSUB 9500

5026 IF P - 1 THEN LPRINT CHR$(31) ELSE LPRINTCHR$ ( 30)

5030 FOR V - 1 TO S

5040 IF P - 1 THEN LPRINT:LPRINT ELSE LPRINT

5050 FOR H - 1 TO S

5060 LPRINT A$(H,V);B$;

5070 NEXT H:NEXT V: LPRINT:LPRINT

5080 LPRINT "WORD LIST" : LPRINT:FOR X - 1 TO MiLPRINT W$(X):NEXT X

5090 PRINT:PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO PRINT ANOTHER COPY? (Y/N)"i

5100 INPUT X$

5110 IF X$ - "Y" THEN 5000

5120 RETURN

6000 FOR T

7000 FOR I

7010 FOR J

7020 IF LEN(W$(I

7030 T$ - W$(I)

7040 WS(I) - W$(J)

7050 W$(J) - T$

7060 NEXT J

7070 NEXT I

7080 RETURN

80 00 FOR V - 1 TO S:FOR H - 1 TO S

8010 A$(H,V) - "0"

8020 NEXT HzNEXT V:RETURN

9000 CLS:PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO PRINT A NEW PUZZLE WITH THE SAME WO

RD LIST?"

9010 INPUT "(Y/N) ";X$

9020 IF X$ - "N" THEN 80

9030 GOSUB 8000:GOSUB 3000:GOSUB 4000:GOSUB 5000:GOTO 9000

9500 IF S < 17 THEN 9580

9510 CLS:PRINT "PUZZLE TOO LARGE FOR SINGLE PAGE" :PRINT

9520 PRINT "<1> ENTER SHORTER WORD LIST"

9530 PRINT "<2> USE SMALL PRINT"

9540 PRINT "<3> CONTINUE USING LARGE PRINT"

9550 PRINT: INPUT "WHICH NUMBER ";X

9560 IF X - 1 THEN 10

9570 IF X - 2 THEN RETURN

9580 P-1:RETURN

1 TO 2000:NEXT T:RETURN
1 TO M-l
1+1 TO M

>- LEN(W$(J) ) THEN 7060

246 • 80 Micro, October 1983

DONATE $250
TO TANDY CORPORATION?

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For the TRS-80 Model III

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It's a known fact that Computer Manufacturers sell their computers at a low margin
and make up the difference on peripheral items. One of these items is Computer
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If you would like 1 28K Memory instead of 64K, you pay Radio Shack $1 49. If you order it from us at the time you
get your Model 4. it costs only $50. Save a quick $1 00! rf you need a printer with your computer, see the following
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M R M A R O A F=" E O D I

J F" L. B I SGHLRVR

H B I L V I ,J M L_ E?. M M

L I O U HI R. E S O O 13 13

MISER

R R E X I H

C O M X O A

H <B

< j

c }

K V

S IM W F" R r>

w y o x e. x

I M L O K UJ

L_ S X M O

WORE) LIST

YELLO

PUR PL.

BLACK

W HITE

B R O W N

GREEN

BLUE

r e: o

Figure 1. Hidden-word puzzle in large-size
print.

"When you finish

entering your word list,

the program organizes

the words from

longest to shortest

and determines

the puzzle matrix size. "

Continued from p. 244

on a word, you can break out of the
routine by holding down the A key.
This causes the program to print out the
incomplete matrix (so you can check

program operation) and lets you try
again with the same word list.

The program fills the remaining
spaces in the matrix with randomly
chosen letters and enters the printing
routine. If your printer isn't on line,
Wordsearch pauses and waits for oper-
ator input before it continues. If your
printer is on line, a prompt gives you the
choice of large or regular size print.

The large print option is best for
younger children and may be preferred
by many users. (See Fig. 1.) If your ma-
trix is too big for this option, try using
larger paper, fewer words, or printing
the puzzle in standard-size print. (See
Fig. 2.)

Once the puzzle is printed, you can
print another copy of the same puzzle,
print a new puzzle with the same word
list, or print a new puzzle using a new
word list. The ability to make several
different puzzles from the same word
list is useful in classrooms because it
gives each student a unique puzzle.

Notes on Program Operation

The program sets the puzzle's matrix
size in lines 2000-2060 (see Listing). The
size of the matrix is determined by the
length of the longest word and the
square root of the total number of let-
ters or words, whichever is greater.

Since I print my puzzle on 8'/2- by
11 -inch paper, I limit the matrix size to
32 characters square. You can change
this by changing the formula that sets
the variable S in line 2050.

The word insertion routine in lines
3000-3465 is the most complicated in
the program. Wordsearch randomly

10-60

Initialization and title display

Main program

80-90

End or repeat program run

1000-1070

Word List entry

2000-2060

Establish matrix size

3000-3045

Choose word insertion mode

3050-3115

Vertical (bottom to top) word insertion

3120-3185

Vertical (top to bottom) word insertion

3190-3255

Horizontal (left to right) word insertion

3260-3325

Horizontal (right to left) word insertion

3330-3395

Diagonal (top left to bottom right) word insertion

3400-3465

Diagonal (bottom left to top right) word insertion

400(M050

Insert dummy letters in matrix

5000-5120

Print puzzle matrix and word list

6000

Time delay

7000-7080

Sort word list by length

8000-8020

Initialize matrix

9000-9030

Option to create new puzzle with existing word list

9500-9570

Check for large print use

Table 1. Program subroutines.

Total number of characters in word list

A$(n,n)

Puzzle matrix

Length of longest word

Blank space used in printing puzzle

C, I

J, T, X, Y

Counters

Dummy letters

E, F

Hold values of H and V during insertion attempt

H, V

Horizontal and vertical matrix locations

HI, VI

Horizontal and vertical starting points

Word insertion mode

Word length

Number of words in word list

Print size (0 = regular printer, 1 = large print)

Random number

Holds value of A$(H,V) during insertion attempt

Size of matrix (maximum value of H and V)

Holds value of W$(n) during sort

W$(n)

Word list

Menu variable

Table 2. Program variables.

248 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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CLEVELANDPWULUOENWTJBTDDKLVNT

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RSREFRJRIAHSICTOTDGDHSEITOTOA

RESYHTLBAGEDWKVAEOUAPFDATROF I

FAEDFPNKABJKEWYYEDIOIASNIRHPD

DDOAPRFSAVSKKLETUKSATMRBVROYG

WORD LIST

JEFFERSON

HARDING

TRUMAN

REAGAN

MCKINLEY

JACKSON

MONROE

NIXON

WASHINGTON

COOLIDGE

MADISON

WILSON

ADAMS

EISENHOWER

HARRISON

KENNEDY

HOOVER

HAYES

ROOSEVELT

LINCOLN

JOHNSON

CARTER

TAFT

CLEVELAND

FORD

Figure 2. Hidden-word puzzle in standard-size print.

selects between six modes of insertion in
lines 3000-3045. Vertical and horizontal
insertion are favored over diagonal
insertion by a 3-1 ratio since diagonal
words make the puzzle more difficult.

To make this a 2-1 ratio, change line
3010 to Y = Y + 1: R m RNEK20):
K = INT(R/4) : IF R > 17 THEN K =
K + 1. Set a 1-1 ratio with 3010 Y = Y
+ 1 : K = RNLX6) and the deletion of
K = K + 1 in line 3042.

Lines 4000-4050 contain the random-
letter insertion routine. The string vari-
able C$ in line 4010 establishes the set of
random letters. The set in the program
favors the more commonly used letters
and may be altered as needed. The
RND value in line 4020 should equal the
length of the C$.

Large and regular print sizes are set in
line 5026 by LPRINT CHR$(31) for
large characters and LPRINT CHR$
(30) for conventional-size characters.
These values may be different for other
printers and you should change them if
necessary.

To use Wordsearch on a Model II,
eliminate lines 5010 and 5020. ■

James Blatt can be reached at P.O.
Box 995, Sandersville, GA 31082.

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250 • 80 Micro, October 1983

HEY! JOE COMPUTER INC.!

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and drive cable ($29 95) The second drive for Models 3 & 4 is a bare drive. The first 2 drives for the IBM PC are bare
drives, the 3rd and 4th drives require power supplies 6 cabinets Color Computer disk drives require power supplies
and cabinets In addition the 1 st drive on a color computer requires a ROM pack & cable ($1 69 95). The second
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UTILITY

I dMD
LOAD 80

DAT ATP

by Jeff W. Collins

Recently, while editing a tape file and
rewriting the corrected version, it oc-
curred to me that the information on
the tape was locked into a restricted
place. I could copy it to another tape or
get a printed listing, but I couldn't use
the tape data in a stand-alone program
unless I rekeyed that data into data
statements in the new program.

I found a solution to the problem by
writing a hybrid program (a Basic pro-
gram with an Assembly-language sub-
routine). Not being familiar with tape
formats or floating-point numbers, my
hybrid program lets the Level II inter-
preter do the hard work and simplifies
my programming task.

In the Model I program, the Basic
program provides the brains, while the
Assembly language provides the hustle.

The Basic program itself (see Pro-
gram Listing 1) is a driver program; it
supplies information to the Assembly-
language program (see Program Listing
2), telling it what to do and when to do
it. Together, they provide the following
capabilities:

• Transfer the contents of a tape data
file to data-statement elements as quick-
ly as it is read in, without the effort and
errors of rekeying;

• Selectively copy any sequential group
of resident data statements; and

• Reformat a selected group of data-
statement elements into neat, readable
columns.

You must learn how to make the ad-

The Key Box

Model I

16KRAM

Level II Basic, Assembly language

Editor/ Assembler

Here's an easier way
to use tape data
files via a hybrid Basic
and Assembly listing.

justments to the Basic driver program
to fit your needs.

Because it's a Basic program modi-
fied by its Assembly-language subrou-
tine, key in and CSAVE the Basic driver
and assemble the source program to the
top of your memory, and save the
source and the object code on tape.

Answer the memory-size prompt
with a number about the center of your
free memory. For a 16K machine that's
roughly 25000. Then load the Basic and
object code.

After you enter the Run command,
answer the line-number with any num-
ber higher than the highest line number
now resident (for example, 400), then
an increment of 1 when prompted fur-
ther. Next you're prompted for the
number of blocks to be read in. Line
190 reads the data statements; enter 4 to
the prompt because there are four
blocks in the program. Next you are
asked if you wish to skip any blocks.
Answering Y will allow you to specify
the first and last blocks to convert.
Pressing N or enter will convert all four.

All four data statements have been
duplicated and reformatted. The refor-
matting was done by line 240, by the
way the variables were print formatted
onto the screen.

Rerun the program and use a higher
line number than already resident as in-
put to read eight blocks, then answer Y
when prompted to skip any blocks. You
now have twice as many data state-
ments, so you can answer with a 2 for
the first and a 5 for the last block to be

duplicated. List the program again and
see the result of the program's selective
capability.

This is the kind of program that in-
vites modification. You might want to
print the number of the current block
below and slow down the display with a
timing delay loop.

I didn't include the delay in the exam-
ple program because reading from tape
produces delay as the tape is read in. To
read in a data tape, edit line 190 from a
Read to an INPUTS- 1 -type statement.

Type in the following line while in the
command mode:

CLEAR500:FORI = 1T04:READA$,B,C$:
PRINT#-1,A$,B,C$:NEXTI

Now, delete all the resident data-
statement lines; rewind the tape and set
for play mode. Change line 190 to an
INPUT#-1 statement with the same
variable list, run the program again,
and input the four blocks from the tape
at a higher line number than the highest
resident line. List the program and there
is your tape data back into data
statements.

The example Program Listing uses
one loop to deal with the same variable
format each time. This is not always the
case, but adding minor additional
statements will suit each situation.

The only essential elements of this
driver program are:

• The USR(0), to signal the set-up of a
protected memory pointer;

• The print line into the upper left cor-
ner, followed by a delimiter;

• The USR(line number), to pass the
new incremented line number to the
Assembly-language routine and get it to
copy the screen line into protected
memory; and

• The USR(-6), to signal that new data
statements are now appended to the

252 • 80 Micro, October 1983

THE PROGflflfTl /TOR6

Guarantee: We will ship your order for items in this ad within 48 working
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Type of Computer

EDAS 4.0

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This preferred editor-assembler is becoming even more
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33679 TRS80 M 1 and M3 Disk $1 00.00

LC
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For only an additional $50. you get the LC-Compiler 1 This
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TRS80 M1 and
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254 • 80 Micro, October 1983

resident Basic program.

If you ever get a Basic Full message
while using the program there is no
room available to hold any significant
number of additional data statements.
This is the time to save the data-

statement lines to tape for later merging
or editing. After you delete the resident
data statements to regain memory
space, you can rerun the program to
continue from the point the program
stopped adding lines.

10 ' DRIVER PROGRAM TO READ A DATA TAPE INTO DATA STATEMENTS

20 ' ALSO USED TO COPY OR REFORMAT EXISTING DATA STATEMENTS

30 ' ** STRING SPACE REQUIRED BY STRING VARIABLES **

40 CLEAR 500

50 CLS:PRINTTAB(12)"DATA STATEMENTS FROM TAPE FILE PROGRAM"

60 PRINT: INPUT'BEGIN NEW DATA STATEMENTS AT LINE " | LNUMBER

70 PRINT: INPUT" INCREMENT FOR LINE NUMBERS "/NCRMENT

80 PRINT i INPUT "NUMBER OF DATA BLOCKS TO READ OR INPUT FROM TAPE

" ; BLOKS

90 ' ** SET UP USR( ) VECTOR, IN THIS CASE FOR 7EFBH **

100 POKE 16526, 251 t POKE16527 , 126

110 INPUT'ANY BLOCKS TO SKIP OVER (Y/N)";A$:IF A$-"Y" THEN INPUT

"FIRST BLOCK NUMBER TO CONVERT" » FIRST: INPUT"LAST BLOCK NUMBER TO

CONVERT" » LAST: ELSE LAST-BLOKS
120 ' ** TELL A/L PROGRAM TO SET UP PROTECTED MEMORY POINTER **
130 X-USR(0)

140 ■ ** NUMBER OF TAPE (OR OTHER) BLOCKS OF DATA **
150 FOR 1-1 TO BLOKS

160 ' ** TEST BELOW IF INPUT OR 'READ' TO BE STOPPED **
170 IF LAST < I THEN 310

180 • ** READ INTO VARIABLES, NOT ARRAYS **
190 READA$,B,C$

200 ■ ** TEST BELOW IF ANY ITEMS TO BE SKIPPED **
210 IF FIRST > I THEN 290

220 • ** PUT SCREEN DATA WHERE A/L PROGRAM WILL LOOK ****
230 ' ** CURSOR DELIMITOR AT END **
240 CLS:PRINT90," ";A$i ■ ," ,B| ", ■ ,C$;CHR$(95)
250 ■ ** PASS NEW BASIC LINE NUMBER TO A/L PROGRAM ****

260
270
280

X-USR(LN)

• ** ADD LINE

LN-LN+NCRMENT

I INCREMENT TO LINE NUMBER ****

290 NEXT I

300 ' ** TELL A/L PROGRAM TO FINISH APPENDING ****

310 X-USR(-6)

320 DATA 1ST STRING A$,1981 , 80-MICROCOMPUTING

330 DATA 2ND STRING A$, 1776, 2ND STRING B$

340 DATA THIRD, 333, 3RD STRING

350 DATA FOURTH, 1981, 4TH STRING

Program Listing 1. The Basic program.

Program Listing 2.

The Assembly-language program.

00106

(NAME:

DATATF ,

APPENDS DATA STATEMENTS FROM DATA TAPE.

00110

; BASIC

DRIVER

PROGRAM DIRECTS THE A/L PROGRAM. SEE TEXT.

4BF9

00120

TAILPT

EQU

40F9H

I END OF BASIC PROGRAM ADDR.

4BB1

00130

MEMSIZ

EQU

40B1H

;MEM SHE AS SET BY YOU

7EFB

00140

ORG

7EFBH

;F0R 16K. CHANGE FOR OTHER MEMORY

7EPB

FDE5

00150

WHICHl

PUSH

»SAVE FOR BASIC'S USE

7EFD

001S0

EXX

(EXCHANGE REGS.

7BFE

CD7FBA

00170

CALL

0A7FH

(GET USR( ) ARGUMENT INTO HL

7P01

■flM

A,L

|LSB OF ARGUMENT

7FB2

00190

(MSB OF ARGUMENT

7F83

287B

00290

Z,GETPTR

(IF IT IS 0, GET STARTED

7F05

00210

PUSH

J SAVE LINE •

7F06

11FAFF

00220

DE, 65531

1 HIGHEST POSSIBLE LN »+l

7FB9

00230

XOR

7FBA

ED52

00240

SBC

HL,DE

» COMPARE THEM

7FIC

00250

POP

; RESTORE LINE *

7FBD

CA937F

00260

Z,EOJ

1 SIGNAL FROM BASIC TO STOP

7F1B

D2937F

00270

NCEOJ

;LINE • ■> 65530 IS TOO HIGH

7F13

FD2AE77F

00280

DOALIN

IY.(NXTPTR) (A VALID BASIC LINE t

7F17

FDE5

00290

PUSH

jPT TO NEXT LINE PTR ADDR.

7F19

00300

POP

(STARTS AT LSB OF NEXT LN PTR.

7F1A

00310

INC

|PT TO MSB OF NXT LN PTR.

7F1B

00320

INC

»PT TO LSB OF BASIC LN • ADDR.

7F1C

00330

A,L

(GET LSB OF BASIC LN •

7F1D

00340

(DE) ,A

(STORE LSB OF LN •

7F1E

00350

INC

(PT TO MSB OF LN • ADDR.

7F1F

00360

A,H

(GET MSB OF LN 1

7F2B

00370

(DE),A

(STORE LSB OF LN •

7F21

00380

INC

(PT TO LINE'S FIRST TEXT BYTE

7F22

3E88

00390

A, 136

(PUT 'DATA' TOKEN VALUE IN REG A

7F24

00400

(DE) ,A

(IT'S NOW A BASIC 'DATA' LINE

7F25

00410

INC

(PT TO NEXT TEXT BYTE ADDRESS

7F26

210B3C

00420

HL.3C00H

(PT TO ULHC OF VIDEO

7r29

00430

GETCHR

A,(HL)

(GET CHARACTER FROM VIDEO

7F2A

FE5P

00440

(CURSOR DELIMITER AT STRING END

7F2C

2895

90450

Z,LINDUN

(END OF VIDEO LINE FOUND?

7F2E

00460

(DE),A

(NO, MORE ON VIDEO TO DO

7F2F

00470

INC

(PT TO NEXT LINE BYTE

Listing 2 continued

A Buffer Full message means that its
buffer is full until it is dumped into the
Basic data statement lines. Once
dumped, the buffer is ready for more,
and the driver can be rerun until you get
the Basic Full message.

The reason for having two different
messages is that the Assembly-language
program uses the memory-size answer
you gave before loading the programs
to create two memory work areas. The
first area is for the Basic program and
space for appending new data state-
ments. The second area contains the
buffer (ending 260 bytes lower than the
start address of the assembled object
code) to temporarily hold the new state-
ments and the Assembly-language pro-
gram itself — thus the reason for an-
swering the memory-size prompt in the
middle area of free memory.

For reading long tape files, if the Ba-
sic area is smaller than the buffer area,
you'll have to dump the Basic area more
often. Conversely, if the buffer area is
smaller, you have to rerun the driver
program several times before the Basic
area is filled. The messages indicate that
the buffer's memory was kept from
crashing into the Basic memory because
of the size difference between them.

If you use the same driver program
often, without remark statements, it
might be worthwhile to find a more ex-
act memory size to use each time. That
way either message lets you know that
it's definitely time to dump the Basic
contents and you won't have to rerun
the driver to fill up the Basic area
memory.

There are three things to keep in mind
when using this program:

• Answer the memory-size prompt to
the center of free memory;

• Load the object code and Basic driver,
executing the driver with Run; and

• Make certain that when you create
new lines they are numbered higher
than the highest resident line number.

Now that I know I can easily use tape
data files, I intend to make extensive use
of them for program development as
well as storage. For example, you don't
need to insert the Data token in each
line for the rest of the Assembly-
language algorithm to function. Rather
complex logical tests can be performed
of literals, variables, and operator input
within a Basic program to create actual
program lines. ■

Jeff W. Collins can be reached at
6025 Hampstead Drive West, Colum-
bus, OH 43229.

Listing 2 continued

7P30 23

00480

INC

(PT TO NEXT VIDEO CHAR.

7P31 18F6

00490

GETCHR

(GET ANOTHER VIDEO CHAR.

7F33 AF

00500 LINDUN

XOR

(END OF LINE MARKER INTO A

7F34 12

00510

(DE) ,A

(BASIC LINE COMPLETED

7F35 13

00520

INC

(PT TO LSB OF NXT LN PTR ADDR.

7F36 3E01

00530

A,l

7F38 FD7700

00540

(IY+0),A ;SAVE LSB DUMMY

7F3B FD7701

00550

(IY+1),A (SAVE MSB DUMMY

7F3E ED53E77F

00560

(NXTPTR)

,DE (SAVE NXT LN PTR ADDR.

7F42 21FB7E

00570

HL,WHICH1 ;ADDR OF PROGRAM START

7F45 010501

00580

BC.261

(261 BYTES FROM START SOUGHT

7F48 ED42

00590

SBC

HL,BC

(START MINUS 261

7P4A B7

00600

(CLEAR CARRY FLAG

7F4B ED52

00610

SBC

HL,DE

(START ADDR OF PROTECTED BUFFER MINU

S ADDR. OF NEXT BYTE

FOR NEW E

STATEMENT

7F4D FA817F

00620

M, BUFFUL ;WRAP UP IF BUFFER FULL

7F50 D5

00630

PUSH

(PTR TO NEXT BUFFER BYTE

7F51 El

00640

POP

(INTO HL

7F52 ED5BB140

00650

DE,(MEMSIZ) (ADDR. HELD BY BASIC

7F56 13

00660

INC

(PLUS 2 - ACTUAL PROTECTED ADDR.

7F57 13

00670

INC

(PTR TO START OF BUFFER

7F58 ED52

00680

SBC

HL,DE

(DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM

7F5A 23

00690

INC

(# OF BYTES OF BUFFER USED

7F5B E5

00700

PUSH

(SAVE TO STACK

7F5C CDC927

00710

CALL

27C9H

(GET AMT. OF FREE MEMORY

7FSF CD7F0A

00720

CALL

0A7FH

(CONVERT TO INTEGER, INTO 4121H

7F62 2A2141

00730

HL,(4121H) ;♦ FREE BYTES FOR BASIC

7F65 Dl

00740

POP

(RESTORE « OF BUFFER BYTES USED

7F66 010002

00750

BC,512

(MARGIN BEFORE ALLOWING MORE

7F69 ED42

00760

SBC

HL,BC

(AMT FREE - AMT FOR MORE

7F6B B7

00770

(CLEAR CARRY

7F6C ED52

00780

SBC

HL,DE

(MINUS AMT ALREADY USED IN BUFFER

7F6E FA867F

00790

M, BASFUL (BASIC AREA FULL. STOP.

7F71 D9

00800

EXX

(EXCHANGE REGS.

7F72 FDE1

00810

POP

(RESTORE FOR BASIC

7F74 C9

00820

RET

(RETURN TO BASIC CALLING PROGRAM

7F75 2AB140

00830

GETPTR

HL,(MEMSIZ) /START OF NEW LINES

7F78 23

00840

INC

(ADJUST

7F79 23

00850

INC

(PTS TO PROTECTED MEMORY

7F7A 22E77F

00860

(NXTPTR

,HL (FIRST NEW NXT LN PTR.

7F7D D9

00870

EXX

(EXCHANGE REGS.

7F7E FDEl

00880

POP

(RESTORE FOR BASIC

7F80 C9

00890

RET

(BACK TO BASIC CALLING PROGRAM

7F81 21E97F

00900

BUFFUL

HL, BUFMSG (BUFFER MESSAGE ADDR.

7F84 1805

00910

MESSAG

(GO OUTPUT MESSAGE

7FB6 21F57F

03920

BASFUL

HL, BASMSG (BASIC MESSAGE ADDR.

7F89 1800

00930

MESSAG

(GO OUTPUT MESSAGE

7F8B E5

00940

MESSAG

PUSH

(SAVE MESSAGE PTR.

7F8C CDC901

00950

CALL

1C9H

(CLEAR SCREEN SUBR.

7F8F El

00960

POP

(RESTORE MESSAGE PTR.

7F90 CDA728

00970

CALL

28A7H

(OUTPUT MESSAGE

7F93 2AE77F

00980

EOJ

HL, (NXTPTR) (LAST NXT LN PTR.

7F96 AF

00990

XOR

(ZERO INTO REG A

7F97 77

01000

(HL) ,A

(ZERO INTO LSB OF LAST NXT LN PTR

7F98 23

01010

INC

(PT TO MSB

7F99 77

01020

(HL) ,A

(ZERO INTO MSB (END OF PROGRAM)

7F9A ED5BB140

01030

DE,(MEMSIZ) (WHERE NEW LINES BEGIN

7F9E 13

01040

INC

(ADJUST

7F9F 13

01050

INC

(PT TO PROTECTED MEMORY

7FA0 AF

01060

XOR

(CLEAR CARRY

7FA1 ED52

01070

SBC

HL,DE

(LAST MINUS FIRST ADDR OF BLOCK

7FA3 23

01080

INC

(t OF BYTES TO MOVE

7FA4 E5

01090

PUSH

(TO STACK

7FA5 CI

01100

POP

(♦ BYTES FOR BLOCK MOVE

7FA6 ED5BF940

01110

DE,(TAILPT) (BASIC'S TAIL PTR ADDR.

7FAA IB

01120

DEC

7FAB IB

01130

DEC

(NEW (APPENDED) NXT LN PTR ADDR.

7FAC D5

01140

PUSH

(SAVE NXT LN PTR ADDR.

7FAD 2AB140

01150

HL,(MEMSIZ) (START POINT OF NEW LINES

7FB0 23

01160

INC

(ADJUST

7FB1 23

01170

INC

(PT TO PROTECTED MEMORY

7FB2 EDB0

01180

LDIR

(BLOCK MOVE TO END OF OLD PROGRAM

7FB4 ED53F940

01190

(TAILPT) ,DE (END OF BLOCK +1

7FB8 El

01200

POP

(OLD TAIL PTR ADDR. -2

7FB9 E5

01210

PUSH

(ONTO STACK

7FBA FDEl

01220

POP

(THEN INTO IY ALSO (NEW LN PTR)

7FBC 010400

01230

NEXT1

BC,4

1 t OF BYTES TO ADD TO HL

7FBF 09

01240

ADD

HL,BC

;PT TO LINE'S FIRST TEXT BYTE

7FC0 7E

01250

AGAIN

A,(HL)

(LOOK AT LINE BYTE

7FC1 FE00

01260

(IS IT END OF LINE ZERO YET?

7FC3 23

01270

INC

(PT TO NEXT BYTE REGARDLESS

7FC4 20FA

01280

NZ, AGAIN (NOT END OF LINE YET

7FC6 7E

01290

A, (HL)

(END OF LINE FOUND. LOOK AT NEXT.

7FC7 FE00

01300

(CHECK LSB OF NXT LN PTR CONTENTS

7FC9 2005

01310

NZ, LOADPT (NOT A ZERO?

7FCB 23

01320

INC

(FIRST WAS ZERO. PT TO MSB.

7FCC 7E

01330

A, (HL)

(LOOK AT MSB CONTENTS

7FCD FE00

01340

(ALSO A ZERO?

7PCF 2B

01350

DEC

(PT BACK TO LSB

7FD0 FD7500

01360

LOADPT

(IY+0) ,

L (LSB OF LAST NXT LN PTR.

7FD3 FD7401

01370

(IY+1),

H (MSB OF SAME

7FD6 2805

01380

Z, ENDPRG (MSB WAS ALSO A ZERO

7FD8 E5

01390

PUSH

(NEW NXT LN PTR ADDR.

7FD9 FDEl

01400

POP

(CHANGE NXT'LN PTR (PREVIOUS)

7FDB 18DF

01410

NEXT1

(ANOTHER LINE TO DO

7FDD D9

01420

ENDPRG

EXX

(RESTORE REGS.

7FDE FDEl

01430

POP

(RESTORE FOR BASIC

7FE0 Fl

01440

POP

(WON'T RETURN TO CALLING PROGRAM

7FE1 CD491B

01450

CALL

1B49H

(RESET BASIC'S POINTERS

7FE4 C3CC06

01460

06CCH

(BACK TO 'READY' PROMPT

7FE7 0000

01470

NXTPTR

DEFW

7FE9 42

01480

BUFMSG

DEFM

•BUFFER FULL'

7FF4 00

01490

DEFB

7FF5 42

01500

BASMSG

DEFM

'BASIC

FULL'

7FFF 00

01510

DEFB

06CC

01520

END

06CCH

(ENTER FROM BASIC DRIVER ONLY

80 Micro, October 1983 • 255

SCIENCE

Catching Rays

by Smith Harris

R £X>»tGT Ttt ■

ver tried to find the exact position of the
sun? It's no easy task, but this program cal-
culates the sun's altitude and azimuth for you.

At some time or other, almost every-
one needs to know where the sun is or
where it will be at a particular day or
hour, whether you're a gardener laying
out your plot or an architect designing a
solar home. I wrote a Model l/III pro-
gram called Sun finder that determines
the altitude and azimuth (compass di-

rection) of the sun at any time in any
locale.

Sunfinder is divided into two sub-
programs, which I call Where's the Sun
and Sunrise-Sunset (see Program List-
ing). Where's the Sun computes the
altitude and azimuth of the sun for any
hour, series of hours, or fractional parts

NORTH POLE

YOUR
LONGITUDE

-90*

Figure I. The Earth is shown in cutaway to illustrate the spherical triangle described in the text. While the
figure illustrates the conditions at sunrise, it also applies to all morning hours, as angle C decreases by 15

degrees per hour until it is zero at noon. The figure's perspective is distorted for clarity.
256 • 80 Micro, October 1983

of an hour, and for any day or series of
days. For example, Sunfinder deter-
mines the sun's location at 8 a.m. on
February 14 in Washington, DC, be-
tween 9 a.m. and 6 p.m. every 10
minutes on May 22 in Dallas, and at
5:30 p.m. every day from July through
September in Madrid.

Sunrise-Sunset gives the time of
sunrise and sunset with the sun's corre-
sponding azimuths as well as the
azimuth and altitude of the sun at noon
for any day or series of days with any
desired increment of days. It provides
this information for any day of the
year, for the whole year, for every
seventh day of the month of August, or
for whatever day you desire, wherever
you are.

Program Development

I developed Sunfinder from scratch
since I know little about astronomy.
Among the books helpful to me were
The Beginner's Guide to the Stars by
C.H. Cleminshaw and The Astronom-
ical Almanac prepared by the U.S.
Naval Observatory. Cleminshaw's book
clearly describes the apparent daily path
of the sun and the equation of time,
while the Astronomical Almanac con-

The Key Box

Models I and III
16KRAM
Disk Basic
Printer

tains many valuable equations.

My approach to determining the
sun's position does not use the astron-
omer's complex formulas, however. In-
stead, 1 developed my own method and
approached the problem as essentially
one in navigation, using the concept of
"G.P. sun," a term frequently used by
navigators that means the geographical
position of the sun; that is, that spot on
the Earth's surface where the sun is
directly overhead or at its zenith.

This notion brings the sun down to
Earth, so to speak, so that finding the
altitude and azimuth of the sun be-
comes a problem in spherical trigonom-
etry, the apexes of the triangle being
your location, the North Pole, and G.P.
sun. What I had to do was find an equa-
tion for G.P. sun as a function of the
day of the year and write a computer
program to solve the equations. (I have
numbered the equations used here for
easy reference.)

I was not concerned about calculat-
ing the longitude of G.P. sun since this
is a function of time; the Earth revolves
at a constant rate of 15 degrees per
hour. What I needed to know was the
latitude of G.P. sun, called the declina-
tion of the sun. Since the Earth is tilted

at an angle of 23.45 degrees with respect
to the ecliptic (the plane containing the
sun and the Earth's orbit), the point on
the Earth's surface where the sun is di-
rectly overhead, or G.P. sun, varies as
the Earth orbits the sun.

The sun appears directly over the
equator at the vernal and autumnal
equinoxes (the first days of spring and
autumn, respectively), over the Tropic
of Cancer at the summer solstice (the
first day of summer), and over the
Tropic of Capricorn at the winter sol-
stice (the first day of winter). In between
these points G.P. sun follows a nearly
sinusoidal path, which is easily com-
puted from equations in The Astro-
nomical Almanac and in lines
1500-1540 of the program.

Calculating Sunrise and Sunset

Knowing the latitude of G.P. sun for
any day of the year, you can solve the
spherical triangle. First determine the
times of sunrise and sunset and the re-
spective azimuths of the sun using the
Sunrise-Sunset part of the program.
This part is less complicated than the
first, Where's the Sun, and provides a
good introduction to the method of
solution.

Figure 1 is a sketch of the Earth,
showing the conditions at sunrise with
the spherical triangle superimposed on
it. You are at the apex of angle A, the
North Pole is at the apex of angle C,
and G.P. sun is at the apex of angle B.
The sides of the triangle opposite each
angle are designated with the
corresponding lowercase letters.

Spherical triangles possess some un-
usual properties compared to conven-
tional plane triangles. Two properties of
interest are that the sides are segments
of great circles and are measured in
degrees, rather than length, by "face"
angles taken in respect to the center of
the Earth. These face angles are shown
in Fig. 1 .

You must solve the triangle for angle
A, the azimuth of the rising sun, and for
angle C, the difference in longitude be-
tween your location and the location of
G.P. sun. Angle B is of no interest.

You can solve any spherical triangle
if any three elements are known, such as
two sides and an angle, three angles, or,
in this case, the three sides a, b, and c.
Side b is 90 degrees minus your latitude
and side c is 90 degrees minus the
latitude of G.P. sun. Side c, as mea-
sured by face angle C, is the angle be-

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 257

tween your zenith and G.P. sun. At
sunrise or sunset the angle is 90 degrees.

The solution is straightforward. The
equations you need are shown in Table
1, which also gives the solution when
sides a and b and angle C are known, as
is the case for Where's the Sun.

You can now write the equations for
sunrise. They are

(1) Azimuth, sunrise = A

(2) Time of sunrise = 1200 - C/15

Suppose C turns out to be 75 degrees.
The sun is 75/15 or 5 hours east of us at
sunrise and the time of sunrise is 1200 -
0500 or 0700 hours. The equations for
sunset are:

(3) Azimuth, sunset = 360- A

(4) Time of sunset = 1200+ C/15

Sunset takes place at 1700 hours.

You must make one correction to
these calculations. The sun is not a point
source of light, but rather a disk with an
apparent diameter of 32 seconds of an
arc. Furthermore, its rays are refracted
by the atmosphere by about 18 seconds
of an arc, producing a total effect of 50
seconds of an arc or 5/6 degree. Since
the Earth requires four minutes to turn
one degree, sunrise occurs 3 1/3 minutes
earlier than we would expect and sunset
3 1/3 minutes later. Including this cor-
rection, rounded off to the nearest
minute, you have:

(2a) Time of sunrise = 1200- C/15 -0003
(4a) Time of sunset = 1200 + C/15 + 0003

The correct time of sunrise in the exam-
ple is 0657 and the correct time of sunset
is 1703 hours.

You still need to find two values: the
azimuth and the altitude of the sun at
noon. The sun is due south at noon so its
azimuth is 180 degrees. The altitude of
the sun is found from the latitude of
G.P. sun and from your latitude. It is:

(5) Altitude at noon = 90 degrees - your latitude +
latitude GP sun

Sunrise and Sunset Corrections

Everything explained that pertains to
sunrise and sunset would be correct if
we kept time by the sun, but we don't —
we use clocks. You need to make two
major corrections.

The first is for how far east or west
you are from the standard meridian of
your time zone. The world is divided in-
to time zones of one hour referenced to
standard meridians located every 15
258 • 80 Micro, October 1983

degrees starting in Greenwich, England.
The actual boundaries of the zones are
nominally 7.5 degrees on either side of
the standard meridians, but are
modified by political and geographical
considerations.

In the continental United States the
standard meridians are 75, 90, 105, and
120 degrees for the Eastern, Central,
Mountain, and Pacific time zones, re-
spectively. You must add the appro-
priate correction for how far east or
west you are of the standard meridian,
which I call the meridian correction
orMC.

The second correction is for the equa-

tion of time. The equation of time is the
difference between apparent solar time,
the time kept by a sundial, and civil or
clock time. The sun is a poor timekeeper
due to the Earth's elliptical orbit and to
the inclination of the Earth's axis. It is
over 14 minutes slow around February
10 and over 16 minutes fast around
November 3. It is correct only four
times a year — on or about April 15,
June 14, August 31, and December 25.
A figure illustrating the equation of
time and its components is given in The
Amateur's Guide to the Stars. For-
tunately, you can represent the equation
of time with Fourier expansions. The

WHAT IS YOUR LATITUDE (XX. X DEGREES, - IF S) ?

32.8

WHAT IS YOUR LONGITUDE (XX. X DEGREES, - IF E) '.

83.7

WHAT IS YOUR STANDARD MERIDIAN? 75

WHAT IS YOUR MAGNETIC DEVIATION (XX. X DEGREES,

- IF E) ? 1

IS THIS A LEAP YEAR (Y/N)? N

WHAT PROGRAM DO YOU WANT TO RUN?

1=WHERE'S THE SUN

2=SUNRISE-SUNSET

3=QUIT

NOTE: YOU CAN INTERRUPT ANY PRINTOUT BY

HOLDING DOWN THE SPACE BAR FOR A MOMENT.

? 2

FIRST DATE (NO. OF MONTH, DAY)? 3,21

LAST DATE (NO. OF MONTH, DAY)? 3,26

INCREMENT IN DAYS? (If increment is 1, either

enter '1' or just

'enter ' . ) .

DATE SUNRISE (ST) SUNSET (ST)

ALTITUDE&AZ

AND AZIMUTH AND AZIMUTH

OF NOON SUN

(DEGREES) (DEGREES)

(DEGREES)

MAR 21 6.38 @ 91 18.46 @ 270

56 @ 170

MAR 22 6.37 @ 90 18.47 g 271

56 @ 171

MAR 23 6.36 § 90 18.47 @ 271

57 @ 171

MAR 24 6.35 § 89 18.48 @ 272

57 @ 171

MAR 25 6.33 @ 89 18.49 @ 272

57 @ 171

MAR 26 6.32 @ 89 18.49 @ 272

58 § 171

WHAT PROGRAM DO YOU WANT TO RUN?

1=WHERE'S THE SUN

2=SUNRISE-SUNSET

3=QUIT

NOTE: YOU CAN INTERRUPT ANY PRINTOUT BY

HOLDING DOWN THE SPACE BAR FOR A MOMENT.

? 1

FIRST DATE (NO. OF MONTH, DAY)? 3,21

LAST DATE (NO. OF MONTH, DAY)? (If ending date

is same as start-

ing date enter same day or just 'enter'.)

FIRST HOUR (0-24) ? 6

LAST HOUR (0-24) ? 19

INCREMENT IN HOURS AND/OR DECIMAL PARTS OF AN

HOUR? (If the in-

crement is 1 either enter '1' or just 'enter'

) .

DATE HOUR (ST) AZIMUTH (DEG)

ALTITUDE (DEG)

MAR 21 6.00 85

-9

7.00 93

8.00 102

9.00 111

10.00 123

11.00 139

12.00 170

13.00 189

14.00 214

15.00 233

16.00 246

17.00 257

18.00 265

19.00 274

-4

WHAT PROGRAM DO YOU WANT TO RUN?

1=WHERE'S THE SUN

2=SUNRISE-SUNSET

3=QUIT

NOTE: YOU CAN INTERRUPT ANY PRINTOUT BY

HOLDING DOWN THE SPACE BAR FOR A MOMENT.

? 3

READY

Figure 2. Sample output.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 259

one I used is taken from The Astronom-
ical Almanac and appears in line 1550 of
the program.

Adding the equation of time (ET)
and the meridian correction (MQ to
our first approximations, the final

equations
become:

for sunrise and sunset

(2b) Time of sunrise = 1200- C/15 + MC +

ET-0003

(4b) Time of sunset = 1200 + C/15 + MC +

ET-0003

CASE 1: Sides a, b, and c known.

Vsin(s - a)sin(s - b)sin(s - c)

(1) tan r

sin s
where s = (a + b + c)/2

^ tan ' /2A =siniSfe-

< 3 ) ttmWB =#w

(4)tan'/2C =

tan r

sin(s - c)

CASE 2: Angle C and sides a and b known.

ForA,B(Dtan'/2(B + A)= costt(b-a)

(2)tan'/2(B-A) =
Fore (3)tan'/2C =

cos'/2(b + a)tan'/2C

sin'/2(b-a)

sin!/2(b + a)tan C

tan Vi (b - a)sin '/: (B + A )

sin'/2(B-A)

CASES 3-6: Pertain to other combinations of sides and angles. Not applicable here.
Table I. Equation to solve spherical triangle.

10 '

20 '

30 '

40 •

50 '

60 '

70 '

80 '

90 '

100

'CH

110

'DL

120

•ED

130

'ER

140

1 ET

150

'Gl

160

170

'LI

180

'LA

190

'LD

200

'LO

210

'LX

220

'MC

230

'MG

240

'MR

250

'MX

260

'Nl

270

■N2

280

'N3

290

'N4

300

'RD

310

•s

320

'SD

330

'SX

340

'SH

350

■su

360

370

' z

Program Listing. Sun finder.

SUNFINDER

SMITH HARRIS

PRINCIPAL VARIABLES

ALTITUDE OF SUN, DEGREES

AZIMUTH OF SUN, DEGREES

DEGREES TO RADIANS (57.2958)

HOUR EQUIVALENT OF ANGLE YOUR LAT-N POLE-LAT OF SUN

DECLINATION OF SUN

ANGLE IN DEGREES FOR EQUATION OF TIME

ANGLE IN RADIANS FOR EQUATION OF TIME

EQUATION OF TIME

MEAN ANOMALY OF SUN

CONVERTS DAY OF YEAR TO DEGREES

MEAN LONGITUDE OF SUN

YOUR LATITUDE, RADIANS

ECLIPTIC LONGITUDE

YOUR LONGITUDE, DEGREES

YOUR LATITUDE, DEGREES

HOURS EAST OR WEST OF STANDARD MARIDIAN

YOUR MAGNETIC DEVIATION, DEGREES

RADIANS EAST OR WEST OF STANDARD MERIDIAN

DEGREES EAST OR WEST OF STANDARD MERIDIAN

FIRST DAY

LAST DAY

FIRST HOUR

LAST HOUR

RADIANS TO DEGREES (.0174533)

COUNTER FOR HOURS EXPRESSED AS DECIMAL VALUE

TIME OF SUNSET

YOUR STANDARD MERIDIAN, DEGREES

COUNTER FOR HOURS EXPRESSED AS HOURS AND MINUTES

TIME OF SUNRISE

AZIMUTH OF SUN, DEGREES (USED IN 'SUNRISE-SUNSET')

LATITUDE OF SUN, RADIANS

/ isiinn coniinueit

Since these corrections represent a
shift in the apparent position of the sun,
you must also account for them in the
equation for the azimuth of the sun at
noon by dividing their sum by four (the
Earth takes four minutes to revolve 1
degree.)

One more correction to be made in
azimuth is for the magnetic deviation
(MG) of your location. The final equa-
tion for azimuth is:

(la) Azimuth of noon sun = 180 + (MC + ET)/4 +
MG where MC and ET are in minutes and MG is
in degrees.

There is also a slight correction to be
made in the altitude of the noon sun. It
is obtained be reducing the altitude by
90 degrees times the cosine of the sum
of ET and MC, expressed in degrees.
The final equation for the altitude is:

(5a) Altitude of noon sun = 90*cos(ET + MG) -
your latitude + latitude of CP sun

To make the equation apply where
the sun is north of your location, the
program checks to see if the latitude is
south of G.P. sun. If so, the constant
180 in equation la is changed to zero de-
grees or due north. The time of sunrise
and sunset and the azimuth of the sun
are not affected.

Where's the Sun

As mentioned earlier, the first part of
the program, Where's the Sun, is more
complicated. You solve the same spher-
ical triangle shown in Fig. 1 , but side c is
not known. Sides a and b are the same
as before and you determine angle C by
multiplying the difference in time be-
tween noon and the hour for which you
wish to solve by 15 degrees. By adding
corrections for the distance from the
standard meridian and for the equation
of time you obtain for morning hours,
angle C is:

(6)C = (1200-S)*15 + MC + ET/4

where S is the hour, MC the meridian
correction in degrees, and ET the equa-
tion of time in minutes.

For afternoon hours, to avoid C be-
ing a negative angle, set C as:

(7)C = (S-1200)*15 + MC + ET/4

For example, if the time is 0800, MC is 5
degrees, and the equation of time is 8
minutes, angle C is:

C= (12O0-08O0)*15 + 5 + 8/4
= 4*15 + 5 + 2
= 67 degrees.

260 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Since you know two sides, a and b,
and the included angle C, you can solve
for angle A and side c using the equa-
tions in Table 1 . The altitude of the sun
is 90 degrees minus side c. The azimuth
of the morning sun equals angle A; the
azimuth of the afternoon sun equals 360
degrees minus angle A.

Corrections for the standard meri-
dian, the magnetic deviation, and for
the equation of time, the latter con-
verted to degrees, are applied to the
azimuth to obtain:

(8) Azimuth of the morning sun = A + MC +
MG + ET/4

(8) Azimuth of the afternoon sun = 360 - A +
MC + MG + ET/4

If the time is exactly 1200, the program
uses the expressions given in equations
la and 5a for the altitude and azimuth.

Discussion of the Program

Sunfinder first asks for your latitude
in degrees and decimal parts of degrees,
and the number of degrees you are east
or west of your standard meridian. En-
ter south latitudes and east longitudes as
negative numbers.

The program asks for magnetic devi-
ation, obtained from a local weather
bureau or airport, and whether or not it
is a leap year. It then presents a menu
from which you select Where's the Sun,
Sunrise-Sunset, or Quit to end program
execution.

If you select Where's the Sun, the
program asks for the starting date, the
ending date, the increment in days, the
starting hour and ending hour (using
the 24-hour clock), and the increment in
hours and decimal parts of an hour.

Enter dates as month,day. For exam-
ple, for April 23 type 4,23. Leading
zeros are not required for the month,
day, or hour. If you want information
for just one day, hit the enter key for the
ending date and for the increment in
days and hours.

If you select Sunrise-Sunset, the pro-
gram asks for the starting date, the end-
ing date, and the increment in days. If
you only want the time of sunrise and
sunset for one day, hit the enter key in
response to the last two questions. You
can go from one program to another
without having to repeat the initializa-
tion process.

Checks are built in so that errors,
such as entering an hour greater than
24, making the last day less than the
first day, or making the last hour less
than the first hour, are identified. If,
however, you find an error or if you

/ isiin^ continued

380 'NOTE - OTHER VARIABLES ARE USED IN SOLVING THE SPHERICAL

390 ' TRIANGLES AND FOR HOUSEKEEPING

40 i *********************************************************

410 CLS

420 PS="##.##" 'PRINT FORMAT

430 DR=.0174533:RD=57.2958 'DEG TO RAD - RAD TO DEG

440 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR LATITUDE (XX. X DEGREES, - IF S)";LX

450 INPUT"WHAT IS YOUR LONGITUDE (XX. X DEGREES, - IF E)";LO

460 LA=LX*DR 'LATITUDE IN RADIANS

470 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR STANDARD MERIDIAN" ; SX

480 IF LO>=0 THEN MX=LO-SX ELSE MX=SX-LO 'DEG CORR FOR STAND MER

490 MC=MX/15 'HOURS CORRECTION FOR STAND. MER.

500 MR=MX*DR 'RADIANS EQUIV OF MER. CORRECTION

510 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR MAGNETIC VARIATION (XX. X DEGREES, - IF E)

;MG

520 INPUT "IS THIS A LEAP YEAR (Y/N)";Q$

530 IF LEFT$(Q$,1)="Y" THEN DA=366:Q1=1 ELSE DA=365 . 24232 :Q1=0

540 K=360/DA 'DAYS TO DEG

550 PRINT "WHAT PROGRAM DO YOU WANT TO RUN?"

560 PRINT "1=WHERE'S THE SUN"

570 PRINT "2=SUNRISE-SUNSET"

580 PRINT "3=QUIT

590 PRINT "NOTE: YOU CAN INTERRUPT ANY PRINTOUT BY"

600 PRINT "HOLDING DOWN THE SPACE BAR FOR A MOMENT."

610 N1=0:N2=0:N3=0:N4=0 'CLEAR VARIABLES

620 INPUT NU

630 IF NU>3 THEN 550

640 IF NU=3 THEN 1470

650 INPUT "FIRST DATE (NO. OF MONTH, DAY) " ;M1 ,D1 :GOSUB 1730

660 N1=NQ

670 INPUT "LAST DATE (NO. OF MONTH, DAY)";Ml,Dl

680 IF M1=0 OR D1=0 THEN N2=0:GOTO 710 ELSE GOSUB 1730

690 N2=NQ

700 IF N1>N2 AND N2<>0 PRINT "1ST DAY > 2ND DAY. REENTER. ": N2=0 : G

OTO 650

710 IF NU=2 GOTO 1100

720 INPUT "FIRST HOUR ( 0-24) " ;N3 : IF N3>24 PRINT "TOO BIG":GOTO 720

730 INPUT "LAST HOUR ( 0-24) " ;N4 : IF N4>24 PRINT "TOO BIG":GOTO 730

740 IF N3>N4 AND N4O0 PRINT "1ST HOUR > 2ND HOUR. REENTER. ": N4 =

:GOTO 720

750 INPUT "INCREMENT IN HOURS AND/OR DECIMAL PARTS OF AN HOUR"; I: I

F 1=0 THEN 1=1

760 LPRINT " DATE", "HOUR (ST) ", "AZIMUTH (DEG) ", "ALTITUDE (DEG)"

770 BB=1.5708-LA '90 DEG - YOUR LATITUDE

780 FOR N=N1 TO N2

790 GOSUB 1600

800 GOSUB 1500

810 FOR S=N3 TO N4 STEP I

820 Z$=INKEY$:IF Z$=" "THEN 550 'ESCAPE FROM LOOP

830 SI=INT(S) :SM=(S-SI) *.6:SH=SI+SM 'HOURS AND MINUTES

840 LPRINT,; : LPRINT USING P$;SH;

850 AA=1.5708-Z 'ANGLE AA=90 DEG-LAT OF SUN

860 IF S<12 THEN C=( 12-S) *15*DR+ER+MR ELSE C= ( 12-S) *15*DR+ER+MR 'D

ELTA LONGITUDE OF SUN, RADIANS

870 E=(BB-AA)/2:F=(BB+AA)/2:G=C/2

880 X=COS(E)/(COS(F)*TAN(G) ) 'LINES 840-960

890 Y=SIN(E)/(SIN(F) *TAN(G) ) 'SOLVE

900 XX=ATN(X)*2 'SPHERICAL

910 YY=ATN(Y) *2 'TRIANGLE

920 B=(XX+YY)/2 'ABC

930 A=(XX-B) 'AZIMUTH IN RADIANS

940 L=(B+A)/2:M=(B-A)/2

950 ZZ=(TAN(E) *SIN(L) )/SIN(M)

960 CC=2*ATN(ZZ)

970 AL=90-INT(CC*RD+.5) 'ALTITUDE OF SUN, NEAREST DEGREE

980 IF CC<0 THEN AL=180-AL

990 AZ=INT(A*RD+MG+.5) 'AZIMUTH OF SUN, NEAREST DEGREE

1000 IF CC<0 AND A<0 THEN AZ=180+AZ 'LINES 990-1010

1010 IF S>12 AND AZ<180 AND AZ>=0 THEN AZ=AZ+180 'TAKE CARE OF

1020 IF AZ<0 THEN AZ=AZ+360 'SOME SPECIAL CASES

1030 IF LA-Z>0 THEN 1060

1040 IF S=12 THEN AZ=INT( 360+MG-MX-ED+ . 5) : AL=FIX ( 90*COS (MR+ER) - ( Z-

LA) *RD+.5) :IF AZ>=360 THEN AZ=AZ-360

1050 GOTO 1070

1060 IF S=12 THEN AZ=INT ( 180+MG-MX-ED+ . 5) : AL=INT( 90*COS (MR+ER) - ( LA

-Z)*RD+.5) 'SPECIAL CASE FOR NOON

1070 LPRINT, AZ,AL

1080 NEXT S:NEXT N

1090 GOTO 550

1100 'SUNRISE-SUNSET

1110 INPUT" INCREMENT IN DAYS";

1120 LPRINT " DATE"," SUNRISE

1130 LPRINT ," AND AZIMUTH","

1140 LPRINT," (DEGREES)","

1150 FOR N=N1 TO N2 STEP XI

1160 GOSUB 1500

1170 CC=1.5708 '90 DEGREES AT SUNRISE, SUNSET

1180 IF LA-Z<0 THEN T=INT( 360-ED+MG-MX+. 5) ELSE T=INT( 1 80-ED+MG-MX

/ isting continued

(XI J IF X1=0 THEN Xl=l
(ST)"," SUNSET (ST)"," ALTITUDE6.AZ "
AND AZIMUTH"," OF NOON SUN"

(DEGREES)"," (DEGREES)"

80 Micro, October 1983 • 261

I. Ming continued

+ .5) 'AZ OF SUN, DEC

1190 IF T>=360 THEN T=T-360

1200 AA=CC-Z 'LINES 1160-1260 SOLVE SPHERICAL

1210 BB=CC-LA 'TRIANGLE FOR ANGLES A AND C

1220 SS=(AA+BB+CC)/2

123 ON ERROR GOTO 14 80

1240 TR=SQR( (SIN(SS-AA) *SIN(SS-BB) *SIN(SS-CC) )/SIN(SS) )

1250 C1=TR/SIN(SS-CC)

1260 C=2*ATN(C1) *RD 'C IS ANGLE IN DEG. OBSERVER-N POLE-SUN

1270 AZ=2*RD*ATN(TR/SIN(SS-AA) ) 'AZIMUTH OF SUN, DEGREES

1280 CH=C/15 'HOURS VS C

1290 SU=12-.056+ET+MC-CH 'SUNRISE

1300 UP=INT(SU) 'HOUR PART

1310 MU=(SU-UP) *60 'MINUTES

1320 MU=INT(MU+.5)/100 'ROUND OFF TO NEAREST MINUTE

1330 IF MU=.6 THEN MU=0:UP=UP+1 'IF 60 MINS, MINS=0, HR=HR+1

1340 SU=UP+MU 'HOURS AND MINUTES

1350 SD=12+.056+ET+MC+CH 'SUNSET

1360 DN=INT(SD)

1370 MD=(SD-DN) *60

1380 MD=INT(MD+.5)/100

1390 IF MD=.6 THEN MD=0:DN=DN+1

1400 SD=DN+MD

1410 IF LA-Z<0 THEN AL=FIX ( 90*COS ( MR+ER) - ( Z-LA) *RD+. 5) ELSE AL=INT

(90*COS(MR+ER) -(LA-Z) *RD+.5)

1420 GOSUB 1600

1430 LPRINT ,;:LPRINT USING P$; SU; : LPRINT" e"INT(AZ+MG+. 5) , ; : LPRIN

T USING P$;SD; : LPRINT" @" INT ( 360-AZ+MG- . 5) , AL; " @"T

1440 Z$=INKEY$:IF Z$=" "GOTO 550 'ESCAPE FROM LOOP

1450 NEXT N

1460 GOTO 550

1470 END

1480 LPRINT N, "CAN'T DETERMINE"

1490 RESUME 1450

1500 L1=(279.575+(K*N) ) *DR 'LINES 1500-1590 COMPUTE

1510 G1=(356.967+(K*N) ) *DR 'LONG OF GP SUN AND EQ TIME

1520 LD=Ll+(1.916*SIN(Gl)+.02*SIN(2*Gl) ) *DR

1530 DL=.39782*SIN(LD)

1540 Z=ATN(DL/SQR(-DL*DL+1) )

15 50 EL=-104.7*SIN(L1)+596.2*SIN(2*L1)+4.3*SIN(3*L1)-12.7*SIN(4*L1

)-429.3*COS(Ll)-2*COS(2*Ll)+19.3*COS(3*Ll)

1560 ET=-EL/3600

1570 ED=ET*15

1580 ER=ED*DR

1590 RETURN

1600 IF N<=31 LPRINT "JAN" N; 'LINES 1600-1720 CONVERT DAY OF

1610 IF N>31 AND N<=59+Q1 LPRINT "FEB" N-31;' YEAR TO DATE

1620 IF N>59+Q1 AND N<=90+Q1 LPRINT "MAR" N-(59+Ql);

1630 IF N>90+Q1 AND N<=120+Q1 LPRINT "APR" N-(90+Ql) ;

1640 IF N>120+Q1 AND N<=151+Q1 LPRINT "MAY" N-(120+Q1)

1650 IF N>151+Q1 AND N<=181+Q1 LPRINT "JUN" N-(151+Q1)

1660 IF N>181+Q1 AND N<=212+Q1 LPRINT "JLY" N-(181+Q1)

1670 IF N>212+Q1 AND N<=243+Q1 LPRINT "AUG" N-212+Q1;

1680 IF N>243+Q1 AND N<=273+Q1 LPRINT "SEP" N-(243+Ql);

1690 IF N>273+Q1 AND N<=304+Q1 LPRINT "OCT" N-(273+Ql) ;

1700 IF N>304+Q1 AND N<=334+Q1 LPRINT "NOV" N-(304+Ql);

1710 IF N>334+Q1 LPRINT "DEC" N-(334+Ql);

17 20 RETURN

1730 ON Ml GOTO 1740 ,1750 ,1760 ,1770 ,1780 ,1790 ,1800

20 ,1830 ,1840 ,1850

1740 NQ=D1:RETURN 'LINES 1730-1850 CONVERT DATE TO

1750 NQ=31+D1: RETURN 'DAY OF YEAR

1760 NQ=59+D1+Q1: RETURN
1770 NQ=90+D1+Q1: RETURN
17 80 NQ=120+D1+Q1: RETURN
1790 NQ=151+D1+Q1: RETURN
1800 NQ=181+D1+Q1:RETURN
1810 NQ=212+D1+Q1: RETURN
1820 NQ=243+D1+Q1: RETURN
1830 NQ=27 3+D1+Q1: RETURN
1840 NQ=304+D1+Q1:RETURN
1850 NQ=33 4+D1+Q1: RETURN

,1810 ,18

Model 11/12/16 Conversion

CONVERSION BY

Beve Woodbury

80 Micro

Tech Editor

Edit the following lines by inserting THEN before PRINT or

LPRINT:

700, 720, 730, 740, 1600-1710

change your mind after you start print-
ing, you can abort it and return to the
menu by holding down the space bar for
a moment.

A sample dialogue and examples of
the results for Macon, GA, are shown
in Fig. 2. All azimuths are rounded off
to the nearest degree and time is round-
ed off to the nearest minute. Note that
all times are expressed in standard time
using the 24-hour clock. Daylight-sav-
ing time is not accounted for.

Some angles in solving the spherical
triangle may turn out negative, espe-
cially when the sun is north of your
location, and result in incorrect values
for the sun's azimuth and altitude. The
program accounts for these special
cases, as well as the special case for
noon in Where's the Sun, particularly in
lines 980, 1000-1060, and 1180-1190.

The single-precision trigonometric
routines the interpreter uses may result
in a negative quantity under the radical
in line 1240 at extreme northern or
southern latitudes when the sun is near
the horizon. An error-trapping routine
displays the message CAN'T DETER-
MINE when this occurs and the pro-
gram continues without crashing.

Times of sunrise and sunset agree
with the tabulations in The Astronom-
ical Almanac to within two minutes for
the middle latitudes (40 degrees south to
40 degrees north). The actual times of
sunrise and sunset where you are may
vary slightly from the program's values
because the index of the atmosphere's
refraction may be different at your
locality from that assumed and because
of the absence of a true horizon.

The figures for azimuth and altitude
of the sun agree to within a degree with
charts given in The Beginner's Guide to
the Stars. This figure is also consistent
with the solution of the triangles. I be-
lieve that this accuracy is more than suf-
ficient for any nonastronomical pur-
pose. Execution time is limited chiefly
by your printer's speed.

Conclusions

Sunfinder predicts the azimuth and
altitude of the sun, the times of sunrise
and sunset and the corresponding azi-
muths of the sun, and the altitude and
azimuth of the noon sun for any day
and hour. Its use is not limited to the
continental limits of the United States
or even to the Northern Hemisphere —
it works for any location, anywhere.
Its accuracy is more than sufficient for
any practical application. ■

Smith Harris can be reached at Route
4, Box 59, Gray, GA 31032.

262 • 80 Micro, October 1983

NTRODUCTORY/GAM ES

micro

BOOK SHELF

0ON"T (or How to Care lor Your Computer) — by Rod
nay Zaks In plain language, with numerous iilustra
lions, this book tells all the do s and don t s ol the care,
preservation and correct operation of the small com
puter system Specific chapters cover each piece of
hardware and software, as well as safety and security
precautions and help lor problem situations Have
your computer work right the tirsl lime and keep it
working No technical background required For all
compute' users BK1237$1195

YOUR FIRST COMPUTER — by Rodnay Zaks Whether
you are using a computer, thinking about using one or
considering purchasing one. this book is indispen
sable it explains what a computer system is. what it
can do. how it works and how to select various com
ponents and peripheral units It is written in everyday
language and contains invaluable information lor the
novice and the experienced programmer (The first edi-
tion of this book was published under the title An In
troduclion to Personal and Business Computing" )
BK1191 $8 95*

MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING TECHNIQUES
— by Austin Lesea & Rodnay Zaks — will teach you how
to interconnect a complete system and interlace it lo
an the usual peripherals it covers hardware and soft
ware skills and techniques, including the use and de-
sign ol model buses such as the IEEE 488 or S 100
BK1037$17 95 "

COMPUTERS FOR EVERYONE 2nd Edition- by Jerry
Willis and Meri Miller This new. updated edition shows
you how computers can be used In your home, office or
school It explains what computers can do and leatures
a consumer s guide of the more popular computers to
help you decide which one to buy and who to buy it Irom.
There's even a chapter devoted to software that de-
scribes over 100 programs currently available. Also in
eluded are chapters on peripherals, telecommunications
and computers in education Abounds with colorful pho-
tographs. BK1260 $5 96

INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING by Hal
Glatzer This book explains in plain language what a
word processor can do, how to use one. how It improves
productivity— especially in businesses that handle lots
of words— and how to buy one wisely. No technical
knowledge required, lor all first-time users and those
considering purchasing a word processor BK1238 $12.96

A USER GUIDE TO THE UNIX SYSTEM by Jean Yates
and Rebecca Thomas Here at last is a clearly written
book that allows you to use the Unix operating system
easily, and at a fraction of the time it previously took. It
you're using, evaluating or simply curious about this sys
tern, this Is your book BK1242 $15.99

WORDSTAR MADE EASY by Walter A Ettlin. Now Word
Star is as simple to learn as 11 is easy to use. This book
teaches WordStar in 14 easy lessons, saving hours ol
hard work. It comes with a convenient pull-out Command
Card BK1239$7.95

CAPTAIN 80 BOOK OF BASIC ADVENTURES - by Rob

ert Liddii This book contains 18 ol the most popular
Adventure programs available today, all in one easy to
read book with listings ready to be keyed in to your
computet This unique book also contains an ADVEN
TURE GENERATOR program not available from any
orher source This generator program will actually
write another BASIC ADVENTURE PROGRAM' Al-
though specifically written fo' the TRS-80 Model I & III.
these programs are adaptable to other computers us
mg Microsoft BASIC BK 1240 $19 95

40 COMPUTER GAMES FROM KILOBAUD MtCROCOM
PUTINC Forty games in all in nine different categories
Games for large and small systems, and even a section
on calculator games Many versions of BASIC used and
a wide variety of systems represented A must for the
senous computer gamesman BK7381 $7 95 "

WAYNE GREEN BOOKS

COMPTJTIB

C1WIY1L

THE SELECTRIC INTERf"ACE — by George Young You
need the quality print that a daisy wheel printer pro-
vides but the thought of buying one makes your wallet
wilt SELECTRIC'M INTERFACE, a step-by-step guide
to interlacing an IBM Selectnc I/O Writer to your micro-
computer will give you that quality at a fraction ol the
price. George Young, co-author of kilobaud Microcom-
puting magazine's popular "Kilobaud Klassroom"
series, offers a low-cost alternative to buying a daisy
wheel printer. SELECTRIC INTERFACE includes: step-
by-step instructions, tips on purchasing a used Selec-
tric, Information on various Selectnc models, includ-
ing the 2740, 2980. and Dura 1041, driver software for
Z80, 8060, and 6602 chips, tips on Interfacing tech-
niques. With SELECTRIC INTERFACE and some back-
ground in electronics, you can have a high-quality, low-
cost, letter-quality printer Petals not included. BK7388
(125 pages) $12 97

COMPUTER CARNIVAL— by Richard RameMa Your
child can become a crackajack computenst with the
sixty TRS-80 Level II programs in COMPUTER CARNI-
VAL. This large-type, spiral bound book for beginners
is a veritable funhouse of games, graphics, quizzes
and puzzles Written by 80 Micro columnist Richard
RameMa. the programs are challenging enough to en-
sure continued learning, yet short enough to provide
your child with the immediate delight and reward of
mastering basic computing skills. And for even greater
enjoyment, get the CARNIVAL COMPANION, a 30-min
ute cassette containing all the programs in the book
Eliminates tiresome typing and lets your child spend
more time enjoying the programs. BK7389 $16.97
CC7389 Book and Cassette $24 97

TEXTEDIT— A Complete Word Processing System In
Kit Fonn— by Irwin Rappaport. TEXTEDIT is an inex-
pensive word processor that you can adapt to suit your
differing needs— from form letters to lengthy texts.
Written in TRS 80 Disk BASIC, the system consists of
several modules, permitting the loading and use of on-
ly those portions needed A disk is also available which
provides the direct loading ot the modules, however,
the book is required for documentation. For Model I
and III with TRSDOS CONVERT., one disk drive (2 disk
drives or copy utility needed to transfer to system
disk). Runs under TRSDOS 2.2'2.3 May not function
under other systems. BK7387 $9.97 Disk DS7387 $ 19 97

KILOBAUD KLASSROOM by George Young and Peter
Stark Learning electronics theory without practice isn't
easy And it's no fun to build an electronics project that
you can't use Kilobaud Klassroom. the popular series
first published in Kilobaud Microcomputing, combines
theory with practice This is a practical course in digital
electronics It starts out with very simple electronics
proiects, and by the end ot the course you'll construct
your own working microcomputer 1

Authors Young and Stark are experienced teachers.
and their approach is simple and direct Whether you're
learning at home or in the classroom, this book provides
you with a solid background in electronics— and you'll
own a computer that you built yourself BK7386 $14 95

THE NEW WEATHER SATELLITE HANDBOOK-by Or

Ralph E. Taggart WB8DQT. Here is the completely up-
dated and revised edition o' the best-selling Weather
Satellite Handbook — containing all the information on
the most sophisticated and effective spacecraft now
in orbit. Dr Taggart has written this book to serve both
the experienced amateur satellite enthusiast and the
newcomer This book is an introduction to satellite
watching, that tells you how to construct a complete
and highly effective ground station Not just ideas, but
solid hardware designs and all the instructions neces
sary to operate the equipment are included An entire
chapter is devoted to microcomputers and the Weath
er Satellite Station, and for the thousands ot experi-
menters who are operating stations. The New Weather
Satellite Handbook details all the procedures neces-
sary to follow the current spacecraft. Weather Satellite
contains Operation Satellite Systems, Antenna Sys
terns. Weather Satellite Receivers. A Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT) Monitor for Satellite Picture Display. A Di-
rect-Printing Fascimile System for Weather Satellite
Display, How to Find the Satellite. Test Equipment. Mi-
crocomputers and the Weather Satellite Station. Sta-
tion Operations BK7383$8 95"

ANNOTATED BASIC— A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR NEO-
PHYTES—BASIC programming was supposed to be
simple — a beginner's programming language which
was so near to English that is could be easily
understood But, In recent years, BASIC has become
much more powertul and therefore much more difficult
to read and understand. BASIC simply isn't basic
anymore.

Annotated BASIC explains the complexities of
modern BASIC It includes complete TRS-80" Level II
BASIC programs that you can use Each program is an-
notated to explain In step-by-step fashion the workings
of the program. Programs are fiowcharted to assist
you in following the operational sequence And — each
chapter includes a description of the new concepts
which have been introduced.

Annotated BASIC deals with the hows and whys ot
TRS-80 BASIC programming. How is a program put
together? Why is it written that way? By observing the
programs and following the annotation, you can devel-
op new techniques to use in your own programs — or
modify commercial programs for your specific use
Annotated BASIC Volume 1 BK7384 $10 95
Annotated BASIC Volume 2 BK7385 $10 95
Order Both Volumes and Save! BK738402 $18.95

'Use the order card in this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to 80 Micro Book Department • Peterborough NH 03458 Be sure to include
check or detailed credit card information. No CO D orders accepted $1 50 for the first book. $1 00 each additional book for US delivery and foreign surface For foreign airmail
$10 00 per book Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Questions regarding your order 1 Please write to Customer Service at the above address

e^lCfS IIAJBCT TO CMAHOE WITHOUT NOTICF

For Toll Free Ordering Call 1 800 258 5473

80 Micro, October 1983 • 263

micro

BOOK SHELF

PROGRAMMING»6809

Z80

INSIDE LEVEL II — For machine language program
mers This is a comprehensive reference guide to Ihe
Level II ROMs, allowing easy utilization of the
sophisticated routines they contain It concisely ex-
plains set-ups. calling sequences, variable passage
and I'O routines. Part II presents an entirely new com
posite program structure which unloads under the
SYSTEM command and executes in both BASIC and
machine code with the speed and efficiency of a com-
piler Special consideration Is given to disk systems
BK1 183 $15.95.'

Z-80 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING-by
Lance A Leventhal This book thoroughly covers the
Z-80 instruction set, abounding in simple programming
examples illustrating software development concepts
and actual assembly language usage Features in-
clude Z-80 I/O devices and interfacing methods, as-
sembler conventions, and comparisons with 8080A/
8085 instruction sets and interrupt structure BK1177
$1896 '

TRS-80 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE-by Hubert S Howe.
Jr This book incorporates into a single volume all the
pertinent tacts and information you need lo know to
program and enioy the TRS-80 Included are clear
presentations of all introductory concepts, completely
tested practical programs and subroutines, details of
ROM and RAM and disk operating systems, plus com-
prehensive tables, charts and appendices Suitable lor
the first time user or more experienced users BK1217
$9 95 •

PROGRAMMING THE Z-80- by Rodnay Zaks Here is as
sembly language programming for the Z-80 presented as
a progressive, step-by-step course This book is both an
educational text and a self-contained reference book.
useful to both the beginning and the experienced pro-
grammer who wish to learn about the Z-80 Exercises to
test the reader are included BK1122 $1635 '

Nanos System
REFERENCE CARDS

FOR MODELS I, II, III, COLOR AND
POCKET COMPUTERS!

At last! No more flipping through the pages of the
BASIC manual! No more working through the maze
of machine language Instructions! These cards
completely summarize the BASIC and Assembler
manuals! FEATURES INCLUDE
memory map, eyeball graphics, math instructions,
BASIC commands, store instructions, BASIC func-
tions, load instructions, BASIC statements, move
instructions, special keys, exchange instructions,
PRINT USING examples, shift instructions, BASIC
special characters, compare instructions. BASIC
and assembler messages and codes, branch in-
structions, BASIC facts, data alteration instruc-
tions, reserved words. I/O instructions, ROM
routines, complete character chart with graphics
and space-compression codes, hex-dec chart, con-
trol code cross-reference, assembler instructions,
commands and operators, screen line layout, editor
commands and subcommands, condition code
easy access

Plus— "magic graphics number— a mystery until
you learn how to use it 1

Designed as a fold-up. accordion-style card, fits m
your pocket. Panels organized for optimum speed
for reference

Model I: BASIC and Assembler FC1002 $4.95

Model II: BASIC and Assembler FC1005 $5.95

Model ILComnands and Utilities FC1010 $3.95

Model III: BASIC and Assembler FC1005 $5 95

Color BASIC and Extended FC 1006 $4.95

Z-80: Microprocessor FC1011 $4.95

ZX80. ZX81 and Timex Sinclair 1000: FC1012 $5 95
Pocket Computer BASIC FC10O9 $2.95

Apple II and Apple II Plus: BASIC and 6502 FC1008

$4.95
Apple II and Apple II Plus: BASIC only FC1007 $3.95

TRS-80 EXTENDED COLOR BASIC-by Richard Haskell.

This is a complete guide to programming the TRS-80
Color Computer in BASIC, with step by step instruc-
tions and lots of screen photographs Good for begin-
ning and advanced programmers, this book Includes
sample programs and information on using the key-
board, cassette tapes, graphics, sound effects, and
more. Richard Haskell is also the author of Apple
BASIC and PET/CBM BASIC BK1285 12.95

TRS-80 COLOR BASIC— Bob Albrecht. Learn how to use
the unique color, sound and graphics of the TRS-80 Color
Computer. This self-teaching guide uses a learn as-you
play format to teach Color BASIC Packed with games,
experiments, programming problems, and solutions, it Is
an ideal Introduction for children, teachers, and adults. It
starts with simple concepts and takes you on to more
complicated games, graphics, and activities, including
many chances for you to try out your newly learned pro-
gramming skills Included is an entire chapter on pro-
gramming problems, which offers tip on adapting to Mi-
crosoft BASIC on other personal computers. BK1280
$1095

PROGRAMMING THE 6809— by Rodnay Zaks and
William Labiak. This book explains how to program the
6809 in assembly language, covering all aspects pro-
gressively and systematically basic programming tech-
niques and devices, application examples, data struc-
tures, and program development. No prior programming
knowledge is required. BK1264 $1556

TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER GRAPHICS- by Don Inman
with DYMAX. This exciting book will enable you to ex
plore all the graphics capabilities of Extended Col- or
BASIC You'llTeam how to create interesting graphics to
enhance your own computer programs. Also included
are application programs and subroutines that will be in-
valuable when you begin writing your own graphics pro-
grams. Each chapter ends with a summary and practice
exercises BK1266 $14.95

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE GRAPHICS FOR THE TRS-80
COLOR COMPUTER — by Don Inman and Kurt Inman
with DYMAX. This dynamic new book uses sound and
graphics lo show you how 6809 assembly language can
be used to perform tasks that would be difficult or im
possible with BASIC. All of the techniques are explained
in a hands-on approach. Learn how to tailor you own pro-
gramming style, from editing, assembling, executing
and even debugging, to making your own programs run
quickly and efficiently It is also packed with video
screen diagrams which explain each step ol the process
of creating your own graphics. BK1277 $??.??

6809 MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND

INTERFACING — by Andrew C Staugaard. Jr Getting
involved with Tandy's new Color Computer? II so. this
new book from the Blacksburg Group will allow you to
exploit the awesome power of the machine's 6809
microprocessor Detailed information on processor ar-
chitecture, addressing modes, register operation, data
movement, arithmetic logic operations. I/O and inter-
facing is provided, as well as a review section at the
end of each chapter. Four appendices are included
covering the 6809 instruction set. specification sheets
of the 6809 family ol processors, other 6800 series
equipment and the 6809/6821 Peripheral Interface
Adapter This book is a must for the serious Color Com-
puter owner BK1215 $13.95.'

TheBASC
Handbook

Ereyoapadaottw

BASIC CorrpJar Language

J? J/

BASIC & PASCAL

Czzflkb

Oy David A Uan

LEARNING TRS-80 BASIC-by David A Lien Dr Lien.
who is the author of THE BASIC HANDBOOK and ine
original Radio Shack LEVEL I USER'S MANUAL, has
compiled a tutorial which includes portions of the
ongcnai USERS MANUAL, and most ot LEARNING
LEVEL II along with extensive additions. It will com-
pletely cover the TRS 80 Models I, II. Ill, and 16 (sorry,
not Ihe color or pocket computers) It is. of course, writ
ten in (he easy learning style which readers ol Dr
Lien's books have come to eri|oy BK1175 $19 95

THE BASIC HANDBOOK-SECOND EDlTlON-by
David Lien. This book is unique It is a vinual
ENCYCLOPEDIA of BASIC While not favoring one
computer over another, it explains over 250 BASIC
words, how to use them and alternate strategies if a
computer does not possess the capabilities of a need
ed or specified word, there are often ways to ac-
complish the same function by using another word or
combination of words That's where the HANDBOOK
comes in It helps you get the most Irom your com-
puter, be it a bottom-of the-iine" micro or an oversized
monster BK1174 $19.95 .'

PROGRAMMING IN PASCAL by Peter Grogono The
computer programming language PASCAL was the
first language to embody m a coherent way the con
cepts of structured programming, which has been
defined by Edsger Di|kstra and CAR Hoare As such
it is a landmark in the development of programming
languages PASCAL was developed by Nikiaus Wirth
in Zurich, it is derived from the language ALGOL 60 but
la more powerful and easier to use PASCAL is now
widely accepted as a useful language that can be effi-
ciently implemented, and as an excellent teaching
tool. It does not assume knowledge of any other pro-
gramming language and therefore suitable for an in
troductory course BK1140$12 95'

INTRODUCTION TO PASCAL— By Rodnay Zaks. A
step-by-step introduction for anyone wanting to learn
the language quickly and completely Each concept is
explained simply and in a logical order. All features of
the language are presented in a clear, easy to -under
stand format with exercises to test the reader at the
end of each chapter. It describes both standard
PASCAL and UCSD PASCAL, the most widely used dla
lect lor small computers. No computer or program-
ming experience Is necessary BK1189 $1635

"Use the order card in this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece ol paper and mail to 80 Micro Book Department • Peterborough NH 03458 Be sure to include
check or detailed credit card information. No COD orders accepted. $1.50 for the first book, $1.00 each additional book for US delivery and loreign surface For foreign airmail
$10.00 per book Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery Questions regarding your order? Please write to Customer Service at the above address

For Toll Free Ordering Call 1 800 258 5473

PWCES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

264 • 80 Micro. October 1983

SPECIAL INTERESTS

THE CP/M HANDBOOK (with MP/M)- by Rodnay Zaks
A complete guide and reference handbook for CP/M—
the industry standard in operating systems. Step-by-
step Instruction for everything from turning on the
system and inserting the diskette to correct user
discipline and remedial action for problem situations.
This also includes a complete discussion of all ver-
sions of CP/M up to and including 2 2. MP/M and
CDOS BK1187 $14.95."

BASIC FASTER AND BETTER AND OTHER MYS-
TERIES— by Lewis Rosentelder. You don't have to
learn assembly language to make your programs run
fast. With Ihe dozens of programming tricks and
techniques in this book you can sort at high speed,
swap screens in the twinkling of an eye. write INKEY
routines that people think are in assembly language
ana add your own commands to BASIC Find out how
to write elegant code that makes your BASIC really
hum, and explore the power of USR calls BK1221
$29.95 •

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 AND OTHER MYSTERIES- by
Dennis Kitsz. More than 300 pages of TRS-80 customiz-
ing information With this book you'll be able to ex
plore your computer like never before. Want to turn an
8 track into a mass storage unit? Individual reverse
characters? Replace the BASIC ROMs 9 Make Music?
High speed, reverse video, Level I and Level II? Fix it
if it breaks down 9 All this and much, much more.
Even If you have never used a soldering iron or
read a circuit diagram, this book will teach you how'
This is the definitive guide to customizing your 80'
BK1218$29 95 ■

TRS-80 DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES-by Harvard C
Pennington. This is the definitive work on the TRS-80
Model I disk system. It is full of detailed "How to'" infor-
mation with examples, samples and in depth explana-
tions suitable for beginners and professionals alike
The recovery of one lost file is worth the price alone
BK1181 $22 50 •

MOD III ROM COMMENTED Soft Sector marketing.
1981 This book is not an instruction course on
machine language, but rather an information source
that you can use time and time again for writing your
own program or patching old Mod I machine language
programs It contains an explanation of ROMs in the
latest machine from Tandy, with most every location of
the 14K ROMs listed, with comments BK1235 $22.50.

MACHINE LANGUAGE DISK I/O AND OTHER MYS
TERIES— by Mike Wagner. The purpose of this book is to
inform anyone familiar with Z-80 assembly language pro-
gramming how to conirol the TRS-80 Model I and III disk
drive interrupt systems Driver routines for every func-
tion described, with abundant examples, are included in
this book. It also covers utilization of TRSDOS assembly
language file I/O calls and techniques BK1258 $29 95

MICROSOFT BASIC DECODED AND OTHER MYS-
TERIES— by James Earvour From the company that
brought you TRS80 DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES
Contains more than 6500 lines of comments for the dis-
assembled Level II ROMs, six additional chapters de-
scribing every BASIC subroutine, with assembly lan-
guage routines showing how to use them. Flow charts
for all major routines snowing how to use them Flow
charts for all major routines give the reader a real in-
sight into how the interpreter works. BK1 186 $29.50 '

TltSSH IHSIt

*V OTI II K .NW'.s 1 1 Hi I >

MASTERING CP/M — by Alan R. Miller For advanced
CP/M users or systems programmers who want max-
imum use of the CP/M operating system, this book
lakes up where Ihe CP/M Handbook leaves off. it will
give you an in depth understanding ol the CP/M
modules such as CCP (Console Command Processor).
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), and BDOS (Basic
Disk Operating System) It explains the incorporation
of additional peripherals to the system, console I/O.
the use of the file control block and much more It also
includes a library of useful macros and a comprehen-
sive set of appendices BK1263 $1695

MONEYMAKING/BUSINESS

How to
Make Money
With
Computers:

'S- ■;

USING MICROCOMPUTERS IN BUSINESS— By Stan
Veit. Written by the owner/manager of one of the coun-
try's largest computer stores selling systems to small
businesses, this book is an essential background
briefing for any purchaser of microcomputer systems
or software In a fast-moving style, without the usual
buz2 words and technical largon, Veit answers the
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32 VISICALC WORKSHEETS- by Ted Lewis. Expand
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" use the order card In this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to 80 Micro Book Department • Pelerborough NH 03458 Be sure to include
check or detailed credit card information. NoC.O.D orders accepted $1 50 'or the first book, $1 00 each additional book for U S delivery and foreign surface For foreign airmail
$10 00 per book Please allow 4-6 weeks lor delivery. Questions regarding your order'' Please write to Customer Service at the above address

-H-F- U i ..«s-,r .-. THOI " M 1

For Toll Free Ordering Call 1 800 258 5473

80 Micro, October 1983 • 265

C-Notes

Mighty Write

by Bradford N. Dixon
80 Micro Technical Editor

One of the Model 100's most useful firmware utilities is its
word processing program. Unfortunately, however, it provides
no formatting commands similar to those found in other word
processing programs. PRNTXT.BA is a short Basic program
that reads text stored in do-files and prints it according to a
user-specified format (see Program Listing 1).

Running the Program

When you run PRNTXT.BA, the first screen displays the
programs resident in the Model 100's RAM. The program in-
forms you that it formats text in do-files only.

Select the text file you want printed. Type in the file name and
press the enter key. The File to Print prompt disappears and the
program asks you to set the right and left margins. Then it asks
whether you want the text single- or double-spaced. As soon as
you answer, the program goes to work.

Program Operation

Line 130 opens the file you specified and the program reads
each character one by one. Lines 160-280 test for the pres-
ence of a character. Lines 160 and 170 check the position
of the print head.

When the print head is at its starting point at the left margin
and the next character is a space, the program reads the follow-
ing character. But if the print head encounters a space within 10
characters of the right margin, the program automatically
generates a carriage return and line feed to prevent a word break
(line 240).

The program also checks to see if a character is a carriage
return. A carriage return brings the print head to the start of the
next line and inserts the appropriate number of line feeds.
Otherwise, the program moves to line 310 to check the line
counter, then returns to line 140 to read another character.

The line counter in this program is set to 57 single-spaced
lines per page. If you want to use a different sized paper, modify
lines 230 and 310. You could also make the line counter a user-
defined variable at the start of the program.

When the line counter reaches 57 lines, printing stops, the
screen clears, and a short menu appears. For multipage print-
outs, press the N key to start printing the next page. Lines

Key Box

The programs in "Mighty Write," "Consulting the
I Ching," and "Cram 100" wifl run in 8K RAM. The
programs in "Quick On-She Job Estimate" and "To
Market, To Market" require 24K RAM.

350-370 contain a loop that generates 10 line feeds to provide
proper spacing at page breaks for fan fold and roll paper, or a
top margin of 10 spaces for cut-sheet paper.

Press the enter key to close a previously opened file and send
the program back to the first screen at line 40. The E key ter-
minates the print formatting program.

Enhancements

One advantage inherent to this program is its size.
PRNTXT.BA occupies less than 1,400 bytes— small enough so
that it doesn't restrict the size of text files.

With a bit more imagination, you could add options such as
page numbering, page titles, and top/bottom margins. A modi-
fication that allows more than double spacing is also a possibility.

Nevertheless, this simple utility gives you an easy and ver-
satile text formatter. ■

Variahlc

Description

CR$

Carriage return

File name

Line counter

Left margin

Right margin

Spacing (single or

double)

Table 1. Variables list for PRNTXT.BA.

Program Listing 1. PRNTXT.BA.

10
2
30

Text Formatting Program

by Bradford N. Dixon

80 Micro Technical Editor
40 CR$=CHR$(13) :SP$=" "
50 CLS:LC=1:FILES

60 PRINT@170,CHR$(27);"p";" Text files o
nly (.DO) ";CHR$(27) ;"q";

70 PRINT@240,"File to print: ";:INPUT F$
80 GOSUB 440:PRINT(a240,"Left Margin: ";:
INPUT LM

90 GOSUB 440:PRINT@249, "Right Margin:
: INPUT RM

100 GOSUB 440:PRINT@244, "Single or Doubl
e Spacing (1/2): ";:INPUT S:S=S-1
110 GOSUB 450
120 LPRINTTAB(LM)
130 OPEN F$ FOR INPUT AS 1
140 IF E0F(1) THEN 420
150 A$=INPUT$(l r l)

160 IF LPOS(0)=LM AND A$=SP$ THEN 140
170 IF LPOS(0) < RM-10 THEN 240
180 IF A$OSP$ THEN 240
190 LPRINT A$
200 LC=LC+1
210 GOSUB 450

Ijainx I continued

266 • 80 Micro, October 1983

CNotes

Listing I continued

220 LPRINTTAB(LM)

230 IF LC<57 THEN 140 ELSE GOTO 340
240 LPRINT A$;
250 IF A$OCR$ THEN 310
260 LC=LC+1
270 A$=INPUT$(1,1)
280 IFA$=SP$ THEN 270
290 GOSUB 450
3 00 LPRINTTAB(LM) ;
310 IF LC<57 THEN GOTO140
320 CLS:PRINT§50, "PRESS 'N' to print nex
t page":PRINT@90,"<ENTER> to print anoth
er f ile":PRINT@130," 'E' to end printing"
330 I$=INKEY$:IF I$="N" THEN 340 ELSE IF
I$=CHR$(13) THEN 430 ELSE IF I$="E" THE
N 400 ELSE 330
340 LC=1

350 FOR 1=1 TO 10
360 LPRINT
370 NEXT I
3 80 LPRINTTAB(LM) ;
390 GOTO 140
400 CLOSE
410 END

420 CLOSE:GOTO 320
430 CLOSE:GOTO 40

440 PRINT@240,SPACE$(40) ; :RETURN
450 IF S=l THEN LC=LC+1 ELSE RETURN
460 LPRINT:RETURN

Consulting the / Ching

Conversion by Amee Eisenberg
80 Micro Technical Editor

People often seek guidance when they're faced with a tough
decision. Some seek out the peace of a forest, others find
solace in the rhythm of the sea. But some people need more
than nature's solitude. I wrote a conversion of Anthony
Scarpelli's / Ching program (80 Micro, April 1980, p. 123) so
Model 100 owners can find spiritual guidance on land or sea.

The I Ching

The ancient Chinese consulted the I Ching, or Book of
Changes, as an oracle whose messages could align the people
with the cosmic forces governing their lives. They believed
their fate was the result of a balance between opposing life
forces — the dark and the light, the negative and the positive,
the receptive and the active, devolution and evolution — what
the Chinese generally called yin and yang. The / Ching (pro-
nounced Yee Jing) provided guidance in periods of change by
revealing the relative influences of these opposing forces.

The Chinese defined 64 patterns of life change in the /
Ching. In ancient times, they cast yarrow stalks and, from the
random pattern the stalks created, developed a hexagram
identifying one of those life patterns. By throwing the / Ching,
the Chinese believed they could determine appropriate re-
sponses to present circumstances and future events.

More recently, three coins are used to throw the / Ching.
The two sides of a coin represent the opposing forces. You
throw the coins six times to generate a pattern that corre-

sponds to broken (yin) and solid (yang) lines called a hex-
agram (see Fig. 1).

Today, Westerners use the ancient book to forecast events
and make decisions — not according to principles of cause and
effect, but through the dynamics of chance and coincidence.

Model 100 / Ching

The program I converted puts the / Ching at your finger-
tips. Type Program Listing 2 into your Model 100 and save
it; I use the file name ICHING.BA. Run the program by posi-
tioning the cursor over the menu listing and pressing the enter
key. The program doesn't accept lowercase input, so press
your 100's caps lock key or remember to answer in uppercase
letters.

The program first asks you if you want instructions. If you
do, the instructions appear and the display automatically con-
tinues to the next screen until all the instructions have appeared.

After the instructions, the computer asks you if you're ready
to begin. When you press the Y key, the computer prompts,
"What is your question (enter)?" I find it easier to concentrate
on my question if I've typed it. But if you don't want your ques-
tion displayed, press the enter key and the screen goes blank.

You can throw the / Ching at any point thereafter. Take
your time, concentrate on your question and, when you feel
the time is right, press the space bar to simulate the throw of
the coins. One of the nicest features of this program is that it
lets you determine the moment of the "coin toss," rather than
using a random function to throw the / Ching. Press the space
bar six times, once for each line of the hexagram.

The computer highlights the hexagram lines that indicate
change with an arrow. It posts the changed hexagram next to
the original. Consult the / Ching to read the interpretations for
your hexagram, the changing lines and the final hexagram.

Finally, the computer asks you if you wish to cast another /

— —

™ '

—

'1 IT
il lili

••'

>--

— —

SI^S

— ^—

~ ~ ~~

__ __

■"'

•

4.S

•

Figure 1. The King Wen sequence of hexagrams (devised in 1143
B. C). In this arrangement the even numbered hexagram mirrors the
previous odd numbered hexagram, reversing or inverting the pattern
of broken and unbroken lines.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 267

C-Notes

Ching hexagram. If you choose not to continue, press the
break key to end the program.

Program Operation

As you run ICHING.BA, the program repeatedly counts
from six to nine until you press the space bar. Six is a changing
yin (broken) line that resolves itself to seven, a yang (solid)
line. Nine, a changing yang line, resolves itself to eight, a yin
line. Wherever the computer is in its count when you press the
space bar determines the line cast.

The program counts with a nested For... Next loop in lines
300-400. Line 300 maintains a count from one to six to keep
track of which of the six hexagrams it's casting. Line 310
generates the repeating count from six to nine. Line 320 checks
to see if you've pressed the space bar. If you have, the pro-
gram reads line 350, which jumps out of the six to nine count-
ing loop to record which line it generates. Line 370 prints the
generated line and line 390 adjusts the video display to accom-

Hexagram

number

name

number

name

Creative Power

33.

Retreat

Natural Response

34.

Great Power

Difficult Beginnings

35.

Progress

Inexperience

36.

Censorship

Calculated Waiting

37.

Family

Conflict

38.

Contradiction

Collective Force

39.

Obstacles

Unity

40.

Liberation

Restrained

41.

Decline

10.

Conduct

42.

Benefit

11.

Prospering

43.

Resolution

12.

Stagnation

44.

Temptation

13.

Community

45.

Assembling

14.

Sovereignty

46.

Advancement

15.

Moderation

47.

Adversity

16.

Harmonize

48.

The Source

17.

Adapting

49.

Changing

18.

Repair

50.

Cosmic Order

19.

Promotion

51.

Shocking

20.

Contemplating

52.

Meditation

21.

Reform

53.

Developing

22.

Grace

54.

Subordinate

23.

Deterioration

55.

Zenith

24.

Returning

56.

Traveling

25.

Innocence

57.

Penetrating Influence

26.

Potential Energy

58.

Encouraging

27.

Nourishing

59.

Reuniting

28.

Critical Mass

60.

Limitations

29.

Danger

61.

Insight

30.

Synergy

62.

Conscientiousness

31.

Attraction

63.

After the End

32.

Continuing

64.

Before the End

For further reference:

/ Ching, Richard Wilhelm and Cary F. Baynes, Princeton University

Press.

/ Ching, Raymond Van Over, Mentor Press.

Eight Lectures on the I Ching, Hellmut Wilhelm, Princeton University

Press.

The I Ching and You, Diana Pfarington Hook, E.P. Dutton Publishers.

The I Ching Workbook, R.L. Wing, Doubleday and Company Inc.

Figure 2. Hexagram names.

modate the new line. If the hexagram is not complete by line
400, the program goes back to line 300 to start the process
again. If you haven't pressed the space bar, lines 330 and 340
send the computer back to continue counting from six to nine.

Variable C acts as a flag to mark whether you've thrown a
changing line. If C equals 1 after the program casts the
original hexagram, the computer continues to the routine in
lines 410-500. These lines write the changed hexagram.

By listing the numbers of the 64 hexagrams in the order of
their progress from all yin to all yang lines, it's possible to have
the computer calculate which hexagram is cast. After arrang-
ing the data, you then use the addressing routine in lines
520-590 (similarly for the changed hexagram in lines
710-810).

Line 520 initializes the variables A and T for the addressing
routine. Line 530 begins another loop that counts to six. If the
hexagram line is a broken line (a yin), the program skips to line
550. For example, if the hexagram comprises all yin lines, you
count only A*2, or one. Six times through the loop still leaves
T equal to 1. So in line 580, when the program counts from
zero to T, it takes only one step.

The computer reads H, the first piece of data, and ends its
loop. Line 610 prints H under the hexagram displayed on the
screen. In the example presented here, the Model 100 displays
a hexagram composed of all broken lines shown with the
number 2 under it. And in fact, K'un or Natural Response is
the second hexagram.

I've included a list of the hexagram names (see Fig. 2). As
you become familiar with the / Ching and its hexagrams,
knowing the name of the hexagram reminds you of its mean-
ing. A simple program modification displays the hexagram
name on the screen. Change the data statements in lines
620-670 to include the hexagram's name following its
number. For example, DATA 2,Natural Response, —

Then, in lines 590 and 780, change READ H to READ
H,H$. This tells the computer to put the numeric data, 2, in H
and the string data, Natural Response, in H$. Modify PRINT
H in lines 610 and 800 to PRINT H, H$. Voila\ The computer
now names the hexagrams. ■

Program Listing 2. ICHING.BA

10 REM INSTRUCTIONS AND QUESTION

20 CLS: INPUT "Do you want instructions

(Y/N)";Y$

30 IF Y$="Y"THENl000ELSEIFY$O n N"THEN2l

40 CLEAR:CLS:PRINT"What is your

question (enter) "; :INPUTQ$

60 CLS:PRINTQ$

110 CLEAR 60:DEFINT Y,C,D, I , L, J, A, T f H

120 DIM C(6) :DIMD(6) :DIML$(9)

150 A$=CHR$(231) :C$=CHR$(154) :D$="

210 L$(6) =A$+A$+A$+D$+A$+A$+A$+D$+C$

220 L$(7)=A$+A$+A$+A$+A$+A$+A$

230 L$(8)=A$+A$+A$+D$+A$+A$+A$

240 L$ ( 9) =A$+A$+A$+A$+A$+A$+A$+D$+C$

250 Y=240

260 YC=255

270 C=0

300 FOR I=1T06

Listing 2 continued

268 • 80 Micro, October 1983

MODEL 4 OWNERS

CONVERT your MODEL l/lll

PROGRAMS TO RUN ON MODEL 4

Do you have a lot of time and money invested
in Model l/lll software, well now you can
convert Model l/lll BASIC programs to Model 4
with CONVERTR.

CONVERTR will eliminate unnecessary spaces
and insert all required soaces in your BASIC
programs. CONVERTR will identify lines
which contain keywords not supported by
Model 4. CONVERTR will identify lines and
keywords which the Model 4 handles differently.
CONVERTR is menu driven and includes an
option to list your program and error table on
your printer.

CONVERTR comes on a disk and includes an
instruction booklet on How to Convert your
BASIC programs.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 269

CNotes

Listing 2 continued

310 FOR J=6T09

320 T$=INKEY$:IFT$=" "THEN350

330 NEXT J

340 GOTO 310

350 L=J

360 D(I)=L

370 PRINT@Y,I;" ";L$(L);

380 IF L=6 OR L=9 THENC=1

390 Y=Y-40

400 NEXT I

410 IF C=0THEN520

420 FOR I=1T06

430 IF D(I)=6THENL=7:GOTO470

440 IF D(I)=9THENL=8:GOTO470

450 L=D(I)

470 C(I)=L

4 80 PRINT@YC,L$(L) ; " " ;

490 YC=YC-40

500 NEXT I

520 A=1:T=0

530 FOR I=1T06

540 IF D(I)=6ORD(I)=8THEN560

550 T=T+A

560 A=A*2

570 NEXT I

580 FOR I=0TOT

590 READ H

6 00 NEXT I

610 PRINT @286,H; : RESTORE: GOT07 00

620 DATA 2,24,7,19,15,36,46, 11,16,51,40,54

630 DATA62, 55, 32, 3 4, 8, 3, 29, 6 0,3 9, 63, 4 8, 5

640 DATA 45,17,47,58,31,49, 28,43,23,27,4,41

650 DATA 52,22,18,26,35, 21,64,38,56,30,50,14

660 DATA20, 42, 5 9, 6 1,53, 37, 57, 9, 12, 25, 6

670 DATA10, 33,13, 44,1

680 PRINT"Press space bar to do

another hexagram";

690 T$=INKEY$:IFT$=" "THEN 40 ELSE

690

700 IF C=0 THEN 680

710 A=1:T=0

720 FOR I-1T06

730 IF C(I)=8 THEN750

740 T=T+A

750 A=A*2

760 NEXT I

770 FOR I=0TOT

780 READ H

790 NEXT I

800 PRINT@298,H

810 RESTORE

820 GOTO6 80

1000 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"The oracle

of the I Ching speaks to you of

the changing patterns and compelling

forces in the cosmos."

1010 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX:CLS

1020 PRINT:PRINT"Concentrate on

your question. " :PRINT"The computer

allows you to write down your

question, if you choose."

1030 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX: PRINT" 'Throw'

your hexagram when the question

is clear in your mind. "

1040 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX

1050 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"When you

feel it's right, press the space

bar. This throws three symbolic

coins; a line appears."

1060 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX

1070 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"Press the

space bar six times, once for each

line of the hexagram. There will

be no prompts, just a blank screen"

1080 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX

1090 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"The six lines

of your hexagram compose the oracle's

answer. The hexagram's num-ber

appears underneath it."

1100 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX

1110 CLS: PRINT: PRINT" Some of the

lines you throw will be changing.

These are marked with small arrows."

1120 PRINT"The changed hexagram

and its number are shown to the

right of the first."

1130 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX

1140 CLS: PRINT: PRINT"Consult your

copy of the I Ching for insight

into the meaning of the hexagram...

1150 FORX=1TO2500:NEXTX

1160 CLS:PRINT: INPUT "Are you ready

(Y)";Y$

1170 IFY$="Y"ORY$-"y"THEN40ELSEGOTOH20

Quick On-Site Job Estimate

by Beve Woodbury

80 Micro Technical Editor

Carry your Model 100 instead of a clipboard for quick on-
site job estimates. It's convenient to handle, looks impressive,
and relieves some of the tedium of calculating job estimates
based on material and labor costs.

Setting up the Materials File

Program Listing 3 sets up the materials file. The record for-
mat begins with a part number that can be any number except
zero. Next, enter a brief word description of the part and enter
the cost (do not use commas).

The program loads the materials file into an array when it
boots up, thus avoiding rewriting the file for each change. You
add, delete, or change the cost of the materials from the main
270 • 80 Micro, October 1983

menu. You can also print a listing of all items in the array.
When you print the array, all additions and changes appear.
Deletions are indicated by a zero in the part number column.

You can change the Parts. DO file (the materials listing) in
the Text mode. Changing the file using this method may seem
faster, but if you make the slightest error in the format, the
estimating program won't function properly.

When the program begins, you're asked how many items
you want to add. The program sets up an array with sufficient
rows for the requested additions and fills the row with zeros.
You can make fewer but no more additions than you re-
quested.

When you add an item, the computer asks for the part
name, description, and cost. You can assign a labor part
number and a per-hour cost.

When you delete or change an item's cost, you can search
by either part number (U) or by part name (A). If the part is
not in the array, the program displays Part Not Found and
returns to the menu.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 271

ONotes

Variable Description

A( ) Numeric array for part number (1) and cost (2)

A$( ) String array for part description

AD Number of parts to be added

C Cost of part

CA Number of new parts input

D Length of arrays

D$ Description of part

DL$ Decision— delete or not?

H Loop counter

1$ Pause control

K Loop counter

L Line counter

N Menu choice number

NA$ Name of part for search

NU Number of part for search

P Part number

R Array row location for new part input

S Array row location for file input

S$ Decision— search by part or number

X Array row location for file output

Z Part not found flag

Table 2. Parts set-up variables.

Program Listing 3. Parts set-up.

10 MAXFILES=1

20 F$="### \ \ ##•## ###"

30 OPEN "RAM: PARTS. DO" FOR INPUT AS 1
40 CLS: PRINT: PRINT" SETTING UP ARRAY"
50 IF E0F(1) THEN CLOSE:GOTO70
60 INPUT#1,P,D$,C:R=R+1:GOTO50
70 PRINT: INPUT" HOW MANY NEW PARTS WILL
YOU ADD ";AD:D=R+AD

80 OPEN "RAM: PARTS. DO" FOR INPUT AS 1
90 DIM A$(D) ,A(D f 2)
100 IF E0F(1) THEN CLOSE :GOTO140
110 INPUT#1,P,D$,C:S=S+1
120 A$(S)=D$:A(S,1)=P:A(S,2)=C
13 GOTO100

140 NU=0:NA$=" " : Z=0 :CLS: PRINT@18 , "MENU"
150 PRINT@50,"1. CHANGE PART PRICE"
ADD NEW PART"
DELETE PART"
PRINT ARRAY"

, . QUIT"

200 PRINT: INPUT"ENTER CHOICE NUMBER: ";N

210 IF N>5 THEN140

220 IF N=5 THEN CLOSE:GOTO520

230 CLS:ON N GOTO 240 , 270 , 330 , 380

240 GOSUB420:IF Z=1THEN140

250 INPUT"NEW COST ";A(K,2)

260 GOTO140

27 R=R+1:CA=CA+1

280 IF CA>AD THEN PRINT@88, "BEYOND ADD

LIMIT" :FOR H=1TO500 :NEXT:GOTO140

290 PRINT: INPUT"PART NUMBER: ";A(R,1)

300 PRINT: INPUT"DESCRIPTION: ";A$(R)

310 PRINT: INPUT"COST: ";A(R,2)

320 GOTO140

330 GOSUB420:IFZ=1THEN140

160 PRINT@90,"2.
170 PRINT@130,"3
180 PRINT@170,"4
190 PRINT@210,"5

When the program finds the part, it prints the part number,
description, and cost. If you choose the Change option, the
program prompts you for the new cost. If you choose the
Delete option, the program prompts you for a confirmation or
cancellation. After each option, the program returns you to
the menu.

Option 5, the Quit option, writes the file from the array and
ends the program. If you don't use option 5, all additions,
changes, and deletions made are lost.

Getting Estimates

Program Listing 4 is the job estimate program. The pro-
gram reads the parts file into an array. You are asked for a job
title and a job description. A menu gives you the option of en-
tering a part needed, printing an estimate, printing the parts ar-
ray, performing a special calculation, or ending the program.

Call up a part either by the part number or name. If the pro-
gram can't find the part, you are notified and returned to
the menu.

Enter the number of the parts you need, and the computer
prints the quantity, description, and the calculated cost of
the part.

The Print Estimate and Print Parts Array listings pause
when they fill the screen; press any key to continue.

The Print Estimate option prints a list of the quantity,
description, unit cost, and total parts cost of each item you
need to complete a job. It then prints a parts estimate and a
final estimate.

The Print Parts Array prints all parts in your inventory.

The program adds an overhead/profit markup of 35 per-
cent to the parts estimate. Change this margin by changing the
.35 in line 370. Pressing any key returns you to the main menu.

340 INPUT"DELETE? Y/N ";DL$

350 IF DL$="N"THEN 140

360 IF DL$="Y"THEN A(K, 1) =0 :GOTO140

37 GOTO340

3 80 FOR H=1T0D

390 PRINTUSINGF$;A(H,1) ,A$(H) ,A(H,2)

400 L=L+1:IFL=7THEN L=0:INPUTI$

410 NEXT:INPUTI$:GOTO140

420 CLS: INPUT" SEARCH BY PART NUMBER, OR

NAME? U/A:";S$: PRINT

430 IF S$="U" THEN INPUT"PART NUMBER ";N

U:GOTO46

440 IF S$="A" THEN INPUT"PART NAME ";NA$

:GOTO460

450 GOTO420

460 FOR K=1T0D

470 IF NU=A(K,l)OR NA$=A$ (K) THEN510

480 NEXT

490 PRINT@210,"PART NOT FOUND" :Z=1

500 FORH=1TO500: NEXT: RETURN

510 PRINT:PRINT" "A(K,D" "A$(K)" "A(

K,2) : PRINT: RETURN

520 OPEN "RAM: PARTS. DO" FOR OUTPUT AS 1

530 CLS: PRINT" PRINTING NEW PARTS FILE"

540 F0RX=1T0D

550 IF A(X,1)=0 THEN570

560 PRINT#l f A(X,l) ;",";A$(X) ;",";A(X,2)

57 NEXT: CLOSE: END

272 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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■See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 273

C-Notes

Variable Description

A( ) Numeric array for part number (1), cost (2), amount (3)

A$( ) String array for part description

AD Number of parts to be added

C Cost of part

CR Calculation result

CI First calculation input

CI Second calculation input

C3 Third calculation input

D Length of arrays

D$ Description of part

E Estimate including markup

F$ Parts print format

FF$ Job estimate file name

G$ Estimate print format

H Loop counter

1$ Pause control

J$ Job description

K Loop counter

L Line counter

N Menu choice number

NA$ Name of part for search

NU Number of pan for search

P Part number

PE Total parts estimate

PP Cost of total number of specific part wanted

PX Calculated cost of specific part wanted

S Array row location

T$ Job title

WFS Write file print format

X Number of parts

Z Part not found flag

Table 3. Job estimator variables.

Program Listing 4. Job estimator.

ENTER JOB TITLE: ";T$
ENTER JOB DESCRIPTION:

10 CLS:MAXFILES=3

20 F$="### \

30 G$="### \

40 WF$="### \

50 PRINT:INPUT"
60 PRINT:PRINT"

": PRINT: INPUT J$
70 OPEN "RAM: PARTS. DO "FOR INPUT AS 1
80 CLS: PRINT "SETTING UP ARRAY"
90 IF E0F(1) THEN CLOSE: GOTO110
100 INPUT#1,P,D$,C:D=D+1:GOTO90
110 OPEN"RAM: PARTS. DO" FOR INPUT AS 1
120 DIM A$(D) ,A(D,3)
130 IF E0F(1) THEN CLOSE:GOTO170
140 INPUT#1,P,D$,C:S=S+1
150 A$(S)=D$:A(S,1)=P:A(S,2)=C
16 GOTO13

170 CLS:PRINT@18, "MENU"
180 PRINT@50,"1. ENTER PART"

PRINT ESTIMATE"
PRINT PARTS ARRAY"
DO CALCULATION"
WRITE JOB FILE/QUIT"
230 PRINT: INPUT"ENTER CHOICE NUMBER: ";N
240 CLS:ON N GOTO 250 ,380 , 500 , 540 , 800
250 NU=0:X=0:NA$=" "

190 PRINT@90,"2.
200 PRINT@130,"3
210 PRINT@170,"4
220 PRINT@210,"5,

Do Calculations lets you perform up to five calculations
related to your estimates. I included calculations for square
footage and cubic footage. Customize this part of the pro-
gram area to suit your needs.

All calculation variables are set to zero (line 550) when the
program prints the calculation menu in lines 540-600. Place
your own function names here. Function 1 starts in line 640,
function 2 in line 680, and so on (see line 630).

Use the Input command to enter commands to input the
variables needed for the function in the first line (see lines 650
and 690). Put any comment that helps you understand the re-
quired input inside the quotes. If you use more variables than
CI, C2, and C3, be sure to set them to zero in line 550.

The function formula goes in the next line. Use the variable
name where you want the variable number put. Set up the for-
mula in the format CR = (write in your own formula): GOTO
790. Line 790 prints the answer, waits for you to enter any key,
and returns you to the main menu.

Quit writes the estimate file. H uses the first six letters of the
job title and adds the .DO extension to the file name. This file
contains the parts and quantity for a specific job, the parts' es-
timate, and the final estimate with the markup. Don't exit the
program without the Quit option, or you'll lose all your data.

Read the estimate file by placing the cursor over the file
name and pressing enter. Print a hard copy by using the Model
100's shift-print key function. ■

260 PRINT: INPUT" PART NUMBER ";NU

270 IF NU=0 THEN PRINT: INPUT"PART NAME "

;NA$

280 FOR K=1T0D

290 IF NU=A(K,l)OR NA$=A$ (K) THEN330

300 NEXT

310 PRINT@210 f "PART NOT FOUND" : Z=l

320 FORH=1TO500:NEXT:GOTO170

330 PRINT: INPUT"NUMBER OF PARTS ";X

340 PX=X*A(K,2)

350 PRINT:PRINTUSINGF$;X,A$(K) f A(K,2)

360 A(K,3)=A(K,3)+X

370 FOR H=l TO 500 :NEXT:GOTO170

380 PRINT:PRINTTAB(10) ; J$: PRINT: L=0 : PP=0

:PE=0

390 FORK=lTOD

400 IFA(K,3)=0THEN 450

410 PP=A(K,2)*A(K,3)

420 L=L+1:IF L=8 THEN INPUTI$:L=0

430 PRINTUSINGG$;A(K,3) ,A$(K) ,A(K,2) ,PP

440 PE=PE+PP

450 NEXT:L=0

460 E=PE+(PE*.35) : E= ( INT( (E+. 005) *100) )

/100

470 PRINT: PRINT" PARTS ESTIMATE IS " ; PE

480 PRINT: PRINT" ESTIMATE IS " ; E : I

NPUTI$

490 GOTO17

500 FOR H=lTOD

510 L=L+1:IFL=8THEN INPUTI$:L=0

520 PRINTUSINGF$;A(H,1) ,A$(H) ,A(H f 2) ,A(H

,3)

530 NEXT:L=0:INPUTI$:GOTO170

540 CLS:PRINT@18,"MENU"

550 C1=0:C2=0:C3=0:CR=0

560 PRINT@50,"1. SQUARE FEET"

Listing 4 continued

274 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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40 TRACK DOUBLE SIDE DRIVES FROM (184.00

SO TRACK SINGLE SIDE DRIVES FROM «?O?.0O

BO TRACK DOUBLE 8 I DE DRIVES FROM »272.00

77 TRACK SINGLE SIDE 8" DRIVES FROM (337.00

77 TRACK DOUBLE SIDE B" DRIVES FROM (462.00

8IN8LE CASE AND POWER SUPPLY 3" FROM »33.00

DUAL CASE AND POWER 9UPPLY 3" FROM (B6.00

SINGLE AND DUAI 8" CASE AND POWER SUPPLY FROM . . . (7O0 . OO

WINCHESTER HARD DRIVEB • • •

(3) 8IZE9 COMPLETE, CASE. POWER SUPPLY, DOS. MOD 3 OR 4

6.4 ME8 11499.00

12.8 ME 8 (164 9. OO

14.3 ME8 «1749.00

19.1 MEG (1849.00

'I MEG »2399.00

PRINTERS • • •

FPSON FX-80 »339. 00

EPSON MX-100 (6 73. 00

SMITH CORONA TP-1 (499.00

CABLES • » «

(2) DISK DRIVES (16.00

(41 DISK DRIVES (76. 00

PRINTER STD PARALLEL (18.00

RS-732C. »13.00

SPECIAI CABLES MADE TO YOUR SPEC'S (CALL

MISCELLANEOUS > • •

COMPUTER POWERLINE FILTERS FROM (23.00

J-CAT MODEM 300 BAUD DIRECT CONNECT (109.00

SMART-CAT 1700 BAUD, AUTO AN8/DIAL DIR/CONN (443.00

SMART-CAT 3O0 BAUD. AUTO ANS/DIAL. DIR/CONN (190.00

GREEN CRT FILTER .0123" THICK (9.30

3.1 MEG MODS SPEED-UP KIT (79. OO

16K MEMORY KIT ( 1 SONS PRIME NEC CHIPSI (IB. 00

64K MEMORY KIT (130N8 PRIME OKI CHIPSI (39.00

MOD4 12BK MEMORY UP-GRADE KIT COMPLETE (B9.00

PRINTER 8WITCH. 2 PRINTERS ON ONE COMPUTER (68.00

DISKETTES • • • (BOX OF 10) OPUS.

VERBATIM

40 TRACK SQL 8IDE. DBL DENSITY (20 (23

40 TRACK DBL SIDE, DBL DENSITY (30 (38

80 TRACK SBL SIDE. DBL DENSITY (33

80 TRACK DBL SIDE, DBL DENSITY , (43

40 TRACK DBL SIDE, DBL DENSITY (FLIPPYX30

PRICES AND SPEC'B ARE SUBJECT TO CHANBE. WITHOUT NOTICE

TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF RADIO 8HACK-DIV OF TANDY CORP.
ALL TRS-80 B FROM MCW ARE CONSTRUCTED TO OUR SPEC'S AND
ARE COVERED BY OUR WARRANTY SEE NOTE BELOW.

• • • PAYMENTS » • •

WE ACCEPT VISA. M/C, MONEY

ORDERS. AND CHECK9. NOTEi

NON-CERTIFIED CHECKS

REQUIRE (2) WEEKS FOR BANK

CLEARANCE. NO BALES TAXES

ARE COLLECTED ON SALES

0UT9IDE OF MICHIGAN.

• • • DELIVERY • • •

SHIPMENTS ARE MADE

PROMPTLY FROM STOCK. VIA

UPS, (SIZE PERMITTINB) .

OTHERS, BEST WAY. COSTS

UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTIFIED

ARE 2.3X OF THE ORDER

TOTAL BUT NOT LESS THAN (3

• • • WARRANTY > ■ •
YOUR HARDWARE PURCHASE IS COVERED BY AN MCW 90 DAY.
LIMITED. PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY OR THE WARRANTY OF
THE ITEM'S MANUFACTURER CONFIRM YOUR COVERAGE WHEN
PLACING AN ORDER. COPIES OF THE WARRANTY ARE AVAILABLE
ON REQUEST.

MIDWEST COMPUTER WHOLESALE
PO BOX 33878 DETROIT, MI. 48B3S
TELEPHONE ORDER LINE C313D BBS -3040

■ See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 275

CNotes

Listing 4 continued

570

PRINT@90 f "2. CUBIC FEET"

580

PRINT@130, "3. FUNCTION 3"

590

PRINT@170, "4. FUNCTION 4"

600

PRINT@210,"5. RETURN TO MAIN MENU"

610

PRINT: INPUT"ENTER CHOICE NUMBER: " ; N

620

IFN>5THEN540

630

CLS:ON N GOTO 640,680,720,760,170

640

CLS:PRINT:PRINTTAB(5) "SQUARE FOOTAGE

CALCULATION" : PRINT

650

INPUT"LENGTH " ;C1 : INPUT"WIDTH ";C2

660

CR=C1*C2: PRINT: PRINT"SQUARE FOOTAGE

IS ";CR

670

GOTO7 90

680

CLS:PRINT:PRINTTAB(5) "CUBIC FOOTAGE

CALCULATION" : PRINT

690

INPUT"LENGTH " ; CI : INPUT"WIDTH ";C2:

INPUT"HEIGHT ";C3

700

CR=C1*C2*C3:PRINT:PRINT"CUBIC FOOTAG

E IS ";CR

710

GOTO790

720

'place TITLE for function 3 here

730

•place INPUT for function 3 here

740

'place FORMULA for function 3 here

750

GOTO790

760

'place TITLE for function 4 here

770

'place INPUT for function 4 here

780

'place FORMULA for function 4 here

790

INPUTI$:GOTO170

800

FF$="RAM: "+LEFT$(T$,6)+".DO"

810

OPEN FF$ FOR OUTPUT AS2

820

PRINT" PRINTING JOB ESTIMATE FILE"

830

PRINT#2,T$

840

PRINT#2,J$

850

F0RK=1T0D

860

IF A(K,3)=0 THEN880

870

PRINT#2,USINGWF$;A(K,1) ,A$(K) ,A(K,2)

,A(K,3) ,A(K,2)*A(K,3)

880

890

PRINT#2, "PARTS ESTIMATE = " ; PE

900

PRINT! 2, "TOTAL ESTIMATE = " ; E

910

CLOSE: END

Line

Description

Open file channels

2(M0

Print formats

50-60

Title and description inputs

70-100

Find array size for dimensioning

110-160

Dimension and set up array

170-240

Main menu print and choice

250-370

Enter part wanted

250-270

Input part number or name

280-320

Search for part

330-370

Input number of parts wanted and print cost

380-490

Print estimate

380

Print heading

39(M50

Print parts wanted and costs

460

Calculate final estimate

47(M90

Print estimate

500-530

Print pans array

540-790

Calculations

540-630

Calculation menu print and choice

640-670

Square footage calculation

680-710

Cubic footage calculation

720-750

Third calculation

760-780

Fourth calculation

790

Pause and return to main menu

800-910

Print job estimate file

Table 5. Job estimator line descriptions.

To Market, To Market

Line

Description

Open file channel

Print format

40-70

Find array size for dimensioning

80-130

Dimension and set up array

140-230

Main menu print and choice

240-260

Change part price

230

GOSUB for search

250-260

Input new cost and return to menu

270-320

Add a new part

270

Calculate row location and number of parts added

280

Check for beyond add limit

290-320

Input new part information

330-370

Delete part

38O410

Print array

420-450

Get search name or number

460-500

Search for part

510

Print part information

520-570

Write parts file

Table 4. Parts set-up line descriptions.

Conversion by Mare-Anne Jarvela
80 Micro Technical Editor

Most people consider food shopping a drudgery. It would
be less bothersome if you had a master list of all the grocery
items you usually buy and could quickly get a printout of a
shopping list before you go to the store. This Model 100 con-
version of Hal Smith's program (£0 Micro, March 1981, p.
274) does just that and a little more (see Program Listing 5).

You need at least 16K of memory to run this program. The
listing itself is only 5K but you need space for the data file.

When you run the program for the first time it asks you if
you have a data file. Answer N and enter your first item. The
program now creates the Shop. DO file. Line 20 sets maxfiles
to two. After this, the program starts and you can add more
items, delete, change, select items to buy, reset, flip pages, and
get printouts of your shopping list.

If you already have a data file, answer Y on the first ques-
tion or the computer writes over your existing file. When you
finish changing, selecting, and so on, enter Q (quit) and your
data file is automatically updated. If you break out of the pro-
gram, you lose your changes.

With the Enter option (line 530) you can enter up to 250
items on your master list. Start the program, entering the
grocery items you regularly buy. You don't have to reenter the
list; pressing Q stores them on the data file. If there's not
enough memory, change lines 50 and 60 to fit your computer.

The program stores all items alphabetically with code
numbers. When you refer to an item on the list, use the code
number assigned. The numbers change as you enter or delete
items.

276 • 80 Micro, October 1983

DISK UPGRADE

Put Disk Drives into your TRS-80 or MODEL III or MODEL 4

Easy to install with Photo Instruction Manual

Featurin£ the Holmes Disk Controller [assembled (203103) without clock !

and tested ) available with Hardware Real Time 255S J!'!!!. ! 00 *' " "

Clock and Battery built in. Software Clock
routines and TDOS Operating System included

40/80 Single /Double Density Support
Dual Sided and 8"Drive Support
Drives are optional

MICR0FAZER

MHPW

#200873 64K PARALLEL

229.95

#200874 128K PARALLEL

I (203103) without clock $269.50 $269.50

1203104) with clock _... $329.50 $329.50

(200111 1 40 SH Disk Drives $200.00ea S200 OOea

(213002) 32K Memory $34.95

I204064) 64K Memory. $119.95

(204065) 64K Memory w/PAL $144.95

Complete Kit with Clock Board,
2 Drives & Memory I TDOS $699.00 $799.00

Printer Stands help eliminate the mess on your computer
desk by allowing the paper to be fed from under the
printer making room for used paper to stack behind it.

REGULAR

REGULAR w/Shelf $44.95

LARGE % 34.95

LARGE w/Shelf. $ 49.95

LARGE w/Slot^ $ 49.95

. EXTRA LARGE $79.95

vummi CLEAR tcMI.H. PLKXHiMW

309.95 I

3M DISKETTES

|500452| SS/DD 5%". !

(500455) DS/DD 5'/ 4 " !

(500457) DS/DD 5'/ 4 " 80 Track... .$43.00/10

(500461) SS/SD8" $24.50/10 ^-

(500462) SS/DO 8" $30.50/10

(500465) DD/D0 8". $35.50/10

ITCenTecIi DISKETTE with

COLORED JACKETS

1500212) Red SS/DD $27.50/10

|500215| Red DS/DO $30.5040

1500262] Yellow SS/DD $27 50 10

(500265] Yellow OS/DD $30.5040

[500222) Blue SS/DO $27.50/10

15002251 Blue DS/DD $30.50/10

BT Enterprises Dept. 1-J
10D Carlough Road ..300
3ohemio, NY 11716

EPSON RELOADS
$30.oo dozen

15000011 Black.... $30.00 doz

(500011) Red 430 00 doz

(5000211 Blue .... $30.00 doz
(500031) Green .$30.00 doz
1500041] Brown $30.00 doz

EPSON RIBBON CARTRIDGES
$5.oo each

15000501 Black

(500060) Red

1500070] Blue

1500080) Green

[5000901 Brown

"VOr> o' 0' Tecr> £r>te'p«jes IrtC

Orders Only

600-645-1165

NY coll (516) 567-8155

$5 00 each

$5.00 each

P^ces JuO;ec to CPor-qe
n v ^ Revolts ooo to*

Amencon Exp'eis Co-re Blanche

(516) 567-8155 (voice) (516) 588-5836 (modem) d.™ c ut> M «e<<*d o v lSO

*&%&&*

'See List ol Advertisers on Page 3?1

80 Micro, October 1983 • 277

CNotes

Program Listing 5. Shoplist.

10 REM SHOPLIST
20 MAXFILES=2

30 CLS:PRINT@53,"S HOP LIST"
40 FORX=1TO1000:NEXT
50 CLEAR5000:DEFINTA-Z

60 DIM ML$(250) f ML(250) ,TL$(50) ,TL(50)
70 R$=STRING$(26, " ")
80 Fl$="(###) ## "
90 FB$=" ## "

100 F2$="(###) "
110 F3$ = " ## "
120 F4$=" ## "

130 CLS:GOSUB2040
140 CLS:PRINT@15,"SHOP LIST"
150 REM READ LIST FROM DISK
160 DATAC,D,E,L,P,S,Q,R
170 OPEN"RAM:SHOP.DO"FORINPUTASl
180 N=l
190 J=l

200 INPUT #1,ML$(N) ,ML(N)
210 N=N+1

220 IF NOT EOF(l) THEN 200
230 I=N
240 CLOSE 1

250 START=1:REM ASSIGN 1 AS PAGE TO BE
PRINTED

26 COUNT=14:REM NUMBER OF LINES OF
ITEMS PRINTED (14 HERE)
270 REM MENU PRINT
280 V=0
290 CLS

300 G=INT( (I-D/14)

310 IFG<>( (I-D/14) THENG=INT( (I-l)/14) +
1ELSEG=INT( (I-D/14)
320 J=J:IFJ<1THENJ=1
330 IFJ>GTHENJ=G

340 PRINT"MASTER LIST: "; 1-1 ;" ITEMS
FOR" ;G;" PAGES, PAGE", «J

350 PRINT "FORMAT: (CODE #) ( QTY NEEDED) (
ITEM NAME) "

360 PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
370 IFINKEY$=""THEN370
380 GOSUB1780

390 PRINT:PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY TO
CONTINUE"

400 IFINKEY$=""THEN400

410 CLS:PRINT@200," <OHANGE "," <D>

1 <L>IST ": PRINT"

<E>NTER

ELETE "

>AGE" ,

420 PRINT" <R>ESET "," <S>ELECT "," <Q>

UIT"

430 F0RY=1T08:READB$(Y) :NEXT

440 ONERRORGOTO46

450 GOTO480

460 RESUME 470

470 FORT=1TO20:NEXTT

480 PRINT"YOUR CHOICE: "

490 GOSUB 2020:D=1

500 IFB$(D) =A$THEN510:ELSED=D+1: IFD<

10THEN500ELSE490

510 ONDGOSUB 1060,1360,530,860,

720,650,1980,1170

520 GOTO270

53 REM ENTER

540 INPUT"NAME OF ITEM TO ADD TO LIST (0

TO ABORT) ";N$

550 IFN$="0"THEN270

560 FOR N=l TO 1-1

Listing 5 continued

Use the Change option (line 1060) if you make a mistake
entering an item. You provide the code number and enter the
new name for that item. You also provide the code number of
the item you want to delete (line 1360).

The Page command (line 720) lets you look at different
pages (one page is equivalent to 14 items). At the top of the
screen you'll see how many items your file contains and the
number of the page displayed. To display a different page, hit
P and then the page number, or N for next page, P for
previous page. This lets you look at your entire file. Since the
program stores items in alphabetical order, you'll have a
general idea which page to look for.

To start your list for the grocery store, use the Select option
(line 650). This lets you enter the quantity you need to buy. Hit
S, enter the code number of the item, and then the quantity
needed. When you print the list, the amount appears to the left
of the item.

When it's time to go to the store, use the List (line 860) com-
mand. You have the option to print a full list or a short list. If
you answer Y to the question "Is the printer ready?" you'll get
a printout. Answer N and your list appears only on the screen.

The short list (line 1490) prompts you to enter the item and
amount. It is only a temporary list — the program doesn't save
it to the data file. This is a good option when you're in a hurry
and want a quick list.

The Reset option (line 1170) lets you change the values to
zero after you finish your shopping (answer Y on the first
question), or reset the quantity needed for each item. Answer
N and you'll see the first item on your shopping list. When all
the items on your list are reset, the program returns to the
main menu. Remember to hit Q so that all your changes ap-
pear on the data file.

If for any reason you want a listing of all the items in your
data file, load Shop. DO from the Model 100's menu. It will
appear on the screen, and you can print it as a text file.

This is a handy program to use if you have a lot of grocery
shopping to do. If you're single, you'll probably be better off
with a piece of paper and a pencil.

You can also use this program for other types of inventory
control. Use your imagination, and good luck.B

C'Notes text continued on p. 283

Variable

Description Variable

Description

Time delay.

MLS

Item (full list).

Counter.

Code number (full list).

Counter.

TLS

Item (short list).

Menu choice.

Code number (short list).

Time delay.

String variable.

Menu choice.

Fl$

Print format.

INKEY.

FB$

Print format.

Item to add.

F2$

Print format.

Code number of item.

F3$

Print format.

PAS

What page ?

F4$

Print format.

Counter.

Print?

Counter.

Change.

Counter.

Page Counter.

Counter.

Table 6. Shopping list variables.

278 • 80 Micro, October 1983

NEWI

from

Lichen

Software

INTRODUCING!!!

a FAST, i K yPMSBCfflD f

and USER FRIENDLY ^ t

graphics and text program

KWIKDRAW

WITH KWIKDRAW YOU CAN QUICKLY AND EAS-
ILY CREATE/EDIT DISPLAYS COMBINING
GRAPHICS, TEXT, AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
YOU CAN • Save/Load displays to/from disk in 3
formats: BASIC/ASCII/object • Save/Load/
Overlay displays to/irom 10 RAM buffers • Print in
a variety of formats, with multiple copy and
BACKGROUND printing • 2 cursor sizes, each can
move at one of 255 speeds from slow to VERY FAST!

Set delay before keys repeat • Have cursors stop at
screen edge or wraparound to opposite edge • Fast

ine & circle • Move/Duplicate/Erase individual
figures and/or text • Fill figures • Reverse black/
white • Scroll entire screen with/without
wraparound • 2 mirror image routines • View direc-
tories • 8 menu/help screens • AND MUCH MORE!!
Logical key assignments are easy to learn. 50+
page manual with instructions for using displays
in your programs. What makes it KWIK? Written in
100% machine code — no SLOW BASIC or com-
piled BASIC! Backups allowed. REQUIRES 48K
Model III* & 1 disk drive Printing routines require
an Epson MX" series printer. TERMS: $74.95 —
cash, certified check, money order, or personal
check Allow 2-3 weeks for personal checks to
^lear, all other orders will be shipped within 48
hours. LICHEN SOFTWARE, 6603 N. LEE ST.
SPOKANE, WA 99207, (509) 448-4026 'Trademark
of Tandy Corp. "Trademark of Epson America, Inc.

Don't wait till ifs too late
to insure your computet^

Now you can insure your computer against
theft, tire, accidental damage, earth-
quake, even damage from power surges.

For as little as $35/yr.
SAFEWARE ,U covers all hardware,
media and purchased software for
full replacement after a low $50
deductible.

To obtain immediate coverage
or more information, call
toll-free today.
(In Ohio call 1-800-848-2112)

1-800-848-3469

^368

COLl MBIA .NATIONAL GENERAL AGENCY
88 E. Broad Si Columbus OH *UIS

T80-FS1

Simulator

Available for Model I or Model III. $25.00
on cassette or $33.50 on disk (with
enhancements) All versions require 16K.

See your dealer I

H you order direct, pleese specify whether you have Model I or
Model Nl (the m edi a arm different) and whether you want disk or
cassette. Include S1 .50 and Indicate UPS or first class mail. Illinois
residents add 5% sales tax. Visa and Mastercard accepted.
If you don't yet own a disk, don't fret. You can upgrade anytime.
Cassette users may send back their cassette (but not the manual)
along with $10 (first class shipping included) and receive the diek
version.

©oafeLOGIC

Communications Corp.
713 Edgebrook Drive
Champaign, I L 61820
(217)359-8482 Wl
Telex: 206995

'St List of Adwrtistrs on Pag* 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 279

CNotes

Listing 5 continued

570 IF N$>ML$(N)THEN NEXT N

580 FOR N1=I TO N+l STEP -1

590 ML$(N1)=ML$(N1-1)

600 ML(N1)=ML(N1-1)

610 NEXT Nl

620 ML$(N)=N$: ML(N)=0

630 1=1+1

6 40 RETURN
650 REM SELECT

660 INPUT"CODE NUMBER OF ITEM TO BE

BOUGHT (0 TO ABORT)" ;C

670 IF C>=I OR C<0 THEN PRINT: GOTO660

680 IFC=0THEN270

690 PRINT: PRINT"WHAT QUANTITY OF ";ML$(C

7 00 INPUT ML(C)
710 RETURN

7 20 REM PAGE COMMAND

730 INPUT"WHAT PAGE # (ENTER N FOR NEXT,

P FOR PREVIOUS, OR PG #) ";PA$

740 IFPA$="P"THENV=1:J=J-1:GOTO760

750 IFPA$="N" THENJ=J+1:GOTO7 90

760 IFV=1THEN START=START-1*

COUNT :GOTO810

77 J=VAL(PA$)

7 80 START=(VAL(PA$)-1)*COUNT+1:GOTO810

790 IF(START+l)+COUNT>I THEN RETURN

800 START=START+COUNT

810 IF VAL(PA$) >GTHENPRINT:GOTO730

820 IF I-C0UNT<1 THEN RETURN

830 IF START <1 THEN START=1

840 IF STARTM-COUNT THEN START=START

850 RETURN

86 REM PRINT LIST TO PRINTER

870 A$="":CLS:PRINT"DO YOU WANT THE FULL

LIST OR A SHORT ONE (F OR S) ?

880 A$=INKEY$:IF A$=" n THEN880

890 IF A$="S" THENPRINTA$: FORZ=1TO250:

NEXT:GOTO14 90

900 IF A$="F" THENPRINTA$:FORZ=1TO250:

NEXT:GOTO920

910 GOTO880

920 PRINT: INPUT"IS THE PRINTER READY (Y/

N) ";A$

950 CLS :PRINTTAB( 15) ; "SHOPPING LIST"

960 IF A$="Y"THEN LPRINT TAB(32)

; "SHOPPING LIST"

970 PRINT: IF A$="Y"THENFORK=lT03 : LPRINT"

":NEXTK

980 FOR N=l TO 1-1

990 IF ML(N)=0 THEN 1020

1000 PRINT: PRINTUSING Fl$;N,ML(N)

; :PRINTLEFT$(ML$(N) +R$,15) ;

1005 IF A$="N"THEN1020

1010 LPRINT: LPRINTUSING FB$;ML(N)

; :LPRINTLEFT$(ML$(N)+R$,15) ;

1020 NEXT N

1030 IF A$="Y"THENLPRINTLEFT$(ML$(I-1))

1040 IFA$="N"THENPRINT:PRINT:INPUT"HIT <

ENTER> TO CONTINUE ";AN$

Listing 5 continued

tke GOLD kit

New Life for your TRS 80 Model I

• Memory Faults?

• Programs Freezing Up?

• Worn Contacts?

The Model I is a good computer, but
it is getting old. Your expensive gold
connectors have to transmit data
through the Mod I's worn and oxidized
PC board contacts. With the GOLD
KIT and fifteen minutes you can up-
grade these old tin contacts to gold.

These new connectors are soldered
onto the tin plated edge contacts of
your computer and expansion inter-
face. You need just a screwdriver
and soldering iron.

The kit includes all six connectors

and detailed instructions.

Send $29.50 Check or Money Order to:
"ADD $1.50 for Shipping

-198

!/]$ tech

/ P.O. Box 2167
2445 N. 50th Street
Milwaukee, Wl 53201-2167

Wisconsin Residents add 5% sales tax.

TRS-80 MODEL 100

TRS 80 i a "adfrtark ol th# Tandy Corporator

Monthly magazine loaded with Software and Hardware Reviews, Useful How-to Tips, Program
Liftings, and Accessory Interface Suggestions for this unique new computer. Whatever your
interest in this notebook size portable, this exclusive publication will help you realize its maximum
potential while saving you money. Regular subscription rate is '24/year (12 issues), however
charter subscriptions are available for a limited time at '9.00 for 6 months or '16.00 for 12
months. ?W ^S^ customers call 800-227-1617 exf 425

In California 800-772-3545 ext 425 or send check or Money Order to:

560 South Hartz Avenue, Suite 447 • Danville, CA 94526

SOMETHING NEW YOU'VE WAITED FOR THIS BETTER THAN A FORM LETTER

IT DOES WHAT THE OTHERS DO AND MUCH MORE

THERE IS TIME TO DO IT BEFORE CHRISTMAS!
Type in all the names, addresses, and personal information. Then you will tell
your news to each friend: but not in a form letter! Enter your common
interest codes to sort out which topics go to which friends. Then write on
each topic to correspond with the codes. It's easy if you have

LET'R'WRYT

Our program lets you individualize your letters by printing on each letter
only the presorted paragraphs corresponding to your precoded common interests.
This way a unique letter can be tailored for each of your friends.

* menu driven-no study since you are trained by prompts on screen *

* live keyboard *

* address file with update/replace features *

* topic file (paragraphs) with update features *

* dozens of free options with prompting instructions:

format, greeting, closing, nickname, search, sort, etc. *

* no dead ends - errors lead to user friendly menu, not termination *

* continuous file update - almost impossible to lose a file *

600 names per disk on models 1,3,4 »

PRICE $35.99 till NOV 1 then $41.99 (our breakthrough price is on the rise!)
To order call 313-683-5094 (MC.VISA) or send your check or M.O. to:

Meyer's Place, 5132 Kitson Ln, West Bloomfield MI, 48033 ^215

280 • 80 Micro, October 1983

CNotes

Listing 5 continued

1050 RETURN

REMAINING TO BUY."

106 REM CHANGE COMMAND

1280 FOR N=l TO 1-1

1070 INPUT"CODE NUMBER OF ITEM TO CHANGE

1290 IF ML(N)=0 THEN 1340

(0 TO ABORT) ";C

1300 PRINT: PRINT@200, ML(N);" ";ML$(N);

1080 IF C>=I OR C<0 THEN PRINT:GOTO1070

1310 ML(N)=0

1090 IFC=0THEN270

1320 INPUT ML(N)

1100 PRINT: PRINT"CHANGE " ;ML$(C);" TO

1330 PRINT CHR$(13)

WHAT " ;

1340 NEXT N

1110 INPUT N$

1350 CLS:PRINT"THERE ARE NO MORE ITEMS

1120 Q=ML(C)

TO BE RESET" : FORX=lTOl 500 : NEXT : RETURN

1130 GOSUB 1400: REM DELETE PREVIOUS

1360 REM DELETE

ENTRY

1370 INPUT"CODE NUMBER OF ITEM TO DELETE

1140 GOSUB 560: REM ENTER NEW ENTRY

(0 TO ABORT) ";C

1150 ML(N)=Q

1380 IF C>=I OR C<0 THEN PRINT: GOTO1370

1160 RETURN

1390 IFC=0THENGOTO270

117 REM RESET COMMAND

1400 FOR N=C+1 TO 1-1

1180 INPUT"ARE ALL ITEMS TO BE RESET" ;A$

1410 ML$(N-1)=ML$(N)

1190 IF A$="N"GOTO1240

1420 ML(N-1)=ML(N)

1195 IF A$O"Y"THEN1180

1430 NEXT N

1200 FOR N=l TO 1-1

1440 1=1-1

1210 ML(N)=0

1450 H=INT( (I-l)/14)

1220 NEXT N

1460 IFH<>( (I-1)/14)THEN RETURN

123 RETURN

1470 START=START-14

1240 PRINT

14 80 RETURN

1250 CLS:PRINT"HERE IS A LIST OF THE

1490 REM TEMPORARY LIST

ITEMS YOU WERE TO BUY."

1500 TI=1

1260 PRINT"FOR EACH ITEM, HIT ENTER IF

1510 COUNT=14:REM NUMBER OF ITEMS TO

IT WAS PURCHASED ,"

1270 PRINT"OR ENTER THE QUANTITY

1520 CLS

Listing 5 continued

Checkbook-ChecJrwrlter II" is available for
TRS-SO' Model I /HI
TRS-80' Color Computer

■ — -W Product Cont"

|vj checks with duai-wmdowect

1 ' envelopes, checkbook birtaer ana

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Savings: Special package — in
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elopes ana >>rd«r $7995 Both with
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you and guaranteed compatible
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Now CHECK WITH US. Order a special
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SYNERGETIC SOLUTIONS

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MODEL 100

We're ALPHAWARE, and we think computers should be
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 281

CNotes

Listing 5 continued

1530 PRINT-TYPE IN ANY SPECIAL ITEMS

;"r";ML(N)

THAT YOU WIS" TO BUY."

1890 NEXT N

1540 GOSUB1700

1900 CLOSE 1

1550 PRINT:PRINT"IS THE PRINTER READY?";

1910 RETURN

1560 GOSUB1920

1920 REM YES/NO ANSWER

157 P=ANSWER

1930 ANSWER-1

1580 CLS :PRINTTAB( 15) ; "QUICK LIST"

1940 AN$=INKEY$:IFAN$=""THEN1940

1590 LPRINTTAB ( 32) ; "QUICK LIST"

1950 IF AN$="Y" THEN ANSWER=-

1600 PRINT: F0RE=1T03:LPRINT" ":NEXTE

1 : PRINTAN? : FORZ=1TO250 : NEXT: RETURN

1610 FOR N=l TO TI-1

1960 IF AN$»"N" THEN

1620 PRINT: PRINTUSING F3$;TL(N)

ANSWER=0 : PRINTAN$ : FORZ=1TO250

; :PRINTLEFT$(TL$(N)+R$,15) ;

NEXT: RETURN

1630 IF P THEN LPRINT:LPRINTUSING F4$;TL

1970 GOTO1940

(N) ; :LPRINTLEFT$(TL$(N)+R$,15) ;

1980 REM QUIT

1640 NEXT N

1990 GOSUB 1850

1650 LPRINTLEFT$(TL(N)+R$ f 15)

2000 END

1660 COUNT=14

2010 REM DATA FILE CREATION

1670 PA$="1"

2020 A$=INKEY$:IFA$=""THEN2020:RETURN

1680 GOSUB 750

2030 RETURN

16 90 RETURN

2040 A$="":PRINT"DO YOU ALREADY HAVE A

1700 PRINT: PRINT"HIT <ENTER> TO STOP"

DATA FILE CREATED ?";

1710 PRINTUSINC'NAME OF ITEM ##";TI;

2050 A$=INKEY$:IFA$=""THEN2050 ELSE

1720 INPUT TL$(TI)

PRINTA$:FOR Z=l TO 250: NEXT

1730 IF LEN(TL$(TI) ) =0 THEN RETURN

2060 IF A$="Y" THEN RETURN

1740 PRINT"WHAT QUANTITY OF n ;TL$(TI);

2070 IF A$="N" THEN 2090

1750 INPUT TL(TI)

2080 GOTO 2050

1760 TI=TI+1

2090 CLS: PRINT"NOTE: THIS SECTION WILL

1770 PRINT-.GOTO1710

CREATE YOUR SHOP LIST DATA FOR ONE

17 80 REM PRINT LIST

ITEM."

17 90 FOR N=START TO START+COUNT-1

2100 PRINT" AFTER YOU PLACE IN THE FIRST

1800 IF ML(N)=0 THEN 1820

ITEM, THE PROGRAM WILL THEN START

1810 PRINT:PRINTUSING Fl$;N,ML(N)

RUNNING"

; :PRINTLEFT$(ML$(N)+R$ f 15) ; :GOTO1830

2110 PRINT

1820 PRINT:PRINTUSING F2$;N; :PRINTLEFT$ (

2120 INPUT "NAME OF AN ITEM TO PLACE ON

ML$(N)+R$,15) ;

YOUR SHOPPING LIST ";N$

1830 IF N<I-1 THEN NEXT N

2130 ML$(N)=N$:ML(N)=0

1840 RETURN

2140 1=1

1850 REM UPDATE DATA FILE

2150 OPEN"RAM:SHOP.DO"FOROUTPUTASl

1860 OPEN"RAM:SHOP.DO"FOROUTPUTASl

2160 N=0

1870 FOR N=l TO 1-1

2170 PRINT#l f CHR$(34) ;ML$(N) ;CHR$(34)

1880 PRINT#1,CHR$(34) ;ML$(N) ;CHR$(34)

;",";ML(N)

Listing 5 continued

SCRIBE

REAL
WORD PROCESSING
CAPABILITY

(or the

Radio Shack TRS 80

MODEL 100

Portable Computer

USES ONLY 2K RAM STORAGE

$24.95

PLUS $ 2 00 HANDLING

Chattanooga Systems Associates
P.O. Box 22261
Chattanooga, TN 37422

DEALERS INQUIRE

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•INSTRUCTION

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NEW YORK, N.Y. 10038

(212V233-6923

Computer Program for TRS 80

Model* 1. II. III. IV. 12 A 18

IBM/PC

RECORDS, STORES & REPORTS

Gives printout ot collections, totals to date as well as
individual quarterly reports to congregation members

•NOW AVAILABLE*

Additional modules to provide

Church Directory

Word Processing

Attendance Record

Membership Profile

General Ledger

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and record keeping needs ot churches

CUSTOM DATA
Dept AC
505-434-1096

301 Eleventh Street

P0 Box 1869

Alamogordo. NM 88310

282 • 80 Micro, October 1983

CNotes

Listing 5 continued

2180 CLOSE
2190 RETURN

C'Notes text continued from p. 278

Cram 100

Conversion by Bradford N. Dixon
80 Micro Technical Editor

Since Cram first appeared in 80 Micro (August 1982, p. 234)
it has been the object of much gaming interest and at least one
conversion (Take II, 80 Micro, August 1983, p. 320). This
Model 100 version of Cram uses the portable's graphics and
sound capabilities to make for an exciting game that you take
wherever you go.

Cram is easy to learn and addictive. The object of this ver-
sion is to draw a line around the display without running into
the screen edge or a previously drawn line.

The line starts in the upper left corner of the screen and runs
to the right. Press any key and the line turns down. Press a key
again and the line turns left, press a key again to go up, and so on.

The 100 emits a tone whenever you press a key and again
when the game ends. During play, the program displays the
previous high score and the last score at the top of the screen.

Program housekeeping takes place in lines 30 and 40 of
Program Listing 6. The code that moves the line across the
screen follows.

A counter keeps track of the line position and acts as a
check for collisions with the sides or another part of the line.
To get the most out of the program, I used PSET to light the
pixels in the line. I could have used characters as in other ver-
sions of the game, but I was limited by the 100's screen size.

The Model 100, like the Model II, doesn't have a POINT
(X,Y) function to check for lit pixels, so the counters keep
track of the line while allowing full use of the 240- by 64-pixel
matrix available on the 100's LCD screen. An INKEYS rou-
tine initiates the line turns and facilitates the game's fast pace.

Program instructions are located in a subroutine at the end
of Listing 6. You can bypass the directions after you know
how to play. ■

Program Listing 6. Cram 100.

10 ' CRAM, A game by Hardin Brothers

20 ■ ** Conversion by Brad Dixon **

25 ' ** 80 Micro Technical Staff **

30 DEFINTA-Z:GOSUB270

35 CLS:PRINT@14,"*** CRAM ***"

40 L=0:R=23 9:T=7:B=6 4:N=0:GOSUB2 50

50 ' MOVE RIGHT

60 J=J+1:IF J=R THEN 21

70 IF INKEY$="" THEN60 ELSE

N=N+1:R=J: SOUND 2216,2

80 ' MOVE DOWN

90 I=I+1:IF I=B THEN 21

100 IF INKEY$=""THEN90 ELSE

N=N+1:B=I: SOUND 2216,2

110 ' MOVE LEFT

120 J=J-1:IFJ=LTHEN 200 ELSE PSET(J,I

ELSE PSET(J,I)

130 IFINKEY$=""THEN120 ELSE

N=N+1:L=J: SOUND 2216,2

140 ' MOVE UP

150 1=1-1 :IFI=TTHEN 200 ELSE PSET(J,I)

160 IF INKEY$=""THEN 150ELSE

N=N+1:T=I: SOUND 2216 , 2 :GOTO60

190 ' GAME OVER

200 F0RX=1T05:BEEP:NEXTX:CLS:

PRINT@5,"TURNS=" ;N; " PREVIOUS

HIGH=";M:IF N>MTHENM=N

210 FOR I=1TO2000:NEXTI:GOTO40

250 I=7:J=0:A$=INKEY$:RETURN

260 ' DIRECTIONS

270 CLS:PRINT@134,"*** CRAM

***":PRINT:PRINT:INPUT"DO YOU WANT

INSTRUCTIONS (Y/N)";Y$

280 IF Y$="Y"ORY$="y"THEN290 ELSE35

290 CLS:PRINT:PRINTTAB(5) "THE OBJECT OF

THE GAME IS TO SPIRALTHE LINE AROUND

THE SCREEN WITHOUT IT RUNNING INTO

THE EDGES OR ITSELF. " : PRINT"PRESS

ENTER TO CONTINUE. ":GOSUB320

300 CLS:PRINT:PRINTTAB(5) "PRESS ANY KEY

TO CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF THE

LINE. THE GAME IS OVER WHEN YOU HIT THE

SIDES OR THE LINE."

310 PRINTTAB(5) "TO GET OUT OF THE GAME,

PRESS THE 'BREAK 1 KEY. WHEN YOU'RE

READY TO PLAY, PRESS 'ENTER'."

320 A$=INKEY$:IF A$=" "THEN320ELSERETURN

COWERXMODm
BASIC TO MOD 4

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In minutes this powerful utility can insert all required spaces, recalculate
PRINT® addresses, adjust TAB ( ) addresses, insert correct exponentiation
symbols, and flag and list unresolved line numbers.

Other options enable your programs to run even faster - remove REM's,
comments, down arrows, and unnecessary spaces.

Or, format your programs and make them easier to read and debug - insert
down arrows and indent between multiple instructions, IF, THEN, and ELSE
statements.

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201-879-5982

80 Micro, October 1983 • 283

Aerocomp's
Proven
Best-By Test!
The

vf»

• I

Double Density Controller

* Technical Superiority

At last! a double density controller for Model I with higher probability of data recovery than with any other
double density controller ON THE market TODAY! The "DDC" from Aerocomp. No need to worry about the pro-
blems that keep cropping up on existing products. AEROCOMP'S new analog design phase lock loop data separator
has a wider capture window than the digital types currently on the market This allows high resolution data center-
ing. The finest resolution available with digital circuitry is 125 ns (nano seconds). The "DDC" analog circuit allows in-
finately variable tuning. Attack and settling times are optimum for 5-1 /4 inch diskettes.
The units presently on the market use a write precompensation circuit that is very "sloppy". Board to board
tolerance is extremely wide - in the order of + 100 ns. The "DDC" is accurate to within t 20 ns.
The bottom line is state of the art reliability!

* Test Proven

Tests were conducted on AEROCOMP'S "DDC", Percom's "Doubler A"* and "Doubler ll"* and lnws "LNDoubler"** using
a Radio Shack TRS80"* Model I, Level 2, 48 K with TRS80 Expansion interface and a Percom TFD100 * disk drive
(Siemens Model 82). Diskette was Memorex 3401. The test diskette chosen was a well used piece of media to deter-
mine performance under adverse conditions. The various double density adapters were installed sequentially in the
expansion interface. „ , , _. .„_

The test consisted of formatting 40 tracks on the diskette and writing a 6DB6 data pattern on all tracks The 6DB6
pattern was chosen because it is recommended as a "worst case" test by manufacturers of drives and diskettes. An
attempt was then made to read each sector on the disk once - no retrys. Operating system was Newdos/80, version
1 with Double zap, version 2.0. Unreadable sectors were totalled and recorded. The test was run ten times with
each double density controller and the data averaged. Test results are shown in the table.

• Features

TRS80 Model I owners who are ready for reliable double
density operation will get (1) 80% more storage per
diskette, (2) single and double density data separation
with far fewer disk I/O errors, (3) single density com-
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with all existing double density software.

• TEST RESULTS •

SUMMER SPECIAL $99.00

for the Best DD Controller on the market.

MFR & PRODUCT

SECTORS LOCKED OUT<avg>

AEROCOMP "DDC"

PERCOM "DOUBLER II"

PERCOM "DOUBLER A"

250 i

LNW "LNDOUBLER"

202

Note: test results available upon written request. All tests conducted prior to 8-25-81

"DDC" and LDOS

$149.95 for "DDC" with DOSPLUS 3. 3D (limited quantity)

/+ r\ /\r Aerocomp s 14 day money Pack guarantee applies to hardware only.
$ I o9 .95 Specials will be prorated. Shipping $2.00 in Cont. US. See opposite page for details.

Data Separators

The advances that make the "DDC" great are incorporated in the new aerocomp Single Density Data separator ("SDS"
and Double Density Data Separator ("DDS").

• Has your original manufac-
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If you already own a Percom "Doubler A", "Doubler II" or LNW
•LNDoubler" or Superbrain, the AEROCOMP "DDS" will make it right.
Look at the test results:

MFR. & PRODUCT

SECTORS LOCKED OUT

WITHOUT "DDS"

WITH "DDS"

PERCOM "DOUBLER II"

PERCOM "DOUBLER A"

250

LNW "LNDOUBLER"

202

o i

Note: Same test procedures as DDC".

* Trademark of Percom Data Co.

* * Trademark of LNW

* * * Trademark of Tandy Corporation

• "DDS" $49.95

(Use 1791 chip from your DD Con-
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yf UUj with disk controller
chip included ^ f\3.<J D

* Disk controller

chip $34.95

(Shipping $2.00 Cont US - see opposite
page for details)

Plugs directly into your existing
Double Density Controller.

Do you need a
Single Density Data
Separator?

The internal data separator in the
WD1771 chip (R/S Expansion interface)
is NOT recommended by WD for
reliable data transfer. Do you have any
of these problems: Lost data, tracks
locked out, CRC errors, disk retry? YOU
NEED ONE!

• "SDS" $29.95

(For Mod. I; shipping $2.00)

See opposite

pageMMM

284 • 80 Micro, October 1983

DISK DRIVES

40 & 80 TRACK

SINGLE & DOUBLE SIDED

as low as

$169

PACESETTERS

Aerocomp leads the way to the BEST value in
disk drives on the market Quality, performance,
reliability, warranty, service plus free trial -
that" s what you get from the leader.
AEROCOMP!

BEST FEATURES

• Fast 5 ms, track-track access

• Single or double density

* Easy entry door

* "Flippy" feature allows read-write to the
back of the diskette to cut media cost in
half (MPI)

• Disk ejector (MPI)

* External drive cable connection

(no need to remove the cover to hook up
the cable)

NEW!

HALF-HIGH DRIVES

Two complete drives in the space of one.
Complete with power supply & enclosure.
(Tandon).

• Two 40 track SS $389

• Two 40 track Dual Head .... $539

• Two 80 track Dual Head .... $579

COMPLETE DRIVES

TRS80 Mod. I & III, IBM PC & Tl 99/4 A Power
supply & enclosure Specify silver or almond
5.25 inch.

• 40 track single side (Tandon) $199

• 40 track SS "Flippy" (MPI) $239

• 40 track Dual Head (either) $279

• 80 track SS (MPI) $299

• 80 track SS "Flippy" (MPI) $329

• 80 track Dual Head (Tandon) $379

Shipping & Handling $5 00 pet drive

BARE DRIVES

Internal drives for TRS80 Mod. Ill, IBM PC, Tl
99/4A 5.25 ia (controller required)

• 40 track Single Side (Tandon) $169

• 40 track Dual Head (either) $249

• 80 track SS (MPI) $269

• 80 track Dual Head (Tandon) $339

• 8 inch Single Side Thinline $260

• 8 inch Dual Head Thinline $375

Shipping & Handing S4 OC Pet Drive

MODEL III DRIVES

Convert your cassette Mod. Ill to disk Complete
internal drive kits with 40 track SS drives, disk
controller, power supply, mounting towers, hard-
ware & cables (Tandon).

• Drive Kit Only (no drives) $199

• One Drive System Kit $369

• Two Drive System Kit $539

Shipping & Handling $8.00 Per System

MODEL I STARTER PACKAGE

One 40 track SS drive, 2-drive cable,
TRSDOS 2.3 disk & manual, freight &
insurance (Tandon).

$249

MISCELLANEOUS GOODIES

• TRSDOS 2.3 disk & manual $20

• LD0S (Mod. I or III) $119

• NEWDOS/80, 2.0 (Mod. I or III) $129

• Diskettes (10 in library box) $23

• MX80 ribbons $9

• 5.25" Drive Power Supply & case $59

• 2-Drive Cable S24

• 4-Drrve Cable S34

• Extender Cable $13

Shipping & Handling $2.00

8" EXPANSION BOX

Complete with power supply &
fan (Tandon slimline)

Two 8" Single Side $699

Two 8" Double Side 849

FREE TRIAL OFFER

Use your AEROCOMP drive for up to 1 4 days If you
are not satisfied for ANY REASON (except misuse
or improper handling), return in the original shipping
container for a full purchase price refund. Applies to
hardware only. Sorry, we cannot refund on software.
We have confidence in our products and we know
you will be satisfied.

WARRANTY

We offer a six months warranty on parts and labor
against defects in matenals and workmanship. In
the event service becomes necessary for any
reason, our service department is fast friendly and
cooperative. Our goal is 48 hour turnaround on all
warranty or repair drives!

100% TESTED

AEROCOMP disk drives are 100% subjected to
burn- in and bench test We even enclose a copy of
the test check list signed by the test technician,
with each drive AEROCOMP means reliability!

ORDER NOW!

Order by mail or call TOLL FREE TO THE
NUMBERS BELOW Please note toll free lines will
accept orders only. We accept VISA or MASTER-
CARD. Be sure to include card number and expiration
date. We will not charge your card until the day we
ship. Order by mail with credit card or send check or
money order. Please allow 2 weeks for personal
checks to clear our bank. Order COD. No deposit
required but all COD'S will arrive cash, certified
check or money order only. We'll send a card
showing the exact COD amount before your
shipment arrives. Shipping is not included in the
prices shown Texas residents add 5% sales tax.
NEXT DAY SHIPMENT on all In stock items

CALL TOLL FREE FOR FAST SERVICE
(800) 824-7888, OPERATOR 24

FOR VISA, MASTERCHARGE COD. ORDERS

California dial (800) 852 7777. Operator 24. Alotko
ond Hawaii dial (800) 824 7919. Operator 24.

TOIL FRII LINES WILL ACCEPT ORDERS ONLY!
For Applications and Technical information, call
(2)4) 337 4346 or drop us a cord

Dealer inquiries invited

AE3GCGI7I?

Redbird Airport, Bldg. 8
P.O. Box 24829
Dallas, TX 75224 "*

• S»« List ot Advtrtist-rs on Pag* 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 285

NEWS

edited by Eric Grevstad

NEW

THI
MONTH

Monday the 1 3th

B ■\:.-.t I h-

The TI plunge and micro industry implications.

In February of 1983, Texas Instruments
discovered a transformer defect in the
popular 99/4A home computer that
could cause electric shock under certain
conditions. Tl halted shipments for four
weeks while curing the problem, and
subsequently declared a $30 million re-
duction in projected first-quarter profits.
By May, while announcing that net in-
come fell 74 percent on first-quarter
earnings to $7.1 million (compared to
$27.7 million in 1982), a TI represen-
tative told ISO World that the sales
slump caused by the transformer fix and
stiff competition was over. The company
shipped its millionth 99/4A in April, the
spokesperson said, and the number of
stores selling the machine had doubled
from 10,000 to 20,000.

At the company's annual meeting on
April 21, President J. Fred Bucy gave
shareholders a mixed financial forecast.
"Price movements in the home comput-
er market continue to be aggressive and
will impact our second quarter," Bucy
said, but nevertheless, "1983 holds the

promise of being a significantly better
year for TI than 1982."

Late on Friday, June 10, after the
New York markets closed, Texas In-
struments announced a loss of $100
million in the second quarter. When
trading opened the following Monday,
even a 2 Vi -hour delay wasn't time
enough to find a price low enough to re-
open bidding on TI stock. "A huge stack
of sell orders," as Business Week put it,
drove TI stock down 39 points, with
another 1 1 points lost on Tuesday. The
downturn had a contagious effect on
other micro makers. The same two days
saw Tandy lose four points and Com-
modore and Coleco five each.

By the end of the week, TI shares
struggled up to $116.25 from their Tues-
day low of $107. But the Monday
plunge — which cost stockholders over $1
billion — started a debate that's still going
on, about nothing less than the future of
the home computer industry. Atari's
multimillion-dollar losses of late 1982
had led onlookers to pronounce the

video game industry dead; now an
analyst interviewed on CBS predicted
that computers would be going the way
of CB radio.

Industry experts were less apocalyp-
tic, but by late June some were telling
ISO World's Susan Carlson that "the
current turmoil in the low end of the
home market will look pale in compari-
son to a more serious crisis that will hit
the upper reaches of that market by
fall." People were careful to say
"shakeup" rather than "shakeout,"
but it seemed that the obvious — that the
micro industry cannot support 200
companies selling products at cost —
had reared its ugly head.

What happened? Specifically, TI had
put itself in an appalling position: it was
selling a machine introduced in 1979 for
$1,150 for $99. As Everett Purdy of the
Service Merchandise showroom chain
summarized the low-end market for the
New York Times, "I've been in retail-
ing 30 years and I have never seen any
category of goods get on a self-destruct

286

Tl's 99/4A: The machine that toppled Austin, TX.

80 Micro, October 1983

The VIC-20: Commodore's price kamikaze.

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 287

NEWS

pattern like this."

The 99/4A, with a better keyboard
and much lower price than the original
model, sold well last year, as did the less
powerful (and less expensive to manu-
facture) Commodore VIC-20 and the
$99.95 Timex-Sinclair 1000.

The march of the low-end lemmings
began in August 1982, when TI offered
a $100 rebate, bringing its micro to
$149. Commodore cut VIC prices to
match, then went still lower as
Christmas approached. Atari started
giving away software with its 400 and
Timex stuck a rebate on the TS1000,
but by early 1983 the slugfest came
down to TI and Commodore.

In January, the Commodore 64 left
computer stores for mass merchandise
outlets at under $400, and the VIC
reached the $130 range. By April, the
VIC broke the $100 barrier; TI an-
nounced it would follow with a 99/4A
rebate and price-cutting program in
June, but its refusal to match Commo-
dore's move immediately hurt sales.

By May, the Timex listed at $49 and a
rebate brought the Atari 800 under
$400. TI shelved the 99/2, intended as a
Timex competitor and already out of
contention, and started giving away a
$300 expansion box for the 99/4A. On
the fateful June 13, Commodore cut the
64' s dealer cost to $200; retail prices
quickly followed.

Besides suicidal pricing, the 99/4A
was plagued by a lack of software. In
March, ISO World's Stewart Alsop II
reports, a TI senior executive affirmed
Austin's go-it-alone stance and dismissed
microcomputer software firms: "Those
companies don't know anything about
consumer electronics marketing."

Rather than promote independent
programmers, Alsop wrote, TI "actual-
ly discouraged third-party software and
put hundreds of its own programs —
largely undifferentiated and of margin-
al utility— on the market." 99/4A
owners could choose from a fair amount
of educational software and very little
else, while VIC-20 buffs had a dozen
companies' lineups to choose from.

"As TI discovered, it couldn't make
its money on software if no one buys
it," Alsop wrote, adding a sarcastic
comment: "Given the company's per-
formance in three markets — calcula-
tors, watches, and now home com-
puters—it's easy to wonder who it is
that really understands consumer elec-
tronics marketing."

288 • 80 Micro, October 1983

More generally, TI's nosedive was in-
terpreted as a symptom of overexuber-
ance in the industry as a whole. Talmis,
the Oak Park, IL, market research
firm, reports that U.S. manufacturers
make nearly half a million computers
per month, but sell only 275,000
(though the figure rises during the
Christmas rush).

Talmis predicts sales of 3.6 million
home computers in 1983. Future Com-
puting Inc. of Richardson, TX, is more
optimistic with a sales figure of 5 mil-
lion units, compared to 2.2 million in

"The home market is
being devastated and the

impact is being felt

at the higher end of the

market already. "

1982. Texas Instruments, however, an-
ticipated sales of 6.7 million micros this
year— and hoped to account for half of
that number single-handedly.

"TI went on a binge and created an
oversupply of computers," Future
Computing chairman Egil Juliussen
told Business Week. Agreed the Yankee
Group's Clive Smith, "TI was counting
on extraordinary growth instead of
merely exceptional growth."

TI now, needless to say, is in some
disorder. The firm faces two lawsuits
claiming it misled stockholders with op-
timistic forecasts such as Bucy's at the
April 21 meeting, and the Consumer
Group plans drastic cost-cutting mea-
sures such as a two-week involuntary
vacation for employees and fire sale
prices on existing inventory. Onlookers
expected the company to survive
overall, helped by TI's role as an elec-
tronics and military supplier and per-
haps by some upscale computers.

Said TI spokesman Norman Neu-
riter, "We are not exiting this business.
We will be in the market with higher

priced, high-performance systems."
TI's Professional Computer, an IBM
PC competitor made by the Data Sys-
tems Group rather than the Consumer
Group, has received favorable reviews.
The high-end 99/8, on the other hand,
was reportedly withdrawn from the
Chicago Consumer Electronics Show in
June and has not yet been unveiled.

The machine that allegedly upstaged
the 99/8 may be partially responsible
for the even greater shakeup that ISO
World anticipates this fall: Coleco's
Adam, an 80K, CP/M-compatible mi-
cro designed to sell for $600 with word
processing firmware, bulk storage de-
vice, and daisy-wheel printer, is prob-
ably the first computer to occupy the
"middle end," blurring the distinction
between low- and high-end micros as we
know it.

"If we were just talking about price
cutting, it wouldn't be so bad," the
Yankee Group's Smith said in Carl-
son's June 27 ISO World article. "But
what we're seeing is an improving price-
performance ratio. Sooner or later, that
kind of performance will start imping-
ing on what is currently regarded as the
personal, as opposed to home, com-
puter. The line between high-end home
and business computers, in function-
al terms at least, will be completely
blurred."

Atari, which has never made a profit
in the computer business, has already
moved to join Coleco, bundling its 16K
600XL micro with word processing
software and a printer for $600. And an
entry expected in October — IBM's Pea-
nut, rumored to cost between $600 and
$800 with 64K or more memory and a
built-in disk drive— should establish the
middle ground once and for all.

"The home market is being devastat-
ed and the impact is being felt at the
higher end of the market already," Sey-
mour Merrin, president of Computer-
works in Westport, CT, told Carlson.
"Customers at the Tiffany end of the
home market are still buying the Apple
and IBM computers, but their psychol-
ogy is being changed by manufacturers
and dealers who keep trying to drive
prices down.

"In effect, consumers are being told
that computers are going to go the same
way as calculators. They believe that if
they wait long enough, they'll be able to
buy a 256K system with two disk drives
for under $50. "■

— E.G.

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• 80 Micro. August 1983

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foreign languages, logic seeking, line drawing and fancy borders with over 100 commands all in Z-80 Machine Language for
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 289

NEWS

SOFTWARE

Up from Basic

Will Microsoft's MSX spell world domination?

Not long ago, Microsoft Corp. of
Belle vue, WA, was primarily a lan-
guage software publisher, competing
with firms like Ryan-McFarland in
marketing Cobol and other compilers
and interpreters, offering symbolic
mathematicians the esoteric muMath/
muSimp, and virtually dominant in
Basic— Microsoft Basic has been the
most popular computer language since
its introduction on the 1975 Altair, and
was "far and away the most obvious
choice" for 80 Micro's first Hall of
Fame in 1982.

Today, Microsoft is doing its best to
become the General Motors of soft-
ware, if not the ROM of the whole com-
puter industry. At May's National
Computer Conference in Anaheim,
CA, Altos President Dave Jackson,
fueled by "too many meetings selling to
OEM customers" and "five Mexican
beers," complained about Microsoft to
a MicroScope reporter. "According to
Jackson," the British magazine said,
"[Microsoft Chairman] Bill Gates is not
'humane' enough, and should stop rid-
ing roughshod over nice people with his
MS-DOS."

Meanwhile, Microsoft seems less and
less likely to soft-shoe. Besides being the
OEM force behind the two hottest ma-
chines in computing, the IBM PC and
Tandy's Model 100, Gates' team— di-
rected by new President Jon Shirley,
formerly Radio Shack's vice-president
of computer merchandising — is aiming
at success in the software retail market,
taking on bestsellers VisiCalc and
WordStar.

And if that's not enough, a new
agreement among Japanese manufac-
turers could establish the longtime
dream of standardized micros with in-
terchangeable software— and 32K of
Microsoft ROM in every household.

Microsoft's ticket to stardom was
MS-DOS, and "riding roughshod"
may be an accurate phrase for the suc-
cess of the IBM Personal Computer op-
erating system. The MS-DOS story
started in 1980, when IBM approached
Gates about languages and a DOS for
290 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Gates: "riding roughshod over nice people"?

the forthcoming PC. Gates, Fortune
magazine says, referred Big Blue to
the CP/M leaders, Digital Research
Inc.; unfortunately for DRI, however,
founder Gary Kildall was out of town
and IBM was in a hurry.

The PC team went back to Micro-
soft, where Gates acquired an infant
system — originally called QDOS, for
Quick and Dirty Operating System—
from Seattle Computer Products and
set about making it the 8086 standard.

Today, MS-DOS rules the single-
user, 16-bit world, perhaps more com-
pletely than CP/M does the 8-bit arena.
Digital's CP/M-86 trailed the PC to
market by more than six months; when
it finally appeared, IBM priced it at
four times MS-DOS' retail. As a result,
95 percent of IBM micros shipped to
date use Microsoft's DOS, as do most
of the dozen-plus PC clones. Fortune
quotes a DRI director as admitting,
"We suffered a terrible injury."

So may a lot of applications software
companies. Microsoft's Multiplan has
been acclaimed as a superior successor
to VisiCalc; Microsoft Word, a new
word processor, links with Multiplan
to begin a series of Lisa- or VisiOn-

style integrated software packages, con-
trolled by the Microsoft Mouse.

Responsible for selling these products
is Jon Shirley, who left Tandy after 25
years with the words, "I believe Micro-
soft will lead an industry on the edge of
explosive growth." Shirley told 80
Micro, "I'll be essentially in charge of
managing the operations side of the
business, so Bill Gates can concentrate
on research and development on the
software side."

Besides selling to individuals, Micro-
soft plans to compete with such firms as
MicroPro (makers of WordStar) and
Lotus Development Corp. (1-2-3 mar-
keters) in volume shipments. During the
week of Shirley's appointment, Micro-
soft announced the addition of a major
accounts division, which will concen-
trate on government, education, and
Fortune 1000 customers. Former na-
tional sales manager Nicholas Roche
told Computer Retail News that his
Corporate Sales Group will occupy the
same level in the Microsoft hierarchy as
the OEM and retail divisions.

Most software houses would be con-
tent with Microsoft Basic, MS-DOS,
and Multiplan, but Gates isn't sitting
still. The newest development from
Bellevue is MSX, a set of specifications
designed to create a market for low-end
micros in Japan. While Microsoft
downplays the possible significance of
MSX for the U.S., the guidelines estab-
lish an 8-bit standard that could rival
the success of PC architecture and MS-
DOS among IBM imitators.

The MSX concept — design parame-
ters shared by a dozen companies,
whose resulting computers could swap
cartridge software — was created by
Matsushita and NEC in Japan and
Spectravideo in the U.S., with Micro-
soft coming aboard when asked to pro-
vide a common version of its Basic in-
terpreter. Other subscribers include
Hitachi, Sony, Canon, Mitsubishi, To-
shiba, Kyocera, General, Yamaha, Pio-
neer, Sanyo, and JVC.

The parts list— "Standard technol-
ogy, off the shelf," says Microsoft pub-

The world of 3D.

You'll find it in 80 MICRO'S Anniversary Issue: true
stereoscopic three-dimensional Color Computer*
graphics, with your own complimentary pair of 3D
glasses bound right into the magazine. This is the
biggest 80 MICRO we've ever published, 600 pages
loaded with the kind of programs and information you
need:

•stereoscopic 3D Color Computer graphics programs

• how to shop for a printer

•3-year 80 MICRO index, annotated and
cross- referenced

• CoBOL tutorial for beginners

• a list of over 200 user's groups

• Model II utilities and applications programs

• Bill Barden's introduction to Assembly Language
•NODOS 80— disk utilities for cassette users

And it's yours for only $5.95. Order your Anniver-
sary Issue today. Use the attached order form, the
coupon below, or call toll free

1-800-258-5473
and ase your MasterCard, Visa or American Express.

Experience the 3rd Dimension.

Order your 80 MICRO Anniversary Issue today.

•THS-HO Color Computer 6 TRS-HOare tradentarla -./ Radio Shack, a <lit boon <>/ Tandy Ctrrji.

You can also get the Special Edition Load 80 Com-
panion to the Anniversary Issue: dozens of programs on
easy-to-load cassette or disk. Save hours of keyboard-
ing. The Anniversary Issue Load 80 cassette is just
$9.95; the disk, $19.95. Programs included run only on
the TRS-80* Model I and Model III computers.

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•LOAD HO programs are fnr THS-H0 Model I ami Model III onli/.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 291

NEWS

lie relations director Pam Edstrom.
"It's boring technology, really" — in-
cludes a Z80 microprocessor, Texas In-
struments' 9918 graphics and General
Instrument's 8910 sound chips, in-
put/output ports, cassette and joystick
interfaces, and an MSX logo. More im-
portant from Microsoft's point of view,
each machine will carry 64K of RAM
and 32K of ROM, the latter including
an enhanced version of Microsoft
Basic, and Microsoft is responsible for
licensing prospective manufacturers and
collecting royalties on MSX sales.

MSX is not taking over Japan, let
alone the world, quite yet. Fujitsu,
Sharp, and NEC withdrew their sup-
port at the last minute to consider pro-
posals for other standards (notably one
from Digital Research). The Japan
Electronic Industry Development Asso-
ciation is working on a homegrown
standard, though MSX backers argue
that a unified market for home com-
puters in Japan — between 200,000 and
500,000 units in 1984, guesses Yankee
Group analyst Clive Smith — would rely
on American firms' supplying software.

Some Japanese, according to Business
Week, feel Microsoft's licensing fees are
too steep. Masayoshi Son, chairman of
Japan Soft Bank, claims that Bellevue
wants $250,000 per participant and $3 to
$4 per MSX micro sold.

Nevertheless, MSX could mean a
boost for Japanese hardware and U.S.
software firms alike. As for U.S. hard-
ware, Spectravideo President Harry

Fox plans a $50 MSX adapter for his
SV-318 computer, though Microsoft's
Edstrom is noncommittal about other
manufacturers: "There are some com-
panies that have come to us and that
we're talking with, but nothing's been
settled yet."

As to whether the Japanese might
join the low-end wars in America, Ed-

" Microsoft is the

broadest-based systems

software company. "

strom was doubtful. "If I were a manu-
facturer from any country, I would
seriously question whether I wanted to
get into that market," she told 80
Micro. "There's been extensive price
cutting, and it's starting to have finan-
cial effects on firms such as Texas In-
struments and Atari."

So will ten Japanese companies in-
vade America with home computers
this Christmas? "Well, geez, would
you? I mean, what's the advantage?"
Edstrom asked. "Traditionally, people
have said about the Japanese that they
come into a market and they're able
to price very competitively, because
they've had low production costs. But
the U.S. companies in the low end are

producing overseas already, making
computers in countries like Korea and
Hong Kong, where labor is cheaper
than it is in Japan."

While Altos' Jackson may mutter
about Gates and MS-DOS, Microsoft
seems to have plenty of eggs besides
those in the MS-DOS basket.

"Microsoft is the broadest-based sys-
tems software company," Edstrom
claims. "In operating systems we com-
pete with Digital Research, in applica-
tions we compete with VisiCorp, in
word processing we're going to compete
with MicroPro, in languages there are
several companies — Ryan-McFarland
in Cobol, for instance.

"Our philosophy is to provide soft-
ware to the broadest possible base.
That's always been our goal and we'll
continue to do that."

In fact, as of this summer there
seemed to be only two clouds on
Microsoft's horizon. One was Com-
modore's announced intention to sell
Multiplan for under $100, less than
dealers currently pay for the spread-
sheet, and the other was Microsoft
Word — not the product, but the name.
It was introduced as Multi-Tool Word,
emphasizing its status as one of a series
of integrated packages; the computer
press, however, decided that that was
the clumsiest program name in software
history. Microsoft Word is the new title.

"See?" Edstrom quipped. "We do
listen to people." ■

— E.G.

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292 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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Your Modal I or III becomes a pro-
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 293

PULSETRAIN-rLTLTLTLr

cro

MicroPro
strikes back

"Rent Soft-
ware Before
You Buy!"
say the ads in
dozens of mi-
magazines, offering 7-
day rentals of WordStar, Visi-
Calc, Multiplan, dBase II,
Frogger, and other popular
programs at 20-25 percent of
the manufacturers' retail
price. After stating that ren-
tal fees apply toward pur-
chase, the ad proclaims in
boldface capitals, "Remem-
ber, these are not demos, but
original, unrestricted soft-
ware programs."

If you think the whole idea,
and particularly the emphasis
on "unrestricted," sounds
less like a trial service than an
invitation to software piracy,
you agree with MicroPro In-
ternational Corp., the mak-
ers of WordStar. MicroPro is
suing the advertiser, United
Computer Corp. of Culver
City, CA, for $14 million,
plus $50,000 for each copy-
right infringement.

MicroPro's suit, filed June
17 in U.S. District Court in
San Francisco, charges Unit-
ed with violating WordStar
and other programs' non-
transferable purchase agree-
ment. Under the agreement,
a customer does not "own"
but is licensed to use the
product— and is prohibited
from lending it to others for
copying.

The San Rafael, CA, pub-
lisher accuses United of buy-
ing MicroPro's software, re-
moving the printed license
agreement, repackaging the
disk, and renting the product
to the public. "It is abun-
dantly clear that United
Computer is renting software
programs so that customers
294 • 80 Micro, October 1983

can illegally copy them,"
claims MicroPro's general
counsel, E. Ric Giardina.

The lawsuit claims United
Computer "devised, set up,
and conducted their software
rental business in the belief
and with the knowledge that
the great majority of their
customers will unlawfully
copy the rented software and
return it to the defendants
prior to, or at the end of, the
one-week rental period."

United's executive vice
president, George Pollack,
whom Info World says admits
removing manufacturers' li-
censing agreements, claims
that his firm substituted its
own anti-piracy notice.

Describing the MicroPro
suit as "unfair harassment,
untrue, and without grounds,"
Pollack declares, "We "abhor
any illegal usage of our rental
software and have never vio-
lated any of the copyright
agreements for the programs
we provide our nationwide
subscriber list. In fact, we
include additional warnings
in our literature concerning
the illegal pirating of soft-
ware and the consequences
involved."

In a press release, Pollack
accused MicroPro of trying

MicroPro is suing to protect its
software.

to "unfairly interrupt a
legitimate rental service to
potential buyers of personal
computer software." Pollack
told Computer Retail News,
"We're a marketer of soft-
ware and give people the op-
portunity to try it first before
they buy it. We're going to
make sure this case is tested
and that we continue to do
business."

The lawsuit, believed to be
the first copyright infringe-
ment case of its kind, will
come to a preliminary hear-
ing in September. While Mi-
croPro predicts "a lengthy
court battle," according to
InfoWorlcTs Barbara Wier-
zbicki, Pollack looks for "a
short trial" and a ruling in
United Computer's favor:
"MicroPro has as much
chance of winning this case as
I do of walking across the
Charles River."

More CRT
concern

Some people
know them as
CRTs, while
others swear
VDTs is the
proper term.
Whatever you call them, the
monitor screens in micro-
computers and word proces-
sors continue to attract at-
tention as possible health
hazards. Labor organizations
like 9 to 5, the National Asso-
ciation of Working Women,
are lobbying for worker safe-
guards and research, and sev-
eral states are considering
laws to regulate monitors or
working hours.

In early June, Maine and
Connecticut became the first
states to pass CRT safety
legislation. The Maine law
directs the state's bureau of
labor standards to investigate

CRT health issues and, if
necessary, establish rules to
protect public employees.
Connecticut's law authorizes
the Department of Consumer
Protection to study eye or
muscular fatigue and radia-
tion emission.

In Oregon, pressure from
the business community and
complaints of high imple-
mentation cost have watered
down a CRT safety bill in-
troduced in March. The orig-
inal bill required that busi-
ness offices provide lighting
to minimize screen glare,
semiannual CRT mainte-
nance and radiation checks,
free annual eye examinations
for employees, and a max-
imum of two hours' consecu-
tive time at a CRT between
periods of work elsewhere.

Oregon's revised bill calls
for "administrative rules" in-
stead of "statutes," and of-
fers eye exams only to opera-
tors who spend four or more
hours per day before a
screen.

Concern about the effects
of CRTs on pregnancy is in-
creasing. New York's Assem-
bly Labor Committee passed
a bill requiring CRT man-
ufacturers to incorporate ra-
diation shielding into their
product and employers to
guarantee pregnant women
the right to non-CRT work,
as well as Oregon-style eye
exams and work breaks. An
identical bill is before the
corresponding Senate com-
mittee.

In California, the National
Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH)
joined a private health care
organization's study to deter-
mine whether CRTs' low-
level radiation increases the
risk of spontaneous abortion.
Meanwhile, a three-year
study from the University of
Wisconsin Medical School

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 295

COLOR COMPUTER SOFTWARE

COMPLETE YOUR WORD PROCESSOR

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which you can expand Also included is a superb manual

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Cassettes and manual S59 95

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Your Color Disk Basic is one of the most powerful Basics on any
computer Add Disk Basic Aid and it also becomes one of theeasiest to
use 1 The Basic Aid package will make developing and entering Basic
programs a snap Here are |ust SOME of the great features Basic Aid
contains

• Full Screen Editing • Cross Reference

• Automatic Line Numbering • Automatic Key Repeat

• 2 Key entry of Basic keywords • User definable keys
plus Label support' This unique Basic Aid feature is a vast
improvement in the Basic language Label any line you want and
use that label in all calls to that line Forget about line numbers
just call routines by name like this

ON A GOTO ENTERCHECKS PAYABLES EXIT

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These and other greatfeaturesmakeBasicAida must for anyone who
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PULSETRAIN

reports that CRT users ex-
perience no more stress, but
complain more about job
conditions, than non-users.

The Wisconsin survey com-
pared the health and well-
being of 248 CRT users to 85
non-users in similar state jobs.
The former found their work
environments less pleasant;
about 25 percent complained
of screen glare, and many
more users than non-users
reported burning eyes.

On the other hand, the
CRT group had fewer psy-
chological stress symptoms
such as depression and ten-
sion. This, said UW psychol-
ogist Steven Sauter, confirms
a 1981 study of CRT-using
copy editors at a daily
newspaper. Editors com-
plained about eyestrain and
irritation but, perhaps be-
cause they have considerable
control over their work,
didn't suffer from stress or
job dissatisfaction.

"Even though health prob-
lems were not dramatically
elevated among VDT users in
our study, these problems
should not be ignored," con-
cluded Sauter. "About one-
fourth to one-third of users
complained of chronic eye-
strain and musculoskeletal
problems. More research is
needed to determine how to
improve working conditions

to enhance VDT users' well-
being and productivity."

How schools
use micros

After its study
showing that
42 percent of
elementary and
85 percent of
high schools in
the U.S. have at least one
computer (see 80 Micro,
August 1983, p. 292), Johns
Hopkins' Center for Social
Organization of Schools has
gone on to investigate how
widely micros are actually
used. While a few schools'
computers are gathering dust,
most of the 1 ,086 schools sur-
veyed report brisk traffic at
the keyboard— though only a
small minority of students
have a turn.

In most institutions, one or
two teachers regularly use
computers in class; about
half of the schools have more
than two regular users among
the faculty, and a majority
have at least one spare-time
computer hobbyist or pro-
grammer. About one in four
elementary and one in five
secondary schools use their
equipment no more than an
hour per day, but nearly the
same number report five or

296 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Computers are making themselves at home In America's school*.

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PULSETRAIMJTJULnj

more hours' daily use.

How many students get
hands-on computing experi-
ence, and what do they do
with it? The survey concludes
that the typical computer-
owning elementary school
has two machines, each used
for 11 hours a week — about
20 minutes for each of 62
students (in a student body of
400). About 40 percent of this
time goes for drill and prac-
tice; a third of it involves pro-
gramming, and 20 percent is
spent playing games under
teacher supervision.

The corresponding second-
ary school has five micros,
each used for 13 hours week-
ly; this provides 45 minutes
of computer time to each of
80 students (out of a popula-
tion of 700). Fully two-thirds
of this time is spent in pro-
gramming and computer lit-
eracy work.

As elementary schools get
more micros, they give access
to more students. Secondary
schools acquiring extra ma-
chines give longer access to
the same number of learners.

Retail traffic
patterns

What's it like
to be a com-
puter store
manager? You
see about 17
customers a
day, maybe 10 prospective
buyers and seven casual
shoppers. Your customers
make several visits before
buying, but most still don't
correctly predict the price.
Their main reasons for buy-
ing are games and education-
al programs; their favorite
peripherals are printers,
trailed by disk drives and
modems.

Newsweek just tracked the
habits of computer consum-
ers in a survey on "Personal
Computers: The Retailer's
Perspective." The 300 mana-
298 • 80 Micro, October 1983

gers polled— 225 in computer
stores, 75 in discount, depart-
ment, and toy stores— de-
scribe their clients as serious,
though not always well-in-
formed, consumers.

Seven out of 10 customers
are intentional visitors rather
than walk-ins, and six of 10
are prospective buyers. An
impressive 83 percent make
two or three visits before buy-
ing a micro, though 24 per-
cent underestimate and 31
percent overestimate the cost
(an average of $1,800 for a
machine and accessories for
home use, $3,750 for a busi-
ness system).

Of the Newsweek poll's
choices, managers tend to de-
scribe first-time buyers — a
whopping 87 percent of home
and 77 percent of business
customers— as "confused/
scared/lacking knowledge,"
"curious/questioning," and
"middle/high income, male."
Retailers say most customers
choose a computer outlet
based on service (59 percent
mentioned) or knowledge of
sales staff (67 percent) rather
than brands carried or soft-
ware available (47 and 28 per-
cent respectively). Friends,
sales clerks, and advertising
influence a buyer's decision
far more than employers or
spouses.

About 38 percent of the
computers sold, managers
say, are for business use, with
35 percent for personal use
and 26 percent for both.
Games and education lead
word processing, accounting,
and "for children" as rea-
sons for purchase.

As for best-selling brands,
the figures are mixed. Apple
took first place, mentioned
by 26 percent of managers,
while Atari, Texas Instru-
ments, IBM, and Radio Shack
scored from 14 to 10 percent
each. TI and Atari, however,
dominated sales in general
outlets but trailed the field in
computer stores, where Ap-
ple, IBM, and Tandy set the

pace among customers.

Proper
protocol

If the Network
Nation is ever
to achieve its
potential, dif-
ferent sizes
and types of
computers will have to be
able to transfer more than
ASCII text files. Microcom
Inc., a data communications
software and modem manu-
facturer located in Norwood,
MA, claims it has the an-
swer—and the big-name sup-
port to back it up.

The Microcom Network-
ing Protocol is, as its name
implies, a set of rules govern-
ing the transmission of data
over standard telephone
lines, with features designed
to detect and correct garbled
data. According to Micro-
com President James Dow,
the system handles not only
text but graphics, programs,
and material such as VisiCalc
charts and tables.

Because of its near-univer-
sal capability, the protocol
carries the endorsement of
Apple, Radio Shack, Victor,
VisiCorp, and GTE, with
IBM rumored to be not far
behind. "VisiCorp will incor-
porate the protocol into the
dial-up applications of its
software product, VisiOn; it
will be incorporated into
software for the Apple lie
and Lisa this fall; and GTE's
Telenet will be available to
users of the Protocol net-
work," Dow said.

"The Networking Proto-
col allows transfer of data or
text files between microcom-
puters, or between a micro-
computer and a minicomput-
er or a mainframe," Dow
continued. "It is the first net-
working protocol that in-
tegrates error correction,
flow control, and total data

transparency."

If accepted as a standard,
Microcom' s "virtual file for-
mat" and error-trapping rou-
tines could let businesses
swap data among different
micros and between micros
and larger machines, whether
in different offices or across
the country. To encourage
other hardware and software
suppliers to join the Micro-
com roster, Dow's firm will
license its technology and
supply a one-day training ses-
sion for $2,500.

"Our goal from the day we
started this company was to
develop a networking pro-
tocol for personal computers
and make it a standard,"
Dow told the Boston Globe.
"We are now reaching it."

—Tom Woods

Selling with
stars

Dick Cavett is
the voice of
Apple. Wil-
liam Shatner,
playing off his
Star Trek im-
age, beams down to upstage a
George Plimpton lookalike
in Commodore commercials.
Atari recently signed Alan
Alda to a five-year contract
said to total $10 million.

Like aspirin and coffee
manufacturers, computer
companies have turned to
film and TV celebrities for
product endorsements, bor-
rowing the star's luster for
the company name. At best,
as InfoWorlcfs Kathy Chin
reports, celebrities make "to-
day's technological break-
throughs as palatable as pos-
sible" to middle America; at
worst, they provide a name
that's worth more than the
machine. Chicago Consumer
Electronics Show watchers
were unimpressed with toy-
maker Tomy Corp.'s $150,
16K, chiclet-keyboard Tutor,

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but consumers may be im-
pressed with "Real People"
host Sarah Purcell.

Manufacturers' reasons for
hiring a given celebrity tend
to be vague, but then the idea
that a particular name lends
authority or reassurance is
vague in itself. Apple adver-
tising manager Henry Whit-
field told Chin, "Cavett rep-
resents the everyman. He's
not heavy-handed, and not a
computer buff. He's the mid-
dle manager who just wants
to learn."

Atari's public relations
head Bruce Entin is delighted
with Alda, who inspected the
Sunnyvale, CA, firm in sev-
eral visits before signing:
"His name has the highest
credibility among anyone

and that sincerity will be
communicated to consum-
ers," Entin said. Similarly, a
Texas Instruments spokes-
man praised Bill Cosby, now
in his third year of TI 99/4A
ads: "He's got a Ph.D. in
education and also he's got
good rapport with kids and
adults."

While companies don't
want a formidably scientific
front man, a technically up-
to-date image doesn't hurt.
Model II owner Isaac Asi-
mov appears in Radio
Shack's newspaper and mag-
azine ads, as does pianist
Peter Nero — a computer
buff, according to RS Mar-
keting Vice-President David
Beckerman.

While Tandy appreciates

Moore: Would you buy a micro
from this man?

Asimov and Nero, however,
the company will not use
celebrities in its TV spots.
"All of our television ads are

high-impact sell ads," Beck-
erman points out. "We only
have about 26 seconds; using
a celebrity would take up too
much time. Even if we had
President Reagan in our ads,
we wouldn't sell any more
computers."

Spectravideo, by contrast,
has gone the celebrity route
to the point of tongue-in-
cheek chic. Public relations
director Bob Griffin an-
nounced at CES that Roger
Moore, known to gadget fans
as James Bond 007, would
appear in Spectravideo TV
and print ads through 1985.

Said Griffin of Moore's
contribution to computer
marketing: "When people
see him, they can't help but
think of high tech." ■

Free home

• Idea of the week: 15,000 IBM PC buyers are getting a
FREE "trial size" version of Software Publishing Corp.'s

PFS: Write word processor. The
sample, according to the Mt. View,
CA, firm, "allows buyers to use all
— n aspects of the program except the
^\ print or save functions." Sort of like
-^ buying a washing machine with a free
box of detergent that cleans your clothes but won't rinse out.

• If you've been waiting for the DRAGON since the
January 1983 80 Micro (p. 370), the Welsh Color Computer
work-alike has finally arrived. Tano Corp. of New Orleans,
LA, will manufacture and distribute the 64K, under-$400
micro in the U.S., selling it with both the Dragon and Tano
names.

• Just as VisiCorp owns all rights to the prefix "Visi,"
ComputerLand Corp. is attempting to tie down the suffix
"-land." The company has filed trademark infringement
LAWSUITS against Softwareland Corp., an Arizona store
chain, and Microland Computers, a California retailer.

Softwareland President Taylor Coleman, announcing an
immediate countersuit, said, "There are a lot of other lands
out there, like Toyland, Disneyland, and Musicland. We
wonder which one will be next."

• A new reason to go to Comdex this November: The
Softsel distributing chain, copying the Oscar, Emmy, Gram-
my, and Tony honors, will give the industry's first
AWARDS for excellence in computer software. Publishers

will be praised "for outstanding achievements in sales,
packaging, performance, and innovation," with the first
criterion— based on Softsel's "Hot List" dealer fig-
ures — preeminent .

• Other firms may be more glamorous, but TANDY is
content with its lot. The Fort Worth titan's preliminary sales
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1983 were $2.47 billion, a
22 percent rise from 1981-82's $2.03 billion.

• ATARI, hoping to improve its share of the software
market, is taking a radical step: producing programs for
IBM, Apple, Commodore, and Radio Shack computers.
Says division head Fred Simon: "We're giving the con-
sumers what they want, and they want hits on systems that
aren't Atari."

Simon, developer of Walt Disney Productions' software
business, told ISO World that non-Atari versions of popular
Atari games would be available by late summer, with educa-
tional and business programs to follow in 1984.

• If you've finally written the Great American Program,
you can market it the way you would a novel or film script.
Carolyn Kuhn, a former Control Data executive, has
launched Software Mart Inc. of Austin, TX, to serve as an
AGENT between developers and publishers, matching the
latter' s needs to the former's new products.

• According to Gary Thorne, marketing vice-president
for the nationwide Team Electronics chain, consumers now
expect STEREO stores to stock microcomputer products as
well as sound equipment.

Thorne, speaking at June's Chicago CES, told Computer
Retail News that today's educated customers demand
computer-wise salespeople and a choice of different systems.
Team also found that computers sell better in the back of the
store than up front: "It's difficult to do a demo on a word
processing package with Donna Summer disco playing,"
Thorne admitted. ■

300 • 80 Micro, October 1983

CQMPLITRQNICS

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• CP W is a trademark of Digital Research 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp • IEV-" s a trademark of IBM Corp • OSBOftMF is a trademark of Osborne Corp

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100 Ready-To-Run
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Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.

Checkbook Maintenance Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable

BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST

NAME

1 RULE78

2 ANNU1

3 DATE

4 DAYYEAR

5 LEASEJNT

6 BRfAKEVN

7 DEPRSL

8 DhPRSY

9 DF'PRDB
:0 DEPRDDB
I I TAXDEP

12 CHECK2

13 CHECKBK1

14 MORTGAGF. A

15 MULTMON

16 SALVAGE
1 7 RRVARih

18 RRCONST

19 EFFECT

20 FVAL

21 PVAL

22 LOANPAY

23 REG WITH

24 SLMPDiSK

25 DATEVAL

26 ANNUDEF

27 MARKUP

28 SINKFCJND

29 BONDVAL

30 DEPLETE

31 BLACKSH

32 STOCVAL1

33 WARVAL

34 BONDVAL2

35 EPSEST

36 BETAALPH

17 SHARP! I

38 OPTWRITE

39 RTVAL

40 I XP\ M

41 BAYES

42 VA1.PRINF

43 VALADINF

44 UTlLrTY

45 SIMPLEX
4b PRATES

4 - I OQ

48 QUEUE 1

49 CVP

50 C ONDPROf

51 OPTLOSS

52 FQUOQ

5 1 1 Of OASH
'A I QJ OQPB

55 CXJEUECB

56 NCFANAL

57 PROFIND

58 CAP1

DESCRIPTION

Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s

Annuity computation program

T~.:ne between dates

Day of year a particular date falls on

Interest rate on lease

Breakeven analysis

Straightiine depreciation

Sum of the digits depreciation

Declining balance depreciation

Double declining balance depreciation

Cash flow vs depreciation tables

Pnnts N EBS checKS along with daily register

Checkbook mairter^ance program

Mortgage amortization table

Computes line needed for money to double tnple.

Determines salvage value of an investment

Rate of return on investment with vanable inflows

Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

Effective interest 'ate of a loan

Future value of an investment (compound interest)

Present value of a future amount

Amount of payment or. a loar

Equal withdrawals from investment to leave over

Simple discount analysis

Equivalent £> nonequivalent dated values lor oblig

Present value of deferred annuities

% .Markup analysis for items

Sinking fund amortization program

Value of a bond

Depletion analysis

Bide k Scholes options analysis

Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

Value of a warrant

Value of a bond

Estimate of futuie earnings per share for company

Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

Portfolio selection model i e what stocks to hold

Optio" writing computations

Value ol a right

Fjupected value analysis

Bayesian decisions

Value of perfect information

Value of additional information

Denves utility fundi or

i^neai programming solution by simplex method

Transportation method for linear programming

Economic order quantity inventory model

Single server queueing (waiting line! model

Cost volume-profit analysis

Conditional profit taDles

Opportunity loss tables

Frxed quantity economic order quantity model

Ai above but with shortages permitted

As above but with quantity pnee breaks

Cost benefit waiting line analysis

"Set cash flow analysis for simple irvestmen*

Profitability index of a protect

Cap Asset Pr .Model analysis of pro|eo

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAl True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan

62 Mr_RGANAL Merger analysis computations

63 FIN RAT Financial ratios for a firm

64 NPV Net present value of project

65 PRJNDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRINDPA Paasche price index

67 SE:ASIND Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 TIME.TR Time senes analysis linear trend

69 T1MF1MOV Time senes analysis moving average trend

70 FUPRINF Future pnee estimation with inflation
? I >YAILPAC .Mailing list system

72 LETWRT Letter writing system linKS with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL1 Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Name labe. maker

76 BOSBCiD DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TTMECl CK Computes weeks total hours from Bmeciock info

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system storage permitted

79 INVOICE Generate invoice on. screen and pnnt on pnnter

80 INVEjNT2 In memory inventory control system

81 TELDIR Computerized telephone directory

82 T1MUSAN Time use analysis

83 ASSIGN Use of assignment algonthm for optimal ]ob assign

84 ACC7RF.C In memory accounts receivable system storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYNET Computes gross pay required for given -let

87 SELLPR Computes selling pnee for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRST Sinking fund depreciation

90 UPSZONE Finds UPS zones from zip code

91 ENVELOPE Types envelope including return address

92 AUTOfXP Automobile expense analysis

93 1NSF1LE Insurance policy file

94 PAYROLL2 In memory payroll system

95 DUANAL Dilution analysis

96 1 OANAfTD loan amount a borrower can afford
9/ REN1PRCH Purchase pnee for rental property
98SAIEU.VS Sale-leaseback analysis

99 RRCONVBD Investor's rate of return or convertible bond

!00 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio stoi age-valuation program

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 301

RELOAD BO

by Amee Eisenberg

Last month, Load 80 included a com-
munications package called UTerm.
If you get Load 80 on cassette, then
TRSDOS's Tape command uploads the
object code files UT1-UT5 to TRS-
DOS. Save the files to your disk; then
create the Build file according to the
author's instructions.

I know UTerm works from TRS-
DOS, but I was unable to write a Build
file that would run it from DOSPLUS.
Does anyone know the syntax that
makes it run from DOSPLUS or
NEWDOS?

Memory Error Messages

Judging from my mail, some of the
error messages Load 80 users encounter
need clarification.

Three interrelated errors are Out of
Memory (OM), Out of String Space
(OS), and Overflow (OV). These in-

Memory-
related
errors

dicate the computer has reached the
physical limits of its memory space;
each tells you about a different kind of
limit.

The Out of Memory (OM) message

Index Page Article

File Spec

Comments

Side A

A
B
C

D
F

SideB

I-'

256 Catching Rays

236 Brief Exposures

244 In Search of . . .

172 Sorting in Place

90 Ephemeris for Comets and

Minor Planets

100 Molecular Matters

114 What's Up and When

252 DATATP

COPYRGHT/BAS Basic

SUNFINDR/BAS Basic

TACH/BAS Basic

WORDSEAR/BAS Basic

INPLACE/BAS Basic

EPEHM/BAS

HMO/BAS

SIDEREAL/BAS

DATATP/BAS

DATATP/CMD

DATATP/SRC

Basic

System

Editor/Assembler

October 1983 Load 80 cassette directory.

Index Page Article

Side A

SideB

90 Ephemeris for Comets

and Minor Planets
100 Molecular Matters
114 What's Up and When
172 Sorting in Place

236 Brief Exposures
244 In Search of. . .
256 Catching Rays

File Spec

EPHEM/BAS

HMO/BAS

SIDEREAL/BAS

INPLACE/BAS

TACH/BAS

WORDSEAR/BAS

SUNFINDR/BAS

Comments

Basic

Basic
Basic
Basic

October 1983 Load 80 disk directory.

appears if you load a program that re-
quires more memory than your system
has available. Sometimes, this happens
because your computer's memory still
holds the last program you ran. More
often, this occurs because you didn't
read the key box to make sure the pro-
gram suits your system.

You can avoid this error by always
clearing memory before loading a pro-
gram. In Basic, use the command New
before CLOAD or Load. With source
code listings, delete the buffer before
loading a new listing. When using a sys-
tem tape, type SYSTEM and answer the
* prompt with /0. Then, providing the
program fits into your system's mem-
ory, you shouldn't get an OM error.

On a side track, Basic programmers
can save some memory using colons to
stack many statements into a program
line. Each line number takes 4 bytes of
memory. Additionally, each space in a
line takes up memory. In a short pro-
gram, the amount of memory saved is
negligible; but on a long program,
packed, multi-statement lines use mem-
ory economically. Their disadvantages
are that they are hard to read when
you're debugging, and they're more apt
to pick up bugs when you CSAVE and
CLOAD them.

The Out of String Space (OS)
message is a Basic error. It appears
under two conditions: when your
response to the program's prompt is too
long, or when the programmer didn't
allocate enough space for string
variables in the Clear statement(s).

The first case, a user error, shows up
after you've answered a program's
question. Out of String Space appears
on the screen as the program crashes.
The usual cure is to try a shorter re-
sponse. If all else fails, read the pro-
gram's directions.

The second case, a program error,
usually appears as the computer begins
running the program. Although the
computer generates an error message at
a specific line number, you probably
won't notice anything wrong with the
line when you list it. The problem is
with the statement that says "CLEAR
xx" (where xx is a number). The pro-
grammer didn't clear enough memory
space to handle the variables. To correct
this, try clearing more space. For exam-
ple, if the original line reads CLEAR

302 • 80 Micro, October 1983

RELOAD SO

50, try CLEAR 100. Another potential
problem is that the dimension (DIM)
statements may take up more space
than was cleared. Again, try clearing
more memory space.

Why, you may wonder, don't pro-
grammers just clear huge amounts of
memory to insure against OS errors?
Economy and efficiency are the
answers. It pays to be economical with
memory use; clearing vast amounts of
memory means that the program needs
more memory to run. Smaller programs
run on more machines without creating
OM errors.

Additionally, since the computer has
to check every byte of reserved space
when it manipulates strings, longer
strings mean longer run times. Good
programmers use the smallest amount
of memory possible.

An Overflow (OV) error occurs when
a mathematical calculation yields a
number too large or too small for the
computer to handle. Due to the way the
computer handles these numbers, an
overflow results in changing the

answer's negative or positive sign.

Since the sign change occurs by acci-
dent, it yields an erroneous value.
Rather than let this slip by, the com-
puter sends you a message. Correcting
OV errors requires changing the
numbers the computer handles to
smaller values.

Load 80 Trivia

If the tape from all Load 80 cassettes
sold to date were stretched end to end,
it would measure 9,034,930 feet, or

1,711.16 miles. Put another way, the
tape would reach from Peterborough,
NH, to Fort Worth, TX. ■

Figure I. Across the miles.

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Accounting Software

That's a tough question. I know. I asked it myself not very long ago. I'm Mike
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— GL. AR. AP and Payroll. But I said "Why write the software. There must be a
good package already available " So I searched for the best I could find. And I
found it!

Now. when I tell you that these are the best Accounting programs I've seen on a
microcomputer, you probably think that you are just listening to another sales
pitch. But you're not You're listening to a businessman with over twenty years
combined experience in sales, management, and programming. So when I say
that these programs will work for you. it really means something.

Each program, designed for the Model II or 16, will work with one or more floppy
or hard disks. With each program. I'll include a 200 page manual written with
the first time user in mind, and a set of sample data files so you can start using
the program right away.

But I won't stop there. If you have a question, or a problem, call me. You won't
get an operator, or order taker. You'll get me. And if I can't talk to you on the
spot, I'll call you back. And I'll fix your problem. FAST.

Now I could say a lot more about these programs, but you really won't know
how good they are until you try them. So, order the programs you need, and try
them for 14 days. If you're not convinced that these are the programs for you,
send them back, and I'll refund your money.

My price for these programs is only $289.00 each, postpaid. I could charge hun-
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So mail or call your order in today. I'll make sure you'll be satisfied

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^363

■See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 303

COPERNICA MATHEMATICA

by Bruce Douglass

Vision is a fascinating and complex
phenomenon. Consider Fig. 1.
What do you see?

Chances are you see more than some
black scribbles or strokes. Chances are
you see a young woman with short hair,
lightly dressed, seated with her knees
bent in front of her. You might even say
she is scratching her back or applying
suntan lotion as she basks in the sun.

Don't worry, this isn't a Rorschach
test— but it does demonstrate the phe-
nomenon of vision. With a few unde-
finable strokes we can infer and recog-
nize much about an image.

Some of the conclusions you draw
are more interpretation than true recog-
nition. Still, your visual system's ability
to recognize many details from so sparse
a drawing is impressive.

Although not renowned in the animal
kingdom for vision, humans detect var-
ious wavelengths of light (colors) over a
very wide range of intensity (bright-
ness). Using vague clues you can identi-
fy objects without ambiguity regardless
of spatial orientation. You can recog-
nize a picture of a person even if it's up-
side down.

This is possible because visual sys-
tems, animal or artificial, rely primarily
on detection of edges. Marr and Hil-
dreth of the MIT Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory have developed a theory of
edge detection with wide implications
both in understanding how humans and
animals process visual information and
in constructing machines that recognize
visual information.

To better understand the concept of
machine visual systems, you should first
understand the human visual system.
I'll briefly cover the organization and
information processing of the human
visual system, then go into Marr and
Hildreth's theory of edge detection. At
the end I have developed a simple rou-
tine to illustrate edge detection.

The Human Visual System

The human visual system comprises
two types of photoreceptor cells in the
eye's retina, rods and cones — named for
their shapes. (See Fig. 2.) Cones me-
diate color vision, but require more
light to operate than rods. Rods aren't
good at detecting colors, but don't re-
quire much light, particularly blue-
green light. Cones correspond to acuity,
304 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Theory

of edge

detection

or sharpness of an image, whereas rods
are used for night vision. Acuity is
achieved as follows.

Each photodetector in the retina
communicates with, or innervates, a re-
ceiving cell called a ganglion. This gan-
glion cell sends its visual information to
higher processing centers. If many
photodetectors innervate the same
ganglion cell (a situation called conver-
gence), that cell is more likely to receive
visual information than one with fewer
photodetectors innervating it.

Thus, the ganglion cell with many
photodetectors innervating it receives
light from a larger area than one with
fewer photodetectors. This means that
the former is more sensitive to light and
more useful in low-light situations. The
latter receives light from a smaller area
and defines a smaller area of the image
field, providing greater acuity. However,
since it receives less light, it is useful
only in situations with sufficient light.

More rods than cones typically inner-
vate a ganglion cell. You can see this

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The MBIP requires no user modifications of software
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The MBP is an intelligent Centronic-Compatible
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Eliminates Printer Bottleneck

The buffering capability of the MBP increases your
data processing efficiency by eliminating the wait nor-
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prints at 80 characters per second; at this speed it takes
about five minutes to print a 16,000 character document.
During most of this time the computer is waiting for
Epson to finish one line so it can send the next. By using
the MBP it takes the computer only four seconds to
send a 16,000 character document. The Practical Peri-
pherals MBP interface typically accepts data as fast as
the computer can send it, until full, returning use of the
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continue with other processing while simultaneously
printing data from a previous job, gaining all the time
you normally would have spent waiting for the printer to
finish. Any program that involves printed output will be
speeded up using the MBP.

The MBP supports all standard Espon Commands, is
compatible with GRAFTRAX-80, and is plug compatible
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Installs In Minutes

The MBP is easy to install — it simply plugs into the
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-S#« List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 305

COPERNICA MATHEMATICA

schematically in Fig. 2.

In humans, there is a specialized area
called the fovea adapted for high acuity.
The fovea contains only cones; its ratio
of cones to ganglion cells is about 1-to-l .
This area is densely packed; 1 square
inch viewed at a distance of 3 feet covers
an area of about 40,000 photoreceptors.

When light stimulates a ganglion cell,
it sends a bit of visual information
down its axon to the optic nerve. Once
there, the information goes to the pre-
liminary vision centers, and on to the
primary visual center at the base of the
cerebral cortex. Ganglion cells are also
inhibited. This means they are less likely
to send a bit of information. An inhib-
ited cell requires more light before it
transmits information.

The Nobel Prize-winning work of
Hubel and Weisel elucidated the recep-
tive field for a typical ganglion cell (Fig.
3). The receptive field of a cell is the
area of sensory cells that innervate it.
Retinal ganglion cells are usually divid-
ed into two areas, on and off.

Figure 3 represents the on area with

plus signs and the off area with minus
signs. This particular receptive field is
called a center-on, surround-off field.
Light falling on the on area excites the
ganglion cell, while light falling on the
off area inhibits the cell. Diffuse, highly
scattered light falling equally on both

"In humans, there is
a specialized area
called the fovea
adapted for high acuity.

areas has no effect, since the two effects
balance one another out. However, when
differential (distinctive) light falls on the
two areas, one effect prevails.

Figure 4 shows the effects of light on
certain areas of this center-on, sur-
round-off cell. The dark area shows the
parts of the receptive field receiving
light. Beside each is a simplified plot of
the frequency of firing of the ganglion
cell before and during illumination.

The sensitivity of the center is greater
in the middle than at the edges. The same
is true of the surround. Both areas ap-
pear to act as though described by a two-
dimensional Gaussian distribution. This
is mathematically described as:

G(X,Y) - EXP(-r , /(2a , )/(2T«j))

The a is a spatial scale constant for
the Gaussian curve. It differs between
the two areas of the receptive field. The
radius from the center is r. In X,Y coor-
dinates, r = SQR(x 2 + x 2 ). The two-di-
mension spatial coordinates of a specif-
ic pixel or image area are X and Y.
G(X,Y) is the Gaussian distribution that
approximates the sensitivity of the area
of light. Together, the entire area acts as
the difference of these two Gaussian
distributions. This is known as the DoG
function (Difference of two Gaussians):

G,-G, - EXP(-r 2 /(2a 1 ')/(2xiT,) -
EXP(-r 2 /(2<7 1 , )/(2Ta J )

This is very low-level information

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306 • 80 Micro, October 1983

CELEBRATE!

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"CHROMA BASIC gives you 71 CHROMA
COMMANDS to use in addition to regular BASIC.
You can devise your own exciting games, plot
points and lines, do 3-D rotations, translations,
create a large range of sprite graphics, produce
charts and graphs, and make great sound effects.

This is a quality product that can multiply the value of your TRS-80.
Supplies are limited and prices subject to change.
A word to the wise: Order TODAY!

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Programmability in BASIC
LOGO language subset on disk
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Easyto understand operating manual
Does not affect Radio-Shack warranty
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I own a TRS-80 □ Model I □ Model III □ 16K □ 32K □ 48K

□ CHROMA BASIC (Previous owners only) $30

D CHROMAtrs assembled & tested. USA S199

D CHROMAtrs assembled 4 tested. European (except France) $230

D RF modulator with switch box $25

D Mod 1 ribbon cable $12

D Mod 3 ribbon cable $14

Check one: ( ) Check ( ) MO.

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D Cassette software

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MICRO CONTROL SYSTEMS, INC.

(Formerly South Shore Computer Concepts)

1590 Broadway, Hewlett N.Y. 11557
Phone orders accepted (516) 569-4390

COPERNICA MATHEMATICA

GANGLION CELL

GANGLION CELLS

Figure 2. Rods and cones.

'OFF" SURROUND

"ON CENTER

Figure 3. Receptive field of a ganglion cell.

processing. More intricate processing
occurs in other areas of the cerebral cor-
tex — the vision processing areas. These
areas of the brain are called the striate
and peristriate cortex because of their
appearance. There are three types of vi-
sual receptor cells in the striate cortex:
the simple, complex, and hypercomplex
cells.

The simple cells in the striate cortex
receive information from many retinal
ganglion cells. This enables their con-
nections to have more complicated re-
ceptive fields than the retinal ganglion
cells. They also have discrete excitatory
and inhibitory areas. Figure 5 shows
examples of such receptive fields for
simple cells in the striate cortex.

The receptive fields are divided into
on and off areas as well, but the shapes
are different. Typically, the receptive
field is rectangular with one axis longer
than the other. The rectangular area is
oriented in a specific direction. If the
receptive field is similar to that of Fig. 5,
then it is most excited by a narrow line
of light at a 45 degree angle. If the line
of light is rotated slightly, the simple cell
is still excited, but not as strongly. If the
rotation is greater, then the cell isn't ex-
cited by the line of light. A rotation of
10 or 20 degrees can abolish the
response.

This is an important point. The sim-
ple cells of the striate cortex are
orientation-sensitive. Figure 6 shows
how this is accomplished by wiring
together a few retinal ganglion cells with
on-centers and off-surrounds.

As their name implies, complex cells

308 • 80 Micro, October 1983

have more complex receptive fields.
Unlike simple cells that are sensitive to
lines of light, complex cells are sensitive
to specific shapes (such as an L shape).
A shape moving across their visual field
with a certain orientation and direction
of movement can also excite them.
Complex cells innervate hypercomplex
cells, which have more complicated re-
ceptive fields.

At the level of the simple cell, how-
ever, we view images as collections of
edges.

This is a brief introduction to visual
physiology and a number of simplifica-
tions have been made.

The Theory of Edge Detection

You might have noticed that the sim-
ple cells of the striate cortex are really
detecting edges at various rotational
orientations. It is then important to un-
derstand what an edge is.

An edge is an area at which the inten-
sity of light changes significantly. This
is shown in Fig. 7. Figure 8 shows what
an edge looks like mathematically. In
Fig. 8a, the ordinate axis is the intensity
of light, a constant until the edge, where
the intensity level changes abruptly. This
is the graphic representation of an edge.

Figure 8b illustrates an edge in terms
of the first derivative of the intensity
function. (Remember, a derivative is
the rate of change of a function.) The
rate of change in intensity is small until
the edge. Here, the rate of change is
large. Continue away from the edge and
the rate of change diminishes again,
since the intensity function is a constant
(though at a new level of intensity).

Figure 8c shows an edge in terms of
the second derivative — the rate of
change of the rate of change of the
intensity of light. At the peak of the first
derivative (the edge), the first derivative
is at a maximum value and is, therefore,
not changing. The second derivative at
the edge must therefore be zero. That is,
the edge occurs at the zero-crossing of
the second derivative of the intensity
function.

Our theory states that edge detection
takes place in three stages. First, the im-
age is smoothed, then differentiated,
and then the derivatives are scanned for
peaks (if the first derivative is used) or
zero-crossings (if the second derivative
is used).

In the visual system, the DoG func-
tion is the smoothing filter. We need a

CENTER
ILLUMINATED

ILLUMINATION BEGINS

SURROUND
ILLUMINATED

ILLUMINATION BEG

DIFFUSE
ILLUMINATION

ILLUMINATION BEGINS-

Figure 4. Effects of illumination on ganglion cell.

Figure 5. Receptive fields of simple cells.

Figure 6. Wiring a receptor field.

derivatizer that operates in two dimen-
sions. The Laplacian operator

v>(±- + -L-\
ydx 1 by 2 )

is such an operator. V 2 G is the spatial
derivative of the smoothing function G.
When the DoG function's spatial scal-
ing parameters cr, and o 2 are close in
value, the DoG function is similar to the
V 2 G function. The DoG function is nor-
mally used to describe what occurs in
the retina, while the V 2 G is the ideal
smoothing function.

A smoothed image is created by con-
volving the image I(X,Y) with the
smoothing filter G. This is written G * I;
the * is the convolving operator in
conventional mathematical notation.
We then differentiate the smoothed im-
age by applying the Laplacian operator

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If you
ever wished that
you had a better program-
ming language, PASCAL 80 may
be the language you dream about. It is
a compiled language, faster, more ac-
curate and easier to modify than Basic.
Yet it is so easy to use that you can
forget the hassles and diskette spinning
of other compiled languages, including
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Now you can create your own com-
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without having to load a language into
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Although designed for teaching and
ideal for that purpose, PASCAL 80 also
allows serious applications with a full
fourteen digits of accuracy, even on log
and trig functions!

PASCAL 80 allows you to create files
on the TRS-80® Model I, Model III,
LNW-80, PMC-80, or LOBO MAX-80
that will run on any of the other
machines under TRS-DOS®, LDOS,
NewDOS, NewDOS 80, DBL-DOS or
DOS Plus.

COPERNICA MATHEMATICA

PASCAL 80 is used in dozens of High
Schools, Colleges, and Technical
Schools, and has been favorably re-
viewed in Byte, Creative Computing,
and other magazines.

You get all of this at a bargain price of
only $99 plus $2 shipping. If you call and
order by MasterCard or VISA, we will
even credit you $1 for the phone call.
Call or send your check today!

NEW (CLASSICS SOFTWARE

^^\ 239 Fox Hill Road ^^

Vfflffi Denville. NJ 07834 ^^
^ m ^ (201) 625-8838 ^255 ^^

TRS-80* and TRS DOS are trademarks of Radio Shack,
LNW-80 of LNW Research. PMC-80 of Personal Micro
Computers, LOBO. LDOS. and MAX-80 of Lobo Systems,
DOS-Plus of Micro Systems Software, NewDOS and
NewDOS 80 of Apparat, and DBL-DOS of Percom.
PASCAL 80 is a trademark of New Classics Software.

NEW!! POINTER VARIABLES!

A VISUAL IMAGE

Figure 7. An edge in visual image.

INTENSITY

1 : 1

EDGE

Figure 8. Edges — intensity changes.

to this smoothed image. The result is:

V 2 (G * I)

This smoothed and differentiated image
is scanned for zeros, which indicate
edges. The Marr-Hildreth theory of
edge detection states that V 2 (G * I) is
what takes place in the retinal ganglion
cells. The DoG function approximates
the Laplacian of the image convolved
with a two-dimensional Gaussian filter.
This is the center-surround receptive
field we noted previously. So, biology
has a simple way of performing a com-
putationally intensive task.

In this theory, the simple cells of the
striate cortex scan for zeros (edges). The
complex and hypercomplex cells in the
striate and peristriate cortex use the
edges to put together higher-order
pieces of the image.

The G operator smooths the image
according to the spatial scaling con-

stants in the DoG function. Different
constants detect different types of
edges. One of the problems in detecting
edges is that they don't all appear with
the same smoothing filter. Some edges
may be sharp and well delineated.
Others may be more gradual. Varying
the scaling constants allows us to detect
edges over a wide range of scales. Creat-
ing several maps of the image, each at a
different scale, produces a raw sketch of
the image. The purpose of smoothing
the image is to limit the range of scales
over which edges occur. In this way,
they are easily detected.

Convolution

I will deal briefly with convolution.
In continuous mathematics, convolu-
tion is mathematically represented by
the double-convolution integral:

Sjj = f * I = S v S u f(u,v)I(i - u,j - v)dudv

which has a discrete formulation:

Sij = rj£f(u,v)I(i-u,j-v)/n

The image I(X,Y) consists of pixels
uniquely defined by the spatial coordi-
nates (X, Y). It is a spatial map of pixels,
each representing an intensity of light. S
is the smoothed image. The smoothed
image is thought of as a two-dimension-
al weighted average of the local area.
Here the smoothing function f is the
Laplacian of the Gaussian operator.
This filter weighs the points near the
center of the (I, J) pixel more than
points further away. As you move away
from the I, J position, the pixels contri-
bute less and less to the smoothing of
the I, J pixel, until the effect is essential-
ly zero.

The convolution operator smooths
and differentiates the image simulta-
neously, saving considerable computa-
tion. You can define r to be the radius

10 DEFFNLG(X,Y,S) = (2-(XI2 + YI2)/St2*EXP(-(X!2 + Yt2)/2/SI2)

20 FOR I = 1 TO 20

30 FOR J = 1 TO 20

40 S(I,J) =

50 FOR U = 1 TO 20

60 FOR V = 1 TO 20

70 IFU>IORJ>VTHENGOTO90

80 S(I,J) = S(I,J) + 1(1 - U.J - V) * FN LP(U,V,S)

90 NEXTV.U.J.I

Figure 9. Image-smoothing subroutine.

310 • 80 Micro, October 1983

SLICK PAGES?

NO!
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Computer Shopper pages aren't slick because they
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software

Individuals nationwide are able to list their pre-
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And to make sure there were enough buyers for
advertisers, the subscription price was set low. too 1

So strike your first deal by taking advantage of
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a S13 40 discount off the newsstand price Money
back guarantee For faster service (MasterCard and
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MODEL 100

SOFTWARE

Take it with you when you go!
ICRIBBAGE $22.96

Take a break in your journey for a re-
laxing hand with your micro. The Cat's
Paw® Cribbage challenger is a worthy
opponent for 1 player, or an electron-
ic scorekeeper for 2. 24K required.

I EXPENSE REGISTER $24.95

Keep track of expenses while you
travel. Supports 15 different accts.
Save to RAM file or Cassette. Print-
outs by date or acct. code. Stores re-
cords of 300 transactions with 32K.

I Model lll/IV BOTH only $40.

Disk Please add $2. ship./hndlg.

I available. per order. job ^---^

L7R SOFTWARE

P.O. Box 39
Garfield, AR 72732
(501)443-2257 ^268

ALLOWS UNLIMITED
COPIES OF MOST
RADIO SHACK
PROGRAMS
INCLUDING
SCRIPSIT AND
VISICALC

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Comes on a disk

No Proarammina A

txpenence mm

ONLY fS

$15.0QM m-

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r- 316

J tf 665-3611

^Vi

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HUTCHINSON,

KANSAS 67501

BOWLING H * hGame

Leaders
Games

Bl"nd Scores LEAGUE

High Senes
Lanes
Substitutes
Points

Handicaps

Teams CTATICTI/^C Averages

Players Olrtl lO 1 IV/O Schedules

FortheTRS-80'

BOWLSTAT 2 5 will generate team standing
sheets suitable for posting with full team and
player statistics, and also prints league scoring
sheets A wide range of handicapping and
scoring options meets almost any league s
requirements Entry of weekly scores is fast
and simple with extensive prompting and
error detection

On Diskette with User's Manual

Model I. III. IV Model II. 12. 16

• 7995 $11995

Manual Only

(Deductible on purchase of Diskette)

19.95

Pa residents add 6% Sales Tax

Datascore -««

Box 995, Sharon. Pa. 16146

"Trademark of Tandy Corp

DISK BACKUP

ONE MEGABYTE ON A C-60

MODELS I or III

Includes Disk to Disk Copy

Auto Mixed Density Recognition

Supports most Double Density Boards

Configuration Mode For Your System

Hassle Free Cassette Recorder Operation

Set Volume Control to Maximum and Forget It

Tape Disks at Computer Clock Speeds to 4 MHZ

Auto Retneval of Taped Disk with Formatting

Will Backup Most Popular Dos Made Disks

Includes Cassette Recorder Controller.

Power Supply. Computer Ribbon Cable. Disk & Manual

Minimum Requirements Model I. or III Computer.

One Drive. Recorder with Cable. 32K of Memory

Specify your TRS-80 Computer Model

$1 49 95 Plus $5 DO for Handling & Shipping

PLEASE WRITE FOR MORE INFORMATION

BETA ENTERPRISES INC.

14049 Settlement Acres Drive
Cleveland. Ohio 441 42

(216)362-6191 " 25

MEMOREX

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for pnees and information Dealer
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accepted

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

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San Luis Obispo. CA
93401 In Cal call
(8001592-5935 or
8051543-1037

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100 % RS COMP ONENTS, NO FOREIGN DRIVES OR MEMORY — FULL WARRANTY

MOD 12 MOD 4 MOD 16

1 DR 80K $2499 16K Ext. Bas. $ 799 1 DR 128K $3898

2 DR 80K $3149 64K 2DR RS232 $1579 2DR 128K $4510

CASHIERS CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY ALL ORDERS

(817) 825-4027

NOCONA ELECTRONICS • P.O.Box593 • Nocona, TX 76255

■ See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 311

We have
CP/M for

adio Shac

2,000 new programs for your
TRS-80® 12.

CP/M is the runaway
leader in disk operating
systems, but until now owners
of Radio Shack computers
have been locked out of the
thousands of useful programs
that operate on CP/M.

Now you can put the power
of CP/M into your Radio
Shack TRS-80 II. 12, or 16,
und be able to use all the
popular and useful software —
and hardware— that has been
previously out of your reach.

Use any printer.

Instead of being chained to
Radio Shack hardware, you'll
be able to add a video terminal,
any printer (serial or parallel)
and several Winchester
hard disk drives with storage
up to 80 megabytes.

Yes! Send me free information

about CP/M for Radio Shack.

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Uses only 8.5 K of memory.

Since our first version
went on the market in 1980,
we've condensed and refined it
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system enjoyed by thousands
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Besides the standard Digital
Research CP/M manual,
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You'll have your first working
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The floppy disk version of
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The hard disk versions (for
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Address
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or send us your business card.

Pickles & Trout®, P.O. Box 1206, Goleta,
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TRS-H0" Radio Shack Tandy Corporation. CP/M* Dimtal Research.
Pickles & Trout* Pickles & Trout. C 19H.1 Pickles & Trout

^290

from the (I, J) pixel you are currently
smoothing. In terms of the (X,Y)
spatial coordinate system, r = SQR
(X 2 + Y 2 ). The Laplacian of the Gaus-
sian operator is:

VH3 = -(l-T'/lo 2 ) EXPf-rV^))/™/

We can easily define a function in Basic
that performs this function (after re-
moving the scaling factors):

DEF FN LG(X,Y,S) = (2 - (Xt2 + Yt2)/St2)
•EXP( - (Xt2 + Yt2)/2/St2)

For example, the routine in Fig. 9 takes
a 20- by 20-pixel image in the array I(X,Y)
and smooths it by convolving it with the
Laplacian of the Gaussian operator.

Conclusion

I have (superficially) explored a com-
putational model of vision. The method

"This theory of edge

detection aids the

understanding of human

and animal vision. .."

is computationally expensive for micro-
computers, but more efficient than if
convolution were not used. You can
build special hardware to perform the
smoothing function via convolution,
differentiation, and scanning for zeros.
With this hardware, it's possible to
sample an image at high resolution,
convolve it with the appropriate opera-
tor, and do so quickly.

This theory of edge detection aids the
understanding of human and animal vi-
sion, as well as the construction of com-
puter-based, robotic vision systems in
the future. For those interested in pur-
suing the matter further, I recommened
Dr. Marr's book, Vision: A Computa-
tional Investigation into the Human
Representation and Processing of Visu-
al Information.

Further suggested references are E.
Hildreth's "Edge Detection in Man and
Machine" (Robotics Age, Sept. /Oct.
1981, p. 8), D. Hubel and I. Weisel's
"Brain Mechanisms of Vision" (Scien-
tific American, September 1979, p.
150), and D. Marr and E. Hildreth's
"Theory of Edge Detection" (Proceed-
ings from the Royal Society of London,
Series B, Volume 207, 1980, p. 187). ■

312 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Pro Sports Stats

LET YOUR HOME COMPUTER GIVE YOU "THE WINNING EDGE"

IT'S 100% GUARANTEED
IT WORKS OR YOU DON'T PAY

LET YOUR HOME COMPUTER HELP YOU PICK SUNDAY'S WINNERS ON SATURDAY

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COMPLETE PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL RECORDS FROM 1970 — RIGHT UP TO THE MINUTE

All of the history, information and data needed to help you pick winners against the spread available at your fingertips.

Available for Apple, IBM PC, Radio Shack, Commodore 64 and other micro computers. Comes with Data Base,
operating program and instruction manual

EASY TO USE!

AUTOMATICALLY UPDATED
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Data Base Includes:

-Every win/loss record since 1970

-Every team's record against the

spread
-History of points scored and

points against for over/

under

-History of every coach
-Artificial or natural turf
-Includes USFL
-Automatically updated

each week

computer

ANSWER QUESTIONS LIKE THESE
IN SECONDS

What is Miami's record against the spread

from 1978 on when they play Buffalo 9

-What is their record against the spread

from 1970 when they play any team

on natural turf

-What is their record against the spread

from 1975-80 when they are 5 point

or more favorites and playing

at home 9

-From 1976 on, it any team is a

4-point favorite and playing at

home, what is its chance of

beating the spread?

-What is a team's chance of

beating the spread at home

after three consecutive

wins against the

spread 9

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HELPS YOU SELECT WINNERS
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[_j I'm not convinced, send me more Information.

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Street

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Make and Model Computer

Make check payable to:
Eastern Computer Consulting Associates, Inc.,
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• 301

AD-MI C

-See List ol Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 313

FUN
HOUSE

School Stuff

This month I've decorated
the Fun House as a little red
schoolhouse to get you kids in
the spirit of trying a few pro-
grams that will amaze your
teachers and parents.

I'm not talking about educa-
tion. I'm talking about school
stuff. School stuff is when the
teacher asks you to learn the
capital of Rhode Island, even
if you don't live there. It's

by Richard Ramella

when you have to know what
nine times nine is and be quick
about it.

So let's do some school stuff,
not as education but as games.

All five programs run in
Level II and Color Basic. Es-
panol is a demonstration pro-
gram that helps you learn for-
eign vocabularies. Multiply is a
one-player game that covers the
multiplication tables from one

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310

REM * ESPANOL * TRS-80 LEVEL II AND COLOR BASIC

REM * FUN HOUSE/ OCT. 83/ SCHOOL STUFF /R. RAMELLA

CLS

DATA ROJO,RED,EL SOL, SUN, LA LUNA, MOON, EL GATO,CAT

DATA EL PERRO, DOG, OUANDO, WHEN, AQUI, HERE, GORDO, FAT, NO, NO, SI , YES

CLEAR 1000

DIM AS(20)

FOR A=l TO 20

READ AS(A)

A=RND(20)

IF A/2=INT(A/2) THEN BS=A$(A-1) ELSE BS=AS(A+1)

PRINT ASIA)

INPUT C$

IF CS=B$ THEN PRINT "RIGHT" ELSE PRINT "NO... "BS

INPUT "TAP ENTER TO CONTINUE" ;X

CLS

GOTO 200

END

Espanol

Multiply

100 REM*MULTIPLY*TRS-80 LEVEL II AND COLOR BASIC 4K/R. RAMELLA

110 REM*FUN HOUSE/OCTOBER 83/SCHOOL STUFF

120 CLS

130 CLEAR 1000

140 DIM A$(81)

150 C=l

160 D=81

170 FOR A=l TO 9

Listing itmtinued

times one to nine times nine.

States-Capitals helps you
learn to match and spell the 50
U.S. states and their capitals. O
Canada teaches you about that
country's provinces and terri-
tories. And Recess for Numbers
is a break from all this brain
stuff— a number magic trick.

If this sounds like school, it
isn't. Remember, we're in the
Fun House, not the Work
House.

Espanol

This program is simple but
elegant. Lines 130 and 140 con-
tain 20 words, 10 in Spanish
and 10 in English. Each Spanish
word is followed by the same
word in English. In line 130, the
Spanish rojo is followed by the
English red.

When the program runs, it
randomly displays a word. If
it's an English word, type in the

Continued on p. ill

The Key Box
Models I and \U
Color Computer
4K RAM, Cassette Basic
32K RAM, Disk Basic
Color Basic

314 • 80 Micro, October 1983

ABSOLUTCLV

BRBL€ T€Rfl

Returni

lono .
uouj i

Vaur ■
betrayed y "

"fin incredible moic

game — the best

we've seen for the

TRS-80 - BIG FIV€

sorruiflflc

T1M€ RUNN€R

'The graphics ore
absolutely statc-of-

orvc of the
most profcssionol

T€RROft

"An excellent ond Innovative game ,
- SOFTSIDC

"Time Runner is video gaming stripped

fill games ore 100% mochine language for

top quolitu graphics, voice ond sound

effects Gomes are for the TRS-80 Lev 2,

MOO l/lll ond ore joystick compatible.

Specify tape (16H) or disk (32K). Tape

version ujill not transfer to dish

RjnSOFT

Please see uour local computer software
dealer for fUNSOFT products Should you
desire to order direct, please add S2.00
for poscoqe California residents odd 6 1/2%
sales tax Outside USA. please add $5.00
VISA. Mostercharge accepted — write in
with card number and expiration dote.

FUNSOFT. IN<

TRS-80 is a trademark of TANDY RADIO SHACK

WOOD

Rfl, CR91301 (213)991-6540

Fame and Fortune may be yours by entering:

Micro's

Young
Programmer's

Contest

1983-1984

The 80 Micro Young Programmer's Contest

Grand Prize $300, Plus Publication
3 1st prizes— $200 each, Plus Publication
3 2nd prizes— $100 each, Plus Publication
3 3rd prizes— $50 each, Plus Publication
Honorable Mentions— Free subscription to

80 Micro and possible publication

{These prizes are in addition to our regular purchase price.)
If you are an aspiring Programmer, 18 years or younger, enter 80 Micro's 2nd An-
nual Young Programmer's Contest. Your entry may be for any TRS-80. Programs
will be judged on originality, documentation (more on this below), and program
elegance. The age categories are 1 1 and under. 12 through 14. and 15 through 18. All
entries will be judged by the 80 Micro staff.

Rules

1. Final entries must be in by November 1, 1983.

2. All entries must be submitted in a 10 x 13" envelope
and must include: typewritten, double-spaced documen-
tation; a printed copy of the program listing; a magnetic
disk or cassette containing the program listing, the docu-
mentation, and any figures or tables; and a completed en-
try blank.

3. Documentation should consist of an explanation of the
program, its purpose, how to use it, and the necessary soft-
ware and hardware needed to use it (including memory re-

quirements). Good documentation also points out the in-
teresting algorithms and program techniques used with-
out giving a line-by-line account.

4. Entries must be original and unpublished.

5. All winning programs become the property of 80
Micro

6. The categorv In which you will be Judged will be deter-
mined by your" age as of November 1. 1983. You must not
have turned 19 by that date.

7. You may submit as many entries as you like, however,
each one must be submitted separately and must have all
of the information and materials stated above.

Name

Street Address.
State/Zip

-Age.

City.

Machine (circle one)

Model I Model III Model 4

Color Computer Pocket Computer

Phone

Model 11/ 12/ 16
Other

Include this form with your entry and return to:
Young Programmer's Contest
80 Micro
80 Pine Street
Peterborough, NH 03458

-A trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corporation

Date of Birth

316 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Continued from p. 314

Spanish word with the same
meaning. If it's a Spanish word,
type in the English word. The
program continues doing this as
long as you wish.

No one will stop you from
changing the words in data lines
130 and 140. Italian, German,
French ... they all work. You
could also put in opposites such
as far and near, and big and
small, or present and past
tenses such as swim and swam,
and hope and hoped.

You might want a list longer
than 20 words. Use any line
number from 130 to 149 for data
lines. Make sure the list contains
sets of two words. When your list
is complete, count the words. If
you don't have an even number,
find out why.

Let's say you have 200 words

in the list. Now make three line

changes:

160 DIM A$(200)

170 FOR A=l TO 200

200A = RND(200)

You had to change the 20 to a
200 because you have 200
words in your data list. If you
put hundreds of words in your
list, you might run out of
memory or string space.

Depending on how much
memory your computer has,
you can try increasing the num-
ber in line 150. Line 150, as I
have left it, clears 1,000 bytes
for strings.

You can save different ver-
sions of this program to tape
and it becomes a real work-
horse.

Multiply

All right, I see all you kids
trying to sneak out! Come on
back here! The program Multi-

Listing continued

180

FOR B=l TO 9

190

AS(C)=STRS(A)+STRS(B)

200

C=C+1

210

NEXT B

220

NEXT A

230

CLS

240

E=RND(D)

250

IF D=0 THEN 500

260

IF AS<E)="" THEN 240

270

F=VAL(LEFTS(AS(E) ,2) )

280

G=VAL<RIGHT$(AS(E) ,1) )

290

CLS

300

PRINT F"X"G

310

INPUT H$

320

IF H$="QUIT" THEN 510

330

H=VAL(H$)

340

IF H=F*G THEN 400

350

PRINT "NO..."

360

PRINT F"X"G"="F*G

370

FOR T=l TO 750

380

NEXT T

390

GOTO 23

400

410

PRINT "R-I-G-H-T 11!"

420

IF E=D THEN AS ( E) = " " :D=D-1 : GOTO 240

430

FOR E=E TO D-l

440

A$(E)=A$(E+1)

450

460

AS(E)=""

470

D=D-1

480

GOTO 23

490

END

500

PRINT "YOU ARE A CHAMPION MULTIPLIER."

510

FOR A=l TO 81

520
530

IF A$(A)<>"" THEN PRINT LEFTS ( A$ ( A) , 2)
NEXT

"X"RIGHTS(AS(A) ,1) " -";

540

END

}?§ gEM*STATES-CAPITALS*TRS-80 LEVEL II AND COLOR BASIC

110 REM'FUN HOUSE/ OCT. 83/SCHOOL STUFF/R. RAMELLA

120 DATA ALABAMA, MONTGOMERY, ALASKA, JUNEAU, ARIZONA, PHOENIX

130 DATA ARKANSAS, LITTLE ROCK CALIFORNIA, SACRAMENTO, COLORADO

140 DATA DENVER, CONNECTICUT, HARTFORD, DELAWARE, DOVER, FLORIDA

150 DATA TALLAHASSEE, GEORGIA, ATLANTA, HAWAII, HONOLULU, IDAHO, BOISE

160 DATA ILLINOIS, SPRINGFIELD, INDIANA, INDIANAPOLIS, IOWA

170 DATA DES MOINES , KANSAS, TOPEKA, KENTUCKY, FRANKFORT, LOUISIANA

180 DATA BATON ROUGE, MAINE, AUGUSTA, MARYLAND, ANNAPOLIS

190 DATA MASSACHUSETTS, BOSTON, MICHIGAN, LANSING, MINNESOTA

200 DATA ST. PAUL, MISSISSIPPI, JACKSON, MISSOURI, JEFFERSON CITY

210 DATA MONTANA, HELENA, NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, NEVADA, CARSON CITY

220 DATA NEW HAMPSHIRE, CONCORD, NEW JERSEY, TRENTON, NEW MEXICO

230 DATA SANTA FE,NEW YORK , ALBANY , NORTH CAROLINA, RALEIGH

240 DATA NORTH DAKOTA, BISMARCK , OHIO, COLUMBUS , OKLAHOMA

250 DATA OKLAHOMA CITY, OREGON, SALEM PENNSYLVANIA, HARRISBURG

260 DATA RHODE ISLAND , PROVIDENCE , SOUTH CAROLINA, COLUMBIA

270 DATA SOUTH DAKOTA, PIERRE, TENNESSEE, NASHVILLE .TEXAS .AUSTIN

280 DATA UTAH, SALT LAKE CITY , VERMONT, MONTPELIER, VIRGINIA, RICHMOND

290 DATA WASHINGTON, OLYMPIA, WEST VIRGINIA, CHARLESTON, WISCONSIN

300 DATA MADISON, WYOMING, CHEYENNE

310 CLS

320 CLEAR 200

330 DIM AS(100)

340 INPUT "WANT STATES(l) OR CAPITALS ( 2) "; M

350 IF HOI AND M<>2 THEN CLS: PRINT "ENTER NUMBER 1 OR 2"- GOTO

340
360 V=50

370 FOR A=l TO 100
380 READ AS(A)
390 NEXT
400 CLS
410 A=RND(100)
420 IF V=0 GOTO 560
430 IF AS(A)="" THEN 410
440 IF M=l AND A/2=INT(A/2) THEN 410
450 IF M=2 AND A/2<>INT(A/2) THEN 410
460 IF M=l THEN B$=A$(A+1) ELSE B$=A$(A-1)
470 PRINT A$(A)
480 PRINT
490 INPUT CS
500 PRINT

510 IF CS=BS THEN AS ( A) =" " : PRINT "RIGHT" ; :V=V-1 : R=R+1 • PRINT R-EL

SE PRINT "NO..."B$

520 PRINT

530 INPUT "TAP ENTER TO CONTINUE":X

540 CLS

550 GOTO 410

560 CLS

570 PRINT "YOU GOT THEM ALL."

580 PRINT "WELL DONE..."

590 END

States-Capitals

80 Micro, October 1983 • 317

FUN
HOUSE

ply is fun. This is the easy way
to learn the multiplication
tables. The program randomly
presents 81 different multiplica-
tion problems — from one times
one to nine times nine. You
type in the answer and tap the
enter key.

If you're right, you'll never

see that same problem again
during one play of the game.
Remember that four times five
and five times four are different
problems although they have
the same answer. If your an-
swer is wrong, the program tells
you the right answer. What
could be fairer than that?

When you have all 81 an-
swers right, the program names
you a champion multiplier. At
any time you want to stop the
game, type the word Quit in-
stead of an answer. The pro-

100 REM*0 CANADA*TRS-80 LEVEL II AND COLOR BASIC 4K/R.RAMELLA

110 REM*FUN HOUSE/ OCTOBER 83/ SCHOOL STUFF

120 CLS

130 DATA 1, QUEBEC, QUEBEC, WHITE GARDEN LILY, 1867

140 DATA 2, ONTARIO, TORONTO, WHITE TRILLIUM , 1867

150 DATA 3, BRITISH COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, FLOWERING DOGWOOD, 1871

160 DATA 4, ALBERTA, EDMONTON, WILD ROSE, 1905

17 DATA 5, SASKATCHEWAN, REGINA, PRAIRIE LILY, 190 5

180 DATA 6, MANITOBA, WINNIPEG, PASQUEFLOWER, 1870

190 DATA 7, NEWFOUND LAND, ST. JOHN ' S , PITCHER PLANT, 1949

200 DATA 8, NEW BRUNSWICK ,FREDERICTON , VIOLET, 1867

210 DATA 9, NOVA SCOTIA, HALIFAX, TRAILING ARBUTUS, 1867

220 DATA 10, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CHARLOTTETOWN, LADY ' S-SLIPPER, 18

230 DATA 0, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES ,YELLOWKNIFE , MOUNTAIN AVENS,0

240 DATA 0, YUKON TERRITORY, WH I TEHORSE,F I REWE ED,

250 CLEAR 200

260 DIM AS(60)

270 FOR A=l TO 60

280 READ A$(A)

290 NEXT

300 CLS

310 A=RND(5)

320 B=RND(12)*5-4

330 ON A GOSUB 350,410,470,530,610

340 GOTO 300

350 PRINT "WHAT IS THE CAPITAL"

360 PRINT "OF "A$(B+1)"?"

370 INPUT B$

380 IF B$=A$(B+2) THEN PRINT "RIGHT" ELSE PRINT "IT'S "A$(B+2)

390 GOSUB 670

400 RETURN

410 PRINT "OF WHAT PROVINCE OR TERRITORY"

420 PRINT "IS "A$(B+2)* CAPITAL?"

430 INPUT BS

440 IF B$=A$(B+1) THEN PRINT "RIGHT'ELSE PRINT

450 GOSUB 670

460 RETURN

47 PRINT "WHAT IS THE FLORAL EMBLEM"

480 PRINT "OF "A$(B+1)"7"

490 INPUT B$

500 IF B$OAS(B+3)THEN PRINT "IT'S "A$(B+3) ELSE PRINT

510 GOSUB 670

520 RETURN

530 IF B>50 THEN RETURN

540 PRINT "IN WHAT YEAR DID"

550 PRINT A$(B+1) "

560 PRINT "BECOME A PROVINCE?"

570 INPUT BS

580 IF B$OA$(B+4

CTI"

590 GOSUB 670

6 00 RETURN

610 IF B>50 THEN RETURN

620 PRINT "AMONG THE PROVINCES,"

630 PRINT "WHAT IS RANK IN AREA"

640 PRINT "OF "AS(B+1) "?"

650 INPUT BS

660 IF BS<>AS(B) THEN PRINT "IT IS NO.

RINT "RIGHT"

670 FOR T=l TO 750

680 NEXT T

6 90 RETURN

7 00 END

O Canada

'IT'S ";AS(B+1)

'RIGHT"

THEN PRINT "IT WAS "AS(B+4) ELSE PRINT "CORRE

';AS(B);" IN SIZE" ELSE P

gram lists all the combinations
you haven't answered. This
provides a handy study list.

States-Capitals

Along about the fifth grade
you'll have a teacher who insists
that everyone in the class learns
to spell and match the 50 U.S.
states and their capitals.

In this program, you choose
states or capitals and then
match the missing part. If you
choose capitals, the program
might present Charleston. It
waits for the answer, West
Virginia.

If you're wrong, it gives the
answer and continues random-
ly. If you're right, that problem
won't come back to haunt you
during that program run.
Remember that you have to
spell the answers correctly.

Every time the computer tells
you Right, it also displays a
number telling you how many
right answers you have so far.
That way you know how you're
progressing toward spelling all
50 capitals.

Near the end of a run, this
program might pause for a while
as it searches for the few remain-
ing questions you haven't an-
swered. Be patient.

O Canada

I've heard from a surprising
number of Canadians — from
Montreal all the way up to Yel-
lowknife. And for them (and
Americans too) I've put togeth-
er a program about Canada's
10 provinces and two terri-
tories.

You Americans might envy
the Canadians because they
have only 12 state-like divisions
to learn. I've talked to some

318 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Your Computer Can Talk With

DJGV
SPEECH SVNThES.S KiTS

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
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Kits contain ail parts needed for func-
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use on parallel printer
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Uae on Model III A IV I/O
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 319

RIBBONS & SUPPLIES

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

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NO MINIMUM ORDER

FREE CATALOG

DISCOUNTS apply to ANY COMBINATION of
products. Deduct 10% for 6 to 23 items,
15% for 24 to 99. and 20% for 100 or more
items SCHOOLS may take an additional 5%
discount.

MASTERCARD & VISA orders, send card
number and expiration date. Checks accept-
ed with no delay

FREE SUPPLIES CATALOG includes instruc-
tions for loading refill loops. Most orders
shipped within 24 hours Florida residents
add 5% sales tax.

REPLACEMENT FABRIC Ribbon in Refill

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Axiom GP-80M 6.50 2.93

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C-ltoh Prownter 5.50 2.43

C-ltoh F-10 5.50 168

Diablo Hytype I 5.50 1.59

Diablo Hytype II 5.50 1 68

DEC LA34 5.50 2.03

Epson MX-70, MX-80 6.50 2.93

Epson MX-100 9.75 4.45

IBM PC (MX-80) 6.50 2.93

IBM PC (MX-100) 9.75 4.45

MPI 88G. 99G. 150 13.50 2.93

NEC 3500 TBA 2 43

NEC Spinwnter 5.50 2 43

NEC PC 8023A-01 5 50 2 43

Okidata Microline 80, 82. 83 (spool) 2.50

R.S. DW II (1449) TBA 2.08

R.S DMP 200 (1483) TBA 2 .93

R.S DMP 400. (1418) 5.50 1.68

R.S. DMP 500 (1482) TBA 2.93

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Canadians about this, and in
their schools they must learn
their provinces, territories, and
the 50 U.S. states and capitals!

This program helps you learn
to spell and match provinces
and territories with capital cities
and learn the ranks in area,
floral emblems, and dates of
entry as provinces. Just type in
your answers (or guesses) and
tap the enter key.

This sent me to the encyclo-
pedia, and the facts I learned
about the huge, amazing coun-
try of Canada make me want to
visit.

Recess for Numbers

What is school without recess?
Nothing! Without recess we'd go
bonkers, so here it is.

At the start, the program

asks you to think of a whole
number (not 3 l /i and not 8.75),
but to keep it a secret. Then the
program shows you several lists
of numbers.

Look at each list and answer
yes or no as to whether your
secret number is in the list.
Then the program guesses your
number.

If you have trouble keying in
any Fun House program, write
me: Richard Ramella, 1493 Mt.
View Ave., Chico, CA 95926.
Send a listing if you have a
printer, or copy the lines that
give you error messages and say
what the error messages are.
Send a stamped, self-addressed
envelope (Canadians, send 40
cents in coin and a self-addressed
envelope).

Next month we'll try some
computer animation. ■

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

180

190

200

210

220

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

4i>0

460

470

480

490

S00

510

520

530

REM*RECESS FOR NUMBERS*TRS-80 LEVEL II AND COLOR BASIC 4K

REH*FUN HOUSE/OCTOBER 83/SCHOOL STUFF/R. RAMELLA

DATA 16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31

DATA 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31

DATA 4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,20,21,22,23,28,29,30,31

DATA 2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15,18,19,22,23,26,27,30,31

DATA 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31

CLS

THINK OF A WHOLE NUMBER FROM"

TO 31. DON'T TELL IT TO ME."

•TAP ENTER TO CONTINUE", -X

INPUT

CLS

C=0

FOR A=l TO 10

VS=V$+CHRS(32)

NEXT A

DIM B(80)

FOR A=l TO 80

READ B(A)

NEXT A

FOR D=l TO 5

X=C+RND(16)

IF B(X)=0 THEN 320

PRINTB(X) f

B(X)=0
V=V+1

IF V<16 THEN 320

PRINT "IS YOUR NUMBER IN THIS GROUP?"

INPUT "YES OR NO";A$

IF A$<>"YES"AND ASO"NO" THEN PRINT § 160 ,V$; : PRINT @ 16

IF A$="NO" THEN 470

IF D=l THEN F=F+16 ELSE IF D=2 THEN F=F+8

IF D=3 THEN F=F+4 ELSE IF D=4 THEN F=F+2

IF D=5 THEN F=F+1

C=C+16

V=0

CLS

NEXT D

CLS

PRINT "YOUR NUMBER SEEMS TO BE";F

END

' ; : GOTO 4 1 1

Recess for Numbers

320 • 80 Micro, October 1983

AND SERVICE
TOO GOOD TO

GOOD TO PASS UP!

COLOR COMPUTER

Diagnostics

Graphics Editor

Master Control II

Bugout (Monitor)

Oracle (Graphic Monitor)

Ultra 80 CC (Editor/Assembler)

Ultra 80 CC Plus Oracle

Soundsource (with Cable)

Color Games by Lance

CC thello

Ghost Cobbler. Space Invaders

Colorout

Color Bonanza

Color Caterpillar or Death Trap

Color Scarlman

Deathpianet: The Dogstar Adv

Mean Craps Machine

tape

17.25

22.95

16.95

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15.95
12.75
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42.95
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17.25

15.95
15.95

disk

25.75
42.50
64.95

14.95
20.50
11.95

GAMES

tape disk

Attack Force or Cosmic Fighter 12.75 15 95

Stellar Escort or Galaxy Invasion 12.75 15.95

Meteor Mission II or Robot Attack 12.75 15.95

Defense Command or Super Nova 12.75 15 95

WeerrJ 15.95 15.95

Forbidden City or Forbidden Planet 29.95

Hyperlight Patrol 15.50

Defiance (Disk Only) or Panik 15.50 19.50

Devil's Tower 12.75 15.95

Alien Defense or Bounceoids 13.95 17.25

Sneak Thief 17.25 18.95

Frogger 17.25 19.95

Reign of Red Dragon or Stratos 19.95 19.95

Double Feature 31.95

Caterpillar or Scarlman 13.95 17.25

Penitrator 21.75 21.75

Armoured Patrol or Eliminator 19.95 19.95

Rear Guard or Sea Dragon 19.95 19.95

Adv. Tripac 1-3. 4-6, 7-9, or 10-12 31.75

Adventure International Hint Book 6.95

Newscript 7.1 99.95
Newscript 7.1 plus Labels 114.95

Newscript Daisy Wheel Prop. 39.95

Newscript File Converter 19.95

LYNX MODEM

Auto Answer & Auto Dial
for the TRS-80 Models 1 & 3

$229

New Version
DOT WRITER 3.0

$66.50

Dot Writer Font Disks — $23.50

GEAP
$38.50

Includes Correcting Feature

$119.50

Grammatical Option
Hyphenation Option

39.95
39.95

TALLYMASTER

Designed !o help those 'unn.ng a business or house-
hold It is easier to lea r n than -nost spreadsheet programs
and includes complete documentation and an on-line
HELP command Handles up to 702 expense c income
categories. (By Proso't, requires 48K, 1 d>sk drive)

$64.95

SOFTWARE

NEWDOS807Vers. 2 $124.95

LDOS 5.1 109.95

DOSPLUS 3.5 119.95

DOSPLUS II 195.00
Micro Clinic — 24.50

Micro Clinic — Mod 3 28.50

Trashman 34.50

Faster 24.95

R.P.M. — Disk Timer 22.50

Super Utility Plus 3.0 63.95

EDAS IV 84.95

M-ZAL Release Two 119.50

LDOS Utility Disk 42.50

LDOS FED (File Editor) 33.95

The BASIC Answer 59.95

Lazywriter Version 3.0 139.95

Lazystuff 34.95

Lazydoc 49.95

Maxi Manager B.O. 119.50

Maxi Mail (Mod 3 Only) 74.95

Maxi Stat 164.95

Maxi CRAS 79.95

The Home Accountant 62.95

Tallymaster 62.95

The Postman Deluxe 99.95
The Postman Deluxe w/Postwrite

123.50
Microterm
Omniterm
Percom Doubler II w Dos +

64.95

79.95

3.4

159.95

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80 Micro, October 1983 •

321

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 323

The GAMERS CAFE

by Rodney Gambicus

Yucko," said Mercedes. "Don't they
have anything in this state besides
condos and K-Marts?"

We were cruising down McGregor
Blvd. in Ft. Meyers, FL, en route to our
time-sharing bungalow by the sea. Mad
Max had the radio cranked up to about
100 decibels and was lip-synching to
Peggy Lee's "Fever." Mercedes had
been griping about one thing or another
ever since the Epcot Center. It was
about 150 degrees, and I thought wist-
fully of blizzards in Utah.

"I'm hungry," Mercedes whined.
"I'm bored. I'm carsick. I — I — " She
glanced at a piece of paper in her hand.
"Lessee. . .oh, yes — I have to go to the
bathroom."

"Why don't you go write a new oper-
ating system or something?" I said.

"I'm tired of operating systems," she
complained. "They're never finished.
I'm already up to SilverDOS 1.3.1.1.1."

"Hey, how about a language?" said
Max. "You haven't written a new
language in weeks."

"Yeah," I chipped in. "You could
call it Condo."

"Hmmm," Mercedes said. She wrin-
kled her brow for a moment, and then

disappeared into the back of the van.
*****

We stopped at a phone booth where
Max hooked up the Model 100 and col-

The Cafe

settles

down

lected our CompuServe e-mail from
NHHQ.

"More high scores," he grumbled.
"How come nobody ever sends us
money?"

"You can't send money through
e-mail," I pointed out. "Besides, high
scores is our business."

Max had been turning sour ever since
the scores on the Big Board started
looking like the populations of Far
Eastern countries.

"Aw, for heaven's sake," he said.
"Do we have to take this 750,000 on
Eliminator? And after you published
Greg Hanssen's 99-ship patch."

The score did seem a little outra-
geous, and after several minutes' dis-
cussion we added Eliminator to our
Games Non Grata list.

"A couple of new ones from West
Germany," Max continued. "Martin
Freiss of Aachen aces Apple Panic and
Weerd, and Stefan Kunze of Moers

checks in on Astroball. But Uwe Zim-
mermann of Bochum falls short in Fly-
ing Saucers.

"Hmmm. . .here's one for Olympic
Decathlon from Adrie van Geffen of
Rotterdam. William Hughes of
Brussels, Belgium, misses in Penetrator.
Sorry, Bill."

Max dutifully logged the new scores,
and went on.

"What do you make of this?" he
said. "These two guys from Long
Valley, NJ, Brent Lewis and Mike
Danke, say Strike Force is a pushover.
Quote: The game is very easy to beat.
After you have destroyed the enemy
base about eight times, the game reverts
back to the easiest level of play, and
stays there indefinitely. We just took
turns playing until we reached 1
million.' "

We then got into a long argument on
endurance records. I thought that we
should set up a special board for games
like Galaxy Invasion that can be played
for hours, or even days. We would
record the time played as well as the
score. Max argued that such activity en-
tirely violated the spirit of gaming, and
called me a fascist for suggesting other-
wise. I gave in when he threatened to

smash the windshield with his head.
*****

We finally reached our destination at
Ft. Meyers Beach. The bungalow we
had been promised by the time-sharing
salesman (and which, you may recall
from last month, was billed to our old
buddy Winthrop) turned out to be a
condo overlooking the ocean.

"Wow," Max whooped as he leaped
from the van. "Look at all that sand!
And sky! And surf! And sun!"

"Yeah, and all of those disgusting
seagulls," Mercedes added sulkily.

We found our apartment, which,
much to our delight, turned out to face
the beach. This was too good to be true,
I thought. Had Max finally done some-
thing right?

I slipped the key in the lock, and
gently swung open the door. We
gasped. Our summer retreat, our
precious moments of solitude before we
once again hit the open road, dissolved
like sugar in water.

The apartment had been destroyed.
The chairs and couches were stacked in
the corners, and the pillows scattered
about the room. Newspapers, TV din-

324 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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The GAMERS CAFE

ner trays, and beer cans littered the
floor. The furniture was covered with
candy wrappers, coffee cups, and old
TV Guides.

"You didn't tell us we had to share
the place with a team of sumo

wrestlers," Mercedes muttered at Max.

*****

Max called the real estate office. The
woman was effusively apologetic, and
promised to send a cleaning crew.

"Make sure they bring their sand-
blasters," Max warned.

We retreated onto the balcony, where
Max continued with our e-mail.
Richard Clope of Waukegan, IL, an-
nihilated Kyle Hoyt's 265,800 in Dig
Out with 3,276,500, and then proceeded
to explain his secrets.

"I discovered that if I found a safe
location just off the vertical tunnel or
cave," he wrote, "almost all of the
creatures would eventually end up at the
top of the screen scurrying along the
main horizontal tunnel. When they
foolishly ventured into the vertical tun-
nel, I was there waiting."

"Sounds like something to contact
the author about," I said.

Max immediately called John Crane,
who was incredulous. "I've got very lit-
tle over 100,000," he told us. "I'm real-
ly shocked that somebody could score
that. I'm not saying that he couldn't get
that score; I'm saying I'd like to be there
next time someone gets it."

"You gotta have

faith in
human nature. "

And Dig Out isn't the only game
people are questioning. The next letter
was from Dave West fall of N. Olm-
stead, OH, who claimed that the last few
months' scores on Missile Attack were
all impossible.

" 'You don't get points for attacking

missiles, only for spare missiles in your
silos and remaining cities,' " Max read.
"'You can only clear 12 waves, and
then the game is over.' And he's got a
chart here saying the highest score you
can get is 18,900."

Max got on the phone to the Corn-
soft Group, which produced the pro-
gram, but the author was out of town.
"Innocent until proven guilty," Max
proclaimed. "You gotta have faith in
human nature."

"This from the man who took Elimi-
nator off the board," Mercedes re-
marked. "Why do people always raise
questions about games we don't have in
the van?"

*****

As Max read, I began to feel the hair
on my neck prickle.

"Don't look now," Mercedes whis-
pered. "But there's a guy standing
behind us."

I spun around. Sure enough, a man
was in the middle of the room, staring
grimly at us. He was short, a bit stocky,
and balding. He wore a Hawaiian shirt,
Bermuda shorts, and rubber flip-flops.
Most disturbing of all, he had a gun in

The Big Board

Apple Panic 120.290 Martin Freiss, Aachen, W. Germany

Astroball 317,240 Stefan Kunze, Moers, W. Germany

Attack Force 1,732,820 Dave Smith, Raleigh, NC

Bable Terror 8,857 Mad Max

Barricade 17,520 Troy Scrapchansky, Uncasville, CT

Caterpillar 362,883 Alvah Werner, New Albany, OH

Centipedes 94,836 Belinda Chron, Tempe, AZ

Chicken 12,035 Noble Chowchuvech, Demarest, NJ

Cosmic Fighter 581,280 L. Ken Jackway, Phoenix, AZ

Crazy Painter 250,000 Kevin Josephson, Chilliwack, B.C.

Cyborg 99,960 George Heineman, Framingham, MA

Danger in Orbit 69,640 Steve Sustacek, Danube, MN

Defense Command 126,170 Bette Dufraine, Bolton, CT

Demon Seed 97,410 Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

Desert Peril 84,400 Jay McLain, Clatskanie, OR

Dig Out 3,276,500 Richard Clope, Waukegan, I L

Dungeon Escape 2,028 Farhad Abrishami, Silver Spring, MD

Flying Saucers 2,186 Stuart Lory, Victoria, B.C.

Fortress 246,100 Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

Frogger 400,900 Shawn Roberts, Oklahoma City, OK

Galaxy Invasion Plus 1,113,600 Geordon Portice, Twining, Ml

Gauntlet 52,570 Kyle Hoyt, Titusville, FL

Ghost Hunter 41,190 John Kane, Nelson, N.Z.

Insect Frenzy 520,610 Darrien Ewaniuk, Vegreviile, Alta.

Invaders from Space 655,360 Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

Jovian 133,320 Mark Brinkman, Emporia, KS

Laserball 72,530 Neil Matson, Panama City, FL

Laser Defense 1,000,000 David Cameron, Prince George, B.C.

Leaper 35,410 Tommy Seniuk, Vegreviile, Alta.

Lunar Lander 14,100 Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

Mad Mines 10,220 Gorman Miller, Titusville, FL

Martian Patrol 17,740 Kyle Hoyt, Titusville, FL

Meteor Mission 2 1 19,750 Bob Brown, Dallas, TX

Missile Attack

Monster Invaders

Olympic Decathlon

Outhouse

Paddle Pin ball

Panik

Penetrator

Planetoids

Rear Guard

Robot Attack

Scarfman

Sea Dragon

Space Castle

Space Intruders

Space Warp (Level 8)

Stellar Escort

Super Nova

Swamp Wars

Temple of Apshai

Time Runner

Venture

Voyager 1

Weerd

Wild West

43,750 Shawn Roberts, Oklahoma City, OK

32,620 Troy Scrapchansky, Uncasville, CT

10,278 Adrie van Geffen, Rotterdam, Netherlands

1,000,000 Kyle Hoyt, Titusville, FL

3,980,310 Brian Gehrich, Quincy, IL

66,825 Mark Owens, Houston, TX

345,510 George Heineman, Framingham, MA

56,450 Carl Pflanzer, Gillette, NJ

73,290 Kevin Josephson, Chilliwack, B.C.

143,250 Mark Fertig, Northville, MI

679,490 David Heyman, Conway, PA

594,500* Robert Fitzwilliam, Houston, TX

52,700 Kevin Josephson, Chilliwack, B.C.

14,030 Ron Johnston, Emporia, KS

261 Jer McLanahan, New Canaan, CT

625,000 Kevin Josephson, Chilliwack, B.C.

2,138,710 • Mark Fertig, Northville, MI

59,130 Farhad Abrishami, Silver Spring, MD

390 Carl Pflanzer, Gillette, NJ

89,479 Mad Max

58,550 Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

833 Farhad Abrishami, Silver Spring, MD

35,370 Martin Freiss, Aachen, W. Germany

15,400 Gorman Miller, Titusville, FL

•Expert mode: 339,080 (David Smith, Kingwood, TX),

Gamer's Cafe readers are invited to submit their high scores, preferably
with screen photos, for these and other Model I /111/ 4 games. Sorry, but we
are no longer accepting entries for Color Computer games and, due to
known bugs or ridiculously high scores, the following: Alien Defense, Ar-
mored Patrol, Bounceoids, Eliminator, Galaxy Invasion, Liberator,
Skyscraper, and Strike Force.

326 • 80 Micro, October 1983

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 327

The GAMER'S CAFE

his hand.

"Missiles, eh?" he growled. "I knew
it! I knew you guys' d try to start
without me!"

"Start what?" Max asked nervously.

"You know what," he said. "The in-
vasion! The march to Cuba!"

"What's he talking about?" Max
murmured.

"Uh— the Bay of Pigs, I believe," I
said.

"Gee, mister, that all ended a million
years ago," Mercedes said.

"It did?" He lowered his gun.

"Golly, yes. That was even before
Woodstock."

He sighed and sat on the edge of the
coffee table.

"Oh, dear," he said. "I must be hav-
ing another flashback. Could you tell
me what year it is?"

"1983," I said.

"Oh, dear," he said again. "It's
never been this bad before. That means
I've been living here for five years."

"If you call this living," said Max.

"Are you a CIA agent?" Mercedes
asked.

"Mercedes!" I scolded. "Don't be
rude to strangers."

"That's OK," the man said. "It
doesn't matter any more. No, I'm not.
But I was once. A pretty good one, too,
I don't mind admitting. I retired back in
'70, and moved to Sanibel Island to
write spy novels. Everybody around
here is an ex-CIA agent, you know. But
every once in a while I get these — spells."

"Well," said Mercedes. "I'm
Mercedes Silver, and this is Mad Max,
and Rodney Gambicus. We're the
Gamer's Cafe. What's your name?"

The man cleared his throat; he seemed
embarrassed. "I know this is going to
sound silly, but I used my code name
for so long that I don't remember my
real one any more. You can just call me
P.F."

"What's P.F. stand for?" I asked.

He cleared his throat again.
"Umm. . .Pink Flamingo."

We saw then and there that here was
a man to be reckoned with. So we
camped out on the balcony while the
cleaners took care of the apartment,
and drank pina coladas (Mercedes had a
Shirley Temple) and watched the sun set
over the Gulf.

There must be other ways to make a
living, I thought. Thank goodness I
don't know any of them. ■

328 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Rapid Apshai

by Charles C. Edwards

From time to time, 80 Micro receives
articles that are (a) kind of short and
(b) about games. We're happy to
share Cafe space with the first such ar-
ticle, Charles Edwards' patch for
Epyx Inc. 's Temple of Apshai. Ac-
cording to Charles, his disk conver-
sion doubles Apshai 's graphics speed
and cuts the time to load a dungeon
level by 96 percent. ("Swell," said
Max. "Get killed faster.")— R.G.

Temple of Apshai is an engrossing
and stimulating game, but has one
major disadvantage: It is s-l-o-w.
Besides having to display a tremen-
dous amount of material on the screen
(Basic graphics are not known for
their lightning speed), the game takes
an inordinate amount of time to load a

level of the dungeon from disk — about
one and a half minutes for Level 1 .

If you have the tape version of Ap-
shai, some sort of renumbering utility
(I used TRSDOS 2.3's BASICR, but
any renumbering utility tucked away
in high memory will do), and a 48K
Model I/III, you can load a dungeon
level in four seconds and halve the
time required to draw a room.

The first step is to combine Dunj on-
master and Innkeeper into one pro-
gram, eliminating the need to load
from disk as you move between the
two. Enter Basic (or BASICR) and
CLOAD Dunjonmaster, then type
PRINT PEEK(16548), PEEK(16549)
and write down those values. (Under
BASICR they should be 179 and 108.)

These two locations point to the be-
ginning of any Basic program. To

1 POKE16 561,177:POKE16562,2 46:GOTO120 00

10 CLEAR600:DEFINTD,H-Z:GOSUB15000

16 KA=-2288:NO=KA:NT=4*Q+KA:Dl=8*Q+KA:D2=12*Q+KA:MT=16*Q+KA:MN=MT+

Q:NP=MN+Q:XP=NP+Q:YP=XP+Q:TR=YP+Q:XR=TR+Q:YR=XR+Q:KB=KA+2251:FORI=

1TO60:POKEKA-I ,0:NEXTI

18 DIMCC%(17) :FORI=0TO17:READCC%(I) : NEXT:DATA32717 ,1546 ,-15103,176

37,-1297 9,11,436 9,6400,5 861,-10880,3117 3,11051,206 7 5,104 97,-7 87 8,9

409,-7408,201

110 IFL4>=L3THENNY=VARPTR{CC%(0) ) :POKENY+4, (L4-L3+1) *3 : POKENY+18,1

28:POKENY+31,44:DEFUSR=NY:NY=USR(II*512+L3*3) :NY=USR( II*512+256+L3

*3)

125 J=VARPTR(CC%(0) ) : POKEJ+4 ,L2-Ll+1 : POKEJ+18,1 :POKEJ+31 ,44:DEFUSR

=J:J=USR(NX*256+L1) :NEXTI: RETURN

145 J=VARPTR(CC%(0) ) : POKEJ+4 ,L2-Ll+1 : POKEJ+18 ,128: POKEJ+31 ,36 :DEFU

SR=J : J=USR ( LI* 256+NY) : NEXTI : RETURN

155 J=VARPTR(CC%(0) ) : POKEJ+4 ,L2-Ll+1 : POKEJ+18, 1 : POKEJ+31 ,36 :DEFUSR

=J:J=USR(L1*256+NY) : NEXTI: RETURN

10011 INPUT"DOST THOU WISH TO SAVE THE DUNJON" ; A$: IFLEFT$ (A$,l) <>"

Y"THEN10015

10 012 AN$="LEVEL"+RIGHT$(STR$(PEEK(KA) ) , 1 ) +"/DAT" : OPEN"R" , 1 , AN$ : FI

ELD1,249ASA$

10013 FORI=0TO8:LSETA$=PM$(I) : PUT1 :NEXT:CLOSEl

10014 PRINT"LEVEL";STR$(PEEK(KA) ) ;" SAVED":STOP
10020 POKEKB+10,SM:RUN12000

11010 PRINT-THOU ART EATEN" : POKEKB-12 , : RUN12000

12010 CLEAR80 0:DEFINTD,I-Y:GOSUB150 00:FORI=1TO43:READX:NEXT:FORI=1

TO10:READA$:NEXT

1203 C%=15360:KA=-2288:Q=60:KB=KA+2251

12550 INPUT-ENTER DUNGEON LEVEL" ;L$: LV=VAL(L$)

12580 ANS="LEVEL"+L$+"/DAT":OPEN"R",l,AN$:FIELDl,2 49ASA$

12590 GET1:LQ=ASC(LEFT$(A$,1) ) :PRINT"LEVEL: "LQ

12610 I=1:IFLV=LQTHENGOSUB12710

12650 GET1:IFLV=LQTHENGOSUB12710

12690 POKEKB-12, 123 : PRINT"LEVEL COMPLETE" : RUN5

12710 LSETPM$(I-1)=A$:RETURN

12720 REM *** THIS LINE HAS BEEN DELETED ***

12730 REM *** THIS LINE HAS BEEN DELETED ***

15000 DIMPM$(8) ,X1 ,AD,X1,X2,I:FORI=0TO8:AD=VARPTR(PM$(I) ) :X1=63248

+1*249 :X2=FIX(X 1/256) :X1=X 1-X2*256 : POKEAD,249: POKEAD+1 ,X1 : POKEAD+2

,X2:NEXT:RETURN

Program Listing 1. Main Modifications.

The GAMER'S CAFE

modify them to point after Dunjon-
master, so that you can load Innkeeper
right behind it, type in the following:

LFPEEK(16633)> = 2THEN
POKE16548,PEEK(16633) - 2:
POKE16549,PEEK(16634)

ELSE
POKE16548,PEEK(16633) + 254:
POKE16549,PEEK(16634)- 1

At this point, if you try to list the
program, you won't see anything in
memory. Don't panic; Dunjonmaster
is still there, hidden below the Basic
start-of-program pointer.

Now CLOAD Innkeeper. Its line
numbers overlap Dunjonmaster' s, so
renumber Innkeeper in increments of
10 starting with line number 12000. (In
BASICR the syntax to do this is
NAME 12000,, 10.)

The programs should now have
compatible line numbers, so POKE
16548 and 16459 back to their original
values. Both programs are now merged
in memory. Before making more
changes, save this copy to disk so
you'll have a backup.

Next, make the changes shown in
Program Listing 1 . These changes fall
into three categories. Lines 1-16 mod-
ify the program for 48K and reset
memory to its proper value for Ap-
shai, letting you skip the "MEMORY
SIZE?" prompt.

Lines 18—155 change the graphics
processing, using machine-language
subroutines instead of SET and
RESET graphics to draw and erase
Apshai's horizontal and vertical lines.
Listing 2 shows the source code of this
routine.

00110 LINE

CALL

0A7FH

GET X AND Y START

00120

B,l

GET LENGTH OF LINE
(CHANGED FROM BASIC)

00130 LOOP

PUSH

SAVE LENGTH

00140

PUSH

SAVE COORDINATES

00150

B,H

PUT COORDINATES

00160

C,L

INTO BC

00170

CALL

000BH

FIND OUT WHERE WE ARE

00180

DE,RET-$

GET OFFSET

00190

ADD

HL,DE

COMPUTE RETURN ADDRESS

00200

PUSH

PUT IT ON STACK

00210

D r 80H

80 = SET 01 ■ RESET
(CHANGED FROM BASIC)

00220

PUSH

SAVE SET OR RESET

00230

PUSH

SAVE X COORDINATE

00240

A,C

GET Y INTO A

00241

DEC

BACK UP POINTER

00242

DEC

00250

0150H

GO SET THE POINT

00253

DEFM

'):'

TERMINATOR FOR ROM

00260 RET

POP

RESTORE COORDINATES

00270

POP

RESTORE LENGTH

00280

INC

H=X L=Y (CHANGED FROM BASIC)

00290

DJNZ

LOOP

CONTINUE

00300

RET

BACK TO BASIC

00310

END

LINE

Program Listing 2. Graphics Speedup.

10 CLEAR30000:DEFINTA-Z

20 FORI=lT04:AN$="LEVEL"+RIGHT$(STR$(I) ,1) +"/DAT" . PRINT "LOADING "•

AN$:FORJ=0TO8:INPUT#-1,S$(J) : NEXT

30 0PEN"R",1,AN$:FIELD1,249ASA$:PRINT"DUMPING ";AN$

40 FORJ=0TO8:S$="":FORK=1TO249:S$=S$+CHR$(ASC(MID$(S$(J) ,K.l))-59)
: NEXT :LSETA$=S$:PUT1: NEXT :CLOSEl
50 NEXT

Program Listing 3. Tape/Disk Transfer.

Finally, lines 10011-15000 speed up
the loading and dumping of the dun-
geon. This is accomplished by "point-
ing" nine strings at the high memory
where the dungeon is stored and
LSETing these strings directly from
the file buffer, a technique described
in Lewis Rosenfelder's Basic Faster
and Better & Other Mysteries (Up-

land, CA: IJG Inc., 1981; Radio
Shack #62-1002).

After saving this final version to
disk, run the program shown in List-
ing 3 to transfer the four dungeon lev-
els from tape to disk. You must use
this program and not the one provided
by Epyx, since the accelerated Apshai
uses a different disk format. ■

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■ See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 329

FEEDBACK LOOP

by Terry Kepner

Send any questions or problems deal-
ing with any area of TRS-80 microcom-
puting to Feedback Loop, 80 Micro, 80
Pine St., Peterborough, NH 03458.

/'am interested in writing documenta-
tion for microcomputer systems. I re-
call seeing a program that provides a
documentation boilerplate. That is, the
author fills in a documentation model
with a built-in word processor. Do you
know where I can find the program?

P.M.

Portsmouth, VA

Offhand I don't know where to find
the software you describe. If you're
seriously interested in writing software
documentation, forget about fill-in-the-
blank and change-only-what-you-need
outlines. You must tailor documenta-
tion to the software that it's describing.
I've written several documentation
books, and there isn't anything that
makes it quicker or easier than having a
firm grasp of the English language.

When you write a piece of documen-
tation, hire someone who has a strong
English background, and have him
proofread your work. If he can read
your documentation and under-
stand the program when he's finished,
then you've written good documenta-
tion. If he doesn't understand what
you're saying, you'll have to rewrite it
since your customers will also be unable
to understand what you're saying.

I use that system and it really pays
off. There have been many times I've
had to rewrite whole sections because
what I wrote and what I meant weren't
the same. This is especially true when
you're very familiar with the program.
You are too close to it and forget that
your reader will not understand any as-
sumptions you make.

Necessities include a copy of Web-
ster's Collegiate Dictionary, Strunk and
White's Elements of Style, a thesaurus,
and a spelling-checker program for
your computer.

When writing, define all terms
(everyone knows that TGIF means Tell

330 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Gertrude It's Finished), show the
relationship of cause and effect (Press
the 'A' key. The drives will spin.), avoid
the voice-of-God syndrome, use active
voice construction, and don't use tech-
nical terms for their own sake.

The most important consideration
is documentation that's easy to read,
doesn't confuse, and flows evenly from
one topic to the next.

About C.J. of Monaco, PA (June
1983, p. 344), who has a problem load-
ing certain machine-language programs
from tape to disk: I believe this is an old
problem whose solution was published
as far back as October 1979 ^Micro-
computing, p. 53). Programs that are
loaded into low RAM, even indirectly
as described by C.J., overwrite the low
RAM keyboard debounce routine
pointer address and crash the system.

Most DOSes provide a method to de-
feat the debounce routine and avoid
these crashes. Hold down the shift and
up-arrow keys while powering up or re-
setting the computer. When the DOS
logo appears, release the keys and start
working. The debounce routine is lost,
but it's a small price to pay to get low
RAM programs to operate.

Next, W.C. ofCary, NC (June 1983,
p. 352), has problems with disk reboots
and syntax errors. His problem has a so-
lution that I feel hasn't received enough
publicity. Dennis Kitsz published a fix
in the September 1981 issue of 80 Micro
(p. 76) that involves a minor change in
the wiring for integrated circuit Z69 in
the keyboard of the Model I. W.C.
should take a look at it.

as.

Orlando, FL

Good point about the debounce
pointer; I'd forgotten about that.

As for the fix mentioned by G.S., he
says it "...is necessary in situations

where any part of the memory-select
circuitry is marginal, and will improve
reliability anyway. The simplest ver-
sion: Locate Z69 in the keyboard unit,
and find pin 5. You'll see that a circuit
trace goes off to the left, around, and
back underneath Z69. It leads to pin 12.
Cut that trace. Now attach a jumper
wire between pin 12 and pin 10."

S.M. wrote about a swaying screen
trace (June 1983, p. 349). Your reply
was RFI. Not so. RFI doesn 't generally
affect the stability of the trace, but
rather the stability of the image. S.M. 's
problem is simply a bad filter capacitor
in his power supply. The amount of
swaying depends on the temperature of
the electrolytic capacitor, among other
things.

You can verify this easily and quickly
by paralleling a good capacitor of equal
or a higher value around the big elec-
trolytic(s) in your power supply section.
When you find the bad capacitor, evi-
dent by a clear screen, you can replace it
with the good one.

M.K.
Chagrin Falls, OH

Thanks for the advice; it's much ap-
preciated.

/ have a question concerning the ter-
minal program (TCP) written by F.
Barry Mulligan and distributed by The
Bottom Shelf (TBS).

I bought the cassette version, and
now I want to put it on disk. I also want
to access the Dutch PTT Videotex net-
work with my Model I. The network
uses 75/1200 baud and I need to change
TCP accordingly. How do I put the
program on disk, and how can I change
the baud rate? TBS doesn't respond to
my letters.

LA. W.R.

Vlissingen, Netherlands

There's a good reason why TBS
doesn't respond: They're out of busi-
ness and have been for over a year now.

I'm not familiar with the TCP pro-

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Sets Upper and Lower Limits
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Listing of Accounts Balances
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Enter Charges to Accounts
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This easy to use system comes complete with instruction manual, and diskette on Dosplus mini TDOS operating system with extended Basic, and one year support. All
programs are in Basic, and require two disk drives and 48K RAM. If you have waited for the right business software for your business, your wait is over. Our current
users love our system and you will too.

Special Introductory Price $249. 95

Specify Model I, Model III or LNW
Dealer Inquiries Invited

PRINTERS

Prowriter $ 389

Prowriter 2 $ 689

Starwriter F10 $1279

Okidata 82A $ 429

Okidata 83A $ 689

Okidata 92 $ 539

Okidata 93 $ 939

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem $ 219

Hayes 300/1200 S 539

Hardware and Software

L.N.W.

LNW80 II $1595

LNDoubler ft $ 199

System Expansion $ 339

MONITORS

Amdek 300 Green $ 149

Amdek 300- Amber $ 159

Amdek Color I $ 359

Amdek Color II $ 719

BMC Green $ 89

Taxan RGB I $ 319

Taxan RGB II $ 549

Taxan RGB III $ 619

SOFTWARE

DOSPLUS 3.5 $ 129

DOSPLUS IV $ 129

MTERM $ 69

TRSDOS 6.0 Enhanc 1 $ 27

TRSDOS 6.0 Enhanc 2 $ 27

TRSDOS 6.0 Both $ 45

Newscript 7. 1 $ 109

Newscript w/labels $ 119

Trashman $ 35

Faster $ 27

RPM $ 22

Tallymaster $ 69

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■ 47

^See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 331

FEEDBACK LOOP

gram and can't give you any direct ad-
vice on moving or altering it. Can
someone else come to the rescue?

/ want to upgrade my Model II to a
full-memory Model 16, but Radio
Shack memory cards are too expensive
right now. Does anyone else offer cards
for my Model II?

G.M.
Troy, NY

I can't find anything on second
sources for converting a Model II to a
Model 16 with full memory. Does any-
one else have anything?

Where can I get a Technical
Reference Manual for the Model I and
the Technical Repair Manual for both
the Model I and the CTR-81 cassette
recorder?

Is the Internal Expansion Board
(from Daltex Systems) still available?

Can I install a CRT from Langley-St.
Clair in a Phillips TV?

There are two wires (white and yel-
low) and a ground from my computer
to the monitor. Which is the 5-volt line?

K.W.S.
Singapore, Rep. of Singapore

The Technical Reference Manual
and the Technical Repair Manual for
the Model I are the same book. To get
it, write to National Parts Division, 900
East Northside Drive, Fort Worth, TX
76102, 817-870-5662. It costs $15.25,
and the order number is MT26O-2103.
The CTR-81 technical manual is $1; the
order number MS260-1208. Be sure to
include the $1.50 shipping charge with
your order.

I can't find anything on Daltex Sys-
tems, although Holmes Engineering
Inc. (5175 Green Pine Drive, Salt Lake
City, UT 84107, 801-261-5652) does sell
such a unit. There are two versions:
IM-2 with 16K RAM costs $1 19.50, and
IM-2 with 32K RAM costs $139.50.

You need to write directly to
Langley-St. Clair to find out if their
tubes fit your non-standard monitor.
Tell them the exact model and type of
Phillips TV you have, as well as the
video tube type and serial number.

According to my technical manual,
pin 5 of the DIN plug is the ground, pin
4 is the signal line, and pin 1 is the
+ 5-volt line. The pins are numbered 1,
332 • 80 Micro, October 1983

4, 2, 5, 3, going clockwise from the
plug's front. Check the socket itself; the
jacks should be numbered. Going by
the colors alone isn't always a good
idea, so check them with a volt/ohm-
meter.

The backspace key on my Model III
doesn't register. Do I have to replace
the whole keyboard? If so, how can I
do it cheaply?

N.I.
Daytona Beach, EL

No, you don't have to replace the en-
tire keyboard. First, find someone
who's skilled at soldering. Second,
write National Parts (see previous let-
ter) and ask for a keyswitch (#AS0992,
cost $1.04) for your Model III. If you
need a new keycap, specify the char-
acter and enclose an additional $1.04.

When the pieces arrive, have the
technician install the new keyswitch in
place of the old one. If you want to re-
place the entire keyboard (#AXX0205),
it will cost you $68.95 plus $1.50 for
shipping charges.

I have a Model I with an MDX-2
board (32K). I'm using a Percom disk
drive and a Line Printer VII. The
operating system is DOSPLUS 3.4. My
problem is that I can't get the system
clock to display on the screen.
Everything else functions as advertised.
I tried my DOS with a friend's Radio
Shack expansion interface system and
the clock feature worked. What gives?

J.L.
Kingwood, TX

Your problem is with the MDX
board. When you're operating in a
DOS environment, the DOS usually
maintains an ongoing clock. There's a
clash between DOSPLUS and the
MDX board. The MDX board either
prevents DOSPLUS from maintaining
the clock or interferes when DOSPLUS
tries to display the clock feature on the
video. One way to test this is to go to
Basic and try using the TIME$ and
DATE$ commands to access the clock.
If they work, then the MDX is interfer-
ing when DOSPLUS tries to display
the time.

For a more thorough explanation,
you'll have to contact the MDX board
manufacturer. You may discover that
your board is flawed and should be

working perfectly with DOSPLUS in
all respects.

I would like to purchase an A PL
package for my Model I, but I can 't
find a supplier. STSC sells one for the
Model III, but not for the Model I. Can
you help?

ED.
Philadelphia, PA

APL for the Model I is available
from four suppliers: Algorix/ Allen
Gelder Software (Box 11721, San Fran-
cisco, CA 94101, 415-681-9371, re-
quires NEWDOS or LDOS), Alan
Pearman Ltd. (Maple House, Mortlake
Crescent, Chester, CM3 SUR, En-
gland, requires CP/M), Telecomputer
Integrated Systems Inc. (251 Spadina
Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5T 2E2,
Canada, 416-363-9295, requires TRS-
DOS, and Ramparts (Box S-8, Gulf
Road, Greenfield, NH 03047, comes
with DOSPLUS).

For the money, Ramparts has the
best to offer. For $79.95 you get a pack-
age that contains Pascal, APL, Dome
Bookkeeping, Inventory S, Typing
Tutor, Floppy Disk Diagnostic (a ne-
cessity for disk drives), Tiny Comp (a
compiler Basic), and Ninegames (for
children).

By the way, my sources tell me that
STSC does have a Model I version of
APL.

My father is an electronics tech-
nician and I'm a second year electronics
student. We recently bought and as-
sembled a Model I expansion board
from Micro Mint.

We can't seem to get the memory or
anything else to work. What we need to
know is whether the address line A 15 is
supposed to pulse all the time or not?
Also, where can we get a schematic for
a revision G board and one for our
video display?

D.J.
Cleveland, 77V

While I'm not an expert with the
Micro Mint board, I do know that it's
one of the best designed expansion units
on the market for the Model I. In gen-
eral, line A15 shows no activity if no ex-
pansion box is attached, or if there's no
memory in the expansion box when it's
attached. With memory and a properly
operating unit, a logic probe picks up,

FEEDBACK LOOP

through the address lines, the pulsing of
the system clock.

Check to make sure you don't have
any solder bridges, and that all the
socket pins are cleanly and firmly
soldered. Either one of these conditions
could cause the unit to fail to operate. If
you can, get someone else to look at the
board for mistakes. They may spot
something you missed through famil-
iarity. You can get the Technical
Reference Manual from National
Parts, as well as the manual for your
video display (see previous letter for the
address).

I'm a professional writer and I own a
48K tape-based Model III. I want to
send text to a computer typesetter
through a modem, but I can 't find a
program that sends tape-based Scripsit
files over a modem. Radio Shack says I
should get disk drives, but I don 't see
the need for them for this one purpose.
I'd rather save my money for a good
letter-quality printer.

Also, my typesetter uses braces to
embed typesetting codes, but the Model
III doesn't have braces on the
keyboard. Is there a way I could use the
< and > symbols and change them to
braces? Fort Worth says it can't be
done in tape-based Scripsit, just with
disk drives. Can you help?

B.L.
Deerfield, IL

I checked all my files and couldn't

find a terminal program to match your
requirements. I'm sure there's one out
there, but I don't know of it.

Does anyone know of a tape-based
terminal program that can read in, then
send out a Scripsit file? If it could
change the < and > to ASCII codes
123 and 125 it would be perfect for
B.L.'s needs. Thanks.

Using a Model I with Scripsit, I saved
a lengthy and important file to tape.
Later, I accidentally recorded another
file over the end of the first file. Now
when Scripsit tries to load the file, it
fails and I end up with an empty screen
and no file in the text buffer.

Using a For. . . Next loop, I can input
the aborted file to RAM and then write
it to disk. However, when the file is
read by Scripsit it's all garbage, mostly
alphanumeric gobbledegook.

It seems that all I need to do is decode
the garbage. How do I do it? Or is there
another way to recover the file?

W.L.
Manassas, VA

Have you tried reading, and then
writing, the file to a new tape? Disk
Scripsit and tape Scripsit use different
methods of encoding data. If that fails,
try using LINEINPUT# instead of IN-
PUTS. These commands treat data dif-
ferently.

If those suggestions don't work, I
can think of only two ways out of this
mess. The first is to go back to the sec-

ond file and record over it. To do this,
rewind to the end of the first file and
record a new end by saving a series of
blank spaces (set up to save a file, press
the pause button, and start saving; after
a second, release the pause button). If
you time it right, you might be able to
fool Scripsit into accepting the new file
end as the end of the first file, and re-
cover the first portion of your lost text.

The other method is to decode the
text. Your familiarity with the text and
how it starts gives you a clue to the
cipher. The difficulties lie with the
embedded Scripsit control codes, the
block address (two for every 255-char-
acter block sent to the tape), and any
special characters you may have.

In structure, Scripsit sends data to
the tape as blocks. Each block consists
of up to 255 characters, and shorter
blocks are defined as anything with
fewer than 255 characters terminated
by a carriage return and a line feed.
Thus a short paragraph of text (fewer
than 255 characters) has its own block.
A series of short paragraphs implies a
series of short blocks on tape. Longer
text messages require more than one
block. Experiment by saving short files
and trying to decipher them. When you
can get them right, you'll know how to
decode your lost file.

While trying to convert a cassette-
based word processor to disk, I went to
a Radio Shack Computer Center for a
little help. The problem happened to be

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L2-SUB Mdl 1 -Substitute your EPROMS for ROMS A direct
replacement for the LEVEL-II board (please specify two or three
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RS) for your own custom 2716 EPROM or the RSM-1P monitor

listed below. L2-SUB $49.95

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80 Micro, October 1983 • 333

FEEDBACK LOOP

a reserved word in a field statement
(i.e., 2ASCS). Surprisingly, the com-
puter assistant didn 't know why the line
constantly bombed on a syntax error.
He suggested separating the 2, AS, and
C$ with blanks. This worked, of
course.

After we solved the problem, he asked
why I was making the conversion. He
then gave me a disk containing SCRIP-
SIT/CMD and SCRIPS/CMD. Not
wanting to look a gift horse in the
mouth, I made a backup copy on their
computer and took it home. My ques-
tion is: What's SCRIPS/CMD? Also,
has 80 Micro published any type of
patch to Scripsit that lets you read a
directory or send printer codes to an
Epson MX-80?

R.P.
Weatherford, TX

The salesman who gave you Scripsit
was out of place. Giving away software
like that will get him fired if Tandy
hears about it. That's a flagrant viola-
tion of their rules, not to mention a
violation of federal copyright laws.

SCRIPS/CMD should be a duplicate
of your Scripsit program. You don't
mention what your computer system is,
but Model I Scripsit comes in two ver-
sions, one supporting lowercase, the
other not. Try SCRIPS/CMD and see.
If you can't get it to recognize lower-
case, you have the non-lowercase ver-
sion as SCRIPS/CMD.

I don't think we've printed an article
adapting Scripsit to read a directory
and that lets you embed printer codes,
but Acorn Software has a patch pro-
gram called Superscript that does sup-
port these features. I've used it for
several years and I'm pleased with its
performance. In fact, I have never
bothered upgrading to Radio Shack's
SuperScripsit because I already had all
its features in my patched version of
Scripsit.

Superscript retails for $50 and is
available for Model I/III computers
with a minimum of 32K and one disk
drive. To get it, write: Acorn Software
Products, 634 North Carolina Ave. SE,
Washington, DC 20003, 202-544-4259.

Your comments in the April issue
were very interesting. I can tell reader
D.F. (April 1983, p. 380) that Apparat
has issued zaps for the SuperScripsit
programs as of September 2, 1982.
334 • 80 Micro, October 1983

New zaps are forthcoming for the
revised SuperScripsit Version 1.1.
Registered NEWDOS80 owners will
receive these zaps.

B.T.
Saratoga, CA

Thanks for the information.

To make it easier to use, I saved the
Series I EDTASM at 1500 baud. Unfor-
tunately, it still outputs object and
source code at 500 baud. Do you have
any suggestions on how to switch the
source and object outputs to 1500
baud?

R.W.
New York, NY

I don't know the patches for that.
Can anyone else help R.W.?

Using Scripsit, I saved a five-page
document on a Maxell disk. When I try
to read the file I get a directory read er-
ror or HIT (hash index table) error. I
sure would like to get this document
back — it took a lot of work to make it.
Could you tell me what I did wrong and
if there's anything I can do about it?

I have a two-drive Model I with Per-
com Data Separator and the edge con-
nections are all good. I have no other
problems with the system. I do have
Super Utility Plus, but I'm a neophyte
with it.

R.S.
Santa Maria, CA

First, you didn't do anything wrong;
these things happen now and then. The
most likely cause is a piece of dirt on the
disk surface that makes the drive head
skip a crucial bit of data. The dirt may
not even be there anymore, but the gap
in data is. To help prevent this from oc-
curring again, buy a disk drive cleaning
kit and clean your drives on a regular
basis.

Now for your document. Since you
have Super Utility Plus, most of the
battle is over. All you need now is the
IJG (1953 West 11th St., Upland, CA
91786, 714-946-5805) book TRS-80
Disk and Other Mysteries by H.C.
Pennington ($22.50). What you have to
do is to use Super Utility Plus to find
the errant sector, and use the IJG book
to show you how to rebuild the disk.
With these two tools you should have
no trouble retrieving your file. Once

you have it in memory, save it to a
new disk.

One thing before you buy the IJG
book— have you tried the Super Utility
Plus disk repair utilities? If not, I sug-
gest that you try them first.

I own a 48K Model I with Percom 's
original Doubler and one 80-track Per-
com drive. I want to sell it to my
brother, but he'll buy it only if it 's com-
patible with my new 48K Model III
(double-density, 40-track drives).

Is it possible for the Model I to read
and write to my Model III disks, run its
programs, and vice versa? If so, how is
it done? I'm confused by ads that im-
ply LDOS, DOSPLUS, or Super Utility
3.0 are the solution.

C.W.
Neilsville, WI

The answer to your question is a
qualified yes. LDOS, DOSPLUS, and
MULTIDOS can read Model III disks
on a Model I as long as both machines
are running the same DOS. Super Utili-
ty 3.0 can also read Model III disks on a
Model I and vice versa, but you have to
know what you're doing to make it work
right. You've already overcome the big-
gest stumbling block: double-density on
the Model I.

Each of the three DOSes uses a
slightly different approach to the prob-
lem, so you'll have to contact the man-
ufacturers directly to find out the exact
problems involved with swapping Mod-
el I and Model III disks.

Your next problem is the 80-track
drive. An 80-track drive writes a data
path half the width of a normal 40-
track drive. Putting a 40-track disk in
an 80-track drive causes no problems. As
far as the 80-track drive is concerned, the
40-track disk is an 80-track disk with
every other track a duplicate of the
preceding track. Going the other way is
the problem. An 80-track disk in a
40-track drive causes difficulties. The
drive picks up two tracks every time it
tries to read one. There is no simple or
inexpensive solution to this problem.

The best solution is to get a second
disk drive for the Model I: a 40-track
drive. This makes it easy to swap the
disks and their data.

Swapping programs is still another
story. Basic programs, when they don't
use special features available on only
one of the two machines, are easily
transferred. Machine-language pro-

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• See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 335

FEEDBACK LOOP

grams that use any kind of cassette or
disk I/O aren't transported as easily.
The Model III uses different addresses
for these purposes than the Model I.
Also, if the machine-language pro-
grams contain any jumps to the ROMs,
the programs will be incompatible.

/ have a Model III with one Percom
80-track, double-density drive and an
RS-232 board. My problem is with the
disk drive. I've had trouble with it ever
since I bought it, and now Percom tells
me that they 're discontinuing this prod-
uct because of its unreliability.

Would there be a problem if I pur-
chased a drive such as a Teac or Tandon
and installed it as drive zero, and then
installed the 80-track unit as drive I? I
know I can buy a second Percom drive
and install it in either position.

EC.
G rover, PA

I don't blame you for being wary,
but as far as I know you can use almost
any drive made for the Model III as
drive zero. To maintain compatibility
with commercial Model III software,
make drive zero a 40-track, double-den-
sity unit. Whether the drive is single- or
double-sided is up to you. The con-
troller won't care one way or another.

/ need a National Weather Bureau
chart to use with A.P.'s weather fore-
casting program (January 1983, Feed-
back Loop, p. 400). Do you know
where I can get one?

J.D.
Pocasset, MA

They're available from Richard E.
Hallgren, National Weather Service,
8060 13th St., Silver Spring, MD 20910.

My Model I screen always filled with
garbage, so Radio Shack replaced its
ROMs. That solved the problem, but
another problem arose: The machine
rebooted at random intervals. Since I
had just installed the Holmes IM2 ex-
pansion board, I sent the keyboard to
them to check it out. The technician
replaced the three-chip ROM set with
a two-chip ROM set. This prevented
reboots, but still another problem
cropped up.

I have an Alpha Products joystick,
which worked fine with my computer

336 • 80 Micro, October 1983

until this point. After I received my
computer back from Holmes, the joy-
stick wouldn't work. Using the Basic
test routine supplied by Alpha Prod-
ucts, I discovered that instead of getting
the proper number displayed, I got only
255! I then tried the joystick on a
friend's computer and it worked fine.

I tried disabling the XRX modifica-
tion with no results. I contacted Alpha
Products and they replied that they
weren 't familiar with the Holmes board
and so couldn 't help me. Holmes didn 't
know anything about the joystick, and
they couldn 't help me either.

Help!

A.L.H.
Raritan, NJ

Shame on them. The Alpha Products
people should have told you to check
the 5-volt line on the card-edge connec-
tor of the keyboard. Alpha Products
uses the 5-volt line of the expansion bus
to drive the joystick. If that line is
disabled, the joystick won't work.

The Holmes technician must be a
good worker, since it's supposed to be
standard practice with Radio Shack
technicians when upgrading to the two-
chip ROM set to disable the 5-volt line
at the expansion interface edge connec-
tion, especially if there are problems
with random reboots (many technicians
forget to do this).

Disabling this 5-volt line reduces the
amount of interference on the address
and data lines. If you're skilled at solder-
ing and know your way around the in-
sides of the keyboard unit, open it up
and examine the expansion port cir-
cuitry. You should see that the trace
leading to pin 39 has been cut. Placing a
jumper over the cut should restore the
operation of your joystick. You may
also find that it will restore the problem
of random reboots.

/ installed an amber video display in
my Model I monitor cabinet. The prob-
lem is that the image is rather unsteady
and responds visibly to power line fluc-
tuations. Could I improve the perfor-
mance by improving the electronics of
the CRT? Would larger capacitors help?

J. P.
Cambridge, MA

According to my Radio Shack
technician, there's no way to do that.
But he does say that the Model I video

unit is an RCA television and that they
might know of a way to do what you
want. He suggests you contact an RCA
TV repair center and ask them.

/ have an 11-year-old son who has a
significant vision problem. Do you
know of any word processing programs
that use the 32-character display mode
on the Model III? He doesn't need a
real fancy program, but it has to be able
to handle a minimum of 30-40 words
per minute.

CW.
Sacramento, CA

None of the word processors I can
find are set up to operate in the 32-charac-
ter mode. The best I can offer is a Basic
word processor, which you can prob-
ably adapt to your needs, published by
80 Micro in the May 1980 issue (p. 50).

A friend gave me Brian Smith's "In-
verse Video" article that explains how
to use inverse video on the Model I
(May 1981, p. 176). To do this you need
a lowercase modification. Radio Shack
has the modification, but warns that
some non-Radio Shack software won 't
run with their modification.

Do you know of any companies with
a kit that avoids this problem, or a list
of programs that don't work with the
Radio Shack modification?

M.S.
Elmira, Ontario

I don't have a list of programs that
don't work with the Radio Shack mod-
ification, and I don't know of a com-
pany that sells a lowercase kit. But you
can install the Electric Pencil lowercase
modification yourself in about an hour
for less than $7.

The IJG book The Custom TRS-80
(pp. 103-106) has the procedure on how
to install the lowercase. All you need is
a 2102 RAM chip, an SPST switch, and
a little solder. You can order the book
from the 80 Micro Bookshelf, Wayne
Green Books, Peterborough, NH
03458, #BK1218. The book costs
$29.95.

I'm using a 32K Color Computer
with one disk drive and a Daisywriter
2000 printer. Everything works fine ex-
cept Disk Scripsit. When printing, I get
a line of cents symbols. My printer
manual says this symbol indicates a

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No need to re-enter the data

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ATTENTION DEALERS!

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Supa-Edit is a powerful machine
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Supa-Edit uses less than 0.5K of
computer memory and suits Model I
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Supa-Edit comes with and without
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SUPA-EDIT
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80 Micro, October 1983 • 337

FEEDBACK LOOP

parity, framing, or overrun error.

Radio Shack suggests that I create a
Spool file on disk and then print from
disk to printer. It works, but it's an ex-
tra step I could do without. I'm also
having trouble editing the Spool file, so
I have to save a text file, print a spool
file to disk, and then print the file to the
printer. Do you have any suggestions?
Would another program such as Tele-
writer-64 have the same problem?

R.M.
Westminster, MD

Color Computer Scripsit seems to
cause many people problems when
printing. It doesn't send at precisely 600
baud, which makes things difficult for
the printers. 1 suggest you get another
word processor, such as Telewriter-64
or Super Color Writer. These programs
seem to work better with most printers
and offer more features for creating,
manipulating, and printing text.

I just installed a lowercase modifica-
tion (Radio Shack compatible) on my
48K Model I. Everything works fine,
except when I try to enter Disk Basic.
The machine hangs up after attempting
to read the disk. I use DOSPL US 3. 4D,
but their custom service desk never
heard of this problem before. Do you
have any suggestions?

T.R.
Edgewood, KY

My first thought is: Have you checked
your keyboard/CPU board cable in the
keyboard unit for broken lines? Since
you just finished a new modification
that involved moving the cable, that's
the most likely spot to start with. Trou-
ble here results in all kinds of weird
reactions from the system.

The next step is to check your solder
connections on the CPU board. If both
these suggestions fail to correct the prob-
lem, clean all the edge connectors on the
computer and the drive. If that doesn't
work, I don't know what to suggest.

/ have a 16K Model III with an
RS-232. I recently upgraded to 48K,
which I understood to be a plug-in-and-
go operation. With the new chips,
PRINT MEM gives an answer of
48068, but when I try to access any ad-
dress over 32767 with PEEK or POKE,
I get an OV error. Switching the RAMs
338 • 80 Micro, October 1983

didn't help. The new memory, there-
fore, is inaccessible to me.

Tandy suggested the problem might
be in the ROM, but I don 't want to take
the unit to a repair center, have them
remove my RAM, and then tell me that
they can't find a problem. Now what
do I do?

F.K.
Huntington, NY

I'm constantly amazed at the number
of people with this problem. There's
nothing wrong with your RAM, the
ROM, or anything else in your com-
puter. The problem is that you're us-
ing the PEEK and POKE commands
incorrectly.

PEEK and POKE require the address
specified be an integer between - 32768
and +32767. To address memory in
locations 32768-65535, you have to use
a negative number as the specified ad-
dress. To get the number used for the
address above 32767, use this formula:
- 1 *(65535 - desired address). To
PEEK or POKE location 65000, you
would use the number -535 (i.e.,
PEEK( - 535) or POKE - 535,32).

/ tried to upgrade my I6K Model III
to 48K using a kit from one of your ad-
vertisers. Their instructions mentioned
three jumpers at the top of the logic
board. I don 't know what a jumper is
or what it looks like, and their instruc-
tions didn 't pinpoint jumper locations.

10 A$ = ""

20 INPUT"Numerator";N

30 INPUT"Denominator";D

40 IFD>NTHENA$ = A$ + ".":GOTO190

50 R = NMODD

60 A = (N-R)/D

70 B$ = STR$(A)

80 A$ = AS + RIGHT$(B$,LEN(B$) - 1)

90 IFR = 0THENPRINT"The answer is"

A$:END
100 N = R
110 GOTO40

190 PRINT'The answer is :"A$;
200 IFD>NTHENN = N* 10: IFD>NTHEN

PRINT"0";:GOTO200
210 R = NMODD
220 A = (N-R)/D
230 PRINTRJGHT$(STR$(A),1);
240 IFR = 0THENEND
250 N = R
260 GOTO200

Program Listing 1

When reassembling the computer I did
notice a cable in the front of the logic
board with three or four wires and I
noticed a little black coupling about 2
inches long with three or four wires ter-
minated. I didn't know what to do with
this cable of wires, or where they went.
There were no wires going to the CRT
from the logic board. There was, how-
ever, one wire going from the board
under the tube, but I presume this was
ground.

When I put the computer together,
plugged it in, and turned it on, there
was no response or power to the CRT.

J.B.
Houston, TX

You need the Model III Technical
Manual. Call National Parts 817-
870-5662 in Fort Worth and order it
from them.

I suspect your problem is the loose
cable. You must have accidentally un-
plugged the cable while putting in the
new chips. The video monitor has three
or four wires coming from the logic
board that tell it what to display and
when. When you have the manual, you
can easily track down the proper loca-
tion for the loose cable. Good luck.

Quite some time ago I read a few ar-
ticles about computing the ratio -k to
several thousand decimal places. I've
tried several times to get more than 16
decimal places by using series calcula-
tions. However, shortly after starting
the programs it's obvious that the num-
bers used in the calculations are getting
so small that they cause errors due to
limited decimal places. What method
will ensure accuracy to as many places
as you want?

B.C.
Wilmington, IL

That's an easy one: use long division.
That is, use the same method on the
computer the way you would on paper.
Make each calculation as if it were an
integer calculation. For an example, see
Program Listing 1. With a little work,
you can adapt this program to your
own needs. ■

Terry Kepner is a freelance writer
and programmer, and the vice president
of Interpro. He's been writing about
microcomputers since 1979.

TREND ANALYSIS PROGRAM

A COMPUTER AID FOR INVESTORS

Calculates moving averages & deviation from trend.
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Ideal for technical analysis of stocks, options, com-
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For TRS-80 Model I, III or 4. Requires 48K. two disks
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Other investment software available.

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80 Micro. October 1983 • 339

NEW PRODUCTS

edited by S.F. Tomajczyk

The passive paper feeder for Olivetti typewriters.

A Guide for Your
Typewriter

For those of you who use
your Olivetti as a printer,
Rogers Products Company
now sells an attachable pas-
sive paper guide for the
Olivetti ET series. It lets you
use continuous, fan-fold, or
roll paper and forms for con-
ventional and computer-gen-
erated printing on your type-
writer. It works equally well
with single- and multiple-part
forms, either punched or un-
punched.

The Paper Guide is fully
adjustable for paper widths
of up to 15 inches. It snaps
into place with no assembly
or tools required. Available
from Rogers Products Com-
pany Inc. (249-B East Emer-
son Ave., Orange, CA 92665,
714-974-6302), it costs $195.

Reader Service ^ 567

You're the Boss

Manager Data Base Man-
agement System is a fully in-
tegrated software package
consisting of a text editor and
a report writer that prints out
custom checks, preprinted
business invoices, profit/loss
statements, and virtually any
other record or report.

The Manager system ac-
commodates users at all
340 • 80 Micro, October 1983

levels of sophistication. Neo-
phytes can open files to hold
and immediately extract in-
formation, whereas experi-
enced users can set up pro-
cedure files to customize ap-
plications, such as accounts
receivable/payable and ex-
pense record-keeping.

Compatible with all CP/M-
based computers, Manager
costs $195 from Call Manager
Inc., 1961 Old Middlefield
Way, Mountain View, CA
94043, 415-964-5333.

Reader Service »^575

Standby Power

You'll never have to worry
about losing data because of
power problems with Lad-
co's Model 250B. It is a pow-
er standby system that has a
rating of 250-volt am-
peres at 115 volts ac. The
system comes with a 10 am-
pere-hour, maintenance-free
battery plus the usual Ram-
lock features.

Ramlock protects your
computer against power prob-
lems by filtering commercial
power, removing any noise or
voltage spikes, and delivering
clean power. It constantly
monitors line voltage for var-
iations of less than 105 and
over 130 V. When the unit
detects voltage problems,
Ramlock automatically switch-

es to the standby inverter and
alerts you of the power fail-
ure condition. Switchover oc-
curs invisibly to your com-
puter and system operation
goes on uninterrupted.

Standby operation from
the battery lasts as long as 10
minutes, providing you with
ample time to save data and
power down. Ramlock auto-
matically switches back to
line power when it's restored
and recharges its battery. A
front panel battery meter in-
dicates the charging status.

The Model 250B costs
$545 and is sold by Ladco
Development Co. Inc., P.O.
Box 464, Olean, NY 14760,
716-372-0168. Any micro-
computer that draws 250
watts or less, including the
Model III, can use this power
standby product.

Reader Service »^580

Daisy Comes to

America

Daisy System's M45 letter-
quality printer is being in-
troduced to the American
market. The M45 measures
24 by 13 Vi by IVi inches and
weighs 18 kg. It handles both
single-sheet and continuous
forms, and offers bidirec-
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acters per second. Its long-
life print hammer delivers
high-quality print at seven
different intensities.

Print wheels are inter-
changeable, and the M45 uses
a multistrike ribbon driven
by a separate motor to max-
imize ribbon life. You can
program carriage motion. It
provides both pitch and pro-
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resolution is 5,760 points per
square inch.

The M45 sells for $1,995
and comes with an RS-232
module as well as a multipur-
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Current Loop, Centronics,
and Data Products printers).
The printer runs with many
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Reader Service *>574

A Versatile Workspace

The Computer Center is a
workstation designed for per-
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accessories. Made from wood-
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Daisy arrives in America with the M45 letter-quality printer.

DOES STRING COMPRESSION HAVE YOU
TIED UP IN KNOTS?

LETTRASHMAN™ CLEAN UP THE MESS!

THIS PROGRAM IS A MUST FOR EVERYONE WHO USES "BASIC
can reduce BASIC'S string compression time delays by 95% or more.

ON A TRS-80 Why? Because it

# SECONDS DELAY PERCENT

STRINGS NORMAL TRASHMAN IMPROVEMENT

250 11.8 7 94

500 45.8 1.6 96.5

1000 179.6 3.5 98

2000 713.2 7.8 98.9

(All timings done on TRS Model I. Model III 15% lasier, but pet
improvements identical Listing ol timing program available on request.)

SAVE TIME WITH FASTER

FASTER ' speeds up
most TRS-80 BASIC programs
by 20-50%. It's helped hun-
dreds of satisfied people and
it can help you. Detailed in-
structions make it easy to
use. FASTER* analyses your
BASIC programs while fhey
run, then displays a simple
change, usually one line,
that sequences program vari-
ables so the ROM will find
~i — ■•>■■* them faster.

You can use FASTER to speed up programs you've
bought, as well as programs of your own. Since it isn't a
compiler, your BASIC programs can be read and changed
afterwards. FASTER works on business programs, models,
and games. The more complex your program, the better the
results.

Does FASTER really work? Yes! Just check the reviews in
Personal Computing, May. 1981. p. 116: "FASTER is effec-
tive and easy to use"; 80 U.S. Journal. April, 1982. p. 106:
"I recommend FASTER to everyone"; and 80 MICRO (April.
1982. p. 40): "If you.. .would like a significant increase in
the run-time speed, then buy FASTER."

FASTER runs on the TRS-80 Models I and III. 16-48K tape
or disk, and all major operating systems. $29 95

"QUICK COMPRESS" takes only 276 bytes of
memory, and removes the blanks and remarks from even
the largest BASIC program in less than 3 seconds. It pro-
duces smaller, faster programs without altering their logic.

$19.95

SPECIAL: FASTER and QUICK COMPRESS: $39.95

WHAT'S STRING COMPRESSION?

When a BASIC program changes a string (words, names, descrip-
tions), it moves it to a new place in memory, and leaves a hole in
the old place. Eventually, all available memory gets used up and
BASIC has to push the strings together to free up some space This
takes time. Lots ol time. The computer stops running for seconds or
minutes, and you may even think it's "crashed".

Yes! String compression is what's been causing all those in-
tolerable delays. The keyboard won't work, and until all the strings
have been collected, you just have to sit and wait Then things run
for a while, until string compression is needed again. And again.

If you're using your computer for business, that wastes your
money. If you're using it personally, it wastes your time

WHAT'S THE SOLUTION?

As soon as you start using TRASHMAN. those delays will almost
disappear. The program is very easy to use, so you don't have to be
a computer programmer to take advantage of it. It's written in
' machine language" and uses only 578 bytes of memory for itself,
plus two bytes for each "string " in your program, It works with
other machine language programs and all the major operating
systems.

HOW WELL DOES IT WORK?

If you use it with a BASIC program that has only a few strings,
very little time is wasted in string compression, and TRASHMAN will
be only slightly helpful. But. In programs that use hundreds or
thousands of strings, including large string arrays. TRASHMAN is
just what you need If you have any remaining doubts, just look at
the chart, and then get yourself a copy as fast as possible.

TRASHMAN is available on disk
for just $39.95.

ATTENTION SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS:

Trashman may be licensed for use with your packages.

Call for details.

ERRjfflCDlsKDRlvEs?

You can avoid unnecessary disk
errors and repair bills by using
RPN. This easy-to-use program
measures the rotational speed and
fluctuations of your disk drives, and
warns you if they are running too
fast, too slow, or unevenly.

Incorrect or erratic speed is a
common cause of unexplained disk
errors and loss of data. RPM's docu-
mentation explains how to detect and correct these problems
quickly and easily. As 80 MICRO (April. 1982. page 41)
said: "If your drives have problems I recommend RPM
before paying to get it repaired."

RPM is supplied on diskette for the TRS-80 Models I and
III. We suggest you order a copy before you need it.

$24.95
ORDER FROM YOUR LOCAL SOFTWARE
DEALER, OR CALL NOW, TOLL-FREE:

(800) 824-7888, Operator 422

FOR ORDERS OR INFORMATION CALL:

(213) 764-3131, or write to us.

Dept. G, Box 560, No. Hollywood. CA 91603 .-*.

TERMS: We accept VISA. MasterCard, checks, or even cash. Please add $2.00 shipping handling within U.S.A. or Canada,
overseas. C.O.D. charge is $2.00 in U.S. only. We ship within one day of receiving orders In Calii. add 6', *. sales lax

compulse tie

TAPES & DISKS

100% ERROR-FREE
FULLY GUARANTEED

NEW PRODUCTS

gv%

C-10's
390 ea

(mm. lot of 500)

w/ lab«li add <K

w box** add

13C,

The Micro-Trac™ Generation

Used by Software Firms & Computer Hobbyists
Choice of School Districts Nationwide

CASSETTES

C-05

C-10

C-20

C-30

Custom Cases

MINI STANDARD
12PAK 24PAK

... $ .79
... $. 89

. .. $ .99
... $1.29
. . . $ .26

Cjs*s recommended to protect sensitive cassettes

„, „-«-.,___- MINI STANDARD

5'/«" DISKETTES spak iopak-

Soft Sector

Single Sided

S/D Density $14.95 $26.95

• 10 PAK m/cuslom library case, add S3 00

— UPS SHIPPING —
(No. P.O. Boxes please)

S3 00 per pack
— Canadian shipping multiply by 2 —

No. 1 Magnetic Media in the USA!

— Write for volume prices —

TOLL-FREE

(orders only)

1-800-528-6050 /.
ext. 3005
In Arizona State

1-800-352-0458
ext. 3005

MICRO-80tm|NC.

E. 2665 Busby Road

Oak Harbor. WA 98277

1(206)675-6143

342 • 80 Micro, October 1983

File your disks away with suspension file holders from C-Line Products.

Castors allow ease of move-
ment across floors and
carpets.

Sold by R&L Marketing
Inc. (P.O. Box 1918, Pleasan-
ton, CA 94566, 415-945-
2075), the Computer Center
(Model #4024-1) has a sug-
gested retail price of $219.95.

Reader Service s 552

What's Your Code?

Datalock, a data protec-
tion program, provides a very
reliable means of protecting
your files so that only those
who know the correct com-
bination can unlock a file.
Your combination can be any
string of alphanumeric char-
acters from one to 80 charac-
ters in length.

The program runs on CP/
M and is available on 8- and
5 V* -inch disks. Datalock
costs $95 and is sold by
Southern Computer Systems
Inc., 2304 12th Ave. North,
Birmingham, AL 35234, 205-
933-1659.

Reader Service ^558

Suspend Your Disks

Fill up your empty filing
cabinets with C-Line Prod-
ucts' new suspension file
folder for disks. The letter-
size folder holds and protects
two 5 Va -inch disks and two
index cards. The non-glare
vinyl holder provides ex-

cellent visibility and complete
protection. The index cards
permit ready identification
and accounting for location
of disks when removed from
files.

The Suspension File Hold-
ers fit into any standard
hanging file system and are
packed 10 to a box. Sold by
C-Line Products Inc. (P.O.
Box 1278, 1530 East Birch-
wood, Des Plaines, IL 60018,
312-827-6661), it has a sug-
gested list price of $22.50.

Reader Service ^ 563

Colorful Printing

The Color Scribe printer
(DP-9725A) produces multi-
ple colors in four modes that
include enhanced, correspon-
dence, data processing qual-
ity, and high-resolution
graphics.

Color printing uses a four-
color ribbon with yellow,
magenta, cyan, and black
bands. This lets you select a
different color for each
printer pass, providing multi-
ple color combinations. You
can change colors at any
point in a printed line.

Single-color, correspon-
dence-quality text prints at 50
characters per second (cps),
164 cps in the enhanced
quality mode, and 200 cps for
data processing quality. The
single-color, correspondence-
quality mode uses double-pass

NEW PRODUCTS

Color Scribe printer produces multiple colors in four modes.

printing, whereas other single-
color modes are single-pass.

Seven International Stan-
dards Organization character
sets are provided, including,
Swedish, Danish-Norwegian,
German, French, Spanish,
and Italian, in addition to the
standard US ASCII.

Other Color Scribe fea-
tures include left, right, and
full justification; title center-
ing; positive half- line feed;
in-line font changes; and
RAM expandable to 12.5K
bytes in 4K byte increments.

Made by Anadex Inc.
(9825 De Soto Ave., Chats-
worth, CA 91311, 213-998-
8010), it sells for $2,350.
Specify whether you want
Centronics or RS-232 serial
interfacing.

Reader Service ^ 572

A Basket Case

A low-cost printout basket
designed for microcomputer,
word processing, and low
volume terminal printers is
available from See Inc., P.O.
Box 40215, Indianapolis, IN
46240, 317-844-8817.

The unit requires no spe-
cial printer stand. The printer
rests on the basket, equipped
with rubber vibration elimin-
ators to ensure that the
printer and basket remain in
place. A specially designed
retainer rod keeps the signal
cable and power cord out of

the paper flow path. The step
design of the basket lets you
place the paper supply under
it. You can also feed paper to
the printer from a box on the
floor. The printout basket ac-
commodates both bottom-
and rear- fed printers.

Made of steel rod and fin-
ished with a durable epoxy
finish in neutral beige, the
printout basket is available in
12- and 18-inch widths. You
can use the 18-inch unit with
either narrow or wide print-
ers. The 12-inch basket costs
$22.50; the 18-inch $24.50.
Add $3 for shipping to each
basket. Visa and Mastercard
are accepted.

Reader Service »^ 564

Store 'em Away

The Cassette File stores
and protects up to 18 digital
or audio cassettes. It is a
smoke-tinted acrylic desktop
file comprised of 18 separate
cells. Its slanted design allows
easy identification and re-
moval of tapes. The heavy
gauge acrylic top protects
your tapes from dust and
spilled liquids. The Cassette
File has non-slip feet to pro-
vide extra security when you
place the unit on smooth sur-
faces.

Made by Inmac (2465 Au-
gustine Drive, Santa Clara,
CA 95051, -408-727-1970),
the Cassette File (#2444) costs

HARDWARE

Model IV 64K 2 Disk + RS-232 $1549.00

Model IV 128K 2 Disk + RS-232 1649.00

Model 12 80K 2 Disk System 3295.00

Model 16 128K 2 Disk System 4699.00

Model III Disk Kit with 2 Drives 599.00

Model IV Disk Kit 128K + 2 Drives 699.00

Tandon 5 meg disk for any computer 1249.00

Tandon 10 meg hard disk 1449.00

Tandon 15 meg hard disk 1599.00

Corvus 20 meg disk with IBM card . . . 3595.00

Okidata ML-82A printer 399.00

Okidata ML-92 519.00

Gemini 10 329.00

Call for prices on our many other products.

FREE SOFTWARE

With any hardware purchase that totals over S 1 .000. you may have lor FREE, any
two programs shown In this advertisement! These programs are superior business
programs that come on disk or cassette tor any Model I. III. or IV All programs come
with our well written, user trlendly manuals

SOFTWARE

VISACALC SPREADSHEET

Complete spreadsheet with full screen cursor
control Make Projections. Reports. Graphs,
labels Searches, Sorts, and Formulations

SCRIPIT WORD PROCESSOR

Full Screen Text Editor. You may add. move.

delete, underline, Indent, center, lustily.

Fully machine code lor speed & performance

VERSAFILE DATA BASE

Free formatted data base with extensive edit
and search commands Full printer support
High speed operation and menu supported

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Monthly statements, aging reports, journals,
automatic totals lor posting to Ledger Easy
to add, delete, or modify all 500 accounts

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Prints checks, monitor cash flow, detailed
reports, up to 200 vendors Handles 1 000
transactions. User defined parameters.

Hundreds ol other features! Call lor details

Each program comes with an extensive manual and

Is available on Disk or Cass tor any Model I,

III, or 4 computer with 16-64K ot memory All

5 programs may be purchased tor only $299,951

$79.95
$79.95
$79.95

$79.95

DEFENDOIDS

A supenor arcade style game with last action
graphics and sound! Your mission is to rescue
the fuel tanks from the planet's surlace. You
must do battle with the evil enemy ships.
Machine Language Model I. Ill, & 4 $15.95!

SOFTRONICS COMPUTER SYSTEMS
918-749-6211

2300 E. 14th Suite 203
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104

Include 3% shipping. $1.00 minimum. OK residents add
5% tax. Call loi prices on other products. Prices
and availability subject to change. Open 10 a.m. to
6 p.m. BBS available 4 p.m. to 11 a.m. 918-749-6524.

80 Micro, October 1983 • 343

MODEL 4 DRIVE KITS $299

MODEL 4 STUFF
MODEL 4 COMPUTERS

all Include an RS232

No charge for shipping on any Compukit Computers

64K one single headed drive $1495.

64K two single headed drives $1695.

64K two double headed drives $ 1895.

1 28 K systems add only $99.

MODEL 4 64K UPGRADE $62.95

prime grade pre -tested RAM with instructions

MODEL 4 RS232 KIT $69.95

completed and tested ready for installation

Model I, III, 4 green phosphor
antiglare CRT Kit $89.

a complete new CRT, not a filter

MODEL 4 DISK DRIVE UPGRADE
KITS

All of the Compukit Model 4 Disk Drive Upgrade Kits
contain these features that other companies usually
do not provide. Switching power supplies * Tandon
disk drives * 64K of Model 4 RAM* Sound * and an Easy
to Use installation Manual. Requires only a
screwdriver (no soldering) The no drive upgrade

kit $299.

One drive upgrade kit $499.

Two drive upgrade kit $699.

Two double headed drive kit 899.

MODEL III to

UPGRADE $750.

MODEL 4

Converts your Model III into a Model 4 (except for
Cabinet and disk drives). Includes new keyboard, 64K
RAM, Sound, and free installation (required). Ship us
any working Model III, even if it's not all factory
equipment, and get back a Model 4, in your case.

MODEL III DISK DRIVE UPGRADE
KITS

All of the Compukit Model 3 Disk Drive Upgrade Kits
contain these features that other companies usually
do not provide. Switching power supplies * Tandon
disk drives * 32K of Model III RAM * Compukit Doctor *
and an Easy to Use installation Manual. Requires only a
screwdriver (no soldering).

The no drive upgrade $279.

One drive upgrade kit - $479.

Two drive upgrade kit $679.

Two double headed drive kit $879.

MODEL III RS232 Kit $69.95

completed and tested ready for installation

TANDON DISK DRIVES

Perfect for replacement or add on drives for any 5"
drive system including Model I, III, 4, COCO, IBM PC,
LNW, MAX80, and many more.

Single Sided 40 track TM100-1 ~ $199.

Double Sided 40 track TM100-2 $299.

Single case with extender „ $59.95.

Dual Case with extenders ...$89.95.

Two drive cable „ .$24.95.

ask for a free copy of Doctor Robert's drive Manual
^^vrfitJUhepurchaseofanyCoinpuW

TANDON THINLINE DRIVES

M all fast 6MS trk-to-trk

^ TM50-1 SS-40trk $159.
TM50-2 DS-40trk $219.
DUAL THINLINE CASE $84.95

new microprocessor drives

TU55-2 DS-40trk $249.
TM55-4 DSSOtrk $299.

COLOR COMPUTER DRIVE

Complete drive including case and controller card
$449.00

MODEL 4 SOUND UPGRADE
$29.95

No soldering required, Includes instructions

UrMITOcTR

COMPUKIT DOCTOR $29.95

Disk based diagnostic software package for the Model

I, III, and soon the Model 4

64K COCO KIT $62.95

,<fr COCO DRIVE
$399.

with a Tandon Thinline

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY PRICE

COMPUKIT

344

16206D Hickory Knoll Houston, Texas 77059

ordering Information

We accept Vita. Mastercard. Wire Transfers, and Certified Checks for quickest

shipping. Orders received on personal checks are held for clearance.

80 Micro, October 1983

1-800-231-6671

1-7 13-480-6000

COMPLETE MODEL III HARD
DRIVE SYSTEM $1295.

THIS IS NO JOKE. We have a large quantity
contract to bring you the highest quality
system at the lowest price available. The
combination of Tandon Hard Drives and
Western Digital's error checking and
correcting drive controller board create
the backbone of the Hard Drive Specialist
System. The balance of the interfacing is by
(the) oldest engineering teams in the Model
III/ Hard Drive business. Unlike other hard
drive companies, we rate a hard drive
AFTER format (a 15 Meg drive is actually
19.1 MB before format). These units are
fully assembled and tested ready to plug
into your computer, all that you need to add
is software. Power required 105-130 volts
ACBOhz

Dimensions 8-1/4"x6-1/2"x13" (Just a
little bigger than two regular disk drives)

Model III/ 4 HARD DRIVE
SYSTEMS

5 MEG $1295.

1 M EG $ 1 495.

15 MEG $1695.

Model 1/ LNW/ MAX80
SYSTEMS

5 MEG $1345.

10 MEG $1545.

1 5 MEG $1 745.

IBM HARD DRIVE SYSTEMS

(note specs differ from above units)

5 MEG $1395.

10 MEG $1595.

1 5 M EG $ 1 795.

SECONDARY DRIVES
(Ready to plug into any HDS
system for added storage
capacity)

5 MEG $895.

10 MEG $1095.

15 MEG $1295.

HARD DRIVE PATCHES

Hard drive patches are

available for DOSPLUS,

NEWDOS, and LDOS, for the

Model 1,111,4 priced at $50.

each.

NOW! ONE YEAR WARRANTY

NOW! HD POWER SUPPLY

NOW! HD COOLING FAN

FREE SHIPPING in the <a states

NO CHARGE FOR CREDIT CARDS

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED

YES! WE SUPPORT NEWDOS 80 model i.iii.sa

HARD DRIVE SPECIALIST

a division of CompuKit

ordering Information

Wo accept Visa, Mastarcard. Wi re Trantf ert , aad Certified Chocks lor quicke it

(hipping. Orders received on personal check* are held tor clearance.

1-713-480-6000 ordmr line 1-600-23 1-4971
162090 Hickory Knoll , Houston , Texas 77666

■ See List ot Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 345

NEW PRODUCTS

$39 and comes with a one-
year warranty.
Reader Service »^578

Multi-Mode Printers

The Model 8600 multi-
mode dot-matrix printer of-
fers you three combinations
of speed and character res-
olution: near letter-quality at
60 characters per second,
high-resolution at 90 cps, and
high speed draft printing at
180 cps. Characters in all
three modes have true de-
scenders and support under-
lining.

With standard pica spacing
of 10 characters per inch, the
Model 8600 can print up to
80 characters per line, 96
characters per line with elite
spacing, and up to 136 char-
acters in the compressed
mode. Proportional spacing
is one of the printer's stan-
dard features. Line spacing is
adjustable in increments of
1/120 inch.

The printer handles both
folded and single sheets in
widths from 4'/2 to 10 inches,
and imprints an original and
up to three carbon copies.
Friction feed is standard, but
an optional tractor feed is
available.

The printer comes in two
models: the serial-interface
Model 8600 BR, and the
parallel-interface Model 8600
BP with graphics capabilities.
They are priced at $1,3% and
$1,295, respectively. The
Model 8600 BR includes a 4K
input buffer. It is designed
for asynchronous, half-du-
plex transmission at speeds of
110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400,
4800, and 9600 baud.

Both models are sold by
Leading Edge Products Inc.,
225 Turnpike St., Canton,
MA 02021, 617-828-8150.

Reader Service ^584

New Ribbon Life

Le Ribbonizer is a motor-
driven fabric ribbon renewer

346 • 80 Micro, October 1983

that applies color and emul-
sion to your fading ribbons.
Since you can control inking,
your print quality can be bet-
ter than before.

It takes 15 to 20 minutes to
renew an average ribbon.
You can ink fabric ribbons
several times, until either the
fabric or the cartridge wears
out. On a letter-quality
printer, ribbons have been re-
newed over 20 times; on a
dot-matrix printer, 10 re-
newals are not uncommon.

Le Ribbonizer inks ribbons
for Radio Shack Line Print-
ers II, III, IV, V, VIII, and
the DMP 500. It also inks rib-
bons for popular Epson,
NEC, Diablo, Wang, Qume,
Anadex, Ricoh, and Tally
printers. It costs $39.95 in-
cluding a bottle of the proper
type of ink and a set of in-
structions. For more infor-
mation, contact Ben Torres
Ribbon Service, 416 East
State St., Redlands, CA
92373, 714-792-0831.

Reader Service »^571

Xidex Precision

Xidex's new 5 Va- and 8-
inch Precision Flexible Disks
incorporate the quality fea-
tures of a 96-track-per-inch
(tpi) disk. They are made
with a new magnetic particle
and a proprietary coating
formulation that achieves a

magnetic signal strength 20
percent greater than the in-
dustry average. Other fea-
tures include 50 percent
tighter center hole tolerance
and a protective jacket (10
mm) that is 33 percent thicker
than the industry standard.

Disks are polished to an
ultra-smooth surface and use
lubricants and binders to
avoid costly head wear and
substantially extend disk life.
Prices start at $60 for a box
of 10, 48-tpi, double-sided,
double-density disks. For
more information, contact
Xidex Corporation, P.O.
Box 418, Sunnyvale, CA
94086, 408-739-4170, 800-
538-1584.

Reader Service »^577

The Buffer Box...

...is a 128K buffer that
features text, data, and
graphics compression, man-
ual pause control, a Reset/
Erase/RAM Test, remote
pause, bypass or FIFO oper-
ation, copy function, and
continuous paper and sheet
feed mode. It also counts and
makes up to 255 copies of
text, and locates RAM failure
positions exactly.

A front control panel has a
receive status and data stor-
age indicators to ensure that
the computer properly sends

XIDEX 's complete line of precision flexible disks.

data to the Buffer Box. Other
test indicators sequence
through all RAM locations
and show which RAM is un-
der test. RAM testing begins
with power-up, or on reset. If
a RAM should fail at any
time, an LED not only indi-
cates which RAM is at fault,
but also indicates whether
it is the upper or lower bank
of RAM.

The Buffer Box is sold by
Microtek Inc., 4750 View-
ridge Ave., San Diego, CA
92123, 619-569-0900. Prices
start at $299.

Reader Service »^557

Polished Life

Plast-N-Glas is a triple-
function aerosol cleaning
agent that acts as an anti-
static cleaner and polishes
your CRT or TV screen. One
application not only dissi-
pates electrostatic charges
that build up on computer
screens, but also removes
dirt, grease, ink, fingerprints,
and nicotine stains as well.
The antistat properties elimi-
nate dust attraction to give
long-lasting clean surfaces
that repel dust and remain
static free for extended
periods.

Because Plast-N-Glas is ap-
plied as a foam, it won't run
or stain, streak, smear, or
scratch your screen. The aero-
sol spray is clear and fast-
drying, nonflammable, non-
toxic, and odorless. Available
in an 8-ounce aerosol spray
container, it costs $3.05 from
Chemtronics Inc., 681 Old
Willes Path, Hauppauge, NY
11788, 516-582-3322.

Reader Service »^560

Let Your Printer Stand

Ring King Visibles Inc.
(P.O. Box 599, Muscatine,
IA 52761, 319-263-8144) sells
a 26 Vi -inch high printer
stand that features a slotted
top for printout paper. Each
unit is solidly constructed to

Baudy House

Computer Products

950 Scott Lake Road • Pontiac, Michigan 48054
(313)683-8388

UTILITYS MODEL 1 & 3

SuperUtility Plus 3.1 . . . $50.95
Lazy Writer stillonly. . . $145.00
Zorloff 1 1 word pro. . $60.05

COMPUTER & MODEMS

Model 4 complete with RS232

64K 2disk drives $1600.00

Model 1 00 8k with modem cable

and comuserve $775.00

Lynx modem $245.00

Hayes 300 modem $245.00

Hayes 1 200 modem. . . $545.00

• GAMES •

Panik (disk) $17.05

Panik (cass) $15.00

Defiance (disk) $10.05

Hyper light patrol $12.00

Demon seed $10.05

PRINTERS

Epson FX-80 only $540.05

C. Itoh Prowriter8510. . . $375.00

Epson Print Buffer $130.05

Epson ribbons 2 for $12.50

DISKETTES

Verbatim Data Life Diskettes

1 Box $27.00

2 Boxes $25.00

5 boxes or more $24.75

1 boxes $24.25

No name disks ss/dd . . . $10.05

SLIM LINE DRIVES

40 track single sided . . . $205.00
40 track double sided. . . $275.00
80 track single sided . . . $315.00

Single power/case $45.00

Double case/power $65.00

Mutildos 1/3 Operating system only $85.00

Newdos/80 1 /3 Operating system only $125.00

Dosplus 3.5 Operating system only $1 15.00

Shipping add $3.00 to order in U.S. out of U.S. Add $5.00 Most
orders shipped in 24 hours. Prices subject to change Visa/Master
Card, Checks accepted. Checks need 1 days to clear C.O.D.s add
$2.00 to order. „, u

FLURP»

Mainframe Accuracy with a Micro

If you need a multilinear regresssion package with the accuracy of a
number-cruncher, you need FLURP (Flynn Laboratory's Ultimate
Regression Package). FLURP has easy data input, disk file archiving,
and outputs a complete set of statistics. These include:mulitcollmear-
ity diagnostics, hypothesis testing, an analysis and plot of the
residuals, and more FLURP is available for 8" CP/M (requires
MBASIC). TRS-80 I and III, and soon for the IBM PC

□ My $99.95 is enclosed rush me FLURP (add $5.00 for foreign
shipping)

D Enclosed is $29.95 for the manual (credit to the purchase of
FLURP)

□ Bill company (include purchase order)

□ Charge my Q Visa Q MasterCard

Card Number.

Name

Address

City

Expires

Signature (credit card orders)

State

Zip

Mail to: LEDS Publishing Co., Inc., PO Box 12847. Research Triangle
Park, NC 27709 (919) 477-3690.

-155

Trademarks IBM-IBM Corp FLURP-LEDS Publishing Co . CP/M Digital Research
TRSjOJangy. MBASIC-Microsoll

LTMrTTl

CASSETTES

DATA TRAC C-06, C-12, C-24

From the leading supplier of Computer
Grade Cassettes, new, longer length C-12 s
(6 minutes per side) provide the extra tew
feet needed for some 16K programs.

Premium 5-screw shell with leader
— BASF tape

Internationally acclaimed.
Thousands of repeat users.

Error Free • Money back Guarantee

€>

CASSETTE
STORAGE CADDY

Holds 12
cassettes w/o boxes
Includes edge labels
and Index card

500 C-12's— 380 each. w ..bets

Shipping $1 7. 500 add 4<

500 Boxes 13( ea. • shipping $10. 500

TRACTOR FEED
•DIE-CUT BLANK
CASSETTE LABELS

BASF Qualimetric Flexi-Disc— Lifetime Warranty.
5 1 /j" Single Side. Double Density, Soft-Sectored.

NEW! MICRO CASSETTES in convenient short lengths.

MC-10 I Same superior tape in premium shell
MC-20 WITH LEADERS. Supplied complete with
MC-30 I box (fits Epson & Sharp micro drives;

Call: 213/700-0330 SSSS3 SET

order Amail TO: VORK 10 ,M Comouterware

NOW .. .L/9525 Vassar Ave. #80,Chatsworth, CA 91311

»»■■■■■»■■■■ ORDER FORM - — a« « _ _ _

ITEM 1 DOZEN

2 DOZEN

TOTAL

C-06 ] 7 00

□ 1300

C-12 □ 750

□ 1400

C-24 3 9 00

n 1700

Hard Box ] 2 50

□ 400

Blank labels ~] 3 00/100

D 20.00/1000

Storage Caddy @ $2 95 ea Oty

Flexi-Disc ~1 2695/10

□ 120.00/50

MICRO CASS. 1 DOZEN

2 DOZEN

MC-10 3 16 50

□ 32 50

MC-20 Zi 1800

□ 34.50

MC-30 J 19 00

□ 36.00

SUB TOTAL

Calif residents add sales lax

SHIPPING/HANDLING Any quantify (except 500 special)

3.50

Outside 48 Continental States— Additional $1 per caddy;
per doz. cassettes; per doz. boxes; per 10 discs

TOTAL

Check or M O Charge to

enclosed Q Credit Card 3 VISA □ MASTERCARD

□ PLEASE SEND QUANTITY DISCOUNTS

Each 5 id cassette
includes two YORK 10
labels only Boxes are
sold separately We
prefer to ship by UPS
as being the fastest and
satest If you need ship-
ment by Parcel Post
check here □

NOTE Additional
charges outside 48
Continental States
Shipments to AK. HI.
and USA possessions
go by Priority Mail.
Canada & Mexico-
Airmail
All others— Sea Mail

#80

Card No.

Name

Exp.

Address

City

State/Zip

Signature Phone

Computer make & model Disk? (y/n)

sSee List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 347

NEW PRODUCTS

The Spirit dot-matrix printer offers full-space quality printing at low cost.

dampen vibration and sup-
port any printer. The thick
solid horizontal surfaces are
all non-glare neutral beige,
and the steel connectors at all
joints lock the components
into a solid unit.

Available in work surfaces
of 30 by 24 inches and 36 by
30 inches, the Printer Stand
costs $179.95 and $204.95,
respectively. Other furniture
made by Ring King Visibles
includes Stand-up Work Sta-
tions, Mobile Cabinets, Data
Racks, and much more.

Reader Service i^559

Mighty MITE

MITE is a powerful com-
munications program that
turns a CP/M-based com-
puter into an intelligent data
terminal compatible with on-
line services like CompuServe
and The Source. It also lets
you use the computer as a
Western Union TWX or
Telex terminal.

MITE's menu-driven pro-
gram supports many differ-
ent protocols and provides
full modem control with
programmable auto log-on if
required. In addition, you
can transfer files between any
two CP/M computers with
error checking.

MITE retails for $150 in-
cluding a comprehensive
user's manual. For the name
and address of your local
dealer, contact Wordmovers
348 • 80 Micro, October 1983

Inc., 15818 Hawthorne Blvd.,
Lawndale, CA 90260, 213-
542-7351.
Reader Service is 568

Low Priced Printer

The Spirit dot-matrix
printer from Mannesmann
Tally Corporation (8301 South
180th St., Kent, WA 98031,
206-251-5500) uniquely uses its
9- by 8-dot matrix to produce
higher print resolution and
intensity than other dot-
matrix printers. Its print head
comprises square hammers
that overlap to form more
fully connected horizontal
and vertical lines rather than
a row of discrete dots.

It prints 80 characters per
second, and comes standard
with tractor and friction
paper feeds. The Spirit has a
quick-tear cutting edge within
the lid that lets you tear off
invoices and other forms im-
mediately after printing.

The Spirit costs $399 in-
cluding a Centronics parallel
interface. An optional serial
interface is available. Other
optional features include an
acoustical package that re-
duces sound to 53 decibels,
far less that that of a standard
typewriter.

Reader Service ^ 573

Hard Disk Support

Pickles & Trout's adaption
of CP/M 2.2 now runs Radio

Shack's new 12-megabyte
hard disk with Models II, 12,
and 16. This lets you choose
among a variety of available
CP/M application programs,
and take full advantage of the
speed and capacity of the 12-
Mbyte hard disk.

The CP/M 2.2 includes 12
utility programs designed to
help make the most of your
system. A system configura-
tion program lets you op-
timize hard disk storage, and
special back-up programs let
you save and restore files up
to 8 Mbytes in length onto
multiple disks.

Other features of CP/M
2.2 include a type-ahead key-
board buffer, system date and
time, full serial port support,
full video display support, fast
operation, low system mem-
ory usage, and more.

Fully compatible with other
versions of P&T CP/M 2, the
program costs $250 and is
sold by Pickles & Trout, P.O.
Box 1206, Goleta, CA 93116,
805-685-4641.

Reader Service *s 553

Clean Up Your Act!

The Copysource Print-
wheel Cleaning Kit protects
fragile plastic and metal
spokes while cleaning the
typefaces of the printwheel.
Spill-free cleaning wands

each release 0.6 milliliters of a
specially formulated solvent
that dissolves caked magnetic
dust, ink, and dirt build-up
from tiny typeface crevices
and rejuvenates printwheels
by eliminating damaging
plastic glaze. The kit's absor-
bent cleaning station pro-
vides balanced support and
prevents spokes from bend-
ing or breaking during
cleaning.

Each self-contained kit
contains 10 cleaning wands,
10 lint-free dry wipes, clean-
ing station, and tray. Single
kits cost $12.95; three kits
$32.85; and 10 kits $89.50.
To order, contact Chope-
Stevens Paper Co., Dept.
114, 1800 18th St., Detroit,
MI 48216, 313-237-0300.

Reader Service »^565

Helping Government

The Work Management
System is designed to aid lo-
cal municipalities and gov-
ernments in justifying capital
expenditures, allocating re-
sources, and developing ef-
fective work plans. It pro-
vides information in both
work backlog and work per-
formed in areas like streets,
sanitation, parks, buildings,
utilities, airports, and traffic.
The program also helps field
operations managers in sched-
uling, evaluating, and im-

Sqfe and easy cleaning for your printwheels.

NEW PRODUCTS

Buying property? Let Realty Pack help you make a wise decision.

proving productivity.

Available from LWFW Inc.
(12700 Park Central, Suite
1805, Dallas, TX 75251,
214-233-5561), the Work
Management System is
compatible with the Model II
running CP/M. The package
costs $3,950 including Man-
agement, Installation, and
User's Guides, technical in-
stallation, and six months
software maintenance.

Reader Service *^561

Real Estate Analysis

Thinking about buying
some property or a house? If
so, let Realty Pack from
Conex Electro Systems help
you analyze potential real
estate investments. The pack-
age includes Income Prop-
erty Analysis, House Rent or
Buy, Loan Amortization and
Evaluation, Wrap-Around
Loan Evaluation, and Invest-

ment Policy Analysis and
Projection software.

Realty Pack provides pro-
fessional reports with input
and output values and pro-
vides the opportunity to in-
clude personalized identity
information for the property,
the analyst, and/or the
customer. Each program ac-
counts for current tax and
depreciation laws, and you
can perform what-if analyses
to satisfy any curiosity.

Available for the Models
II, III, and 4, Realty Pack
sells for $149 from Conex
Electro Systems (1602 Car-
olina St., P.O. Box 1342,
Bellingham, WA 98227, 206-
7344323).

Reader Service *^581

Pocket Graphics

Graphics for business and
engineering applications are
now available for use on the

OUR ISOLATORS
FOR YOUR
PROTECTION

Prevents:

diak drive woe*, printer interaction,
memory low and damage due to
lightning or AC power line
disturbances.

Commercial Grade Isolators

1SO-1 3 Isolated Sockets $76.95

ISO-2 2 Isolated Socket Banks, 6 Sockets 76.95

Industrial Grade Isolators

IS( >-3 3 Double Isolated Sockets 1 15.95

ISO- 11 2 Double Isolated Banks. 6 Sockets 115.95

Laboratory Grade Isolators

ISO-17 4 Quad Isolated Sockets 200.95

ISO-IB 2 Quad Isolated Banks, 6 Sockets 169.95

( iimiit Breaker, any m.^i.-l ( Add-CB) Add 10.00

Remote Switch, any model (Add-RS) Add 18.00

JEB7* Electronic Specialists, Inc.

171 South Main Street. Box 380. Nattck. Massachusetts 01 760 .-158

Tc* Free Order Desk 1-800-225-4876
MasterCard, VISA. American Express

EE/EPR0M PROGRAMMERS & UV ERASERS

AFFORDABLE • RELIABLE • AVAILABLE

UV ERASERS

QUV-T8.1

$49.95

'HOBBY

QUV-T8,2N

$68.95

'INDUSTRIAL

QUV-T8'2T

$97.50

'WITH TIMER
& SAFETY SWITCH

GANGPR0-8

$1,295.00

(GANG
PROGRAMMER)

RS-232 serial, STAND ALONE, INTELUGENT

'EASY DUPLICATION 'USER FRIENDLY '128K BUFFER

SUPPORTS M0ST8K. 16K. 32K, 64K 128K. 256K EPROMS
PR0MPR0-8 KEY PAD OPTION. EPROM SIMULATION MODE

Microcomputer Chips 8748 (H). 8749H. 8750. 8751. 8741. 8742 8755A

SOFTWARE DRIVERS: MDS ISIS. TEKTRONICS 8002. IBM PC, ATARI
APPLE II.CPM. FLEX. TRS-80

DIRECT HOOK UP TO ANY DUMB TERMINAL OR COMPUTER

DISTRIBUTOR INQUIRY WELCOME.

LOGICAL DEVICES INC. " 33 °

1321 E N.W. 65 Place, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309
Phone Orders (305) 974-0967 TWX 510-955-9496

80 Micro, October 1983 • 349

ACCESS UNLIMITED

FREE! DOSPLUS 3.4"
disk operating system
with any Percom or
1st Drive System
for the Model III*

PERCOM™ QUALITY FOR YOUR MODEL III

Nothing but the best for your "Model III". Percom internally mounted
drive systems: including 4 drive controller with gold edge connectors,
double density disk drive or drives, all hardware and cabling. A free copy
of DOS Plus 3.4 is also included with every first drive purchase.

TFD 340N1 one drive single sided double-density $449.00
TFD 340N2 two drive single sided double-density $699.00

Brand Spankin' New! SALE Dual Headed Drives
for the Price of Flippies!

Now you can have a 'dual headed "PERCOM" Drive System for your

"Model III!!

TFD344N1 One drive dual headed double-density $560.00
TFD344N2 Two disk dual headed double-density $860.00

'completely compatible with programs existing on single sided or
double sided diskettes.

WE HAVEN'T FORGOTTEN THE MODEL I !!

Upgrade your Model l T • to Double Density All for $129.95!!

You have a good system and you just don't want to sell out to a Model
III - Upgrade with the Percom Doubler II, the overwhelming favorite
double density adapter for over 2 years! Simply plug the adaptor into
your expansion interface and run either single or double-density
programs. Comes complete with FREE DOS Plus 3.4 but will also run
with LDOS NEW DOS 80 and TRS DOS.

PERCOM QUALITY FOR YOUR MODEL I

TFD40-1
TFD44-1

40 track single sided drive
40 track dual sided drive

$275.00
$350.00

Percom™ Hard Disk — Quality for your System

• works with existing floppy drives Reg. from $2495

• can be daisy-chained up to four hard disks

• DOS Plus 4.0 or LDOS included FREE Now, From Only $1595.00

• Now available for immediate delivery in 5 & 10 megabyte
configuration

Can be used for Model I*, II*, III*, "Apple II" or "IBM PC"
computers.

DOS + 3.4

Reg. $159.00.

Sale $99.95

MAKE SURE IT'S DONE RIGHT!

... Let Us Install Your First-Drive System

Purchase your Model III* Drives from us and for $79.95 plus shipping,
you can have our experienced professionals perform a 48-hour bum-in
of your Model III* computer, install the drive system, and check out
your expanded system to make sure everything works correctly. Call for
pricing of complete Model III* system with 2 to 4 Access Unlimited or
Percom drives.

TRS-80™ MODEL 100 PORTABLE
COMPUTER

"The Executive Micro Workstation"

• Powerful Built-in Software:

— Word Processing — Extended Basic

— Terminal Communications — Address Book

— Telephone Dialer — Appointment Scheduler

— Applications Software

• Retains Memory Data When "off"

• Self-contained Telephone Modern

With 8K ONLY $799.00

With 24K ONLY $999.00

PowerSOFT Software from Breeze/QSD Inc.™

One disk "BOOTS" up on either machine. At PowerSOFT, we don't
believe in making a customer buy a separate version for Mod I or III.
We ALWAYS include BOTH versions on the SAME disk for your
maximum convenience. 80 Track versions are available on request.
All titles are for Mod I or III unless specified.

PowerSOFT Product Title Retail Price

SUPER UTILITY PLUS/3.0 $ 79.95

SUPER UTILITY PLUS/3.0 for MAX80 $ 99.95

INSIDE SU + /3.0 MANUAL $19.95

SU+/3.0 TECH MANUAL $14.95

INSIDE SU + /2.2Z MANUAL $19.95

SU + /2.2z TECH MANUAL $ 14.95

"THE TOOLBOX" for LDOS $ 69.95

"MASTER MECHANIC SET" for LDOS $ 39.95
POWERDRIVERS for SuperScripsitTM (printer drivers):

POWERDRIVER/E (EPSON MX-80/100) $ 29.95

POWERDRIVER/P (PROWRITER) $ 29.95

POWERDRIVER/F (F-10 STARWRITER) $ 29.95

POWERMAIL $ 99.95

POWERMAIL PLUS* — Mod I, III, MAX80 $150.00

POWERMAIL PLUS* — Mod 11/12/16 $150.00

POWER DRAW $ 39.95

POWERDOT (EPSON or PROWRITER Only) $ 49.95

POWERTERM Smart Terminal Pkge $ 29.95

DOSPLUS II Operating System $249.95

For Model II, 12, and 16/Z80

SCRIPLUS 3.0 $ 39.95

THE BASIC/S COMPILER SYSTEM $ 49.95

MAKE/80 (Mod I or III) $ 19.95

SUPER UTILITY (Mod I ONLY!) $ 29.95

QUICK-FIX (Mod I ONLY!) $ 19.95
'Coming out very soon Please inquire lor shipping date

BIG DISCOUNTS ON PRINTERS

New! Brother HR1A™

Only $ 899.00

Microprism™

Only $ 699.00

C.itoh F-10™

Only $1495.00

Transfer 130™

Only $ 875.00

Transfer 140™

Only $1695.00

Okidata™

All Models Call for oui

superlow prices!

Star Micronics™

All Models Call for out

superlow prices!

DIABLO™ MODEL 2300 MATRIX PRINTER
Close Out Special —

• Rugged, commercial duty • 7x9 dot matrix • High Speed! 200
CPS! • Top of the line, highest quality

Reg . Retail $2495 . 00 FOR LIMITED TIME ONLY!
WHILE QUANTITIES LAST $999.00

MICRO SHOPPING CENTER

We have added approximately $400,000.00 worth of
brand new business and game software with more
arrivals daily.
Call or write for our new FREE catalog.

Save $$ on our most popular items!

Percom Data Separator (reg. $29.95) Now $23.95
Screens for Models I*, II*, III Green, Lt. Blue,

Dark Blue, and Amber. Bronze for color video

(reg. $24.95) Now $12.95

Head Cleaning Kit (reg. $29.95) Now $19.95

Drive Numbering Tabs, pkg. 0-3 (reg. $4.50) Now $ 3.95

Flip-N-File 8" (reg. $54.95) Now $28.95

NEW Style Smoke Grey File 5%", Holds 75 Now $24.95

COLOR CODERS — 5 Cases (stores

10 disks ea.) — 5 different colors $24.95

Library Cases (holds 10) $ 2.95 ea.

MEDIA FOR LESS

SENTINEL™ complete with hub rings & lifetime warranty!

$18.70 bx of 10
$20.70 bx of 10
$27.80 bx of 10

Single sided/Single density 5'/."
Single sided/Double density 5%"
Double sided/Double density 5Vi"

Single sided/Double density 8"
Double sided/Double density 8"

$29.70 bx of 10
$38.70 bx of 10

BUY DISKETTES IN BULK AND SAVE $$$$$$$$$$

These prices good by the case only —

Single sided/Single density 5 1 /»"
Single sided/Double density 5'/r
Double sided/Double density 5 1 /t"

Single sided/Double density 8"
Double sided/Double density 8"

$179.00 case of 100
$190.00 case of 100
$225.00 case of 100

$280.00 case of 100
$340.00 case of 100

FREE! Source™ with
SIGNALMAN™ MODEM

Mark I with RS232C Interlace, 0-300 baud
Mark II with Atari Interface, 0-300 baud
Mark III with Tl Interface, 0-300 baud
Mark VI with IBM Interface, 0-300 baud
Mark VII with RS232C Interface

& auto answ./orig. 0-300 baud

$ 99.00
$ 99.00
$139.00
$279.00

$159.00

Antl-StatlC MatS — Colors: Russett, Blue & Gold, Natural Brown

& Golden Brown.
3' x 5' — Reg. $75.60 Sale: $57.00

4'x6' — Reg. $120.90 Sale: $91.00

4x8 —Reg. $161.30 Sale: $122.00

"PAGEMATE" Typing Easels — $14.95
SAVE on an "Arrick Quick Switch"

Changes a "TRS-80" printer port or a peripheral between computers
instantly and easily. Available for "RS-232" and "Centronics.

included.

Now from $99.95. Cables from $26.95

Plugs

BEAUTIFUL CUSTOM FURNITURE

"Atlantic Cabinet" — Oak!
50" Split Level Desk
50" Personal Computer Desk
38" Personal Computer Desk
Matching Printer Stand

"O'Sullivan" Computer Furniture Also Available
For Details, Prices

$199.95

$126.00

$105.00

$89.00

Call

Print Wheels & Thimbles — From $8.50 each

Printer Ribbons — For Centronics, Diablo. C-ltoh, Star and Epson
80,100 From $5.95 each

• LIMITED TIME OFFEMJMITED QUANTITIES •

• Prices subject to change without notice •

* Trademark ot Tandy Radio Shack Corp

" Reg. Trademarks • Prices do not include state taxes.

1(800)527-3475 »

Order by phone or by mail. We accept Visa, MasterCard, cashier's checks, certified
checks, and money orders. With personal checks, allow additional time for bank
clearance. Your bankcard will not be charged until your order is shipped. On orders
over $1,000, we pay freight (surface only) and insurance; please add $3.00
shipping and handling over 50 lbs. Over 50 lbs., add $5.00 for orders under
$1,000.00. Texas residents add 5% sales tax Allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery.

□ Please send me a FREE catalog. I'm not ready to order at this time.

□ YES, I'm taking advantage of your Sales prices.

Name

Company Name

Address

City

Phone Number L
Quantity

State.

Item

Unit Price

Subtotal

State Sales Tax (Texas residents only)

handling charge

Check, one: Total

□ payment enclosed □ Visa □ MasterCard*

"If Mastercard numbers ahnvp name-

Fxpiration Date' III -

Authorized signature, if charged

ACCESS UNLIMITED

KPT. C-8/401 N. Central Expy. /Richardson, Texas 75080
Tel. 1-800/527-3475 214/340-5386
214 690-0207 — Sat. and Evenings Only ^

NEW PRODUCTS

Radio Shack PC-2. Pocket-
Graph draws bar, line, and
scatter graphs with the com-
puter's four-color plotter.
You can plot user-defined
functions for any range of
values. Enter data into a
variable-size matrix ranging
from 99 rows to 99 columns.
You can draw, name, and
print graphs and one- and
two-dimensional tables from
either the rows or the col-
umns. And you can plot up
to three variables on one
graph.

The PocketGraph pro-
gram sells for $29.95 on tape
cassette including a user's
manual. To order, contact
Pocketlnfo Corporation,
7795 S.W. 184th St., Beaver-
ton, OR 97007, 503-649-8145.

Reader Service f* 556

"Let's Cobol!"

Now you can express your
computer-oriented thoughts
to the whole world with Di-
mension 4's black silk-
screened T-shirts. "I Speak
Basic," "Programmer Pow-
er," "Hardware," and "Soft-
ware" are just a few of the
available computer jargon
designs. The machine wash-
able T-shirts come in four
fashionable colors (green,
light blue, red, and yellow)
in small, medium, large,
and extra large sizes (S, M,
L, or XL).

Guaranteed for comfort
and a good-looking fit, the
T-shirts cost $7.95 each plus
$1.50 shipping and are sold
by Dimension 4 Design
Group, 1018 Proprietors
Road, Worthington, OH
43085, 614-846-1839. If you
order six or more shirts,
you'll save $1 on each one.

Reader Service v* 562

20/20 Bar Code Reader

Unlike existing wands, the
Norand 20/20 Instant Bar
Code Reader takes an elec-

352 • 80 Micro, October 1983

tronic picture of a bar code
without need for movement
of, or contact with, a light pen
device. Once positioned over
the bar code, you press a but-
ton on the 20/20 and it not
only reads the code, it also
provides an LED readout and
audible indications of a suc-
cessful read. It has a 98 per-
cent first-read rate and a 99.5
percent second-read rate.

Other features include the
ability to read any UPC stan-
dard bar code color combina-
tions and depth of field of up
to 0.4 inches. The 20/20
reads from cardboard, foam,
gloss paper, plastic, and
metal surfaces. It costs
$1,650 and is sold by Norand
Corporation, 550 Second St.,
Cedar Rapids, IA 52401, 319-
366-7611. An RS-232 inter-
face is available on request.

Reader Service »^570

Ready? Set!... Draw!

Draw is a graphics and text
editing package that lets you
create or design a graphics
screen with your Model III
and Grafyx Solution, a plug-
in, clip-on board that gives
you 98,304 points in a 512- by
192-dot matrix. By moving
the cursor with arrow keys
and entering one-letter com-
mands, you can set, clear, or
complement points, lines, cir-
cles, or boxes. You can
change the size of the points
at any time and invoke re-

verse video or shift the entire
screen in any direction.

Once the picture is cen-
tered, labeled, and refined,
save it on disk or tape or print
it on one of 20 popular print-
ers. You can implement all of
these commands without
leaving the Draw program.

Grafyx Solution costs
$39.95 including 12 hi-resolu-
tion pictures and a user's
manual. Contact Micro-Labs
Inc., 902 Pinecrest, Richard-
son, TX 75080, 214-235-0915.

Reader Service ^-555

Safe and Sound

Protect your computer
from theft, vandalism, and
unauthorized use with the
Computer Security Cabinet
from Smith System Manu-
facturing Co. (P.O. Box
43515, St. Paul, MN 55164,
612-636-3560). The cabinet
features a pull-out keyboard
and adjustable monitor
shelves. The keyboard shelf
measures 18 by 24!/2 inches
and pulls out to 11 inches.
The monitor shelf is 16 by
26 Vi inches and adjusts ver-
tically 10 inches.

The cabinet is made of
strong welded steel and has a
key lock on a recessing flip
door. Measuring 23 by 27 by
23 inches, it can either rest on
or be secured by your table
top. It sells for $189. The
security cabinet can become
an ergonomic work station

Computer Security Cabinet protects your computer from theft.

with the addition of one of
Smith System's crank adjust-
ing terminal tables. Contact
them for further information
and the address of your local
distributor.

Reader Service s 576

A New Compiler

SuperSoft (1713 South
Neil St., Champaign, IL
61820, 217-359-2112) offers a
new version of the SuperSoft
C compiler compatible with
CP/M-80 and syntactically
compatible with UNDC and
XENIX.

SuperSoft C is a multi-pass
compiler that produces high-
ly optimized code, making it
possible to avoid Assembly-
language coding for most
tasks. The compiler is fast
in both compilation and ex-
ecution.

SuperSoft C retails at $275
for the CP/M-80 operating
system and $500 for other
operating systems.

Reader Service »^579

Adding Computers

Connecting Multiplexer to
your hard disk subsystem lets
you add more computers to
your system without having
to buy additional subsystems.
With it you can share pro-
grams and data present on
the hard disk with other com-
puters. The Multiplexer oper-
ates at a higher speed than the
hard disk so there is no wait-
ing time, and it offers the
same data transfer rates as in
a single computer to hard
disk subsystem.

In a Multiplex system, any
computer can run completely
independent of the other
computers. As such, each
computer is unaffected by a
hardware or software failure
on another computer. Other
features include single circuit
board, no speed loss between
CPU and hard disk, Multi-
plexers may be daisy chained,
software independent, no ex-

'EMS

FAST LOAD LIBRARIES:

COMPILED CODE CAN BE STORED IN
RELOCATABLE FILEB.

INTERPRETER:

OVER 126 FUNCTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN
BASE WTERPWETER.

DOCUMENTATION:

THE MANUAL 18 OVCT TOO PAGES COVERING

SUPPORT SOFTWARE:

LITTLE META- TRANSLATOR WRITING 8VSTEM
m A LISP PROGRAM WHICH PERMITS VOU
TO SPECIFY THE SYNTAX OF A PROGRAMING
LANGUAGE AND HOW rr B ID BE INTER PRETEO.

REQUIREMENTS:

TBS -80 MODEL I OR MOOEL III. 4SK. DUAL DISKS
ALSO AVALIBLE FOR CP/M.

ORDERING:

SYSTEM MANUAL. ...*30

COMPLETE SYSTEM ..*»».

LITTLE META MANUAL ONLY. ...•«.

LITTLE META TRANSLATOR. ...*40.
VISA and MASTERCARD
PLEASE INCLUDE EXPIRATION DATE «nd CARD >

<®:*o'

FAR WEST SYSTEMS, SOFTWARE, INC.

BOX 6582, PALO ALTO 94305
(415)941-0900

Re-ink any fabric ribbon for
less than 5C. Extremely simple
operation. We have a MAC
INKER for any printer.
Lubricant ink safe for dot
matrix printheads. Multi-
colored inks, uninked
cartridges available. Ask for
brochure. Thousands of
satisfied customers.

$5495 +

Mac Switch lets you share
your computer with any two
peripherals (serial or
parallel). Ideal for word
processors— never type an
address twice. Ask us for
brochure with tips on how to
share two peripherals with
MAC SWITCH. Total
satisfaction or full refund.

$9900

Mac Inker

CBlmpi
Frien

100 N.W. 86th Ave.
Portland, OR 97229
503/297-2321

pm
ids

& MacSwitch

Hello thayuh. This is Eben Flow, proprietor
of the Fish or Cut Bait Company, buyer and
seller of lobstah bait for 49 years. My hobbies
are collecting linoleum samples, squashing flies
and playing pac-person on my home computer.

But here on Martinicus Rock, off the coast of
Maine, the power can be a tad erratic. So, to
cure the brownout and blackout problems,
and to keep them spikes and surges off my
picture tube, I got me a MAYDAY
Uninterruptible Power Supply from SUN
RESEARCH. Them fellas fixed me up real good
and real light on my pocketbook, too. Got me
a MAYDAY for my mini-calcaputer with a
voltage regulator and everything for only 325
clams. They even included the battery in a nice
waterproof box. Handy out here, you know.
Now, if MAYDAY would only keep them sea
dogs out of my barrel. . .

MAYDAY - Protection even you can afford!

SUN RESEARCH, INC. ^285

Box 210

New Durham, NH 03855

603/859-7110

TWX 5102974444

'See List of Advertisers on Page 323

80 Micro, October 1983 • 353

NEW PRODUCTS

ternal power required, and
four users per Multiplexer.

Supporting Models I, II,
III, 4, and 12, the Multiplexer
costs $795 and is available
from Bi-Tech Enterprises
Inc., 10B Carlough Road,
Bohemia, NY 11716, 516-
567-8155.

Reader Service t^566

Lazy No More

Owners of the Lazy Writer
Word Processing System can
now create dramatic custom
letterheads, logos, headlines,
and illustrations with Lazy-

Font from AlphaBit Com-
munications Inc. (13349 Mich-
igan Ave., Dearborn, MI
48126, 313-581-2896). Lazy-
Font lets you make up your
own type fonts, whether an
entire alphabet or graphics
symbols, such as logos. The
program consists of two
parts: one for drawing the
characters, the other for
printing the characters.

The fonts are stored on
disk and don't use the mem-
ory while printing. Because
of this, you can load long
text files into memory and
print them with the fonts. It

Different Track

EYE-GUARD

ItMXD ACWYUC 9CREEM SHELD

Eye-Guard protects you J rom irritating radiation.

Protected From the Unknown

Eye-Guard is the newest anti-eye-fatigue screen shield
from Langley-St. Clair. What separates this shield from
all the others is that it's made with lead-impregnated
acrylic plastic, the same material used for windows in
nuclear plants and hospital X-ray rooms. The new Eye-
Guard is a 7-millimeter thick sheet of transparent plastic
that contains 30 percent lead by weight. It affixes to the
front of your computer with velcro tabs. The front sur-
face is covered with a nylon-netting, anti-glare screen.

The Eye-Guard costs $129.95 and comes with a 100
percent money-back guarantee that it will stop even the
worst case of eye-fatigue. It is available from Langley-
St. Clair Instrumentation Systems Inc., 132 West 24th
St., New York, NY 10011, 212-989-6876.

Reader Service **554

New Products listings are based on information sup-
plied in manufacturers' press releases. 80 Micro has not
tested or reviewed these products and cannot guarantee
any claims.

also means that you can use
any number of fonts in one
document.

You can center, indent, or
randomly position the fonts
anywhere on the paper using
Lazy Writer printer com-
mands. The program gener-
ates fonts double-wide, com-
pressed, emphasized, or
double-struck for additional
effect.

LazyFont works only in
conjunction with Lazy Writer
on Epson printers with Graf-
trax or Graftrax Plus. Lazy-
Font costs $49.95; Lazy
Writer $175.

Reader Service ^ 569

Time for a Test

Worried about your cables
shorting out? There's no
need to be with the Ex-
aminer, a microprocessor-
based cable tester from
Matra Technology Inc. (120
Albright Way, Los Gatos,
CA 95030, 408-866-6606). It
checks from one to 120 cable
lines for proper contact,
opens, shorts, and variations
in resistance. A 16-key pad
and a 16-character LED dis-
play communicate with the
tester. A versatile mechanical
interface unit allows you to
connect a variety of cable
connections, and you can use
an auxiliary probe to detect
opens and shorts and deter-
mine the approximate loca-
tion of a short in the cable.

The Examiner is based on
a 2MHz Z80 processor with
4K of ROM, 32K of RAM,
and two parallel ports. It
costs $2,650, and an optional
20-column printer that pro-
vides hardcopy output of test
data or system status is avail-
able for an additional $1%.

Reader Service »^551

Test Your Peripherals

The Model CPU-1 Com-
puter Emulator is designed to
test and demonstrate com-
puter peripherals such as
printers, terminals, and mo-

Test computer peripherals with the
Computer Emulator.

dems. Measuring 3 by 5 by
V/i inches, it features a 16-
button keyboard, a 3-digit
LED display, and a custom-
ized 4K EPROM with data
files that go to the peripheral
undergoing testing.

To operate the CPU-1,
simply connect it to the de-
vice you want to test, enter a
three-digit configuration code
for the computer you want to
emulate, and select a data file
you want to send. The CPU-
1 then sends the data file in a
format identical to that of the
emulated computer.

Since the CPU-1 emulates
all possible data formats,
baud rates, and handshake
protocols, you can demon-
strate and test a peripheral
device to ensure its compati-
bility with your computer
system.

Shipped with an accessory
power supply module that
plugs into any standard 117-
volt ac outlet, an EPROM,
and a universal cable assembly
for interfacing, the CPU-1
costs $390 from Selectone
Corporation (28301 Industrial
Blvd., Hayward, CA 94545,
800-227-0376).

Reader Service s 583

354 • 80 Micro, October 1983

If you guessed that a Practical Peripherals Micro-
buffer 1 " printer buffer saves time, you're right. For
the way it works, this inexpensive product is the
most practical addition to your microcomputer sys-
tem ever.

With Microbuffer, you don't have to wait for
your printer to finish before you resume using your
computer. Data is received and stored at fast speeds,
then released from Microbuffer's memory to your
printer. This is called buffering. The more you
print, the more productive it makes your workflow.

Depending on the version of Microbuffer,
these buffering capacities range from a useful 8K of
random access memory — big enough for 8.000
characters of storage — up to a very large 256K—
enough for 256.000 characters of storage.

Practical Peripherals makes stand-alone
Microbuffers for any computer and printer combi-

nation, including add-on units especially for Apple
II computer and/or Epson printers. Each has differ-
ent features like graphics dumps and text format-
ting besides its buffering capabilities. You can
choose one that's just right for your system.

Best of all. they're built to last and work
exactly like they're supposed to.

If you're still guessing whether you can afford
to have one, talk with any computer dealer. That's
the best way to find out how practical a Practical
Peripherals Microbuffer is.

• n

mPRACTICAL
PERIPHERALS

31245 La Baya Drive
Westlake Villape.CA 91362
(213)991-8200

GUESS WHO HAS
MICROBUFFER.

class today A machine so superior in concept and design,
it will define the standards of microcomputer performance
ears to come.

RSATIUTY

LNW80 2 performs wonders with the most complete
ry of software available to any microcomputer on the
<et today Every LNW80 2 comes complete with this
tandmg library of Business Software LNW SMALL BUS-
SS AND PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING SERIES
leral Ledger. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable,
oil ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET ; ELECTRIC PENCIL
RDPROCESSOR; MICROTERM MODEM PROGRAM;
^RT EX HIGH RESOLUTION BUSINESS GRAPHICS
IRTING PROGRAM; CP/M 2.2 ; DOSPLUS ; LNW-
»IC :MICROSOFT BASIC. In addition to a comprehensive
pf LNW80 2 Software, it is also fully compatible with soft-
i from TRS80 (Models 1. 3.4). CP/M' and Cromemco*
ds — a capability which gives you access to the most
msive and. mature libraries of business, scientific, engineer-
and entertainment software applications. So no matter
1 far you expand into user applications, the LNW80 2 will
and right along with you

LNW80 2 performs miracles with the computing power
iK RAM (standard) 6f*ftser memory matched with a
storage capability which handles 5%" floppy disks and
hard disk drives And while the unit comes with built-in

LNW80 2 also gives you the unique ability to read and
diskettes from a greater variety of other popular comput _
than does any other microcomputer. So regardless of how
big you grow, you will never end up with thumb-twiddling
down time while you expand to a more powerful system. The
LNW80 2 will always have enough muscle to handle your
biggest and toughest jobs.

FULLY EQUIPPED

The LNW80 2 was developed to anticipate the needs of bot
expansion and compatibility So the computer was designed
with enough built-in features to keep you from having to spen
a small fortune as you move down the road to higher levels
of user sophistication. Standard features include high ar
resolution graphics in both color and black-and-white,
asynchronous serial communication channel, and a wide vai
ety of tape, printer, monitor and hardware expansion ports.
In addition, the LNW80 2 contains an array of quality construi
tion features that fully justify its remarkable one-year limi-
ted warranty

So if you're looking for a microcomputer that will satisfy you
performance needs as you grow and develop, take a long,
hard look at the LNW80 2 Its the one microcomputer buil
meet the challenges of tomorrow— for a long time to com
For more information and the name of the dealer nearest yoi
write or telephone:
LNW Computers • 3 1
2620 Walnut, Tustin, California 92680
Telephone: 714/544-5744

B> S m.

STATE-OF-THE-ART ENGINEERING
STATE OF TOMORROW PERFORMANCE.

I.NW CQMPUTIIRS

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